assessment and intervention of executive functions · 9/27/2019 · rehabilitation of executive...
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AssessmentandIntervention:ExecutiveFunctionsLAURAWILSON,PHD,CCC-SLP, CBIST
9/27/19
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DisclosuresIamafull-timeemployeeatTheUniversityofTulsa
KSHAisprovidinganhonorariumformyparticipationtoday
IamaCertifiedBrainInjurySpecialistTrainerthroughtheACBIS/BIAA
Nootherfinancialornon-financialrelationshipstodisclose
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LearningObjectives1. identifyformalandinformalassessmenttoolsforevaluatingexecutivefunctionskills
2. describeevidence-basedinterventionsforexecutivedysfunctionfollowingtraumaticbraininjury
3. decideontheappropriateinterventiontoaddressexecutivedysfunctionincaseexamples
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Whatareexecutivefunctions?“Thegroupofcomplexmentalprocessesandcognitiveabilities◦ (suchasworkingmemory,impulseinhibition,andreasoning)
thatcontroltheskills◦ (suchasorganizingtasks,rememberingdetails,managingtime,andsolvingproblems)
requiredforgoal-directedbehavior.”
Merriam-Webster,2019
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ButwhatSPECIFICALLYaretheseexecutivefunctions?
Constantinidou etal.,2012
•Planning/goalformulation•Initiationandallocationofattentionresources•Impulsecontrol
Planning/initiation
•Behaviormaintenance•Cognitiveflexibility
Maintenance/flexibility
•Self-awarenessofstrengthsandweaknesses•Self-regulationbasedongoals•Effectiveperformance
Regulationandeffective
performance
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Andhowdotheyrelatetometacognitionandself-monitoring?Self-monitoring◦ IswhatI’mbuildingmatchingwhattheinstructionssayitshouldlooklikesofar
◦ It’sanevaluationDURINGtheactivitythatprovidesinternalfeedback
Executivefunctions◦ Implementastrategy?◦ Decidewhethertoretracesteps,askafriendtocomehelp,startover,orjustgrabanextrascrewfromthetoolboxandmakeitwork
Selfmonitoring+executivestrategies=self-regulationofbehavior
Overtime,experienceshelpmoldmetacognitivebeliefs
Kennedy&Coehlo,2005
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Functionally,whatdobreakdowns inexecutivefunction looklikeforyourpatients?
Note:WearegoingtodiscussexecutivefunctionsthroughthelensofTBI,butdeficitsarenotuniquetoTBI!
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Whythefocusondysexecutivesymptoms?
Deficitsinexecutivefunctionsarepredictiveof
• Reducedresponsetotherapy• Worseoutcomesforpatients(greaterdisability,lowercommunityintegration,decreasedratesofreturntowork)
• Worseoutcomesforcaregivers(highercaregiverburden)
Robertson&Schmitter-Edgecombe, 2015;Wise,Ownsworth,&Fleming, 2005
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Frontallobesyndrome?Executivefunctiondeficitsoftenlinkedtolesionsinthefrontallobe,particularlyprefrontalcortex
Wehaveabandonedfrontallobesyndromebecause…◦ dysfunction canalsobeseenwithdamagetothalamus,basalganglia,andwhitematterpathwaysconnecting frontallobetoothercorticalstructures
◦ frontallobedamagecanalsobeobservedwithoutconcomitantexecutivedysfunction
Leh,Petrides,&Strafella,2010
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AwarenessLackofawarenessofdeficits=anosognosia
Poorawarenesscandecreasemotivation,causesafetyissues,andperhapsinterferewiththerapeuticgains
Lackofawarenesscanprotectagainstdepression
Toglia &Kirk,2000
Self-Knowledge
Similartointellectualawareness
Understandingofone’sown
strengthsandweaknesses
Onlineawareness
Similartoemergentawarenessandanticipatoryawareness
Taskandsituationaldependence
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Assessment
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PurposeofassessmentCreateastrengthsandweaknessesprofile
Identifypatientgoals
Guidetreatment(remediation,compensation,counseling)
Identifybaselineperformancetotrackprogress
Note:Wearefocusedonindividualswhoarepost-acuteandemergedfromPTA
Constantinidou etel,2012
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AssessmentconsiderationsPerformanceonformalexecutivefunctionassessmentsmaybeimpactedbyothercognitive-communicative,neurobehavioral,andmotordeficits
Mostformalassessmentstargetexecutivefunctionasawholev.targetingspecificimpairments(thatis,theyarenotspecific)
CannotrelySOLELYonself-reportquestionnaires(supplementwithinterviewsandwithreportsbysignificantothers)
Limitedecologicalvalidityofmanystandardizedassessments
Constantinidou etel,2012
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Whypoorecologicalvalidity?Reorganize- betterandworseThetestingenvironmentprovidesstructurethatsupportsexecutivefunctions
Onlyabriefsnapshotofbehavior
