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Environmental Impact Assessment of Drilling andDevelopment of Oil and Gas Wells in Hazira Field: DistrictSurat, Gujarat

Draft Report

March 2009

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Niko Resources Limited

DRAFT REPORT

Niko Resources Limited

Environmental Impact Assessment of Drilling and Development of Oil and Gas Wells in Hazira Field: DistrictSurat, Gujarat

March 2009

Reference I7104

Compiled by: Ajay Pillai Senior Consultant

Reviewed by: Sushil Handa Technical Director

Approved by: Subir Gupta Managing Director

This report has been prepared by ERM India Private Limited, with all reasonable skill, care and diligence within the terms of the Contract with the client, incorporating our General Terms and Conditions of Business and taking account of the resources devoted to it by agreement with the client.

We disclaim any responsibility to the client and others in respect of any matters outside the scope of the above.

This report is confidential to the client and we accept no responsibility of whatsoever nature to third parties to whom this report, or any part thereof, is made known. Any such party relies on the report at their own risk.

Acronym AAQ Ambient Air Quality AERB Atomic Energy Regulatory Board BDL Below Detection Limit BOD Biological Oxygen Demand BOP Blowout Preventers BS&W Basic Sediment and Water CHW TSDF Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility CMZ Coastal Management Zone CO Carbon Monoxide CPCB Central Pollution Control Board CRZ Coastal Regulation Zone CTE Consent to Establish CTO Consent to Operate CZMP Coastal Zone Map Plan DC Drill Cuttings DFO Divisional Forest Officer DGH Directorate General of Hydrocarbons DO Dissolved Oxygen DPC District Planning Committee EAC Expert Appraisal Committee EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMMP Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan ESD/D Emergency Shutdown and Detection ESDV Emergency Shut down Valves GLC Ground Level Concentrations GoG Government of Gujarat GoI Government of India GSPCL Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation Limited HAZOP Hazard Operability HDPE High Density Polyethylene HMV Heavy Motor Vehicle HODP Hazira offshore Drilling Platform HTL High Tide Line HWMHTBM The Hazardous Wastes (Management Handling, Trans Boundary Movement) IMD India Meteorological Department LBDP Land Based Drilling Platform LMV Light Motor Vehicle LTL Low Tide Line MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forests MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets MSIHC Manufacture Storage & Import of Hazardous Chemicals NAAQ National Ambient Air Quality NANG Non-associated Natural Gas NOC No Objection Certificate NOx Oxides of Nitrogen OBM Oil Base Mud ONGC Oil Natural Gas Corporation OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration PAH Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon PPE Personal protective equipment PSC Production Sharing Contract RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete RPM Respiratory Particulate Matter SEAC State level Expert Advisory Committee SEIAA State Environment Impact Assessment Authority SO2 Sulphur dioxide SPM Suspended Particulate Matter TLV Threshold Limit Value TREM Transport Emergency VOC Volatile Organic Compounds WBM Water Base Mud

ERM INDIA GSPC-NIKO: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF DRILLING & DEVELOPMENT OF O&G WELLS, HAZIRA FIELD, DISTT. SURAT, GUJARAT, MARCH 2009

I

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: DRILLING & DEVELOPMENT OF OIL & GAS WELLS, HAZIRA FIELD, DISTRICT SURAT, GUJARAT

A) INTRODUCTION

1) Hazira Oil and Gas (hydrocarbon) Field has been in operation since 1996 as per the Production Sharing Contract (PSC) signed with the Government of India (GoI) jointly by Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation Limited (GSPC), a Government of Gujarat (GoG) undertaking with 67% stake and Niko Resources Limited 33% stake (GSPC-NIKO).

2) In the past, 34 wells were drilled under the Hazira PSC, of which one offshore appraisal well was abandoned.

B) LOCATION

3) Hazira Field falls near Hazira village in Chorasi Taluka of Surat District in Gujarat. The Field covers an area of 50 sq km of which approximately 55% of the area lies in offshore and remaining 45% in onshore region.

4) GSPC-Niko now intends to further develop the Hazira Field by undertaking drilling and development of eight new onshore petroleum hydrocarbon wells (hereinafter referred as the Project). Of the proposed eight wells, six wells are falling in Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) area. Refer to the map showing tentative locations of drilling of proposed eight wells.

C) NEED FOR STUDY

5) The Project falls under category A of EIA notification 2006 and requires prior environmental clearance from the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) which involves a prior Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study and public consultation.

6) The Project also requires CRZ clearance under the CRZ notification 1991 from Gujarat Department of Forest and Environment (DoFE), in concurrence of MoEF approval.

7) GSPC-Niko has engaged ERM India Private Limited (ERM) to carry out EIA study and to prepare Environment Management Plan (EMP) for the proposed development Project.

8) This EIA study has been conducted as per terms of reference approved by the Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) of MoEF on 02 September 2008.

D) PROJECT DESCRIPTION

9) The Project envisages drilling and development of eight petroleum hydrocarbon wells in onshore portion of the Field. Of the total eight proposed wells four will be drilled to a depth of 1600m below ground level (bgl) and two each at a depth of 3000m bgl and 4000m bgl respectively.

E) DRILLING

10) A campsite will be set up in non - CRZ area for camping of labour and drilling personnel. The accommodation at the campsite will be for approximately 90 persons. The campsite will have basic amenities such as toilets, water supply and power.

11) The Project does not involve acquisition of land on a permanent basis. Land of 120m x 120m (1.44 ha.) will be taken up on lease from the respective owners for the drilling activities. The lease would be extended depending on outcome of drilling phase.

12) A “Mobile Land Rig” will be set up at the drilling site to complete in approximately 25 to 45 days depending upon depth of well to be drilled. The rig will have a standard drilling fluid treatment


II

system. Water-based drilling fluid (mud) will be used for the drilling of all the eight wells. A drilling crew of 44 persons will work for 12 hours per shift at each of the drilling site.

13) Power for the drilling rig will be provided through four Diesel Generators of 930 KVA each, of which one will be standby. Another 250KVAeach will be provided through two Diesel Generators (one standby) for power requirements at the drilling site.

14) About 40 m3/day of water will be required for the drilling and 1.5 m3 /day for domestic use of the work force. Water for drilling will be procured from local authorised water tanker vendors.

F) PRODUCTION

15) GSPC-Niko already has an existing hydrocarbon processing terminal operating for the existing wells within the Hazira Field.

16) Wells that are found viable for production will be developed and hooked up with the existing GSPC-NIKO terminal for production. Flow pipelines will be laid from the new wells to the terminal.

17) The existing facilities at Hazira are designed for the following: Crude oil emulsion production rate– 2,000 barrels (1) per day; Oil production rate – 1,250 barrels per day; Water production rate – 11,000 barrels of water per day; Gas (produced plus lift gas) – 5.0 million standard cubic feet per day [mmscfd (2)] with potential to include low pressure Non Associated Natural Gas (NANG) of 30.0 mmscfd.

18) It is expected that the present production level will be maintained as some of the wells over the period of time will cease to produce their production capacity. The petroleum hydrocarbon so produced shall be transported to existing on shore terminal for treatment and dispatch.

19) No additional power will be required during production. The existing power requirement of 350 KVA will be met through Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Limited Express Feeder line for the terminal operations.

20) No additional water will be needed for the production activities as the existing quantity of 17m3/daywill be sufficient enough to meet the requirements.

21) No additional manpower is envisaged during operation phase. At present, total manpower of 120-140 workers including 75 contract employees are engaged at facility.

G) POLLUTION SOURCE AND CONTROL MEASURES DURING OIL PRODUCTION & DRILLING

AIR EMISSIONS & WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT

22) Sources of air emissions during drilling of wells will be limited to generators, well test flaring and vehicular movements during drilling of wells.

23) During production, air emission will be from existing air emission sources of emergency power back up diesel generator and flare system.

24) A maximum of 40 m3 of drilling and wash wastewater and 1.5 m3/day of domestic wastewater will be generated during drilling. Drilling and wash wastewater will be settled and disposed off through solar evaporation in a lined pit at the drilling site. Domestic wastewater will be disposed of through septic tank and soak pit system.

25) No additional wastewater generation is expected from existing production. About 2m3/day of domestic wastewater and 175 m3/day of produced wastewater will continue to be generated from the terminal.

(1) 1barrel =approx. 0.159m3

(2) 1 million standard cubic feet per day= approximately 0.0283 million standard cubic meter per day


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SOLID/HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

26) Drilling of a well will result in generation of approximately 700m3 of spent drilling mud (mainly consisting of barite, bentonite and traces of heavy metal); 200-500m3 of drill cuttings (mainly consisting of inert material like shales, sands, clay and 1% of drilling mud); 1000kg of paper, wood, plastic containers (other than chemicals); and 2 to 3 Lead- Acid batteries.

27) Spent drilling mud and drill cuttings being hazardous in nature as per the Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008 will be disposed off to Bharuch Enviro Infrastructure Ltd, a GPCB approved landfill site at Ankleshwar, after evaporating in HDPE lined mud pits. Non hazardous wastes like paper wood, plastic containers (other than chemicals) will be disposed off to vendors for reuse/recycling. Lead- Acid batteries will be given back to the vendors supplying these for recycling as per the Batteries (Management & Handling ) Rules, 2001.

28) During production, no additional solid waste is expected. The waste generation will continue to remain as per the existing quantities of slop oil (2000kg/yr), effluent treatment plant sludge (400 kg/yr), used oil (40 kg/yr), discarded drums (7800 no/yr) and domestic solid waste (30 to 50 kg/day). Slop oil, ETP sludge and used oil being hazardous in nature will be disposed of as per the authorisation of GPCB to Bharuch Enviro Infrastructure Ltd, a GPCB approved landfill site at Ankleshwar. Non hazardous wastes will be disposed of through vendors for recycling. Domestic solid waste will be disposed of through Surat municipal disposal arrangements.

H) ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE

29) The study area belongs to western alluvial plains of coastal Gujarat covers consisting of Tapi Estuary and Hazira peninsula. The Hazira peninsula comprises four low-lying islands of Hazira, Junagaon, Suvali and Mora, which are surrounded by extensive mud flats. The mud flats are about 1.2 km in width on the seaward side.

30) The geological set up of the Hazira Field is sedimentary unconsolidated recent alluvium with coastal sediment deposits along the sea. The Field and surrounding area falls in seismic zone III as per IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2002, the intensity of earthquake on Modified Merecalli Scale is VII. Earthquake of this intensity can have minor to moderate seismic intensity.

31) River Tapi governs the drainage pattern of the study area. The flow in Tapi River is controlled by Ukai dam, Kakrapar weir, and a Singapore weir cum causeway (at Rander, Surat). Freshwater in Tapi extends only up to Rander where all the river water is stored. Downstream of the weir, the river is only an inlet of the sea, which gets filled and drained during each tidal cycle.

32) The average annual rainfall observed (in the Surat region) is about 1072.3mm (1998-2002 as per India Meteorological Department). February is the coldest month with the minimum recorded temperature of 7.6°C. During summer the mean maximum temperature recorded is 44.0°C in the month of April.

33) Wind and Cyclone in the study area falls under Moderate Damage Risk Zone A (i.e. basic maximum wind speed of 44m/s as per the Vulnerability Atlas of Gujarat 1991.

34) The maximum probable storm surge height observed along the coast line of Surat district is 4.8m. The wave climate and its variations are mainly dependent on the meteorological conditions prevailing in the neighbouring Arabian Sea. The highest wave activity in the region coincides with the high seasonal winds of June to September when the wave height varies from 2 to 3.5 m. The wave heights are between 0.5 and 1.5 m during fair weather seasons i.e. from November to May.

AMBIENT AIR QUALITY

35) The ambient air quality monitoring for SPM, RPM, SO2, NO2, CO,H2S and HC (as non methane and as methane) for the study area was carried out at eight locations during pre and post monsoon seasons.

36) The 98 percentile values for SPM concentration at all locations ranged from 118μg/m3 to 168μg/m3

during the pre-monsoon season and from 140 μg/m3 to 198 μg/m3 during post monsoon season. All observations were below the prescribed norm of 200μg/m3 of SPM (for rural/residential area).


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37) The 98 percentile values for RSPM concentration at all locations ranged from 60μg/m3 to 82μg/m3

during the pre-monsoon season and from 65μg/m3 to 77μg/m3 during post monsoon season. Allobservations were below the prescribed norm of 100μg/m3 of RSPM (for rural/residential area).

38) The 98 percentile values for SO2 concentration at all locations ranged from 10μg/m3 to 20μg/m3

during the pre-monsoon season and from 5μg/m3 to 7μg/m3 during post monsoon season. All observations were below the prescribed norm of 80μg/m3 of SO2 (for rural/residential area).

39) The 98 percentile values for NOx concentration at all locations ranged from 18μg/m3 to 28μg/m3

during the pre-monsoon season and from 13μg/m3 to 21μg/m3 during post monsoon season. Allobservations were below the prescribed norm of 80μg/m3 of NOx (for rural/residential area).

40) H2S concentration was observed to be below the detection limit (6μg/m3) for pre and post monsoon seasons at all locations. All the values were below the prescribed norm of 150μg/m3 of H2S (as recommended by the World Health Organisation).

41) The 98 percentile values for methane hydrocarbon ranged from 1508 μg/m3 to 1848 μg/m3 during the pre-monsoon season and below detection level (65.5μg/m3) during the post monsoon season.

GROUND WATER QUALITY

42) The ground water quality in the region is largely affected by salinity ingress due to its over-exploitation and which are not suitable for groundwater exploitation.

43) A total of five ground water samples and three surface water samples were monitored during the pre and post monsoon.

44) The pH of water samples ranged from 7.56 to 8.76 for pre-monsoon season while it ranged from 7.3 to 8.1 for post monsoon season. All samples, except one, were observed to be within the drinking water quality limit of 6.5-8.5 as prescribed for drinking water standards (IS 10500).

45) The TDS of water samples ranged from 520mg/l to 1583mg/l for pre-monsoon season while it ranged from 530mg/lto 2000mg/l for post monsoon season. All samples exceeded the desirable limit of 500mg/l but were within the permissible limit of 2000mg/l as prescribed under IS 10500.

46) The hardness of water samples ranged from 198mg/l to 285mg/l for pre-monsoon season while it ranged from 320mg/l to 1230mg/l for post monsoon season. All samples were within the desirable limit of 300mg/l during pre monsoon while for the post monsoon season, two of the samples exceeded the desirable limit of 600mg/l as prescribed under IS 10500.

47) The sulphate concentration ranged from 58mg/l to 80mg/l for pre-monsoon season while it ranged from 15mg/l to 125mg/l for post monsoon season. All samples were within the desirable limit of 200mg/l as prescribed under IS 10500.

48) The nitrate concentration ranged from 0.2mg/l to 0.3mg/l for pre-monsoon season while it ranged from below detection level (0.05mg/l) to 7.7mg/l for post monsoon season. All samples were within the desirable limit of 45mg/l as prescribed under IS 10500.

49) The Iron concentration ranged from 0.36mg/l to 0.64mg/l for pre-monsoon season while it ranged from below detection level (0.1mg/l) to 0.5mg/l for post monsoon season. All samples exceeded the desirable limit of 0.3mg/l as prescribed under IS 10500 for pre monsoon season but were within the limits for post monsoon season.

50) The total Coliform count were less than 2 organisms per 100 ml for pre monsoon season and were absent in the post monsoon samples which is within the limit of 10 organism per 100ml as prescribed under IS 10500.

51) The heavy metal concentration was observed to be below detection levels for all metals except Cu (0.013mg/l to 0.035mg/l) to Zn (0.95mg/l to 1.56mg/l) for both seasons.

SURFACE WATER QUALITY

52) The surface water quality of Tapi was observed to be below class E owing to high conductivity values both during pre and post monsoon season. The BOD levels ranged from 2.9mg/l to 3.9mg/l during pre monsoon and from 11.0mg/l to 17.0 mg/l during post monsoon. The dissolve oxygen levels varied from 2.9mg/l to 4.3mg/l for pre monsoon and from 4.0mg/l to 5.2mg/l during post monsoon.


V

53) Total coliform in all the samples was detected in the range of 20 to 22 organisms per 100 ml during pre monsoon but was found to be high during post monsoon i.e.15 x 103 to 22 x 103 organisms per 100 ml rendering water unfit for drinking purposes without treatment.

SOIL QUALITY

54) A total of eight soil samples were analysed. The soil texture was identified as Loam to Sandy Loam. The soil content was predominantly rich in Sand content at all the locations. The sand percentage observed in the soil ranged from 45.9% to 80% for all the locations in pre monsoon and from 60% to 88% in the post monsoon season. Clay contents were consistently low and were observed to be less than 25% at all the locations in the pre monsoon season and post monsoon observations. Silt contents were low for all the samples.

55) The pre monsoon observations for the pH of the samples varied from 6.86 to 7.66. The pH of most of the samples was neutral to slightly alkaline as per the standard soil classification. The post monsoon pH ranged from 7.8 to 8.5 which are considered as moderately alkaline as per the standard.

56) Iron concentration in soil ranged from 123.5mg/kg to 188.2mg/kg during pre monsoon and from 120mg/kg to 890mg/kg during post monsoon season.

57) Lead concentration in soil ranged from 5.64mg/kg to 20.1mg/kg during pre monsoon and from 3.0mg/kg to 8.3mg/kg during post monsoon season.

58) Cadmium concentration in soil ranged from 1.2mg/kg to 1.65mg/kg during pre monsoon and below detection level during post monsoon season.

59) Zinc concentration in soil ranged from 2.47mg/kg to 15.6mg/kg during pre monsoon season. 60) Nickel concentration in soil ranged from 2.45mg/kg to 7.02mg/kg during pre monsoon and below

detection level during post monsoon season. 61) Copper concentration in soil ranged from 0.86mg/kg to 3.26mg/kg during pre monsoon and from

below detection level to 10.2mg/kg during post monsoon season. 62) Chromium concentration in soil ranged from 4.26mg/kg to 5.3mg/kg during pre monsoon and from

below detection level to 10.2mg/kg during post monsoon season. 63) Arsenic and Mercury were observed to be below detection levels for both the seasons.

TRAFFIC

64) Traffic density was monitored at two locations falling within the study area for both pre and post monsoon season at ONGC Chowk (TD-1) and Village Road Hazira (TD-2).

65) As per the traffic observations made for the pre and post monsoon season, TD-1 traffic peaks during the morning hours from 8:00 to 10:00 hours while in the evening hours it peaks from 17:00 to 18:00 hours, mostly due to industrial activities in the vicinity. The traffic observed at TD-1 was almost in equal proportions with heavy motor vehicles (31.2%), light motor vehicles (29.6%) and two wheelers (27.6%).

66) The traffic density as observed near TD-2 is relatively low with consistent flow throughout the day with lean flow during the night hours. The traffic observed at TD-2 was two wheelers (36%) followed by light motor vehicles (34.3%).

AMBIENT NOISE

67) Equivalent noise level (Leq) was monitored at eight locations. Observations for Leq values for day time ranged from 56.5 to 64.7 dB(A) during pre monsoon season and from 52.5 to 65.3 dB(A) during the post monsoon season while Leq values for night time ranged from 47.7 to 59.6 dB(A) during pre monsoon season and from 47.5 to 60.9 dB(A) during the post monsoon season.

68) Noise levels in the study area were observed exceeding prescribed norms for residential area [Leq day time of 55 dB(A) and Leq night time of 45 dB(A)] both during pre and post monsoon seasons, predominantly due to locations being close to the sea.


VI

ECOLOGY

69) Thorny scrubs with scattered trees were common in the study area. The vegetation was very open in appearance (except Reserve/Protected Forest areas with plantation). The general vegetation was heavily degraded due to grazing and lopping. The coastal area contained a large patch of mangroves (Avicennia sp.) and typical mangrove associates (Sueda, Salicornia). Scanty vegetation of salt tolerant herbaceous species was seen. Wetland flora of partially aquatic vegetation was very common and seen in temporary as well as permanent water bodies.