Testsmaynotbesensitivetodeficitsinindividuals’strongpremorbidskills
Motivationmaybelimitedduringtesting
Testsmaynotallowfortheuseofcompensatorystrategies
Constantinidou etel,2012
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StandardizedTestsMULTITEST EXECUTIVEFUNCTIONBATTERIES
BehaviouralAssessmentoftheDysexecutiveSyndrome(BADS)
FunctionalAssessmentofVerbalReasoningandExecutiveStrategies(FAVRES)
Delis–KaplanExecutiveFunctionSystem(D-KEFS)
EXAMPLESOFTESTSCOVERINGCOMPONENTSOFEFStroopColorandWordTest
COWAT
TrailMakingTest
Designfluency
WisconsinCardSortingTest
TowerofLondon
Snyder,Miyake,&Hankin,2015;MuellerandDollaghan, 2013
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ExamplesofQuestionnaires,RatingScales,andInterviews
BehaviorRatingInventoryofExecutiveFunction(BRIEF)
DysexecutiveQuestionnaire(DEX)
BrockAdaptiveFunctioningQuestionnaire(BADQ)
CognitiveFailuresQuestionnaire(CFQ)*
AwarenessQuestionnaire(AQ)**
PatientCompetencyRatingScale(PCRS)**
Self-AwarenessofDeficitsInterview(SADI)*
*=freelyavailableonline;**=specificallyavailableonCOMBIwebsite:http://tbims.org/combi/list.html
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ExamplesofassessmentswithmoreecologicalvalidityNaturalisticActionTest(Schwartzetal.,2002)◦ maketoastandcoffee,gift-wrapapresent,andpackachild’s lunchboxandschoolbag◦ Looksatcompletionofeachtest(accomplishment) anderrorrates
ExecutiveFunctionPerformanceTest(Baum,Morrison,Hahn,&Edwards,2007)◦ makesomeoatmeal,usethetelephone, takesome“fake”medication,andpaysome“fake”bills◦ examinesinitiation,organization, sequencing, judgment andcompletion ofeachtask
ExecutiveFunctionRoute-FindingTask(Boyd&Sautter,1993)◦ Findanunfamiliarlocationwithouthelpfromclinician◦ Taskunderstanding, informationseeking, retainingdirections,errordetection,errorcorrection
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InterventionENVIRONMENTALSUPPORTS/ASSISTIVETECHNOLOGY
METACOGNITIVESTRATEGYINSTRUCTION
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EnvironmentalsupportsandassistivetechnologyforcognitionThepurposeistocompensateimposeorganizationexternally tocompensatefordeficits
BUTCAUTION:
THESENEEDTRAINING,TOO!
Thesearetaskandsituation-specificinterventions(thatis,wedonotexpectgeneralization inanyway)
Sohlberg, Kennedy,&Powell,2005
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Metacognitivestrategyinstructioncomponents◦ Identifysituations inwhichdeficits inexecutivefunctionleadtobreakdowns
◦ Identifywhatisdrivingthebreakdown◦ Picktheappropriatestrategy(examplesforthcoming!)
◦ Modeltheuseofthestrategyduringthetask◦ Practicewiththeclient(whileverbalizingthestrategy)
◦ Cueasnecessary(writtenorverbal,errorlesslearning)
◦ Fadeverbalizations◦ Considergeneralizationofstrategy
(Sohlberg&Mateer,2001,pg.257)
PredictionofperformanceandreviewofperformanceareCRITICALcomponents,especiallyforthosewithawarenessdeficits.
Kennedyetal.,2008;Ciceroneetal.,2011;Tateetal.,2014
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GoalmanagementtrainingWorksontheoryofgoalneglect
Amanual-basedintervention
BriefversionshavebeenshowntobeeffectiveinimprovingtaskperformanceforindividualswithTBI
Doesnotappeartoimproveskills
BestifusedinCOMBINATIONwithotherinterventions
Levineetal.,2000;Krasny-Pacini,Chevignard,&Evans,2014
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Problemsolvingtraining1.problemdefinitionandformulation
◦ What’sthegoal?◦ Whataretheconstraints?
2.generationofalternatives◦ Identifypossible solutions
3.decisionmaking◦ Prioritizestrategiesbasedon
preference/successlikelihood◦ Createbackupplan
4.solutionimplementationandverification◦ Createstepsofaction◦ Gathermaterials◦ Startthesteps◦ Self-monitoreachstep◦ Modifyasnecessary◦ Usebackupstrategyasneeded◦ Alwayscheckbacktogoal◦ Reviewwhatworkedandwhatdidnot
Vasetal,2011;Kennedy&Coehlo,2005
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StrategicMemoryandReasoningTraining(SMART)Gistreasoningincludes:
“(a)strategicattention(inhibitinglessrelevantinformation),
(b)integratedreasoning(abstractingconceptsbycombiningpre-existingknowledgewithrelevantfacts),and
(c)innovation(flexiblyandfluentlyderivingmultipleinterpretationsbyinterpretingtheinformationfromdifferentperspectives)”
Interventionincludesfocusonthefollowingstrategies:◦ Filter◦ Integration◦ Focus/chunk◦ Link
◦ Innovation◦ Zoom◦ Generalize
Resultsinimprovedperformanceonexecutivefunctiontasks,andalsoimprovedfunctionalperformance
Vasetal.,2011,p.226
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Casestudy
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ReferencesBaum,C.M.,Morrison,T.,Hahn,M.,&Edwards,D.F.(2007).ExecutiveFunctionPerformanceTest:TestProtocolBooklet. St.Louis,MO:WashingtonUniversity.