70) A patch of mangroves Avicennia marina var. acutissima was observed near the coast at Hazira. Mangroves plantations were also observed along Dumas and Ubharat within 10km from the Field. In addition, mud flats have herbaceous vegetation typical of saline soils. The remaining area consists of tall palm growth of thorny trees up to 5m tall rarely more.

71) There are Reserve Forest at Hazira, Sultanabad-Dumas and Ubhrat, and a Protected Forest at Dumas. The woody vegetation was dominated by thick growth of thorny Prosopis juliflora, which has invaded all types of habitats including sandy areas to mudflats.

72) None of the observed vegetation was found as listed in the Red Data Book. 73) Migratory birds such as flamingos, pelicans were reported in the study area of 10 km from the Hazira

Field. Three mammals (blackbuck, Indian pangolin & chinkara), three reptiles (Indian egg eater, oliver ridley turtle and mugger) and one bird (India peafowl) species observed are listed in Schedule 1 of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1980.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC

74) There are 16 villages that fall in the study area of 10km with 13 in Surat and 3 in Navsari district. The total population of 16 villages in the study area is 62,968. There are five villages with population greater than 5,000 of which four villages (i.e Mora, Magdalla, Dumas, Bhimpore) fall in Surat and one (Chappar) fall in Navasari. There are four villages (Bhatlai, Rajgari, Saroli and Ubharat) with population less than 2,000.

75) Agriculture, fishing and animal husbandry (livestock and cattle rearing) are the main occupation in the area. The economy of this region is not chiefly based on agriculture however paddy, bajra and vegetable contribute to the economy. Dairy and animal husbandry forms major activities for the villages.

I) IMPACTS, MITIGATION MEASURES AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

76) The Project relate to the following: Drilling of Wells Production (including activities relating to laying of pipeline from well head to the terminal)

77) Minor increments in the ambient air quality are expected for a short duration the drilling of wells. No increase in air emission related production activities is proposed for the Project. The Project design will aim to minimise air emissions and comply with all legislative requirements.

78) GSPC-Niko will use simple water based mud drilling fluid system for the upper sections followed by a dispersed freshwater polymer system for the higher pressure, deeper sections.

79) The drilling locations within the high water line will be provided with bund to prevent water ingress to the drilling site. Bund walls will be constructed with sufficient strength to withstand erosion and forces due to heaves and waves during high tide as well to prevent any offsite contamination from the drilling site.

80) The rotary equipment on rig for drilling will be provided with silencers, rubber claddings and noise isolators to minimise the impact of noise levels on the working crew. Diesel generator to be provided with enclosure as per the requirement under EPA Rules.

A description of activities, impacts, mitigation measures and management plan is given in Tables 2 and 3.


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J) ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN

81) Respective contractors and departments of GSPC-Niko will be responsible for implementation of the EMP.

82) GSPC-Niko to will ensure communication and implementation of the following management plans before drilling and commencement of developmental activities in the Field:

Solid and hazardous Management Plan Traffic Management Plan Standard Operation Procedure for drilling of wells Oil Spill Contingency Plan Drill Site Restoration Plan

83) Drilling wastewater generated during drilling of well will be recycled within the mud preparation system. The excess drilling wastewater will be treated and disposed of into the evaporation pit for final disposal.

84) GSPC-Niko will follow requirements under the Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Trans boundary Movement) Rules, 2008, for managing the drilling mud and drill cuttings generated for the drilling activities. Hazardous wastes such as used engine oil/lubricating oil, will be stored in contained area and sent to GPCB approved vendors for disposal;

85) GSPC-Niko will comply with all stipulated conditions during drilling and development of wells in the Field.

86) Periodic inspections/audits will be conducted for drilling and development of wells and for Production related activities.

87) Periodic monitoring and reporting of air emissions, noise generation, wastewater and waste generation will be carried out as per the frequency mentioned in the tables below or as specified by regulatory agencies;

88) Safety systems to be installed (as a part of design) and safety procedures to be implemented for prevention and emergency response of accidental oil and chemical spills and cold venting;

89) On-Site Emergency and Off-site Emergency Management plan to be prepared and kept available at site all the time. Provision of Oil Spill Contingency management to be included in the onsite and offsite emergency control plans with regular refreshing training of the personnel and arrangements.

90) GSPC-Niko will undertake adequate decommissioning of the unviable drilled well, which is not economically feasible for production, as per the best industry practice and required legislations.

K) BUDGET ALLOCATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

91) Expected cost of drilling one well will be INR 45 million, while expected cost of expansion of terminal will be INR 50 million. The total cost of the proposed Project is INR 1280 million.

92) The indicative split up capital and recurring cost of for the environmental management will be 7.5 million per well as per the following description

Table 1: Allocation of Budget for Pollution Control Measures for Drilling of each well SN Measure Approximate Cost per

well INR million1 Septic Tanks followed by overflow for use in plantation 0.2 2 Waste Management 1.5 3 Hazardous Waste disposal and management 1.0 4 Safety Management 0.3 5 Site Restoration 4.0 6 Environmental monitoring 0.5 Total 7.5


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Table 2 Management Plan for Drilling of wells for Hazira Field Development

S.N Activity/ Aspect

PotentialImpact

Environmental Programmes / Mitigation Measures Monitoring Timing

Responsibility

1.1 Land take loss of land Select land for well site over 500 m away from habitation, water resources,mangroves, religious place etc. Ensure that all necessary protocols are followed and legal requirements implemented; Ensure that appropriate legal requirements have been met with regard to land occupancy, land ownership or usage rights, notice and compensation etc; Establish and clearly document land take agreements with owners, users and state authorities.Well site to be developed to avoid any homestead and cultural centres and forest land Well site will be oriented in such a way to minimise hindrance to tidal water flow. Provision of adequate cross drainage will be provided for roads leading to drilling site. Adequate dialogue with the local population and the authority while designing compensation packages, close monitoring on the type of land loss i.e. Permanent or Temporary

Pre-deployment of topographic survey team or site clearance crew.At the initial stage of well site planning

Liaison Officer- GSPC-Niko

Impact on resources

Protection of traditional water structures Provision of health and education services. Loss of land and crop loss to be compensated Provide temporary employment generation opportunities to land losers/ land workers Project management plan to incorporate these aspects at the initial planning stage

All through drilling and post drilling operation

Liaison Officer- GSPC-Niko

1.2 Landuse of adjoining property

Mark out site boundaries. Ensure that land take during drilling site construction is restricted to pre-agreed area. Clearly defined boundaries in place. No unauthorized off-site clearance

After selection of precise site location and orientation. Prior to onset of site clearance.

GSPC-Niko/Contractors

2.1 SitePreparationforConstruction

All bulldozer operators involved in site preparation shall be trained to observe and remain within the defined site boundaries. Maintenance of integrity of boundary markers.

Duration of site preparation.

Civil Works Supervisor

2.2 Soil erosion Minimize area extent of site clearance, by staying within defined boundaries Site boundaries not extended or breached.

Prior to onset of site clearance.

Drilling Manager

Soil erosion Stockpile of topsoil wherever possible at the edge of site. Effective cover in place. Install and maintain effective run-off controls, including siltation ponds, traps and diffusion methods so as to minimize erosion.

SiteConstruction.Duration of program up until

Contractor supervisor Drilling Manager


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PotentialImpact


Responsibility

Condition of siltation ponds. Rill or gully development in immediate off-site surroundings. The drilling locations within the high water line to be properly bunded to prevent water ingress to the drilling site. Bund walls to be constructed with sufficient strength to withstand erosion and forces due to heaves and waves during high tide.

demobilisation.

2.3 Loss of Vegetation

Avoid uprooting trees or removing undergrowth where possible, so as to retain land stability. Cut vegetation, if any in to be placed on edge of site (for re plantation)

Duration of program and beyond or prior opportunity for re vegetation of verges.

Contractor supervisor

Habitatdisturbance/ Loss

Mark out site boundaries Hunting, fishing and wildlife trapping is forbidden. Removal or disturbance to nesting or breeding birds and animals, their eggs or young is strictly prohibited. Clear boundary markers in place.

Prior to commencementof site clearance; and during construction

Site Manager

Loss of Top soil

Store topsoil for subsequent use in plantation and landscape development. Topsoil stockpile in place on site edge. For cleared areas, retain top soil in stockpile where possible on perimeter of site for subsequent re-spreading onsite during restoration

Duration of program until Demobilization

Civil works SupervisorDrilling Manager

Hindrance to fishingcommunity

Drilling activities will avoid the access route used by the fishing community and providing sufficient space for their movement and activities.

During land take for access.

3.1 Use of Fuels, LubricantsandChemicals Handling.

Storage of explosives

Potential Soil andgroundwater Contamination

Maintain strict inventory of all fuel, lubricants and chemicals brought to the drilling site. Ensure weekly updating of inventory. All fuels, lubricants and chemicals placed in controlled storage at the terminal. Ensure Integrity of storage area: Provision of impervious liner; Bund (at least 110% of capacity of largest container); All drums and containers located within footprint of storage area. All used and unused lubricants and chemicals no longer required, to be transported offsite Low inventory (or absence) of used/unused lubricants and chemicals no longer required on-site. Storage of explosives to be in licensed explosives storage with specialized containers designed

Duration of program.

Drilling Manager


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PotentialImpact


Responsibility

for safe storage. Potential Soil andgroundwater Contamination

Oil drip pans shall be used wherever there is significant potential for leakage including, but not limited to drill rig engine; electric generator engine; compressors, pumps or other motors; maintenance areas; fuel transfer areas. Provision of oil absorbent /spill containment material deployed to contain large spills; Contaminated soil dug up, if any placed in drums and subsequently removed from site as per approval of GPCB.

Daily throughout duration of program.

Contractor Supervisor

3.2 Surface water quality

Re-fuelling operations to be undertaken over area with impervious flooring and surface drainage with oil traps. Delivery of fuel to drilling site to be supervised. Written procedure for Oil spills containment materials on-site (and always ready for deployment). All spills/leaks contained, reported and cleaned up immediately. Provisions for prevention of runoffs from the site, designed to accommodate monsoon flows. Facilities and inventories readily available and in good working order.

Prior to delivery of first fuel shipment. Duration of programme.Duration of program.

Drilling Manager.

4.1 Oil – Water – Gas separation: Waste Generation


Implement Drilling Waste Management Plan [identifying and characterizing every waste arising associated with drilling and testing at the site and which identifies the procedures for collection, handling and disposal of each waste arising. Ensure comprehensive Waste Management Plan in place and available at site. Impervious liners (e.g. clay) in place for areas meant for cuttings pit, drilling mud wash water, mud tanks. Careful selection of fluid additives taking into account technical requirements, chemical additive concentration, toxicity, bioavailability and bioaccumulation potential.

Prior to site clearance.

Drilling Manager.


Non-contaminated and potentially contaminated run-off will be kept separately and routed to off-site areas via silt traps. Potentially contaminated surface run-off will be routed through oil trapsEvidence of separate routes and effectively working silt traps. Oily water separation in good working order.


Drilling Manager

5.1 Waste watergeneration

WaterResources and Quality

Minimize suspended solids loads to watercourses by installing appropriate surface run-off drainage systems (e.g. silt traps) and by minimizing the extent of vegetation clearance and avoiding cutting of tree roots. Surface drainage systems in good working order. No untreated discharge to be made to watercourses or in proximity of watercourses. No discharge hoses to be placed outside in vicinity of watercourses.

Duration of program with particularemphasis during site layout design and site construction.

Drilling Manager Contractor Supervisor


XI


PotentialImpact


Responsibility

6.1 ConstructionEquipment operation

Disturbance to thesurroundings in terms of Noise quality and Vibration

Prepare list of all machinery on-site identifying age of plant before their deployment. Maintain written record of maintenance for all plant. Workers near noise source provided with noise protection equipment (ear muffs)

Prior to commencementof work by contractors at each drilling site.

Drilling Site managerContractor Supervisor

Noise Quality Provision of acoustic mufflers on engines No machinery running when not required.


Contractor Supervisor

6.2.1 Air Emissions

Air Quality Impact on standingcrops in the vicinity

Any dry, dusty materials (chemicals, muds etc) shall be stored in sealed containers. Absence of stockpiles or open containers of dusty material. Well testing (flaring) to be undertaken so as to minimize impacts of emissions (cold venting). Duration of testing to be minimized by careful planning; High combustion efficiency, smokeless flare/burner to be used. Flare stack will be located at least 90 m from roads, public works, processing units or tanks. They will be at least 30 m from a well, gas/oil separator, site drainage or other possible source of ignitable vapors. An efficient test flare burner head equipped with an appropriate combustion enhancement system to be selected to minimize incomplete combustion, black smoke, and hydrocarbon fallout. Volumes of hydrocarbons flared should be recorded.


Drilling Manager

6.2.3 Socio economicimpacts from heat radiation due to temporary test flaring

Flare stack will be located at least 90m from roads, public works, processing units or tanks During well testing program.

Drilling Manager

6.2.4 Demobilization

Air quality Soil Quality Ground water EcologyNoise

Demobilisation to be undertaken as per best industry practices Restoration plan to be followed and site restoration to be ensured Impact in environment to be kept minimal All debris and contaminated soil to be removed Contours to be reformed to natural surroundings Top soil to be re-spread Mud pits to cleaned and filled to the ground level. All access roads and bunds to be removed in consultation with the community.

After well testing EHS Manager


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Table 3 Management plan for HC Production for Hazira Field

S.N. Activity /Aspect Potential Impact Mitigation Measure/Management Actions Monitoring Plan Responsibility 1 Air Emissions of

Particulate matter, NOx, SO2, CO and HC from: Captive gas generatorsFlaring of produced gas Fugitive emissions of hydrocarbons (during storage, transportation,well site etc.) Dust blanket and oxides of nitrogen can affect vegetation.

Ambient Air Quality

GSPC-NIKO will ensure that Project design (of captive gas generator, flaring system) will aim to minimise air emissions and comply with all legislative requirements. Flaring system, to meet the norms for onshore operations during the production phases as per requirement specified in section 2; Cold venting of produced gas will be totally avoided and flaring will be minimised during the Production operations; Fugitive emissions from process equipment and crude oil storage tanks will be minimised by strictly following the maintenance procedures. The tanks will be provided with vapour control or balancing system; For pipeline, GSPC-Niko will ensure that any leak repair is taken up immediately. Provision of flow cut off will be made for any event of any major leak in the pipeline. Also ensure that proper evacuation of pipeline followed by nitrogen purging is taken up before start of any repair work Provision of personal protective equipment to people working in the areas of potential to exposure of fugitive volatile organic compounds; Upkeep and maintenance of road, tank truck including annual inspection for VOC leak testing; Obtain consent to operate under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act prior to commencement of Project commissioning and operations. Also periodically renew consent to operate.

Quarterly audit for planned operations, as well as changes in planning due to operational results including annualinspection for VOC leak testing from tanks and tank trucks (tanker) use of PPEs by people in their workplaceRecord keeping of quantity of gas venting to flare. Monthly audit to ensure proper maintenance of flaringequipmentincluding electrical ignition system. Quarterlymonitoring of: a) Emission from gas generator for NOx and SO2,HC; b) ambient air

EHS Manager


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S.N. Activity /Aspect Potential Impact Mitigation Measure/Management Actions Monitoring Plan Responsibility quality for SPM, RSPM, NOx, SO2, HC and c) fugitive emissions (VOCs) in the workenvironment.Follow up conditionsstipulated in the Consent to Operate under the Air Act

2 Operation of machinery, pumps, compressors at the Terminal

Impact on Noise quality Disturbance to nearbycommunity due to high noise generation from machinery, compressors, pumps etc. at the TerminalPotential health risk to workers near high noise source. Distraction to avifauna in and around the region.

GSPC-Niko will ensure minimal noise generation from power generating equipment, pumps, vehicular movements, flaring operation through preventive and maintenance techniques for high noise generating equipment and machinery. Provision of mufflers on compressors and other high noise generating machinery where practicable, if not possible, provision of noise barriers to be ensured to minimise noise dissipation in the area. Workers working near high noise generating machinery will be provided with noise protection equipment (ear muffs) Provision of green belt with at-least two rows (7.5 m width) of plantation around the fencing of the terminal

MonthlyAmbient Noise monitoring at the fence line of the terminal. In case noise level exceeds the noise limit of 45dB(A) at the fence line, further corrective actions in form of noise barriers to be provided. Quarterlymonitoring of noise levels generated by equipment and pumps. In case noise levels generated are higher than the

EHS Manager


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S.N. Activity /Aspect Potential Impact Mitigation Measure/Management Actions Monitoring Plan Responsibility design levels, ensure best management practice including prescribed maintenance.

3 Soil, Groundwater and Surface Water Quality

Storage of Solid and Hazardous Wastes leading to potentialcontamination of soil due to seepage into soil and ground water;water quality due to runoff to nearby water bodies.

GSPC-Niko will ensure that The existing Waste Management Plan will be further strengthened before the proposed oil production, based on the principles and guidelines presented in the EIA report and best E&P management practices to include waste characteristics and the final disposal norms / conditions, treatment / handling / disposal systems to be installed for operations and persons responsible for implementation of plan; Hazardous Wastes such as Used oil /Slop oil /Waste Oil to be stored on impervious surface provided with HDPE liner to avoid chances of any seepage into groundwater. Disposal of Hazardous Wastes will be done as per the Authorisation under the HWMTBM Rules issued by GPCB

Ensure requirements under the HWMTBM Rules including the following: Maintain records of wastes generated with disposal quantity and options used Marking of hazardous wastes containers Follow up Waste Manifest . Transportation of wastes with TREM Card File Returns The accumulation of tank bottom waters to be minimized by regular maintenance of tank roofs and seals to prevent rainwater infiltration.

Quarterlyauditing of the suggested mitigation measures.

EHS Manager

4 Soil, Groundwater and Surface Water Quality

Liquid Wastes – Domestic and IndustrialWastewaterhandling, treatment and disposal leading to potential contamination of soil due to

Source reduction, as well as treatment of produced water for removal of oil and suspended solids as described in Section 2.

To reduce the volume of produced water for disposal the following shall be considered:

Adequate well management during well completion activities will be undertaken to minimize water production; Recompletion of high water producing wells to be carried out to minimize water production;Use of down hole fluid separation techniques to be applied, where possible, and

Monitor quantity and treatment efficiency of the wastewatertreatment plant. Also ensure sufficient capacity (at-least three times of the daily wastewater

EHS Manager


XV

S.N. Activity /Aspect Potential Impact Mitigation Measure/Management Actions Monitoring Plan Responsibility overflows or seepages onto soil and ground water;water quality due to runoff to nearby water bodies during rainy season or due to overflow from the pit

water shutoff techniques, when technically and economically feasible; Shutting in high water producing wells.

Potentially contaminated surface run-off to be routed through oil traps Design of evaporation pit to be provided with impervious liner. The pit will be suitable to accommodate any increase in volume of produced water in future. Also in case, produced water is to be injected in the injection well, ensure its treatment for oil and suspended solid contents as per the GPCB/MOEF norms. All process areas should to be bunded to ensure drainage water flows into the closed drainage system and that uncontrolled contaminated surface run-off is avoided. Drainage tanks and slop tanks to be designed with sufficient capacity for foreseeable operating conditions, and systems to prevent overfilling should be installed.

evaporation is available) Ensure proper functioning of septic tank – soak pit system provided for domestic wastewaterdisposal.

5 Accidental oil spills, chemical spills and gas release

Soil/ ground watercontamination.

Potential runoff to offsite during rains.

Fire hazard or explosion due to gas leak/ oil spills.

Contamination of ground water reserves.

Damage to crops/community in the proximity to the site.

To formulate a structured approach for identification of hazards and understanding of contributory factors, for which GSPC-Niko will be undertaking Hazard Operability (HAZOP) studies for the Project and implementation of suggested risk mitigative measures. Implementation of HAZOP and RA recommendations in the Project design before construction activities at site Safety interlocking systems to be installed (as a part of design) for critical equipment handling crude and produced gas. Provision of proper instrumentation/ operating procedure and additional level alarm to ensure avoiding overfilling that may lead to soil contamination. Evaporation pit meant for produced water evaporation to be provided with level controller and linked with suitable sump. In order to avoid consequences of any crude oil spill from storage tanks, farm bund containment system will be set up in compliance For avoiding persistent leakage from tanks, GSPC-Niko will follow regular tank inspection, leak detection from tank bottoms, provision of double tank bottoms or impervious membrane liner below the tank bottom, ground water monitoring. Installation of a liner shall be such that the bottom and sides of the pit have a coefficient of permeability of no greater than 1 x 10-7 centimetres per second (cm/sec). Liners to be compatible with the material to be contained and of sufficient strength and thickness to maintain the integrity of the pit.

Conduct Quarterly mock drills to ensure emergencypreparedness;Conduct six monthly safety training to operational staff;Conduct six monthlyinspection and audits of critical equipment and safety systems and report findings to top management; Adoptmonitoringprocedures and inspections to

EHS Manager


XVI

S.N. Activity /Aspect Potential Impact Mitigation Measure/Management Actions Monitoring Plan Responsibility All spills/leaks contained, reported and cleaned up immediately by deployment of oil absorbent /spill containment material to contain large spills and by digging up contaminated soil, placing in drums and subsequently removal from site; Detailed systems and procedures for prevention and control of accidental releases to be followed including provision of safety system to incorporate breather valves cum flame arrestor for storage tanks. Corrosion maintenance and monitoring programs to be developed to ensure the integrity of all Field equipment. Pipelines, maintenance programs to include regular pigging to clean the pipeline, and intelligent pigging to be considered as required.Encourage culture to report near miss and investigate root causes and communicate lessons learned.

Provision of passive fire protection to prevent the spread of fire in the event of an incident including:

Passive fire protection on load-bearing structures, fire rated walls, and fire-rated partitions between rooms Design of load-bearing structures taking into account explosion load, or blast-rated walls Design of structures against explosion and the need for blast walls based on an assessment of likely explosion characteristics.

Specific consideration of blast panel or explosion venting, and fire and explosion protection for wellheads, safe areas, and living areas;

Prevention of potential ignition sources such as: Proper grounding to avoid static electricity buildup and lightning hazards (including formal procedures for the use and maintenance of grounding connectionsUse of intrinsically safe electrical installations and non-sparking tools ·A combination of automatic and manual fire alarm systems that can be heard across the facility;

ensure complete avoidance of accidental spills/ releases,emergencyresponsepreparedness.

adequatepersonneltraining in oil spill prevention, containment, and response;

6 Traffic Density Increase traffic volume leading to congestion of route.Increase in

Ensure that no crude oil tanker plies during peak traffic hours i.e. from 0800 to 1030 and 1700 to 2000 hours. Also that the tanker movements on roads are piloted by qualified drivers from terminal to the ONGC facility; Ensure proper training of driver and crew members of the tankers carrying crude oil to the ONGC facility with full knowledge of do’s and don’ts in the event of any

Trace and audit monthly traffic tankermovement on road so as to

EHS Manager


XVII

S.N. Activity /Aspect Potential Impact Mitigation Measure/Management Actions Monitoring Plan Responsibility ambient noise due to movement of traffic. Increased risk of road accidents and accidental spills.

oil spill from the tanker; A speed limit of 30km/hr to be maintained by the oil tankers.

ensure safe and efficienttransportactivity, as a part of the proposed HC development programme.

7 Socioeconomic Potential for damage of crops due to flaring/ spills etc.

Land for access roads and Pipelines

Employment opportunities.

Flaring operations will be controlled to minimise any agricultural loss due to heat wave propagation. In case any complaint is received, GSPC-NIKO is to provide adequate compensation for lost crop after proper interaction with the local people. The use of existing utility and transport corridors for access roads and pipeline corridors to the extent possible. Routing of access roads to avoid induced impacts such as increased access into uninhabitated coastal areas.Minimize the width of a pipeline right-of-way or access road during construction and operations as far as possible. Provide employment for local community wherever possible.

Physicalinspections of surroundings for any sign of oil leakage /soil contaminationdue to escape of oily produced water, crude leakage etc. In case any leakage is detected, suitable compensation to be paid. Also Remediation, if anycontaminationobserved to be undertaken with reporting and approval of GPCB Continuous interaction with local community and other stakeholders.

Liaison Manager


XVIII

S.N. Activity /Aspect Potential Impact Mitigation Measure/Management Actions Monitoring Plan Responsibility 8 Decommissioning Contamination of

land, and water.

Increase in ambient dust due to demolition activities.

Accidental oil spills.

GSPC-NIKO to plan decommissioning process in advance and the most optimal option depending upon the prevalent condition during the period of decommissioning to be adopted. The decommissioning comes under the purview of different legislative frameworks. Strictly adhere to requirement of Production Sharing Contract for decommissioning and follow all protocols of the National, international and regional conventions /regulations. The decommissioning process to typically include following distinct stages: Plan best option for decommissioning so as to minimise environmental factors, cost, technical feasibility, health and safety and public; Inform to and seek approval of the national and state government agencies including Directorate of Hydrocarbons, Directorate of Mine and Geology, Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gujarat Department of Forests and Environment, Local Panchayat, District Collector etc. about the cessation of production having proved the reservoir is no longer viable and for securely plugging wells below the surface; The parts of the structure removed to be re-used, recycled or disposed as per the prevailing rules and regulations; Handover land to the Government of Gujarat.

Monitor effective implementationofdecommissioning plan

EHS Manager


XIX

CONCLUSION

93) The draft EIA has assessed overall significance and acceptability of potential environmental impacts of the Project and has recommended mitigation measures for drilling and developmental activities in the Field. Environmental Management plan describes implementation mechanism for recommended mitigation measures for site preparation, drilling and demobilisation have been specified in the EIA together with monitoring of the Project at all stages to verify overall Project performance.

94) The draft EIA report will be finalised following public hearing of the Project by incorporating requirements/comments as received during the public hearing.

95) GSPC-Niko to follow the EMP as given in detail in the draft EIA report together with conditions of environmental clearance, CRZ clearance, consent to establish, consent to operate and license for storage of petroleum products, well logging tool etc. for the proposed drilling and production.

ERM INDIA GSPC-NIKO: DRAFT EIA OF DRILLING & DEVELOPMENT OF O&G WELLS, HAZIRA FIELD, DISTT. SURAT, GUJARAT

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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

Niko Resources Limited (NIKO, incorporated in Canada) is the designated operator of the Hazira Oil and Gas Block (hereinafter referred to as the Hazira Field or the Field) as per the Production Sharing Contract (PSC) with the Government of India (GoI) signed jointly with Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation Limited (GSPCL), a Government of Gujarat (GoG) body (hereinafter referred as the consortium). GSPCL has 67% and NIKO has 33% stake in the Hazira Field.

The Hazira Field is a 50-km2 Field located in the Cambay basin in Gujarat. The consortium is involved in the production of Natural Gas from this Field since 1996. GSPC-NIKO now intends to further develop the Field by undertaking drilling and development of eight new petroleum hydrocarbon wells (six wells falling in Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ area) and remaining two in the onshore area).

GSPC-NIKO has engaged ERM India Private Limited to carry out Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the proposed drilling and development study.

1.2 LOCATION OF THE PROJECT

Hazira Field falls near Hazira village in Chorasi Taluka of Surat District in Gujarat. The Field covers an area of 50 sq km of which approximately 55% lies in offshore and remaining 45% in onshore region. The location of Field is depicted in Figure 1.1

1.3 NEED FOR THE EIA STUDY

According to the EIA notification 2006, all Offshore and Onshore Oil and Gas exploration, development and production activities will require prior environmental clearance from the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), GoI.

The proposed project, being a ‘category A’ project will require prior Environmental Clearance from MoEF and Consent to Establish (together with public consultation) and Consent to Operate from Gujarat Pollution Control Board at the state level.

For the drilling activities in the CRZ area the project will also require prior CRZ clearance under the Coastal Regulation Zone Notification of 1991, wherein the central government has declared the coastal stretches of seas, bays, estuaries, creeks, rivers and back-waters which are influenced by tidal action (on the leeward side) up to 500 meters of the High Tide Line (HTL) and


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the land between the Low Tide Line (LTL) and the HTL as CRZ, and imposed restrictions on the setting up and expansion of industries, operations and processes, etc in the CRZ.

A part of onshore Hazira Field falls within the classification as CRZ-I (ii) (i.e. areas between low tide and high tide), therefore, will require prior CRZ clearance under the CRZ notification from State Department of Forests and Environment (DoFE) and MoEF.

The environmental clearance, CRZ and other approvals for the project, require appraisal based on prior of Environmental Impact Assessment and Environment Management Plan (EIA – EMP) study as per the guidelines of MoEF. The EMP will help GSPC-NIKO in mitigating adverse impacts during drilling of a well and production of hydrocarbon.

Figure 1.1 Location of the Field


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1.4 TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR EIA STUDY

This EIA study has been conducted as per terms of reference dated 02September 2008, approved by the Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) of MoEF.

The terms of reference specify the scope for the EIA, Risk Assessment (RA) and Disaster Management Plan (DMP) studies, to accomplish the prerequisites of prior Environmental Clearance for the proposed drilling and production activities in the Hazira Field.

The scoping as per the Terms of Reference (ToR) issued by MoEF for the studies covered the following:

1) Collection of Environmental Baseline data for the study area i.e. pre monsoon data during May-June 2008 and Post Monsoon data from October to December 2008. The baseline data collection includes the following:

Setting up of a micrometeorological station in the Field (at a location central to the proposed drilling) for monitoring of micrometeorological parameters like ambient temperature, wind direction, wind speed, relative humidity, cloud cover and rainfall for six weeks; Monitoring of ambient air quality for suspended particulate matter (SPM), respiratory particulate matter (RPM), oxides of nitrogen (NOx),sulphur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and total hydrocarbons (HC as CH4 and Non-Methane), twice a week at eight locations during the monitoring periods; Measurement of noise quality at eight locations during the study periods continuously for 24 hours during the monitoring periods; Traffic volume monitoring at two locations having direct relation with the access in the Field for continuous 24 hour during the monitoring period;Collection of water samples from eight locations within the study area and analysis as per drinking water parameters as specified in IS-10500 along with additional parameters for surface water including sea water;Collection of soil quality representation from five locations during the monitoring periods for analysis of parameters like particle size distribution texture, pH, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, alkali metals, heavy metals, permeability, water holding capacity and porosity etc. Collection of Sediment samples from three locations for assessment of sediment quality. Landuse pattern of the study area;

2) Socio-economic information in form of demographic profile of the study area based on 2001 census data including information on places of cultural significance falling within the study area;


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3) Based upon the project activities and baseline data collected for the Field, identification and prediction of environmental impacts (using quantitative and qualitative tools) followed by evaluating significance of environmental impacts;

4) Development of mitigation measures for the identified significant adverse environmental impacts;

5) Preparation EMP, outlining mechanism for the effective implementation and monitoring of proposed mitigation measures;

1.4.1 Additional Terms of Reference

The EAC after considering the TOR also suggested the following additional terms of reference. [Refer to Annex G for detail].

The project layout should be superimposed on the CRZ map with High Tide Line & Low Tide Line demarcated by the authorized agency. Details of the recommendations of the Gujarat State Coastal Zone Management Authority with regard to Coastal Regulation Zone. Details of the oil wells development and the impact on the environment.Details of the environmental studies and baseline data carried out in 1993 and 1997 to preparing the EIA report and compare the same to the present scenario. A comparative study to be carried out and the details to be provided. Based on the study an environmental management plan shall be prepared for improvement of the environment, if the study shows degradation of the environment. Details of the bunds and other civil construction to be constructed in the Coastal Regulation Zone area and the proposed plan for decommissioning including dismantling of the civil structures after completion of the exploration. Details of disposal of solid waste/effluents in the Coastal Regulation Zone area. Details of the Effluent Treatment Plant and disposal mechanism. Details of DMP and Risk Assessment. Details of the oil spill and the contingency plans. Details of the oil spillage contingency plan and fire fighting services. Details of the location of the labour camps. Details of the plan for the road connectivity and transportation mechanism including transportation of man and material after decommissioning of the project shall be provided. Details of fire fighting. Details of the green belt development. Impact on fishing in the surrounding area. Details of the water requirement. Details of monitoring of the parameters relating to biological environment to be indicated.


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Cumulative impact due to the well blow-out especially on the nearest habitation.Public hearing shall be conducted in accordance with Environment Impact Assessment Notification, 2006 and the issues raised by the public to be incorporated in the EIA/ EMP and submitted to the Ministry with all requisite data/information.

1.5 ERM’S APPROACH & METHODOLOGY FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY

The studies have been carried out as per the following description: EIA guidelines of MoEF; and ToR as approved by Environmental Appraisal Committee (EAC) of MoEF as per requirements of the EIA Notification SO No. 1533, dated 14th

September 2006;

The environmental baseline data for the Field area has been generated based on the observations made by ERM during reconnaissance visits and collection of primary and secondary environmental data. Literature survey was done and relevant information was collected for environmental and social baseline. Reconnaissance surveys were conducted to identify environmental issues in the project area. The sampling locations for environmental monitoring were identified on the basis of the present project – i.e. proposed drilling locations and following features in the surroundings:

Existing topography; Locations of water bodies; Location of villages/towns/sensitive areas; Accessibility, power availability security of monitoring equipment; and Residential and other sensitive areas in the surroundings, which represent baseline conditions in relation to the proposed project.

ERM has followed the standard EIA methodology and technique for this study and whenever necessary it has used its own judgement based on its own experience and knowledge base. For this study appropriate quality checks were taken in consideration and best management practices has been followed for a quality output.

Impacts were identified based on the actual and foreseeable events, including operational events and typical events of the proposed project activities. Processes that may create risks to the natural environment and socio-economic environment are considered in terms of key potential environmental impacts.

Mitigation measures to be adopted under EMP for all specified significant environmental impacts likely to result from drilling and development of wells are also a part of this EIA report.

The likely impacts identified and recommended mitigation measures based on the following:

Project information provided by project proponent;


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Baseline information and reconnaissance visits of the study area; ERM’s past experience in similar projects; and Standard international environmental management practices.

Details of the methodology and technique used for the study are discussed in subsequent sections.

1.6 LIMITATIONS

This report is based on certain scientific principles and professional judgement to certain facts with resultant subjective interpretation. Professional judgement expressed herein is based on the available data and information.

This report is submitted to establish likely environmental impacts due to proposed development and finalise mitigation measures for adverse impacts.

ERM is not engaged in the impact assessment and reporting for the purposes of advertising, sales promotion, or endorsement of any client's interests, or other publicity purposes. The client acknowledges that any report prepared by ERM are for the exclusive use of the client to obtain necessary environmental approvals from statutory authorities and agrees that ERM's reports or correspondence will not be used or reproduced in full or in part for such promotional purposes, and may not be used or relied upon in any prospectus or offering circular.

1.7 AGENCIES CONTACTED

Following agencies were contacted for the conduct of this study: Forest Range Office (Dumas – Sultanabad); Forest range Office-Ubharat; India Meteorological Department (IMD) Pune; Netel (India) Limited, Thane; Detox Corporation Pvt. Ltd; Surat Directorate of Census Operations, Surat districts; Space Application Centre, ISRO, Ahmedabad for demarcation of CRZ area;Botanical Survey of India office (western region); Zoological Survey of India (Akrudi); and Discussions with local villagers during reconnaissance Survey.

1.8 LAYOUT OF THE REPORT

The remaining sections of the report include the following:


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Section 2: Project Description;

Section 3: Applicable Regulatory Framework;

Section 4 Environmental Baseline Status of the Study Area;

Section 5: Impact Assessment and Proposed Mitigations;

Section 6: Analysis of Alternatives

Section 7: Environmental Management Plan

Section 8: Conclusion

Annexes to the report include the following:

Annex A: Meteorological Observations of the Study Area;

Annex B: Analysis Results of Ambient Air Quality in the Study Area;

Annex C: Traffic Volume Observed at Various Locations within the Study Area;

Annex D: Noise Levels Monitored at Various Locations within the Study Area;

Annex E: Photo-documentation of the Study Area;

Annex F: Adherence to TOR;

Annex G: Correspondence for CRZ Map;


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2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT AREA

Hazira Field is located near the Hazira village in Chorasi Taluka of Surat District of Gujarat. Approximately 55% of the Field area lies in offshore and remaining 45% in onshore region. The proposed drilling operations are planned only in the onshore portion of the Field. The coordinates of the Hazira Field along with those of onshore portion are as given in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1 Coordinates of Hazira Field

Code Latitude Longitude A 21º 04 ’ 12” N 72º 34 ’ 50” E B 21º 01”47” N 72º 36 ’ 00” E C 21º 04 ’ 26” N 72º 41 ’ 08” E D 21º 06 ’ 52” N 72º 39 ’ 50” E Onshore Area E 21º 03 ’ 52” N 72º 38 ’ 34” E F 21º 05 ’ 24” N 72º 37 ’ 05” E C 21º 04 ’ 26” N 72º 41 ’ 08” E D 21º 06 ’ 52” N 72º 39 ’ 50” E

2.1.1 Project Overview

The JV consortium took over the Hazira Field from ONGC in 1996. with two wells viz. Hazira# 1 and Hazira #2. Hazira #1 was repaired and put on the production in July 1995 and ceased production in November 1997.

In the past, 34 wells were drilled under the Hazira Production Sharing Contract (PSC), of which one offshore appraisal well was abandoned. There are 33 of wells in Hazira as on date out of which 5 are on land, 17 on the Land Based Drilling Platform (LBDP) approximately 1.2 km offshore and 11 on the Hazira Offshore. Out of these 33 wells, 24 are gas producing, 1 oil producing, 1 water injector and 7 non producing wells. The number of wells that were drilled in the Field are presented in Table 2.2.

Table 2.2 Description of Wells Drilled by the JV

Location No. of Wells Drilled

Well Type Well Labelling

Phase I Project Onshore 5 Exploratory/

DevelopmentalHazira#3 to 7

Land Based Drilling Platform (LBDP)

17 Exploratory/Developmental

Hazira#8 to 24

Offshore 11 Exploratory/DevelopmentWells

Out of which 09 Gas Producing, 01 Oil producing and 01 water Injection Well


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There are two 12 inch pipelines from Hazira offshore Drilling Platform(HODP) and two 12 inch pipelines from Land Based Drilling Platform (LBDP). Non-associated natural gas (NANG) from these wells is being taken for production to the onshore Hazira Terminal for treating and transporting the so produced hydrocarbons. One pipeline is used for transportation of crude oil while other was used for natural gas.

2.2 PROPOSED PROJECT

The proposed project envisages the drilling and development of eightpetroleum hydrocarbon wells in onshore portion of the Field. Out of the proposed eight wells, six will be drilled in CRZ area and remaining two in onshore area (non CRZ onshore area). Proposed wells will be drilled at depths of 1600 m (4 wells), 3000 m (2 wells) & 4000 m (2 wells) from ground level. The drilling is planned for 2nd quarter of 2009. The tentative locations of the wells are as marked in Figure 2.1.


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Figure 2.1 Tentative Location of the Wells


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2.2.1 Drilling Activities

Drilling sites proposed are identified on basis of seismic survey conducted to locate oil & gas reserves. A description of drilling activities proposed is given in the following sub sections:

Land Acquisition for Drilling site

Land required for drilling of each well will be 1.44 ha (120mx120m). Drilling of wells will require connecting roads from the existing roads to facilitate movement of men and machinery to well locations from camp and storage sites.

Most of the land required for drilling is in mudflats; however there will be a limited acquisition of land during well drilling phase. Land acquisition will be done in proper consultation with land owners and local administration. Adequate compensation will be paid for any land acquired as per discussion with administration. The proposed project does not involve acquisition of land on a permanent basis. Land will be taken up on lease from the respective owners for drilling activities. The lease would be extended depending on outcome of drilling phase.