Boyd,T.M.&Sautter,S.W.(1993).Route-finding:Ameasureofeverydayexecutivefunctioninginthehead-injuredadult.AppliedCognitivePsychology,7,171-181.
Cicerone,K.,Langenbahn,D.M.,Braden,C.,Malec,J.F.,Kalmar,K.,Fraas,M.,Felicetti,T.,Laatsch,L.,Harley,J.P.,Bregquist,T.,Azulay,J.,Cantor,J.,&Aashman,T.(2011). evidence-basedcognitiverehabilitation:Updatedreviewoftheliteraturefrom2003through2008.ArchivesofPhysicalMedicine&Rehabilitation,92,519-530.
Constantinidou,F.,Wertheimer,J.,Tsanadis,J.,Evans,C.,&Paul,D.R.(2012).Assessmentofexecutivefunctioninginbraininjury:Collaborationbetweenspeech-languagepathologyandneuropsychologyforanintegrativeneuropsychologicalperspective.BrainInjury,26(13-14),1549-1563.
Kennedy,M.R.T,&Coehlo,C.(2005).Self-regulationaftertraumaticbraininjury:Aframeworkforinterventionofmemoryandproblemsolving.SeminarsinSpeechandLanguage,26(4),242-255.
Kennedy,M.R.T,Coelho,C.,Turkstra,L.,Ylvisaker,M.,Sohlberg,M.M.,Yorkston,K.,Chiou,H,&Kan,P.(2008).Interventionforexecutivefunctionsaftertraumaticbraininjury:Asystematicreview,meta-analysisandclinicalrecommendations.NeuropsychologicalRehabilitation,18(3),257–299.
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ReferencesKrasny-Pacini,Chevignard,M.,&Evans,J.(2014).GoalManagementTrainingforrehabilitationofexecutivefunctions:Asystematicreviewofeffectivenessinpatientswithacquiredbraininjury.Disability&Rehabilitation,36(2),105-116.
Leh,S.E.,Petrides,M.,&Strafella,A.P.(2010).TheneuralcircuitryofexecutivefunctionsinhealthysubjectsandParkinson’sDisease.Neuropsychopharmacology,35,70-85.
Levine,B.,Robertson,I.H.,Clare,L.,Carter,G.,Hong,J.,Wilson,B.A.,Duncan,J.,&Stuss,D.T.(2000).Rehabilitationofexecutivefunctioning:Anexperimental–clinicalvalidationofGoalManagementTraining.JournaloftheInternationalNeuropsychologicalSociety,6(3),299-312.
Mueller,J.A.,&Dollaghan,C.(2013).Asystematicreviewofassessmentsforidentifyingexecutivefunctionimpairmentinadultswithacquiredbraininjury.JournalofSpeech,Language,andHearingResearch,56(3),1051-1063.
Robertson,K.,&Schmitter-Edgecombe,M.(2015).Self-awarenessandtraumaticbraininjuryoutcome.BrainInjury,29,848-858.
Schwartz,M.F.,Segal,M.,Veramonti,T.,Ferraro,M.,&Buxbaum,L.J.(2002).TheNaturalisticActionTest:Astandardised assessmentforeverydayactionimpairment.NeuropsychologicalRehabilitation,12(4),311-339.
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ReferencesSnyder,H.R.,Miyake,A.,&Hankin,B.(2015).Advancingunderstandingofexecutivefunctionimpairmentsandpsychopathology:bridgingthegapbetweenclinicalandcognitiveapproaches.FrontiersinPsychology,6,article328.
Sohlberg,M.M.,&Mateer,C.A.(2001).Cognitiverehabilitation:Anintegrativeneuropsychologicalapproach.NewYork,NY:GuilfordPress.
Tate,R.,Kennedy,M.,Ponsford,J.,Douglas,J.,Velikonja,D.,Bayley,M.,&Stergiou-Kita,M.(2014).INCOGrecommendationsformanagementofcognitionfollowingtraumaticbraininjury,PartIII:executivefunctionandself-awareness.JournalofHeadTraumaRehabilitation,29(4),338-352.
Toglia,J.,&Kirk,U.(2000).Understandingawarenessdeficitsfollowingbraininjury.Neurorehabilitation,15(1),57-70.
Vas,A.K.,Chapman,S.B.,Cook,L.G.,Elliott,A.C.,&Keebler,M.(2011).Higher-orderreasoningtrainingyearsaftertraumaticbraininjuryinadults.JournalofHeadTraumaRehabilitation,26(3),224-239.
Wise,K.,Ownsworth,T.,&Fleming,J.(2005).Convergentvalidityofself-awarenessmeasuresandtheirassociationwithemploymentoutcomeinadultsfollowingacquiredbraininjury.BrainInjury,19(10),765-775.