Site Clearance

A topographic survey crew will survey the identified drilling site and a clearance crew will mark out the site boundaries. Land clearance for site construction at the drilling site will be kept to the absolute minimum practicable in order to safely accommodate the facilities.

Earth moving equipment, typically a bulldozer with a grader blade (ripper type and a bucket type) for excavation work will be brought to the site which will level, grade and compact the site. Where possible topsoil will be cleared and stored for later reinstatement purposes by piling it along a boundary of the site.

Site Preparation

As the site is graded and levelled, site-berms, culverts, drains and drainage treatment facilities will be provided to control run-off. The site perimeter will be appropriately fenced in the interests of security and public safety.

The site for drilling related components (except for the locations of the waste containment area and freshwater storage facility) will be covered with up to 100 mm (4 inches) of suitable base. This would help to provide sufficient load-bearing capacity to enable all construction and drilling operations to be executed safely and with minimum impact on the environment.


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Details of Bunds & other construction activities at the drilling site

The drilling locations within the high water line will be properly bunded to prevent water ingress to the drilling site. Bund walls will be constructed with sufficient strength to withstand erosion and forces due to heaves and waves during high tide. Orientation of bunds will be done in such a way that cross drainage during high and low tide does not get affected.

Within the cleared footprint, portable cabins and sewage disposal system (septic tanks) will be set up on-site. The oil, lubricants and chemicals storage area will be properly bunded. A reinforced concrete drilling pad will be built.

A temporary containment area will be constructed. This area will be lined with cemented brick walls and HDPE liners so as to provide a suitable barrier to protect soil and groundwater from potential contamination. The containment area and all the storage area would be provided with adequate liners to prevent any percolation of surface contamination to the groundwater table. A bund will surround the area of the drill site location to provide up to 0.5 m contingency freeboard.

The drilling site will require the following facilities: Rig foundation and cellar; Space for drilling rig equipment, working areas and materials lay down area;Drilling fluid treatment and drilled solids removal package, including storage tanks, Oil water separation unit, drilling cutting washing system (shale shaker); Cutting containment area; Wastewater treatment area and equipment; Fuel storage area; Test separator; Flare pit; and Sewage disposal system.

Drilling chemicals will be stored at a well-protected warehouse at the site. The liquid chemicals will be stored in bunded area to prevent any spill over. All inventories like pipes, tolls, down hole equipment will be stored in the warehouse.

Campsite

A campsite will be set up in the available facilities for camping of labour and drilling personnel in non - CRZ area. The site will be sized to minimise environmental impacts. The accommodation at the campsite will be limited as local labour will be preferred. Campsite will be provided with facility of toilets, water supply and power.


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Layout of the Drilling Site

A typical layout plan for the proposed drilling will be as per Figure 2.2

Figure 2.2 Layout of the Drilling Site

Drilling Rig Operation

The drilling rig will have a land rig i.e. “Mobile Land Rig”, with a standard drilling fluid treatment system. The drilling methodology adapted would be rotary drilling.

Drilling of Wells

The drilling operations involve installation of a rig at the potential site of drilling after thorough inspection for its working capability and quality standards. Drilling activity initiates with well spudding. Top-hole sections are drilled to a desired depth based on well design. After drilling top-hole section, it will be cased with a pipe called “Casing”. Casing provides support to the walls of the well and secures hole section. Other than that, it isolates problematic hole sections such as loss zones, shale sections, over pressurised formations etc.

After running casing, space between hole wall and Casing (annulus) will be cemented. This process of drilling and casing the hole section continues until the final well depth (target) is achieved. Drilling process is associated with


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various hazards such as well active situation (kicks), blowouts, H2S situation etc.

Drilling Fluids

Water-based drilling fluid (mud) will be used for the drilling of all eight wells. The drilling fluids circulation system consists of several items of equipment. The mud pump takes in mud from the mud pits and sends it out a discharge line to a standpipe. The standpipe is a steel pipe mounted vertically on one leg of the derrick.

The mud is pumped up the standpipe into a flexible reinforced rubber hose called the Kelly hose. The Kelly hose is connected to the swivel; the mud ten goes down the Kelly, drill pipe and drill collars and exits at the bit. The mud then does a sharp U-turn and heads back up the hole in the annulus. The annulus is the space between the outside of the drill string and the wall of the hole.

Finally, the mud leaves the hole through a steel pipe called the mud return pipe and falls over a vibrating screen like device called the shale shaker. The shaker screens out the cuttings from the mud. The mud drains back into the mud tanks and is recycled back into the well via the mud pump, while the drill cuttings which are inert materials of shale, sand, and clay fall into the lined waste pits. The drilling fluids left over at the end of the particular well will be discharged into the lined waste pits and dried.

The pits will be provided with plastic liners to maintain integrity and prevent any leakage. The drill cuttings cut by the bit are removed from the mud by the shale shakers and other solids removal equipment and transferred to the waste pits. Once the mud is cleaned it is pumped down the drill string again.

The drilling mud, which is pumped through the drill string, through the drill bit and then returns up the annulus between the drill string and bore hole, serves a number of important functions, including:

Removal of drilled solids (i.e. cuttings) from the bottom of the hole and their transport to the surface for separation from the mud; Lubrication and cooling of the drill bit and string; Deposition of an impermeable cake on the well bore wall to seal the formation being drilled; and Countering the natural formation pressures and preventing uncontrolled flow of fluid from the formations.

The main components of drilling mud are slurry of inert solids suspended in a liquid phase. The main constituents of the water-based mud are bentonite and barites, both of which are natural minerals. Details of raw materials (Water based drilling fluid) consumption for drilling of wells of 1600 m depth (vis-à-vis Toxicity to Aquatic Life) is provided in the Table 2.3.


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Table 2.3 Indicative Drilling Mud Composition

S.N. Raw Material Consumption 1 Barite Trade Names: MIL Bar ; M-I Bar, Barite, Baroid Functions: Weighting Agent (API Specification). Toxicity: Not regarded as a health hazard.

280 MT

2 Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (High Viscosity) Trade Names: CMC HV ; Cellex (hi vis) ; CMC HV Functions: Filtration (fluid loss) reducer and supplementary viscosifier. Toxicity:Not regarded as hazardous to health. Soluble in water

1.7 MT

3 Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (Low Viscosity) Trade Names: CMC HV ; Cellex (hi vis) ; CMC LV Functions: Filtration (fluidloss) reducer & supplementary viscosifier. Toxicity: Not regarded as hazardous to health. Soluble in water.

6.15 MT

4 Defoamer Trade Names: LD-8; Bara Defoam ; Defoamer ; Defoam L. Functions: Non-hydrocarbon base defoamer for water based muds.

Toxicity: Not regarded as a health hazard. Regarded as non-hazardous to the environment.

0.050 KL

5 Chrome free Lignosulphonate Trade Names: Speresene CF; Envirothin;Chrome free II Functions: Lignosulphonate for thinning and dispersing water based mud. Toxicity: Not regarded as hazardous to health. Soluble in water. Low

toxicity to aquatic organisms.

0.475 MT

6 Shale Inhibitor Trade Names:New-Drill Plus; EZ Mud DP; IDBond P; Poly-Plus Dry Functions: High Molecular Weight PHPA shale encapsulator & inhibitor. Toxicity: Not regarded as a health hazard. Does not bio-accumulate.

Biodegradable. Soluble in water.

1.8 MT

7 Oxygen Scavenger Trade Names: Noxygen; Barascav L; Idscav 110; OS-1 Functions: Liquid oxygen scavenger. Toxicity: Toxic to fish in high concentrations.

0.050 KL

8 Temperature Stabilizer Trade Names:All-Temp; Therma-Thin; Idsperse XT ; Resinex; Thermex Function :Deflocculant & rheology stabilizer up to 260°C. Toxicity: Does not bio-accumulate. Biodegradable. Non harmful to aquatic

life. Soluble in water. Not regarded as a health hazard.

0.225 MT

9 Soda Ash Trade Names: Soda Ash Functions: Calcium reducer. Toxicity: Soluble in water.

0.45 MT

10 Sodium Bicarbonate Trade Names: Sodium Bicarbonate Functions: Calcium Reducer. Toxicity: Not regarded as hazardous to health. Soluble in water. Does not

bio-accumulate. Low toxicity to aquatic organisms.

0.5 MT

11 Water, Seawater 63.2 KL 12 Water, Drill-water 1227 KL 13 Bentonite Trade Names: MIL-Gel ; Aqua-Gel ; M-I Gel, API Bentonite Functions: API Specification Bentonite for viscosity & fluid loss control.

30 MT

Toxicity: Not regarded as a health hazard. 14 Caustic Soda Trade Names: Caustic Soda Functions: pH controller, increases alkalinity.

1.4 MT

Toxicity: Does not bio-accumulate, biodegradable, soluble in water. If pH


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S.N. Raw Material Consumption >10.5 toxic to fish.

15 Concentrated Corrosion. Inhibitor Trade Names: Ami-Tec ; Bara Film ; Idfilm 220X ; Idfilm 820X ; Conqor 101 ; Conqor 303A

0.6 KL

Function: Amine-Based Corrosion Inhibitor. Toxicity: Dispersible in water. Toxicology not known. 16 Viscosifier (High Viscosity) Trade Names: Mil-Pac ; PAC R ; IDF-FLR; Polypac ; Pac-Plus Function: Polyanionic Cellulose for Fluid Loss control & supplementary

viscosity.

1.225 MT

Toxicity: Not regarded as hazardous to health. Soluble in water. 17 Viscosifier (Low Viscosity) Trade Names: Mil-Pac LV ; PAC L ; IDF-FLR XL ; Polypac UL Function: Low Viscosity Polyanionic Cellulose for Fluid Loss control. Toxicity: Not regarded as hazardous to health. Soluble in water.

0.07 MT

18 Fluid Loss Additive Trade Names: Mil-Starch; Impermex; Idflo LT; My-Lo-Jel Function: Pregelatinized corn starch for Fluid Loss control.

6.225 MT

Toxicity: Not regarded as a health hazard. 19 Poly Glycol Trade Names: Aqua-Col; Gem CP; Staplex; Glydril Function: Polyoxyalkalene Cloud Point Glycol for bore-hole stability by

clay inhibition and lubricity.

10 KL

Toxicity: Does not bio-accumulate. Biodegradable. Non harmful to aquatic life. Soluble in water Not regarded as a health hazard.

20 Potassium Chloride Trade Names: Potassium Chloride Function: For Potassium Ions and bore-hole stability by clay inhibition.

35 MT

Toxicity: Not regarded as hazardous to health. Soluble in water. 21 Dispersant Trade Names: Filtrex ; Baranex ; Hi-temp II ; Resinex Function: Polyanionic lignite resin for water-based mud dispersion. Toxicity: Not regarded as hazardous to health. Soluble in water.

0.1 MT

22 Sodium Chloride Trade Names: Sodium Chloride Function: For Sodium Ions and bore-hole stability by clay inhibition. Toxicity: Not regarded as hazardous to health. Soluble in water.

51 MT

23 Detergent Trade Names: MD; Condet; DD; Drilling Detergent Function: Biodegradable drilling detergent. Toxicity: Does not bio-accumulate. Biodegradable. Not regarded as a

health hazard. Soluble in water.

0.4 KL

24 Bactericide Trade Names: X-Cide 207 ; Idcide P ; Bacban III ; Glute 16 ; Glute 25 Function: Aldehyde bacteriacide for water based drilling fluids. Toxicity: Miscible in water. Toxic to aquatic life in high concentrations.

0.4 KL

25 Flocculent Trade Names: Lime Function: Flocculent for Bentonite based water based muds. Toxicity: Not regarded as a health hazard.

0.4 KL

26 Viscosifier Trade Names: XCD Polymer; XC Polymer; Duovis; Idvis ; Xanplex Function: Xanthum Gum for primary viscosity in water based drilling

fluids Toxicity: Not regarded as hazardous to health. Biodegradable. Soluble in

water.

1.225 MT


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The role of the mud in pressure control is especially important. If the drill bit penetrates a formation containing oil, gas or water under pressure these fluids are prevented from flowing into the borehole by ensuring that the drilling mud is of sufficient density to the natural formation pressures. The density of the mud can be increased by the addition of barite weighting material. Bentonite is employed to improve the theological properties and enable the drill cuttings to be transported from the hole while drilling and also be suspended in the fluid while the drill bit is being changed. The barite used in the drilling mud would be as per American Petroleum Institute (API) standard specifications.

Figure 2.3 Schematic Diagram of Mud Circulation during Drilling

The drill cuttings, cut by the bit, are removed from the mud by the shale shakers and centrifuges and transferred to the mud tank. Once the mud has been cleaned it is pumped down the drill string again.

Drilling and Wash Wastewater Pit

The wastewater coming out along with the drill cuttings will be transported to the cutting pit. Overflow of the water from the cutting pit will be taken to adjoining wastewater pit, which will be allowed to pass through an oil trap to check any oil. The pit will be protected with HDPE liners (of thickness varying from 500 to 600 μm size). A lined pit will be provided for collection of drilling wastewater.

Drill Cutting pit

The drilling activity will generate 200 m3-500m3 of drill cuttings per well, depending on the depth of the well. Drill cuttings are crushed rock generated


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by the drill bit as it penetrates the ground. Drill cuttings with residual coating of fluids will be collected into the cutting pits.

Storage of Drilling Chemicals, Explosives and Fuel

Drilling chemicals like bentonite etc. will be stored at a well-protected storage site provided with impervious liner flooring and shed. The material will be stored in bunded area to prevent any spill over in the drilling area.

Small quantity of explosive charges may be required for perforation of casing to activate a well during well testing. In case of any such use, then these will be stored in the licensed explosive storage or will be brought and stored by the supplier company in specialised containers meant for their safe storage together with sufficient security arrangements. Rig facilities will have an approximate storage tank of 50 m³ capacity of diesel. The diesel tank will be bunded for any secondary containment.

Well Kick Situation

While drilling, if the formation pressure exceeds the hydrostatic pressure exerted by the drilling fluid, formation fluids break out in to the well bore. This is called kick. Primary means of well control is to have sufficient over-balance over formation pressure. For some reason if an unexpected over-pressurised formation is encountered while drilling and if the well control situation arises, rig is equipped with equipment to control this situation.

Blowout

Uncontrolled “well fluid flow situation” eventually leads to a blow-out. Blow out can lead to partial or total destruction of drilling rig. Blowouts are often associated with hydrocarbon spill followed by fire.

Well Control

Blowout is prevented with the help of equipment called “Blowout Preventers (BOP)”. BOP consists of an, “Annular Preventer”, which can generally close on any size or shape of tubular in the well bore. It closes the annular space between drill string and casing.

Another type of blow out preventer is a “Ram Preventer”. They are of two types i.e. Pipe Rams and Shear Rams. Pipe rams also close the annulus between drill string and casing, but they have a fixed size. As such a specific pipe rams can be closed on a specific size of pipe. Shear rams are generally the last choice of preventer to be operated as they shear drill string and shut off the well bore.


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Power

During drilling of well power requirement shall be met by DG sets, four Diesel generators of 930 kW (i.e. 1250 HP each) shall be engaged to meet the power requirements for the drilling operations. One of them shall be kept as standby. Also one generator of 250 kW will be required at each well for lighting and running utilities.

Water Requirement

Water requirement for drilling per well is expected to be 40 m3 /day with an additional requirement of 1.5 m3 /day for domestic use of the work force.

The drilling operations quantity will be consumed for approximately 25-45 days for each well. Local authorised agents would be engaged for supply of water will be ensured through authorized local tankers.

Manpower for Drilling

The drilling activity will require about 80 – 90 persons. At any point of time it is expected that the drilling crew will consist of about 44 persons who will work on an equal time on/off duty pattern in 12 hrs per day shift.

2.2.2 Restoration of Drilling Site

After drilling and initial testing, the rig will be dismantled and moved to the next site. If the well does not contain commercial quantities of hydrocarbon, the site will be decommissioned to a safe and stable condition and restored to its original state. Open rock formations will be sealed with cement plugs to prevent upward migration of wellbore fluids. The casing wellhead and the top joint of the casings will be cut below the ground level and capped with a cement plug.

Prior to commencement of any demolition, a planned programme of site clearance will be formulated. All pits, cellars and holes will be removed, and filled to ground level, any oil or otherwise contaminated soil will be removed and disposed a per the requirement.

Roads, bunds and other paving will be removed to sufficient depth to allow soil replacement and revegetation. Grading will be undertaken to ensure natural run-off. Any remaining topsoil that has been stocked during the site clearance will be re-spread over appropriate portions of the site. Plantation, if possible will be commenced in and around the site.


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2.3 PRODUCTION FROM THE WELLS PROPOSED TO BE DRILLED

For wells found to be viable for production will be developed and hooked up with the existing GSPC/NIKO terminal for production. It is expected that the present production level will be maintained as some of the wells over the period of time will cease to produce their present production capacity. The petroleum hydrocarbon so produced shall be transported to existing on shore terminal for treatment and dispatch.

2.3.1 Existing HC production and Test Facilities

HC production and test facilities are provided on the platform to accommodate the additional wells producing from the location. Lift gas injection facilities are also located on the offshore platform. The well and headers are equipped with pressure control devices and Emergency Shut down Valves (ESDV’s). Three phase test separation and measurement facilities are also located on the HODP and LBDP. Individual well is being tested on regular basis to determine oil, gas and water production rates. The test production is re-combined into the group production for transportation to the oil treating facilities.

The pipeline has pig sending and receiving facilities and is equipped with ESDV’s at both the end of each platform. The crude oil emulsion group line terminates in a group oil emulsion header after which the product is directed into group oil receiving, separation and measurement facilities. Gas production is also added to the group line to assist the movement of the high pour point emulsion through the pipelines to the terminal.

2.3.2 Existing Hydrocarbon Treatment Facility

Existing crude oil emulsion receiving, treating and storage facilities at onshore terminal, Hazira are designed for the following:

Crude oil emulsion production rate– 2000 barrels per day ; Oil production rate – 1250 barrels per day; Water production rate – 11000 barrels of water per day Gas (produced plus lift gas) – 5.0 mmscfd with potential to include low low pressure NANG – 30.0 mmscfd.

The crude oil production facilities consist of the following unit; Inlet header/ESD system; HP Group Oil Separator; LP Feed Flash Separator; Heater Treater ; Water bath line heater; Crude Production and Shipping Tanks; Produced Water and Oil Skim Tank; Crude Dispatch System; Produced (inlet Gas Gathering) Gas system;


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Fuel Gas System-High Pressure; Fuel Gas System- Low Pressure; Instrumentation Gas System; Flare and Relief System; etc

The group oil inlet separator and measurement facility separates the free water and gas from the inlet crude emulsion stream with each respective stream measured. The gas is directed into gas scrubber and then to gas compression facilities for further processing and sales. The produced free water is directed into produced water storage and handling facilities. The remaining crude oil emulsion is directed to crude emulsion treating facilities. The separator operates at relatively high pressure, of the order of 11-12 kg/cm2) to facilitate gas delivery into inlet compression facilities.

Crude oil from the high pressure inlet separation facilities is directed to a low pressure separator where any additional free water is separated from the crude oil emulsion stream. These vessel provides additional system surge/slugging capacity in addition to its primary function as a feed flash drum for fluid entering the downstream crude oil treating facilities. Gas production will be metered and utilized as fuel gas makeup.

The crude oil emulsion is initially ‘tank’ treated. Tank treating is accomplished by providing the crude oil emulsion from the low–pressure separator directly into production tanks, piped together in series. The relatively large tankage volumes compared to the oil production rates provides ample residence and quiescence time for entrained water to settle out from the bulk oil to the tank bottoms. The tank treating process is further enhanced with the upstream dosing of de-emulsifier and wax dispersant chemicals into crude oil stream to assist in breaking the emulsion into a clean product with a basic sediment and water (BS&W) content of 0.5% or less. Water from the tank bottoms is recycled back to low pressure separator.

The battery design includes provisions to install a conventional heater if the crude oil emulsion produced into the Hazira oil Battery proves to be too tight to successfully break utilizing the tank treating method.

Crude oil emulsion from the low –pressure separator is directed into the 477 billion cubic metre production tanks. The production tank acts as a “treating tank” wherein any free water is allowed to settle out, providing approximately 30-36 hours residence time. An upper overflow line allows the clean oil to continue to the 238.4 billion cubic metre oil shipping tank. The bottoms of the production tank will be continuously recycled into the low pressure separator inlet, or to the slop tank, to remove any water and emulsion that may accumulate and ensure clean oil continues to be produced into oil–shipping tank.


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A Pour Point Depressant Dosing facility consisting of chemical tank, chemical injection pumps and metering facilities is installed on each of the HODP, LBDP and shore based oil treating facility.

Power Requirement

No additional power shall be required during production. The existing power requirement of 350 KVA for production which is met through Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Limited Express Feeder line will be sufficient for the operations.

The existing power supply is supplemented with DG sets at HODP (one gas and one DG set with a capacity of 150 KW each), at LBDP (one 45 KW DG set) and at onshore terminal (one 375 KW DG set) and will continue to be in use without any further addition.

Water Requirement

No additional water will be needed for the production activities other than theexisting requirement of 17 m3 /day.

Manpower for Production

No additional manpower is envisaged during operation phase. At present, total manpower of 120 to 140 workers including 75 contract employees are engaged at facility.

2.4 POLLUTION SOURCE & CONTROL MEASURES DURING DRILLING & PRODUCTION

2.4.1 Air Emissions

Sources of air emissions will be limited to generators for rig operation, well test flaring and vehicular movements during drilling phase of the project. There will be no addition to air emissions as the existing facility will be engaged without enhancement of capacity. The detail of emissions anticipated is given in Table 2.4.

Table 2.4 Emissions from DG Sets & Flaring

S.N.

Parameters Unit Operation of rig engines ( Stack -1-3)

DG sets for Drilling ( Stack -4)

Flaring# During Drilling ( Stack -5)

1 Capacity 1165.6 250KVA 2 Number of

stack Nos. 3+1 1+1 1

3 Fuel type & consumption

- HSD176.0 kg/hr

HSD38.1 kg/hr

Gas 125 (max) m3/hour

4 Stack Height m 30 9 20 5 Stack

Diameterm 0.3556 0.152 0.076 2 (Flare

diameter 0.317m) 6 Temperature 0C 350 350 1000 7 Velocity m/s 21.4 25.0 20


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S.N.

Parameters Unit Operation of rig engines ( Stack -1-3)

DG sets for Drilling ( Stack -4)

Flaring# During Drilling ( Stack -5)

8 PM mg/Nm3 75 75 - g/s 0.0763 0.017 -

9 SO2 mg/Nm3 50 50 - g/s 0.0501 0.0053 -

10 NOx mg/Nm3 1340 2340 95.5 g/s 1.361 0.51 0.0305

11 CO mg/Nm3 150 890 554.1 g/s 0.1522 0.194 0.205

Note: #The test flaring will be temporary in nature and will be for about 24 to 48 hours period depending upon the gas encountered in the well. It is expected that about 3000 m3/day of gas will be test flared with an hourly average quantity of 125 m3/hour

2.4.2 Waste Generation and Characteristics from Drilling and Development Activities

The liquid and solid wastes likely to be generated during drilling and development activities are given in Table 2.5 & 2.6.

Table 2.5 Waste water Generation & Disposal

Waste Water Source Quantity Nature of waste Treatment & Disposal Drilling and Development Phase Drilling and wash waste water 40 m3/day Hazardous Solar evaporation at drilling site in

a lined pit Domestic 2 m3/day Non hazardous Septic tank followed by overflow

use in plantation onsite. Operation phase - No additional waste water is expected from proposed operation. The details of existing waste water generation are as per given below:

Industrial (Produced water) Hazardous The produced water is being be used for injection in wells in operation otherwise is being be treated in ETP before discharge.

Domestic 2m3/day.....Non hazardous Is treated in ETP provided on terminal and used for green belt development

Table 2.6 Solid Waste Generation & disposal

Solid Waste Waste type Quantity Nature of Waste Treatment & Disposal Drilling and Development Phase

Spent water based drilling mud (fluid)

approx.700 m3 per well

Mainly consists of barite, bentonite and traces of heavy metals. and shall be tested for hazardous naturebefore disposal

Water based drilling mud will be evaporated on lined mud pits followed by final disposal at a landfill site, duly approved by GPCB (Bharuch Enviro-

(Max)

175 m3/day (Max)

Infrastructure Limited


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Solid Waste Drill cutting approx.

200-500m3 perwell

Non-hazardousconsisting of mainly inert materials like shales, sands, clay and drilling mud (1%).

The cuttings will be washed and contained in cuttings disposal area (HDPE lined collection pit) provided with proper bunding

Paper, wood, plastic containers (other than Chemicals)

up to 1000kgper well

Non-hazardous Shall be removed by local vendors for recycle/reuse

Used oil 20-30 kg/well

Hazardous Shall be given to authorized agency by GPCB for reuse/disposal

Acid –Lead batteries 2-3 batteriesperdrilling

Hazardous waste mainly consisting acid and lead

Will be recycled through the vendors supplying acid-lead batteries as required under the Batteries (Management & Handling ) Rules, 2001

Domestic waste 2-3m3 per well

Non hazardous Shall be disposed off at the allocated site by local administration

Operation Phase No additional solid waste is expected from proposed operation. The details of existing solid waste generation are as per given below: Source Quantity Nature of Waste Treatment & Disposal Slop oil from treatment of crude emulsion

2000kg/yr

Hazardous

ETP sludge 400 kg/yr HazardousUsed oil 40 kg/yr Hazardous Discarded drum 7800

no/yrHazardous

Is given to authorized agency by GPCB for reuse/disposal

Domestic waste 30-50 kg/day

Non hazardous Is disposed off at the allocated site as provided by local administration

Note* The treated waste water will comply with onshore discharge standards as prescribed under serial no.72C, Schedule I to Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 and amendments; HW signifies Wastes which are Hazardous as per HW (MH&TBM) Rules 2008, Non HW: Wastes not covered under HW(MH&TBM) Rules.

2.5 PROJECT COST

The cost estimated for drilling of each well is around INR 45 million (i.e. INR 1280 million for 8 wells).


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3 APPLICABLE LEGISLATIONS FOR THE PROPOSED HYDROCARBON DEVELOPMENT IN HAZIRA FIELD

3.1 APPLICABLE LEGISLATIONS

A list of issues and applicable legislations is described in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1 Applicable Legislations

Environment and Social Components

Applicable Legislation

EIA, Public Consultation and Environmental Clearance

EIA Notification SO 1533 dated 14 September 2006

Forest and Wildlife The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 and The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, 2002 and Rules 2003 and amendments

Ambient Air The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, amended in 1987 The Environment Protection Act, 1986 – Guidelines for discharge for gaseous emissions by Oil Drilling and Gas Extraction industry as notified vide notification dated GSR 176 (E) April 1996 The Environment (Protection) Second Amendment Rules, 2002 – Emission Standards for New Generator Sets The Motor Vehicles Act, 1938, amended in 1988 and Rules, 1989

Water The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, amended in 1988 The Environment Protection Act, 1986 - Standards for liquid discharge by Oil Drilling and Gas Extraction industry as notified under Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986

Noise The Environment (Protection) Second Amendment Rules, 2002 (Noise Limits for New Generator Sets)The Noise (Regulation & Control) Rules, 2000

Coastal zone The Coastal Regulation Zone Notification 1991 Land, Landuse and Resources

The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, and Rules framed there undera) Hazardous Wastes (Management Handling and Trans

Boundary movement) Rules, 2008; b) Manufacture Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals

1989 and amendment Rules 2000

The Petroleum Act, 1934 Human health, Safety and Protection against Pollution of Environment

Oil Mines Regulations, 1984 Central Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 and Rules, 1989

A brief summary of the legislations and their specific application (provided in italics) for the proposed oil Field development by GSPC-NIKO is given in the following subsections.


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Table 3.2 A Brief Summary of the Applicable Legislations

Legislation Brief Summary Requirement EIA Notification September 2006 1)Environmental Clearance

The new EIA notification SO no. 1533 dated 14 September 2006 issued by Ministry of Environment and Forests, divides all projects in to two categories i.e. category A and B, based on spatial extent pf potential impacts on human health and natural and manmade resources. All ‘category A’ projects or activities require environmental clearance from the MoEF, Government of India on recommendations of the Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) while projects under ‘category B1’ (Category B is subdivided into B1 and B2) require prior clearance from State /Union territory Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA), based on recommendations of a State level Expert Advisory Committee (SEAC).

The proposed onshore oil and gas development project falls under Category A and will require Environmental Clearance from MoEF.

2) Scoping Projects or activities falling under Category A and B1 are required to determine the Terms of Reference (ToR) for preparation of an EIA report

The EIA report is as per the approved ToR from the appraisal committee under the EIA notification 2006.

3) Public Consultation

All projects or activities under Category A and B1 will undertake Public Consultations except for exemptions made for certain kind of projects. No exemption is applicable for oil and gas projects. Public Consultations will have two components i.e. a) public hearing at the district level, conducted by the State Pollution Control Board; and b) SPCB receiving responses in writing from concerned persons with stakes in the project.

The public consultation with respect to drilling and well development will have to be at conducted at the district level as per EIA notification 2006.

4) Appraisal EAC at MoEF will undertake appraisal of the project based onApplication for Environmental Clearance; Final EIA report; andOutcome of public consultations.

The appraisal will be completed within 60 days of the receipt of the application and final EIA report.

Forest (Conservation)Act, 1980

The Forest (Conservation) Act (FCA), 1980 as amended in 1988 and revised Rules made there under in 2003 (in suppression of FC Rules of 1981) provide for prevention of diversion of any forestland for non-forest purposes. In all such cases, prior Forest Clearance is required from Central and State Government depending upon type and extent of forestland required for non-forest purposes. Under the Act, an Advisory Committee advises GoI for grant of approval and other matters connected with the conservation of forests.

In case any forest area is required. Prior approval will be required from Divisional Forest Office (DFO)


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Legislation Brief Summary Requirement Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972

The Wildlife Act inter-alia deals with prohibition of hunting of wild animals except in certain cases; protection of specified plants; declaration and protection of sanctuaries; restrictions on entry in sanctuary; prohibition on destruction in sanctuary except under a permit; declaration of national parks; power of Central Government to declare areas as sanctuaries or national parks; regulations for trade and commerce in wild animals, animal articles and trophies; prohibition of dealings in trophy and animal articles without a licence; forfeiture of property derived from illegal hunting and trade; penalties for contravention; etc.

Provisions of the Wild Life Protection Act would not be triggered as the Act primarily deals with regulating or prohibiting activities inside a National Park or Sanctuary. The Hazira Field being away from wildlife protected area, the Act does not get triggered, although necessary precautions will be required to be taken up for any area sheltering scheduled wildlife under the Act.

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 Including Rules 1982, 1983 and 1987.

For setting up a new project, prior Consent to Establish (CTE) or No Objection Certificate (NOC) is required under the Air Act as per the prescribed format for the application and applicable fees. Before operational phase of a project, there is requirement of Consent to Operate (CTO).

For the proposed project, prior NOC and Consent to Operate from Gujarat Pollution Control Board is required.

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution), Act, 1974 including Rules, 1975 (as amended up to 1988)

This Act provides for the prevention and control of water pollution and maintaining or restoring good water quality for any establishment. For setting up a new project, prior Consent to Establish (CTE) or No Objection Certificate (NOC) is required under Water Act as per the prescribed format for the application and applicable fees. Before operational phase of a project, there is requirement of Consent to Operate (CTO).

For the proposed project, prior NOC and Consent to Operate would be required from Gujarat Pollution Control Board under the Water Act.

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution), Cess Act, 1977 including Rules 1978 and 1991

This Act provides for levy and collection of Cess on water consumed and water pollution caused. It also covers specifications on affixing of meters, furnishing of returns, assessment of Cess, interest payable for delay in payment of Cess and penalties for non-payment of Cess within the specified time.

For the proposed project, cess is payable on water consumption and wastewater disposal to the Gujarat Pollution Control Board.


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Legislation Brief Summary Requirement The Hazardous Wastes(ManagementHandling, Trans Boundary) Rules, 2008

The HWMHTM Rules, 2008 provide for the control of generation, collection, treatment, transport, import, storage and disposal of wastes listed in the schedules annexed to these rules. The rules are implemented through the State Pollution Control Boards (SPCB) Pollution Control Committees in the states and UTs respectively.Under Schedule 1 of the Rules, the following wastes generated during drilling operation for oil and gas production will be treated as hazardous:

Drill cuttings containing oil; Sludge containing oil; and Drilling mud and other drilling wastes Bottom sludge and Waste/used oil.

For the proposed project, prior authorisation is required for collection, storage and disposal of hazardous wastes as covered under the rules from the Gujarat Pollution Control Board.

ManufactureStorage & Import of HazardousChemicals (MSIHC) Rules 1989 and amendment 2000

These rules apply to the activities, which involve handling, storage and import of hazardous chemicals as specified in Part 2 of Schedule 1 of the Rules. The indicative criteria are specified in the Part 1 of the same schedule. The rule also applies to the industrial activity involving isolated storage in the quantities mentioned in Schedule 2. The information on various requirements and clearances under the MSIHC Rules will have to be furnished to the SPCB office.

The MSIHC Rules also require provision for the proper storage and handling of chemicals. Definition and classification of the chemicals as dangerous/hazardous is specified under the MSIHC Rules and listed in Schedules 1, 2 & 3.

For the proposed oil drilling & development, the handling of any of the hazardous chemicals covered under these rules will be properly classified, labelled and stored. For classification the indicative criteria refers to the acute toxicity, flammable or explosive characteristics of the chemical. It would be the general responsibility of GSPC-NIKO to classify and properly label all the hazardous substances being handled at its production/terminal site. The classification codes used for labelling purpose should include corrosive, explosive, reactive, flammable or toxic.


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Legislation Brief Summary Requirement The Coastal Regulation Zone Notifications1991 as amended up to 2001

Under the Coastal Regulation Zone Notification of 1991, the central government declared the coastal stretches of seas, bays, estuaries, creeks, rivers and back-waters which are influenced by tidal action (on the leeward side) up to 500 meters of the High Tide Line (HTL) and the land between the Low Tide Line (LTL) and the HTL as Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ), and imposed restrictions on the setting up and expansion of industries, operations and processes, etc in the CRZ.

In the case of rivers, creeks and backwaters, the CRZ would apply to both banks of the water body, but the distance of the CRZ from the HTL may be reduced from 500 m on a case-by-case basis, with the reasons for the reduction to be recorded in the Coastal Zone Map Plan (CZMP) of that State. However, this distance was not to be less than 100 m or the width of the river, whichever was less. Therefore, lands in these areas are also subject to the regulations of the notification.

Hazira Field falls within the CRZ(1) area, therefore, will require prior CRZ clearance under the CRZ notification from State Department of Environment and Forests and Ministry of Environment and Forests.

CRZ –I (ii) areas are those areas lying between the Low Tide Line and the High Tide Line. CRZ – II consists of ‘areas that have already been developed up to or close to the shoreline’ (the reference here is to geological characteristics and development levels present at the time of the notification i.e. 1991). For the purposes of the notification, "developed area" is referred to as that area within municipal limits or in other legally designated urban areas, which are already substantially built up and which have been provided with drainage and approach roads and other infrastructural facilities, such as water supply and sewerage mains.

CRZ – III areas that are those which are relatively undisturbed and which do not belong to either Category-I or II. These include the coastal zone in rural areas (developed and undeveloped) and also areas within municipal limits or in other legally designated urban areas, which are not substantially built up. CRZ –IV are those coastal stretches in the Andaman & Nicobar, Lakshadweep and small islands, except those designated as CRZ-I, CRZ-II or CRZ-III. None of the small islands along the project block on the Tamil Nadu coast are classified as CRZ – IV.


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Legislation Brief Summary Requirement Draft Coastal ManagementZone,2008

The Objective of this Notification is protection and sustainable development of the coastal stretches and marine environment through sustainable coastal zone management practices based on sound scientific principles taking into account the vulnerability of the coast to natural hazards, sustainable livelihood security for local communities, and conservation of ecologically and culturally significant coastal resources.

For the purposes of management and regulation, the coastal zone shall be divided into four categories, namely:- i. Coastal Management Zone - I (CMZ -I) shall consist of areas designated as Ecologically Sensitive Areas (ESA) (ii) Coastal Management Zone - II (CMZ - II) shall consist of areas, other than CMZ - I and coastal waters, identified as “Areas of Particular Concern (APC)” such as economically important areas, high population density areas, and culturally and, or strategically important areas. The administrative boundaries of these “Areas of Particular Concern” would be boundaries of CMZ - II. (iii)Coastal Management Zone -III (CMZ - III) shall consist of all other open areas including coastal waters and tidal influenced inland water bodies, that is, all areas excluding those classified as CMZ - I, II and IV. (iv) Coastal Management Zone -IV (CMZ - IV) shall consist of island territories of Andaman and Nicobar, Lakshadweep, and other offshore islands.

In respect of the islands in coastal backwaters areas which are not included in CMZ - I or CMZ - II, such areas may be included in CMZ - IV at the option of the Local Authority; otherwise they would be included in CMZ - III. Once exercised, the option of the Local Authority would not be subject to change.

Hazira Field would fall in CMZ III.

A Setback Line will be demarcated along the coast, based on its vulnerability to sea-level rise, flooding and shore line changes as per the notification for all CMZ-III.by the concerned govt. agencies

The Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 1991 shall cease to operate within CMZ - III area, from the date of Notification of the Setback Line.


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Legislation Brief Summary Requirement Oil Mines Regulations 1984

Besides covering detailed technical and administrative requirements, the OMR covers among others safety aspects, storage of material and protection against pollution of environment. The provisions aims at ensuring protection against pollution of environment arising out of discharge of formation water, oil, drilling fluid, waste, chemical substances or refuse from a well, tank or other production installation which may:

Create hazard to public health and safety; Run into or contaminate any fresh water structure or body of water or remain in a place from which it might contaminate any fresh water or body of water; and Run over or damage any land, highway or public road;

The gas produced at any installation shall not be discharged to the atmosphere unless burnt. The gas to be burned shall be discharged from a flare line in the following manner:

The flare-line shall terminate with the vertical rise of at least 9 m or such greater height as may be required by the Regional Inspector by an order in writing; The flare-line shall be adequately anchored and provided with suitable means to prevent extinction of the flame; and When the gas-flow is intermittent, the flare-line shall be provided with a remote controlled electrical ignition device to ensure continuous ignition of the emitted gases.

The proposed drilling will follow up of various provisions of the OMR including measures specified for safety, health and protection against pollution of environment.

The Central Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 and Rules, 1989

For transportation of dangerous substances (including flammables) the Central Motor Vehicle (CMV) Rules 1988 specifies proper labelling system. There are specific signs and symbols for identifying hazardous chemicals and their manner of display is also mentioned in these Rules.

GSPC-NIKO will follow up CMV rules for transportation of diesel, or any other hazardous substance as per the requirement of CMV Rules.


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Legislation Brief Summary Requirement The Petroleum Act, 1934 and the Petroleum Rules, 1976

This Act and Rules provide procedures and safety measures to be taken up for handling, storage and transportation of petroleum products. The Rules define the quantity and class of petroleum for which prior permission from the concerned authorities are required. The storage requiring prior licence are as following: Petroleum class A (having flash point less than 23ºC) not intended for sale of the total quantity in possession does not exceed 30 litres. Petroleum Act, 1934, Section 8); Petroleum class B (having flash point from 23 to 65ºC) if the total quantity in possession at any one place does not exceed 2,500 litres and none of it is contained in a receptacle exceeding 1,000 litres; (Petroleum Act, 1934, Section 7); Petroleum class C (having flash point above 65 to 93ºC) if the total quantity in possession at any one place does not exceed 45,000 litres (Petroleum Act, 1934, Section 7).

The proposed project intends to store crude oil (Class C petroleum) at the terminal site, therefore it require prior license under the Act. The proposed project will also store High Speed Diesel (Class B petroleum) to run diesel generators and Rig, which will be less than 2500 litres, however, in case if at any stage quantity applicable under the Act is required.

GSPC-NIKO will take prior approval from Chief Controller of Explosives, Nagpur and follow up of safety measures for the storage of about 50m3 ofdiesel as per the rules.

The Atomic Energy Act, 1962 The Atomic Energy (RadiationProtection) Rules, 2004

AERB grants the regulatory consent in accordance with the provisions of Sections 16 & 17 of the Atomic Energy Act, 1962 and the Rule3 of the Atomic Energy (Radiation Protection) Rules, 2004 for handling radiation sources. Consent is granted in the form of a licence, an authorisation, a registration, an approval and a type approval depending upon the hazard potential associated with the different radiation sources. A licence is applicable to the high hazard radiation sources and registration to low hazard sources, while the practices and devices having very small quantities of radioactive materials are exempted from Regulatory Consent for example of consumer products.

Project to ensure that the contractor engaged for well logging has prior approval from Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, India for use and handling of radioactive material for well logging tool.

3.2 APPLICABLE ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) has the overall responsibility to set policy and standards for the protection of environment in association with the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).

The relevant standards for Oil Drilling and Gas Extraction industry as notified under the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 and amendments are divided into three sections:

Section A: Standards for liquid effluent; Section B: Guidelines for discharge of gaseous emissions; and Section C: Guidelines for disposal of solid/hazardous waste.


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3.2.1 Standards for Liquid Effluent

For onshore facilities the discharge of effluents, following options are available:a) Disposal of treated wastewater onshore; or b) Re-injection in abandoned well, which is allowed only below a depth

of 1000 m from the ground level. In case of re-injection in abandoned well, the effluent have to comply only with respect to suspended solids and oil & and grease at 100 mg/l and 10 mg/l respectively.

For onshore disposal, the permissible limits are given in Table 3.3.

Table 3.3 Onshore Discharge Standards for Liquid Effluent from Oil Drilling

S. No. Parameter Onshore discharge standard (not to exceed)1 pH value 5.5 to 9.0 2 Temperature, ºC 40.0 3 Suspended Solids, mg/l 100.0 4 Zinc, mg/l 2.0 5 BOD at 27ºC for 3 days, mg/l 30.0 6 COD, mg/l 100.0 7 Chlorides, mg/l 600.0 8 Sulphates, mg/l 1000.0 9 Total Dissolved Solids, mg/l 2100.0 10 Sodium, mg/l 60.0 11 Oil and Grease, mg/l 10.0 12 Phenolics, mg/l 1.2 13 Cyanides, mg/l 0.2 14 Fluorides, mg/l 1.5 15 Sulphides, mg/l 2.0 16 Chromium (Hexavalent) Cr+6, mg/l 0.1 17 Chromium (Total), mg/l 1.0 18 Copper, mg/l 0.2 19 Lead, mg/l 0.1 20 Mercury, mg/l 0.01 21 Nickel, mg/l 3.0

The proposed project require to discharge treated produced wastewater only after achieving above standards and or as specifically imposed by the Gujarat Pollution Control Board in its permit to operate for the HC development.

3.2.2 Guidelines for Discharge of Gaseous Emissions

1) Diesel Generators

Diesel generators at drill site as well as production site should conform to norms notified under EPA, 1986.

As per the norms, GSPC-NIKO is required to maintain diesel generators provided with an enclosure and noise levels of less than 75 dB(A) monitored at 1 m from the diesel generator in consideration if it is manufactured after 1 July 2003.


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2) Elevated/Ground Flares

Following guidelines are to be followed for elevated/ground flares: Cold venting of gases never be resorted to and all the gaseous emissions must be flared; All flaring shall be done by elevated flares except where there is any effect on crop production in adjoining areas due to glaring. In such cases, ground flaring should be adopted; In case of ground flare, to minimise effects of flaring, the flare pit should be made of RCC surrounded by a permanent wall (made of refractory bricks) of minimum 5 m height, to reduce the radiation and glaring effects in the adjoining areas; In the ground flaring with provisions of green belt being not feasible, enclosed ground flare system should be adopted, and shall be designed with proper enclosure height to meet the ground level concentrations (GLC) requirement; In case of elevated flaring, the minimum stack height shall be 30m. Height of the stack shall be such that the maximum GLC never exceeds the prescribed ambient air quality limit. Burning of effluents in the pits shall not be carried out at any stage.

3.2.3 Guidelines for Disposal of Solid Waste

Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India has promulgated guidelines for disposal of solid waste, drill cutting and drilling fluids for offshore and onshore drilling operations under Environment Protection Rules, 1986 through notification GSR 546 (E) dated 30 August 2005. The guidelines include the following:

Disposal of Drill Cutting and Drilling Fluids for On-shore Installations:

a) Drill Cuttings (DC) originating from on-shore or locations close to shore line and separated from Water Base Mud (WBM) should be properly washed and unusable drilling fluids (DF) such as WBM, Oil Base Mud (OBM), Synthetic Base Mud (SBM) should be disposed off in a well designed pit lined with impervious liner located off-site or on-site. The disposal pit should be provided additionally with leachate collection system. Design aspects of the impervious waste disposal pit; capping of disposal pit should be informed by the oil industry to State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) at the time of obtaining consent;

b) Use of diesel base mud is prohibited. Only WBM should be used for on-shore oil drilling operations;

c) In case of any problem due to geological formation for drilling, low toxicity OBM having aromatic content< 1% should be used. If the operators intend to use such OBM to mitigate specific whole problem/ SBM it should be intimated to Ministry of Environment and Forests/State Pollution Control Board;

d) The chemical additives used for the preparation of Drilling Fluid should have low toxicity i.e. 96 hr LC50 > 30,000 mg/l as per mysid toxicity or


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toxicity test conducted on locally available sensitive sea species. The chemicals used (mainly organic constituents) should be biodegradable;

e) Drill cuttings separated from OBM after washing should have oil content at < 10 gm/kg for disposal into disposal pit;

f) The waste pit after it is filled up shall be covered with impervious liner, over which, a thick layer of native soil with proper top slope is provided;

g) Low toxicity OBM should be made available at installation during drilling operation;

h) Drilling wastewater including DC wash water should be collected in the disposal pit evaporated or treated and should comply with the notified standards for on-shore disposal;

i) Barite used in preparation of Drilling Fluid shall not contain Hg> 1 mg/kg & Cd> 3mg/kg;

j) Total material acquired for preparation of drill site must be restored after completion of drilling operation leaving no waste material at site. SPCB should be informed about the restoration work; and

k) In case, environmentally acceptable methods for disposal of drill waste such as (a) injection to a formation through casing annuals, if conditions allow (b) land farming at suitable location (c) bio-remediation (d) incineration or (e) solidification can be considered, in such cases oil industry is required to submit proposal to Ministry of Environment and Forests/State Pollution Control Board (MoEF/SPCB) for approval.

GSPC-NIKO will follow the above guidelines for disposal of wastes.

3.2.4 Standard for Emissions from Diesel Generator

1) Stack Height

Discharge of gaseous emissions, for easy dispersion of the gaseous pollutants is achieved through elevated stacks for diesel generators. The minimum height of stack to be provided on small diesel generators is calculated using following formula:

H = h + 0.2(KVA)0.5

WhereH = Total height of stack in metre h = Height of the building in metres where the generator set is installed KVA = Total generator capacity of the set in KVA

For other stacks involving discharge of sulphur dioxide following formula is used: H = 14 Q0.3

WhereH = Total height of stack in metre Q = Total SO2 emission in kg/hour

2) Emission Limits

Diesel Generators (19 to 800 KW)

Emission limits for diesel engines (up to 800 KW) for generator applications are present in Table 3.4.


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Table.3.4 Emissions Limits for New Generator Sets

Capacity Emission Limits (g/kw-hr) Oxides of

Nitrogen (NOx)Hydrocarbons

(HC)Carbon

monoxide (CO) Particulate

Matter (PM) 19 kW up to 800 kW 9.2 1.3 3.5 0.3

Source: Environment (Protection) Second Amendment Rules, 2004

3) Ambient Air Quality

Similarly, no clear-cut offshore ambient air quality and noise are covered under any legislation. However, there exist standards for National Ambient Air Quality (NAAQ), as prescribed by CPCB vide Gazette Notification dated 11th April, 1994, which are applicable for land based applications for onshore areas. The prescribed standards are given below in Table 3.5.

Table 3.5 National Ambient Air Quality Standards

Pollutant Concentration in Ambient Air ( g/m3

Time Weighted Avg.

IndustrialArea

Residential, Rural & Other Areas

Sensitive Areas

Sulphur dioxide, SO2 Annual Average* 80 60 15 24 Hours** 120 80 30 Oxides of Nitrogen, NOx Annual Average* 80 60 15 24 Hours** 120 80 30 Suspended Particulate SPM Annual Average* 360 140 70 24 Hours** 500 200 100 Respirable Particulate Matter, RPM (<10 μm)

Annual Average* 120 60 50

24 Hours** 150 100 75 Lead, Pb Annual Average* 1.0 0.75 0.50 24 Hours** 1.5 1.0 0.75 Carbon monoxide, CO 8 Hours 5000 2000 1000 1 Hour** 10000 4000 2000

Note: *Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform interval. ** 24 hourly/8 hourly values should be met 98% of the time in a year. However 2% of the time, it may exceed but not on two consecutive days.

4) Ambient Noise Standards for Onshore

Noise standards notified by the MoEF vide gazette notification dated 14 February 2000 based on the A weighted equivalent noise level (Leq) are as presented in Table 3.6.

Table 3.6 Ambient Noise Standards

Area Code Category of Area Limits in dB(A) Leq Day time* Night Time A Industrial Area 75 70 B Commercial Area 65 55 C Residential Area 55 45 D Silence Zone** 50 40

Note: * Day time is from 6 am to 10 pm, Night time is 10 pm to 6.00 am; ** Silence zone is defined as area up to 100 meters around premises of hospitals, educational institutions and courts. Use of vehicle horns, loud speakers and bursting of crackers are banned in these zones.


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5) Noise Limits and Guidelines for Diesel Generators

Noise from a diesel generator (DG) set shall be controlled by providing an acoustic enclosure or by treating the room acoustically, at the users end; The acoustic enclosure or acoustic treatment of the room shall be designed for minimum 25 dB (A) insertion loss or for meeting the ambient noise standards, whichever is on the higher side (if the actual ambient noise is on the higher side, it may not be possible to check the performance of the acoustic enclosure/acoustic treatment. Under such circumstances the performance may be checked for noise reduction up to actual ambient noise level, preferably, in the night time). The measurement for Insertion Loss may be done at different points at 0.5 m from the acoustic enclosure/room, and then averaged; These limits shall be regulated by the State Pollution Control Boards and the State Pollution Control Committees; The manufacturer shall offer to the user a standard acoustic enclosure of 25 dB (A) insertion loss and also a suitable exhaust muffler with insertion loss of 25 dB (A);The user shall make efforts to bring down the noise levels due to the DG set, outside his premises, within the ambient noise requirements by proper siting and control measures; Installation of a DG set must be strictly in compliance with the recommendations of the DG set manufacturer; and A proper routine and preventive maintenance procedure for the DG set should be set and followed in consultation with the DG set manufacturer which would help prevent noise levels of the DG set from deteriorating with use.

GSPC-NIKO will follow noise limits as stipulated for emissions and ambient noise levels during the proposed project.

3.3 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK - ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES

3.3.1 Directorate General of Hydrocarbons (DGH)

Directorate General of Hydrocarbons (DGH) was established under the administrative control of Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas by through a Resolution of Government of India in 1993. Objectives of DGH are to promote sound management of the Indian oil and natural gas resources having a balanced regard for environment, safety, and technological and economic aspects of the petroleum activity. DGH has been entrusted with certain responsibilities concerning the Production Sharing Contracts for Discovered fields and Exploration blocks, promotion of investment and monitoring of E&P activities including review of reservoir performance of major fields. The DGH ensures optimum exploitation; review/approve development plans, work programmes, budget, reservoir evaluation, advice on mid-course corrections and appraisal of work programme and monitoring of exploration


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activities. In addition, DGH is also engaged in opening up of new /unexplored areas for future exploration and development of non-conventional hydrocarbon energy sources.

The DGH advises Government on laying down of safety norms and framing regulations on safety in oilfield operations, prescribe pollution control measures, assist in inspection and periodic safety audit of field installations/ rigs of all Production Sharing Contract operators as well inspections to monitor stipulations of MoEF/SPCB.

GSPC-Niko will abide by norms and regulations established by DGH, as well as facilitate any inspection or audit as required.

3.3.2 Oil Industry Safety Directorate

Oil Industry Safety Directorate (OISD) is a technical directorate under the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas that formulates and coordinates the implementation of a series of self regulatory measures aimed at enhancing the safety in the oil & gas industry in India.

3.3.3 Ministry of Environment and Forests

The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) is responsible for the environment. The specific functions of MoEF are as follows:

Environmental policy planning; Effective implementation of legislation; Monitoring and control of pollution; Environmental clearance for industrial and development projects; Promotion of environmental education, training and awareness; and Forest conservation, development, and wildlife protection.

The MoEF is responsible for the implementation and enforcement of the Environment Protection Act, 1986, and Rules issued under the Act, including the EIA notification. Under sections 3 and 5 of the EP Act, 1986, it retains enormous powers to issue directions in the interests of environment protection.

MoEF, through its six regional offices monitors the conditions stipulated in the Environmental Clearance issued by MoEF to various projects including Oil Exploration projects.

The proposed project being Category A will require Environmental Clearance from the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. MoEF will also be undertaking operational phase monitoring for compliance of conditions stipulated under EC issued to the GSPC-NIKO.


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3.3.4 Central Pollution Control Board

The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has been created for the control of water, air and noise pollution, land degradation and hazardous substances and waste management.

The CPCB, was established in September 1974, for the purpose of implementing provisions of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. The executive responsibilities for the industrial pollution prevention and control are primarily executed by the CPCB at the Central level, which is a statutory body, attached to the MoEF. The specific functions of CPCB are as follows:

Prevent pollution of streams and wells; Advise the Central Government on matters concerning prevention, control and abatement of water and air pollution; Co-ordinate the activities of SPCB’s and provide them with technical and research assistance; Establish and keep under review quality standards for surface and groundwater and for air quality; Planning and execution of national programme for the prevention, control and abatement of pollution through the Water and Air Acts; and

The CPCB is responsible for the overall implementation and monitoring of air and water pollution control regimes in the country under the Water Act, 1974, and the Air Act, 1981.

3.3.5 Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB)

The State Pollution Control Boards (SPCB’s) were constituted to control pollution from any activities in respective States of the Indian Union. The SPCB also provides advisory support to the Department of Environment in the States on Environmental Policy matters. The SPCB implements and enforces the policies of the Department of Environment in addition to those formulated by the MoEF. The specific functions of SPCB’s are as follows:

Planning and execution of state wide programmes for prevention, control and abatement of water and air pollution; Advise the State Government on prevention, control and abatement of water and air pollution and siting of industries; Ensure compliance with the provisions of relevant environmental legislation;Establish and review local effluent and emission standards; Ensure legal action against defaulters; and Develop cost effective methods for treatment, disposal and utilisation of effluent.

For the proposed project, the GPCB will be issuing No Objection Certificate and Consent to Operate under Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 and Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and Authorization under Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Transboundary Movement ) Rules


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2008. GPCB is also responsible for coordinating public consultation and monitoring of GSPC-NIKO’s proposed project for compliance of conditions stipulated by it.

3.3.6 Gujarat Department of Forests and Environment

The Department is a Nodal Department for dealing with forest and environmental management of the State. The department promotes environment conservation activities such as recycling of solid and liquid wastes, bio composting, rainwater harvesting, tree planting, etc.

The department is also responsible to formulate State Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA) for assigning environmental clearance for projects falling under B1 category under the new EIA notification.

The proposed project requires prior CRZ Clearance from the State Department of Forests and Environment, Gujarat.

3.3.7 Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, India

The Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) was constituted in 1983 as per powers of the Atomic Energy Act to carry out certain regulatory and safety functions under the Act. The regulatory authority of AERB is derived from rules and notifications promulgated under the Atomic Energy Act and the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. AERB grants the regulatory consent in accordance with the provisions of Sections 16 & 17 of the Atomic Energy Act, 1962 and the Rule:3 of the Atomic Energy (Radiation Protection) Rules, 2004 for handling radiation sources. Consent is granted in the form of a licence, an authorisation, a registration, an approval and a type approval depending upon the hazard potential associated with the different radiation sources. A licence is applicable to the high hazard radiation sources and registration to low hazard sources, while the practices and devices having very small quantities of radioactive materials are exempted from Regulatory Consent for example of consumer products.

The well logging activity will require radioactive materials, the handling, storage and use shall be as per the Atomic Energy (Radiation Protection) Rules 2004.


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4 ENVIRONMENT BASE LINE

4.1 OVERVIEW

The Hazira Field is located 25km south west of the city of Surat. Hazira Field has an area of approximately 50 km2 (approximately 55% lies in offshore and remaining 45% in onshore region) for the development of gas wells and facilities. The area is surrounded by the Tapi River in the east and the Arabian Sea in the west. The area is also characterized by marshy lands and water bodies like creeks, estuaries and rivers.

4.2 TOPOGRAPHY

The relief of the area is sub normal with concave topography. The slope is less than one percent towards surface water bodies and the Gulf of Khambhat. Surface soil along the Field is silty sand and sandy clay. The study area comes under deltaic coastal plain, hot humid agro-ecological region.

The study area covers Tapi Estuary and Hazira peninsula. The Hazira peninsula comprises four low-lying islands of Hazira, Junagaon, Suvali and Mora, which are surrounded by extensive mud flats. The mud flats are about 1.2 km in width on the seaward side. Some mud flats are also found near the riverside. The area is drained by the perennial River Tapi.

The coastline is highly indented and sandy. Inland development of sandy-ridges parallel to the coast, points to past high sea level. The shore line in this area is highly dissected and replete with small estuarine creeks and lagoons along with the inland spread of the tidal waters. Geo-morphologically, the area comprises of alluvium soil and mud flats.

The estuarine mouth of Tapi is broad and riddled with numerous tidal channels. South of this river, the coast is more or less straight upto Umbergaon with a narrow sandy-ridge all along. The intertidal zone is made up of basaltic platform with a thin veneer of mud.

The physical features observe within 5km radius of each of the eight wells is provided in the Table 4.1.

Table 4.1 Physical features with in 5km radius of the proposed wells

Proposed well

North East West South

PW-1 Reclaimed Land for HPPL : 0.5km (N)

Mudflat area mostly within the exploration Field

Offshore Platform : 2.1km (WSW)

Mudflatarea/Coastalarea

LBDP : 0.5km (N) Estuary and Mudflat area

Reserve Forest at Hazira


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Proposed well


:1.0km (NNE) Niko Terminal : 1.5km (NE) Hazira Village :2.0km (NE)Shell LNG terminal : 2.5km (N) Essar Steel Plant : 4.2km (NE)

Jetty : 4.5km (NE) PW-2 LBDP : 0.5km (N) Mudflat area

mostly within the exploration Field

Offshore Platform : 2.8km (WNW)


Hazira Village :3.0km (NE)Reclaimed Land for HPPL : 2.3km (N) Reserve Forest at Hazira :2.3km (N)

Niko Terminal : 3.0m (NE)Shell LNG terminal : 4.25km (NNW) Essar Steel Plant : 4.8km (NE)

Jetty : 4.8km (NNE)

PW-3 Reserve Forest at Hazira :0.5km (NW)


Mudflat area/Coastalarea

Jetty : 1.7km (NNE) Estuary and Mudflat area

Niko Terminal : 0.5m (NE) ReclaimedLand for HPPL : 2.2km (SW) Shell LNG terminal : 4.0km (SW)

Essar Steel Plant : 4.3km (N)

LBDP : 4.7km (SW)

PW-4 Niko Terminal : 2.0m (NE) Mudflat area mostly within the exploration Field

Reclaimed Land for HPPL : 3.1km (W)


Hazira Village :2.5km (NW)

Dumas-Sultanabad RF :4.8km (E)

LBDP : 4.0km (W)

Reserve Forest at Hazira :3.0km (NW)

Dumas Beach : 4.9 (E)

Jetty : 3.2km (N) Estuary and Mudflat area

Essar Steel Plant : 3.7km (NW)Shell LNG terminal : 4.5km (NW)

PW-5 Jetty : 3.55km (N) Dumas-Sultanabad RF :3.8km (E)




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Proposed well


Hazira Village :3.8km (NW)

Dumas Beach : 3.9km (E)

Essar Steel Plant : 3.7km (NW)

Bhimpore : 5km (E)

Shell LNG terminal : 3.7km (NW) Niko Terminal : 3.84m (NW)Reserve Forest at Hazira :4.16km (NW) Reclaimed Land for HPPL : 4.55km (NW)

PW-6 Jetty : 1.7km (NNW) Dumas-Sultanabad RF :3.3km (E)



Essar Steel Plant : 3.0km (NW)

LBDP : 4.0km (E) Reserve Forest at Hazira :3.6km (W)

Shell LNG terminal : 5.0km (NW)

Dumas Beach : 5.0km (SE)

Reclaimed Land for HPPL : 4.2km (W) Hazira Village : 2.75km (W) Niko Terminal : 3.0m (W)

PW-7 Hazira Village :3.1km (N) Dumas Coast : 5.0km (E)



Reserve Forest at Hazira :3.23km (NW) Niko Terminal : 3.14m (NW)Reclaimed Land for HPPL : 3.5km (NW)

Jetty : 3.7km (N) LBDP : 3.9km (NW)

Essar Steel Plant : 4.7km (NNW)

PW-8 Jetty : 1.2km (NW) Mudflat area mostly within the exploration Field

Reserve Forest at Hazira :1.0km (W)


Essar Steel Plant : 1.2km (NNW)

Niko Terminal :

Gunadi Village : 3.5 km (N)

Reclaimed Land for HPPL : 1.4km (W) LBDP : 3.2km (SW)

4.3 GEOLOGY/SEISMIC ZONE

The study area belongs to western alluvial plains of coastal Gujarat. The geological set up of the Field is sedimentary unconsolidated recent alluvium with coastal sediment deposits along the sea. The Geo environmental parameters of the study area are:


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Table 4.2 Geo environmental parameters of the study area

Parameter Details Eco-region Coastal Zone of Gujarat Stratigraphy & Structure Age: Quartenary

Lithology: Miliolite and Alluvium Structure: Neotectonism

Physiography & Drainage Landform: Depositional Elevation range: 0-20m Drainage: Moderate to low density

Climatic Characteristics Arid to humid (Aridity 10-40%) Rainfall: 800-1100mm Mean temperature: 25ºC Temperature range: 18º-31ºC

Major Soil Types Loamy/clayey Water Regime Runoff as % of rainfall : 10-50%

Aquifer: Unconfined Recharge as % of rainfall:10-15

Major Ecosystem Natural Ecosystem: Littoral & Swamp forest, Wasteland, estuaries etc. Agro-ecosystems: Rainfed irrigated Horticulture

The study area falls between the Narmada –Son-Geofracture in the north, West Coast Fault in the south and the Radhanpur Arch in the west. As per India Meteorological Department, the Olpad block of Surat district falls in seismic zone III which is considered to be moderate damage risk zone.

An area with seismic zone III can experience earthquakes of such intensity that structures/buildings of good design and construction suffer slight damage, while poorly designed /built ones suffer considerable damages. The intensity of earthquake on Modified Merecalli Intensity is VII for zone III.


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Figure 4.1 Tectonic Map of Gujarat

Adapted from Eco Regions of Gujarat by Gujarat Ecological Commission

4.4 DRAINAGE/HYDROLOGY

River Tapi governs the drainage pattern of the study area. The flow in Tapi River is controlled by Ukai dam, Kakrapar weir, and a Singapore weir cum causeway (at Rander, Surat). Freshwater in Tapi extends only up to Rander where all the river water is stored. Downstream of the weir, the river is only an inlet of the sea, which gets filled and drained during each tidal cycle.

The ground water quality of the region is largely affected by salinity ingress due to its over-exploitation and is no longer considered as a dependable freshwater resource. Groundwater resources are exploited in most of the


46

villages in the study area mainly for domestic and agricultural purposes. The area around Hazira shows saline aquifers, which are not suitable for groundwater exploitation.

The maximum probable storm surge height observed along the coast line of Surat district is 4.8m. The shoreline exhibits a variety of landform of alluvial plain, mudflats and prominent estuarine river mouths. The drainage is rather active with high proportion of sediment load. The substrate is made up of soft alluvium of clay and sand. The littoral zone is 2 to 8 km wide formed of sandy and silty deposits. The coastal waters are marked by long shore currents with moderate to high wave energy and tidal high of 8 to 9 m. The water is turbid to clear and hyposaline to saline.

4.4.1 Waves

The wave climate and its variations are mainly dependent on the meteorological conditions prevailing in the neighbouring Arabian Sea. The highest wave activity in the region coincides with the high seasonal winds of June to September when the wave height varies from 2 to 3.5 m. The wave heights are between 0.5 and 1.5 m during fair weather seasons i.e. from November to May. Most of the waves break on the shoals at estuarine mouth and the wave effect is not noticed inside the estuary. During the Southwest monsoon period, part of the waves enters into the estuary and breaks along the western bank. The waves usually approach the coast from Southwest and Northwest directions. During the monsoon period more than 80% of the waves approaches from Southwest, while during the fair weather seasons 40% of the waves approaches from Northwest direction.

4.5 CLIMATE & METEOROLOGY

The climate is typical on west coast of India. The weather during summer season is oppressive and extends from March to May followed by regular seasonal heavy rainfall. The South-West monsoon occurs from June to October with mainly South-Westerly winds. The post monsoon period is extended further beyond October to November. The winter months are from December to March.

The four seasons observed in the region are as follows: North-east monsoon period from December to March with predominantly north-easterly wind. Pre-monsoon from April to May. South-west monsoon from June to September with mainly south-westerly winds.Post monsoon period from October to November.

The study area experiences a climatic change from sub-humid towards north to humid towards south.


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Climate of the region is characterised in the following sections on the basis of data obtained for 5 years (1998-2002) from the nearest Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) observatory station at Surat as given in Table 4.3.

Table 4.3 Climatological Data - IMD, Surat (1998-2002)

Month Temperature (°C) Mean Monthly Rainfall

(mm)

Relative Humidity %

Max Min Min Max January 35.6 8.0 35.6 14 100 February 38.6 7.6 38.6 14 100March 42.9 13.3 42.9 11 100April 44.0 17.7 44.0 12 100May 43.4 22.4 43.4 15 100June 41.4 29.5 41.4 29 100July 36.6 24.0 36.6 54 100August 36.4 23.3 36.4 56 100September 38.0 22.5 38.0 37 100October 39.8 15.5 39.8 17 100November 37.8 10.8 37.8 16 98December 36.2 10.0 36.2 14 100Mean 39.23 17.05 - 24.08 99.83 Total - - 1072.3 - -

Source: India Meteorological Department

4.5.1 Observations

Temperature

The winter season starts from mid-November and continues till the end of February. February is observed as the coldest month with the minimum temperature of 7.6ºC recorded during the period 1998-2002. During summer the maximum temperature is observed in April at 44.0°C.

Rainfall

The average annual rainfall observed from 1998-2002 is 1072.5 mm. About 80% of the rainfall is received during the southwest monsoon. The maximum mean monthly rainfall of 375.2 mm was observed in July.

Wind and Cyclones

The study area falls under Moderate Damage Risk Zone A (i.e. basic maximum wind speed of 44m/s (1) as per the Vulnerability Atlas of Gujarat 1991, for wind and Cyclone. The Wind and Cyclone Zones of Gujarat is depicted in Figure 4.2.

(1) Represents the peak gust velocity averaged over a short time interval of 3 seconds. The wind speed have been worked out for 50 years return period with probability of exceedence of 63% based on the upto date wind data of 43 Dinos Pressure Tube (DPT) anemograph station and the study of other related work since 1964.


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Figure 4.2 Wind and Cyclone Zones of Gujarat

Source: undp.org.in

4.5.2 On-site Meteorology

The meteorological parameters were also monitored onsite on hourly basis continuously by installing an automated Weather Monitoring System on rooftop (at a height of 10 meter from ground) at Niko terminal at Hazira for six weeks (Pre-Monsoon) in May-July 2008 and for thirteen weeks (as per the ToR suggested by MoEF) in October-December 2008 (Post Monsoon). The parameters monitored at the meteorological station included Temperature, Relative Humidity, Wind Speed, Wind Direction, Rainfall and Cloud cover and are summarised in Table 4.4

Table 4.4 Meteorological Data Observed at Hazira

Aspects Wind Speed (m/s)

Temperature(0C)

RelativeHumidity (%)

Rainfall (mm) Cloud Cover (oktas x 8)

Pre Monsoon Average 2.8 30.0 80.2 0.8 2.0 Maximum 5.1 36.1 97.2 7.0 8.0 Minimum 0.4 25.2 63.5 0.0 2.0 Post Monsoon Average 4.5 25.9 53.2 0.0 - Maximum 13.05 36 89 0.0 - Minimum 0 16 11 0.0 0 Detailed observations are provided in Annex A.

Observations: Pre Monsoon

During the Pre monitoring period the temperature varied from 25.2 to 36.1 ºC. The relative humidity during the monitoring season varied from to 63.5 % to


49

97.2%. However, the variation in temperature observed during the post monsoon monitoring period was between 16.0 and 36.0ºC. The relative humidity during the monitoring season varied from to 89.0 % to 11.0%.

The wind speed observed during the pre monsoon monitoring period varied from 0.4 to 5.1m/s with an average of 2.8m/s. The 24-hourly maximum rainfall observed during the monitoring period was 7.0 mm while the wind speed observed during the post monsoon monitoring period varied from calm to 13.05m/s with an average of 4.55m/s.

Wind rose diagrams for pre monsoon and post monsoon are shown in Figure4.3 & 4.4 respectively. Predominant 24 hourly wind direction during pre monsoon were observed from WSW. The predominant wind direction during the daytime and night time were also from WSW. The calm period were observed to be very rare and as low as 0.09%.

However for post monsoon monitoring predominant 24 hourly wind direction were observed from NE. The predominant wind direction during the daytime and night time were also from NE. The calm period were observed to be low at 6.57%.


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Figure 4.3 Windrose (Pre Monsoon)


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Figure 4.4 Wind rose Post Monsoon


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4.6 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY

The prime objective of the baseline air monitoring is to establish the existing ambient air quality within the proposed Field and its surroundings. This is also useful for assessing the conformity to standards of the ambient air quality specified by CPCB due proposed project activities as described in Section 2.The study area represents rural/residential and industrial environment. The sources of air pollution include industrial activities, vehicular traffic, dust arising from unpaved village roads and domestic fuel burning. This section presents results of monitoring during the pre and post monsoon periods during 2008.

4.6.1 Methodology & Location of AAQ

The existing ambient air quality of the study area was monitored at eight locations as shown in Figure4.5. The parameters monitored were Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) and Hydrocarbons (Non-Methane). SPM, RPM, SO2 and NOx

were monitored on 24-hourly basis while CO and HC were monitored on eight hourly basis monitored for a duration of 24 hours, twice a week during for six weeks during Pre–Monsoon season and for twelve weeks during the Post-Monsoon season.

Selection of sampling locations

The baseline status of the ambient air quality has been established through a scientifically designed ambient air quality monitoring procedure and is based on the following considerations:

Meteorological conditions on synoptic scale; Topography of the study area; Representatives of regional background air quality for obtaining baseline status; and Location of residential areas representing different activities.


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Figure 4.5 Sampling Locations


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The details of ambient air quality sampling location are given in Table 4.5.

Table 4.5 Ambient Air Quality Sampling Locations

S.N. Sampling Station Station Code Geographical Location Approx. Distance(km)1 Niko Terminal AQ-1 21° 05'18.2" N; 72° 38' 27.7"E 0.5 (N) 2 Mata Falia AQ-2 21° 07' 14.8"N ; 72° 38' 24.3"E 1.6 (N) 3 Rajgari AQ-3 21° 06' 4.6"N ; 72°38' 22.8"E 10.5 (N) 4 Junagam AQ-4 21° 08' 5.25"N ; 72° 38' 22.9"E 5.2 (NNW) 5 Gavier AQ-5 21° 10' 27.4"N; 72° 39' 31.5"E 11.2 (NE) 6 Bhimpore AQ-6 21° 11' 2.5"N; 72° 38' 38"E 10.0 (E) 7 Gundadi AQ-7 21° 04' 51.3"N; 72° 43' 26.5"E 3.8 (N) 8 Mora AQ-8 21° 07' 47.4"N; 72° 44' 23.6"E 10 (N)

4.6.2 Ambient Air Quality within the Project Area

The observations from the monitoring conducted at eight locations within the study area are summarized as follows:

Table 4.6 Ambient Air Quality (AAQ) of the Study Area (in μg/m3)

Parameter Observed AQ1 AQ2 AQ3 AQ4 AQ5 AQ6 AQ7 AQ8 RangeSPM (24 hours) Pre-Monsoon

Standard# 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 -Maximum 164 149 118 128 145 135 169 143 118-169

Minimum 107 96 78 74 67 106 126 112 67-126 98 Percentile 162 147 118 126 143 135 168 142 118-168 Average 141 127 104 109 118 122 149 126 104-149 SPM (24 hours) Post-Monsoon

Maximum 198 108 189 99 198 197 197 197 99-198 Minimum 160 145 95 140 124 152 162 101 95-162 98 Percentile 198 144 186.2 140 186.5 195.6 196.1 197 140-198 Average 183.3 125 146.1 123 144.6 173 175 180 123-183.3

RPM (24 hours) Pre-Monsoon Standard# 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 -Maximum 79 71 61 62 68 65 82 69 61-82 Minimum 52 41 39 36 34 51 61 53 34-61 98 Percentile 78 71 60 61 68 65 82 68 60-82 Average 68 61 51 52 57 59 72 61 51-72

RPM (24 hours) Post-MonsoonMaximum 77 73 77 75 77 70 75 63 63-77 Minimum 49 49 55 53 59 49 59 49 49-59 98 Percentile 77 72 76 75 76 69 75 65 65-77 Average 64 62 64 64 67 58 67 56 56-67

NOx (24 hours) Pre-MonsoonStandard# 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 -Maximum 29 22 20 20 24 23 24 18 18-29 Minimum 20 13 12 10 13 14 18 12 10-20 98 Percentile 28 21 19 25 24 22 24 18 18-28 Average 25 18 16 15 20 18 21 16 15-25

NOx (24 hours) Post-Monsoon Maximum 20 19 14 20 20 16 13 22 13-22 hours Minimum 12 11 7 8 10 14 12 11 7-14 98 Percentile 20 19 14 19 20 16 13 21 13-21 Average 17 15 11 14 16 16 13 16 11-17 SO2 (24 hours) Pre-Monsoon


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Parameter Observed AQ1 AQ2 AQ3 AQ4 AQ5 AQ6 AQ7 AQ8 RangeStandard# 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 -Maximum 21 12 10 12 14 17 13 12 10-21 Minimum 13 7 7 7 7 8 8 7 7-13 98 Percentile 20 12 10 12 13 16 12 12 10-20 Average 17 10 9 10 11 11 11 10 9-17

SO2 (24 hours) Post-MonsoonMaximum 6 5 6 7 5 5 5 7 5-7 Minimum 4 1 3 4 3 3 4 5 1-5 98 Percentile 6 5 6 7 5 5 5 7 5-7 Average 5 4 5 6 4 4 4 6 4-6

HC (CH4) (8 hours) Pre-MonsoonStandard NA - Maximum 1595 1641 1905 1424 1676 1733 1756 1527 1424-1905 Minimum 656 714 656 645 679 679 737 702 645-737 98 Percentile 1587 1625 1848 1408 1635 1541 1724 1511 1508-1848 Average 1134 1158 1098 1054 1093 1097 1138 1083 1054-1158

HC (CH4) (8 hours) Post-MonsoonMaximum BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0 Minimum BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0 98 Percentile BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0 Average BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0

NMHC (CH4) (8 hours) Pre-MonsoonStandard NA Maximum BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0 Minimum BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0 Average BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0 98 Percentile BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0

NMHC (CH4) (8 hours) Post-MonsoonMaximum BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0 Minimum BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0 Average BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0 98 Percentile BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0

CO (8 hours) Pre-MonsoonStandard# 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 - Maximum 1584 1607 1538 1664 1813 1744 1595 1515 1515-1813 Minimum 656 714 656 725 702 691 691 679 656-725 98 Percentile 1568 1543 1538 1656 1693 1616 1523 1459 1459-1693 Average 1061 1082 1021 1115 1134 1140 1073 1027 1021-1140

CO (8 hours) Pre-MonsoonMaximum 563 578 560 488 664 681 681 725 488-725 Minimum 350 302 245 311 344 354 354 380 245-380 98 Percentile 460 428 364 386 525 521 521 603 364-603 Average 560 558 506 479 646 641 641 711 479-711

H2S (24 hours) Pre-Monsoon Standard# NA Maximum BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0 Minimum BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0 Average BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0 98 Percentile BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0 H2S (24 hours) Post-Monsoon

Maximum BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0 Minimum BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0 Average BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0

24 hours

98 Percentile BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0 Pre monsoon: BDL values HC = 197μg/m3 and H2S= 6 μg/m3. Post monsoon: SOX, 0.5 μg/m3 ;NOX, 5.5 μg/m3;SPM, 3 μg/m3;CO, 0.1 %;HC, 0.1 ppm;H2S, 4 μg/m3


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Discussions of Results

The observations from the monitoring were compared with the CPCB limit for ambient air quality and the interpretation is discussed in the following subsections.

Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM): Pre-monsoon

The SPM concentration observed during the monitoring period range between 67.0μg/m3 to 169μg/m3.

AQ-7 (Gundadi) recorded the maximum concentration of 169.0μg/m3

The minimum concentration of 67.0μg/m3 was recorded at AQ-5 (Gavier) Average concentration values for the monitoring period ranged from 104.0μg/m3 to 149.0μg/m3.All values observed were below the CPCB norms for rural, residential area and other areas.

The observed SPM values are depicted graphically in Figure 4.6.

Figure 4.6 SPM Observed: Pre-monsoon

Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM): Post-Monsoon

The SPM concentration observed during the monitoring period range between 198.0μg/m3 to 95.0μg/m3.

AQ-1 (Hazira) recorded the maximum concentration of 198.0μg/m3

The minimum concentration of 95.0μg/m3 was recorded at AQ-3 (Matafalia)Average concentration values for the monitoring period ranged from 123.0μg/m3 to 183.3μg/m3.All values observed were below the CPCB norms for rural, residential area.

The observed SPM values are depicted graphically in Figure 4.7.


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Figure 4.7 SPM Observed: Post-monsoon

Respirable Particulate Matter (RSPM): Pre-Monsoon

The RPM concentration observed during the monitoring period range between 34.0μg/m3 to 82.0μg/m3.

AQ-7 (Gundadi) recorded the maximum concentration of 82.0μg/m3

The minimum concentration of 34.0μg/m3 was recorded at AQ-5 (Gavier) Average concentration values for the monitoring period ranged from 51.0μg/m3 to 72.0μg/m3.All values observed were below the CPCB norms for rural, residential area and other areas.

The observed RPM values are depicted graphically in Figure 4.8.

Figure 4.8 RPM Observed: Pre-monsoon

Respirable Particulate Matter (RSPM): Post-Monsoon

The RPM concentration observed during the monitoring period range between 49.0μg/m3 to 77.0μg/m3.

The maximum concentration of 77.0μg/m3 was observed at three locations AQ-1, 3 & 5 (Hazira, Matafalia and Mora).


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The minimum concentration of 49.0μg/m3 was recorded at four locations AQ-1,2,6 & 8 (Hazira, Gundadi, Rajgari & Bhimpore ) Average concentration values for the monitoring period ranged from 56.0μg/m3 to 67.0μg/m3.All values observed were below the CPCB norms for rural, residential area and other areas.

The observed RPM values are depicted graphically in Figure 4.9.

Figure 4.9 RPM Observed: Post-monsoon

Sulphur dioxide (SO2): Pre-Monsoon

The SO2 concentration observed during the monitoring period range between 7.0μg/m3 to 21.0μg/m3.

AQ-1 (Niko Terminal) recorded the maximum concentration of 21.0μg/m3

The minimum concentration of 7.0μg/m3 was recorded at AQ-2,3,4,5 & 8 (Mata Falia, Rajgari, Junagam, Gavier, Mora) Average concentration values for the monitoring period ranged from 9μg/m3 to 17.0μg/m3.All values observed were below the CPCB norms for rural, residential area and other areas.

The observed SO2values are depicted graphically in Figure 4.10.

Figure 4.10 Sulphur-di-Oxide: Pre-monsoon


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Sulphur dioxide (SO2): Post-Monsoon

The SO2 concentration observed during the monitoring period range between 5.0μg/m3 to 7.0μg/m3.

AQ-4 & 8 (Junagam & Gavier) recorded the maximum concentration of 7.0μg/m3

The minimum concentration of 5.0μg/m3 was recorded at AQ-2,3,4,5 & 8 (Mata Falia, Rajgari, Junagam, Gavier, Mora) Average concentration values for the monitoring period ranged from 4.0μg/m3 to 6.0μg/m3.All values observed were below the CPCB norms for rural, residential area and other areas.

The observed SO2values are depicted graphically in Figure 4.11.

Figure 4.11 Sulphur-di-oxide : Post-monsoon

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx): Pre-Monsoon

The NOx concentration observed during the monitoring period range between 10.0μg/m3 and 29.0μg/m3.

AQ-1 (Niko Terminal) recorded the maximum concentration of 29.0μg/m3


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The minimum concentration of 10.0μg/m3 was recorded at AQ-4 (Junagam)Average concentration values for the monitoring period ranged from 15.0μg/m3 and 25.0μg/m3.All values observed were below the CPCB norms for rural, residential area and other areas.

The observed NOx values are depicted graphically in Figure 4.12.

Figure 4.12 Oxides of Nitrogen: Pre-monsoon

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx): Post-Monsoon

The NOx concentration observed during the monitoring period range between 7.0μg/m3 and 22.0μg/m3.

AQ-8 (Gavier) recorded the maximum concentration of 22.0μg/m3

The minimum concentration of 7.0μg/m3 was recorded at AQ-3 (Matafalia).Average concentration values for the monitoring period ranged from 11.0μg/m3 and 17.0μg/m3.All values observed were below the CPCB norms for rural, residential area and other areas.

The observed NOx values are depicted graphically in Figure 4.13.


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Figure 4.13 Oxides of Nitrogen: Pre-monsoon

Carbon Mono-oxide (CO): Pre-Monsoon

The CO concentration observed during the monitoring period ranged between 656.0μg/m3 to 1813.0μg/m3.


The minimum concentration of 656.0μg/m3 was recorded at AQ-1 &3 (Hazira & Rajgari) Average concentration values for the monitoring period ranged from 1021.0μg/m3 to 1140.0μg/m3.The concentration of CO exceeded the CPCB norms of 2000μg/m3 for rural, residential area and other areas at all locations indicating a high baseline concentration for CO.

The observed CO values are depicted graphically in Figure 4.14.

Figure 4.14 CO Concentration : Pre Monsoon

Carbon Mono-oxide (CO): Post-Monsoon

The CO concentration observed during the monitoring period ranged between 1156.0μg/m3 to 2313.0μg/m3.


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The minimum concentration of 1156.0μg/m3 was recorded at AQ-1 &3 (Hazira & Rajgari) Average concentration values for the monitoring period ranged from 1521.0μg/m3 to 1640.0μg/m3.The concentration of CO exceeded the CPCB norms of 2000μg/m3 for rural, residential area and other areas at all locations indicating a high baseline concentration for CO.

The observed CO values are depicted graphically in Figure 4.15.

Figure 4.15 CO Concentration: Post Monsoon

Hydro carbon (Methane): Pre-Monsoon

The HC (CH4) concentration observed during the monitoring period ranged between 645.0μg/m3 to 1905.0μg/m3.

AQ-3(Rajgari) recorded the maximum concentration of 1905.0μg/m3

The minimum concentration of 645.0μg/m3 was recorded at AQ-4 (Junagam)Average concentration values for the monitoring period ranged from 1054.0μg/m3 to 1158.0μmg/m3.

The observed HC (CH4) values are depicted graphically in Figure 4.16.


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Figure 4.16 HC (CH4) concentration in the study area

Hydro carbon (Methane): Pre-Monsoon

The HC (CH4) concentration was observed to be below detection limit during the post monsoon monitoring.

Hydro carbon (Non-methane):Pre & Post-Monsoon

The HC (non-CH4) concentrations observed during both the monitoring period were below detection limits at all sampling locations in the study area.

Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S): Pre & Post-Monsoon

The H2S concentrations observed during both the monitoring period were below detection limits at all sampling locations in the study area.

4.7 WATER QUALITY

The baseline water quality in the study area was observed for ground and surface water samples. The sampling locations were selected based on reconnaissance survey with the considerations of

presence of water resource relevance of water resource access to water resource coverage of entire study area (representative) and landuse

4.7.1 Description of Water Quality Monitoring Locations and Methodology

The water quality was assessed for physical chemical and bacteriological parameters as per the Bureau of India Standards IS: 10500 specifications with additional parameters such as COD, BOD & DO etc. A total of five ground water and three surface water samples were collected from the study area once during the Pre Monsoon season and thrice in the


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post monsoon period. The details of the water resource and location are as given in Table 4.7.

Table 4.7 Water Sampling Locations

SN Name Of Location Source Location Code Co-ordinates 1 Hazira Well used for bathing &

washingGW- 1 21°05'38.5"N;

72° 38' 42.6"E 2 Junagam Well used for all

purposesGW- 2 21°08'51.4"N;

72° 38' 20.7"E 3 Mora Bore well used for

bathing & washing GW- 3 21°06'26.8"N;

72° 39' 30.5"E 4 Dumas Well used for drinking

purpose only GW- 4 21°05'3.4"N;

72° 43' 8.6"E 5 Gavier Well used for drinking

purpose only GW -5 21°07'50.5"N;

72° 44' 14.3"E 6 Merger point of Tapi river

with estuary near L&T River SW–1 21°08' 29.6" N;

72° 39'44.8"E 7 Tapi river near bridge at

Magadalla River SW –2 21°08' 42.9"N;

72°44' 48.1"E 8 Near LBDP –NIKO Sea SW-3 21°04' 37.8"N;

72° 37' 42.6"E

4.7.2 Observations for Ground Water Quality

The detailed physico-chemical characteristics of ground water samples collected within the study area are presented in Table 4.8.


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Table 4.8 Groundwater Quality Observed in the Study Area

S.N Name of Location Unit IS Limits G-1 G-2 G-3 G-4 G-5No. Parameters Pre- Post -Monsoon Pre- Post-Monsoon Pre- Post-Monsoon Pre- Post-Monsoon Pre- Post-Monsoon I I II III I I II III I I II III I I II III I I II III 1 pH Value - 6.5 - 8.5 7.56 8.03 8.1 8.1 7.76 8.00 7.95 7.9 8.76 7.92 7.9 7.8 7.8 8.12 7.9 8.1 8.05 7.70 7.5 7.3 2 Temperature ºC - 28 28 28 29 28 28 27 28 28 28 27 28 28 28 27 28 28 28 28 27 3 Conductivity μS/cm - 1570 2920 3509 4651 1003 3819 4465 4139 1700 1297 1581 1837 3241 1469 1604 1232 1437 1841 2162 2274 4 Turbidity NTU 5,Max <5 05 20 25 <5 00 5 15 <5 01 3 7 <5 01 4 15 <5 00 0 10 5 Color Unit 5,Max <5 < 20 <20 20 <5 < 20 40 10 <5 < 20 <20 20 <5 < 20 <20 10 <5 < 20 <20 30 6 Alkalinity (as CaCO3) mg/l 200,Max (600) 260 330 405 410 245 580 560 510 375 480 342 430 305 575 560 630 255 520 500 615 7 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 500,Max(2000) 860 1256 1509 2000 520 1642 1920 1780 940 558 680 790 1583 632 690 530 810 792 930 980 8 Total Suspended Solids mg/l 50 <5 13 <10 9 <5 11 <10 5 <5 12 <10 11 <5 5 <10 9 <5 5 <10 4 9 Salinity Ppt - BDL 0.8 1.07 1.71 BDL 0.9 1.04 1.41 BDL 0.2 0.35 0.42 BDL 0.1 0.24 0.44 BDL 0.5 0.32 0.62 10 Oil & Grease mg/l - BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 11 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l - 3.7 3.6 4.2 4.2 3.9 4.2 4.5 5 3.2 4.0 4.9 5.4 3.8 4.0 3.9 4.3 3.6 4.5 4 4.8 12 Chlorides (as Cl) mg/l 250,Max 329.89 446 590 945 77.5 512 575 780 239.92 123 295 230 322.4 66 135 243 212.43 288 175 345 13 Total Hardness (as

CaCO3)mg/l 300,Max 600 258 750 630 830 221 1000 780 1230 285 320 340 422 224 320 315 660 198 450 415 530

14 Calcium(as Ca) mg/l 75,Max 27 80 190 130 30 104 140 142 34 80 122 70 24 80 183 76 28 36 195 83 15 Magnesium (as Mg) mg/l 30,Max (100) 32.56 133 50 152 35.13 179 83 210 33.32 29 89 143 24.65 29 29 142 25.35 87 87 202 16 Sulphate (as SO4) mg/l 200,Max 80.0 84 95 90 58 105 125 125 68 25 39 39 63 15 19 28 66 50 52 68 17 Fluorides (as F) mg/l 1.0,Max (1.5) 0.075 0.15 0.25 0.2 0.081 0.20 0.12 0.15 0.078 0.12 0.19 0.1 0.089 0.15 0.21 0.13 0.087 BDL 0.2 0.12 18 Phosphates mg/l - BDL 1.5 BDL 1.2 BDL 0.9 BDL 1.1 BDL 1.0 19 Nitrate (as NO3) mg/l 45,Max (100) 0.222 7.5 6.2 4.2 0.213 7.7 5.3 8.2 0.245 BDL 3.8 5.1 0.304 BDL 2.8 BDL 0.288 4.7 3.9 3.8 20 Iron (as Fe) mg/l 0.3,Max(1.0) 0.426 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.359 BDL 0.2 0.4 0.514 BDL BDL 0.1 0.642 0.1 0.15 0.3 0.469 BDL BDL BDL 21 Copper (as Cu) mg/l 0.05,Max 0.013 BDL BDL BDL 0.026 BDL BDL BDL 0.035 BDL BDL BDL 0.028 BDL BDL BDL 0.019 BDL BDL BDL 22 Phenolic Compound (as

C6H5OH)mg/l 0.001,Max BDL - - - BDL - - - BDL - - - BDL - - - BDL - - -

23 Mercury, (as Hg) mg/l 0.001,Max BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 24 Barium (as Ba) mg/l 0.01,Max BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 25 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/l 0.01,Max BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 26 Selenium, (as Se) mg/l 0.05,Max BDL - - - BDL - - - BDL - - - BDL - - - BDL - - - 27 Arsenic (as As) mg/l 0.05,Max BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 28 Cyanide (as CN) mg/l 0.05,Max BDL - - - BDL - - - BDL - - - BDL - - - BDL - - - 29 Lead (as Pb) mg/l 0.05,Max BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 30 Zinc (as Zn) mg/l 5,Max 1.07 BDL BDL BDL 1.14 BDL BDL BDL 0.95 BDL BDL BDL 1.42 BDL BDL BDL 1.56 BDL BDL BDL


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S.N Name of Location Unit IS Limits G-1 G-2 G-3 G-4 G-531 Chromium (as Cr+6) mg/l 0.05,Max BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 32 Aluminium (as Al) mg/l 0.03,Max BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL33 Manganese (as Mn) mg/l 0.1,Max (0.3) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 34 Anionic Detergents (as

MBAS)mg/l 0.2,Max BDL - - - BDL - - - BDL - - - BDL - - - BDL - - -

35 Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (as PAH)

mg/l - BDL - - - BDL - - - BDL - - - BDL - - - BDL - - -

36 Mineral Oil mg/l 0.01,Max BDL - - - BDL - - - BDL - - - BDL - - - BDL - - - 37 Pesticides mg/l - BDL - - - BDL - - - BDL - - - BDL - - - BDL - - - 38 Boron (as B) mg/l 1, Max BDL - - - BDL - - - BDL - - - BDL - - - BDL - - - 39 Total Petroleum

Hydrocarbon,ppm - BDL - - - BDL - - - BDL - - - BDL - - - BDL - - -

40 B.O.D. mg/l - <1 7 12 9 <1 9 10 8 <1 6 13 7 <1 6 14 7 <1 8 11 6 41 C.O.D. mg/l - <5 16 17 18 <5 18 19 17 <5 14 15 16 <5 17 19 18 <5 12 12 13 42 Total Coliform Nos./

100ml10 Organism, Max

<2 1400 1792 1552 <2 2000 2120 1780 <2 2200 3145 2420 <2 2200 2045 3000 <2 2000 2420 2514

43 Fecal Coliforms, Nos./ 100ml

Nil <2 BDL BDL BDL <2 BDL BDL BDL <2 BDL BDL BDL <2 BDL BDL BDL <2 BDL BDL BDL

Pre monsoon: The minimum detection limits for water samples analysed are salinity,ppt, 0.2; oil & grease, mg/l, 0.1; residual chlorine, mg/l, 0.02; Iron (as Fe), mg/l, 0.05; Copper (as Cu), mg/l, 0.015; Phenolic compounds (as C6H5OH), mg/l, 0.001; Mercury, (as Hg), mg/l, 0.001; Barium, (as Ba), mg/l, 0.15; Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l, 0.008; Selenium, (as Se), mg/l, 0.01; Arsenic (as As), mg/l, 0.002; Cyanide (as CN), mg/l, 0.05; Lead (as Pb), mg/l, 0.05; Zinc (as Zn), mg/l , 0.015; Chromium (as Cr+6), mg/l, 0.03; Anionic Detergents (as MBAS), mg/l, 0.01; Mineral Oil, mg/l, 0.001; Pesticides, mg/l, 0.001; Aluminium (as Al) , mg/l, 0.05; Manganese (as Mn), mg/l, 0.015; and Boron (as B), mg/l, 0.002. Post monsoon: Colour Appearance, 1 Hazen Unit;Turbidity, 0 NTU;Temperature, 0 º C; Conductivity, 1μS/cm;pH, 0.001;Total Dissolved Solids, 4 mg/l;Total Alkalinity CaCO3, 5 mg/l;Chloride as Cl, 1 mg/l;Salinity, 0.002 ;Sulfate as SO4, 2 mg/l;Nitrate as N, 0.05 mg/l;Iron, 0.1 mg/l;Total Hardness as CacO3, 2 mg/l;Calcium, 1 mg/l;Magnesium, 1 mg/l;Suspended Solid, 4 mg/l;DO, 0.1 mg/l;COD, 5 mg/l;BOD, 5 mg/l;Oil & Grease, 1 mg/l;Fluoride, 0.1 mg/l;Cr, 0.05 mg/l;Pb, 0.05 mg/l;Cu, 0.1 mg/l;Cd, 0.01 ppm;Ba, 1 ppm;Zn, 0.01 ppm;Hg, 0.56 ppm;As, 0.02 ppm;Mn, 0.07 mg/l;Phenolic Comp., 0.1 mg/l


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4.7.3 Discussion of Results

The observations from the analysis of ground water sampled were compared with the drinking water quality standard IS: 10500 provided by the Bureau of Indian Standards.

Physical Parameters: Pre- Monsoon

The physical parameters analysed were pH, temperature, conductivity, turbidity and colour.

The pH values ranged from 7.56 to 8.76 and exceeded the drinking water limits of 6.5-8.5 at Mora. The Conductivity of the samples ranged from 1570μS/m at GW-1 (Hazira) to 3241μS/cm at GW-4 (Mora). The conductivity was observed to be very high at Dumas indicating high dissolved solids. All other samples had moderate conductivity. The Turbidity of all samples collected were less than 5 NTU, the IS limit of turbidity is 5 NTU. The Colour of all samples collected were less than 5 hazen units, the IS limit of colour is 5 hazen units.

Physical Parameters: Post- Monsoon

The identified ground water sources were sampled thrice during the post monsoon season. The observations for the physical parameters during the post monsoon period are:

The pH values ranged from 7.3 to 8.12 and remained within the drinking water limits at all locations. The conductivity was observed to range from 1232μS/m at Gavier and 4651μS/m with very high conductivity at Hazira suggesting influence of marine water. The turbidity of all samples collected were higher than the IS limit of turbidity is 5 NTU for at least one of the three round of sampling conducted, with the maximum of 25 NTU observed at Hazira. The colour of all samples collected were higher than 5 hazen units, the IS limit of colour is 5 hazen units, with the maximum of 40 colour units observed at Junagam.

Chemical parameters: Pre- Monsoon

The water samples were analysed for various chemical parameters as discussed below.

The TDS values of the ground water samples ranged from 520mg/l at GW-2 (Junagam) to 1583mg/l at GW-4 (Dumas). All samples exceeded the desirable limit of 500mg/l; they were however within the permissible limit of 2000mg/l. The maximum Hardness of 285mg/l was observed at GW-3 (Mora) while the minimum concentration for hardness of 198mg/l was


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observed at GW-5 (Gavier). All samples were within the desirable limit of 300mg/l. The Chloride concentrations in all the samples were high except GW-2 indicating impact due to proximity to sea. The concentration ranged between 77.47mg/l at GW-2 (Junagam) and 329.89mg/l at GW-1 (Hazira). The chloride concentrations exceeded the desirable limits of 250mg/l at GW-1 (Hazira) and GW-4 (Dumas). The concentrations were however within the permissible limits of 1000mg/l for chloride. Alkalinity of the samples was observed to be moderate. The maximum value of 375mg/l was observed at GW-3(Mora) while a minimum of 245mg/l was observed at GW-2 (Junagam). All samples exceeded the desirable limit of 200mg/l; they were however within the permissible limit of 600mg/l.

Figure 4.17 Alkalinity, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Hardness and Chloride values observed in the study area

Suspended solids in the all ground water samples were found to be less than 5 mg/l, which is within the IS limit of 50mg/l. The salinity of all the samples was below detection limit of 0.2ppt. Oil & Grease content was also below detection limit of 0.1mg/l for all the samples. Fluoride concentrations ranged from 0.075mg/l at GW-1 (Hazira) to 0.089 mg/l at GW-4 (Dumas). All samples were within the desirable limit of 1mg/l. Nitrate concentrations in the samples collected ranged from 0.213mg/l at GW-2 (Junagam) to 0.304mg/l at GW-4 (Dumas). All samples were within the desirable limit of 45mg/l. Phosphate concentrations were below detectable limits for the water samples collected from all the locations.Iron concentration in the water samples was moderate to high; the concentration ranged from 0.359mg/l at GW-2(Junagam) to 0.642mg/l at GW-5 (Gavier). All samples exceed the desirable limit of 0.3mg/l they were however within the permissible limit of 1mg/l.


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All heavy metals except Zinc were observed to be below their respective detection limit. Concentration of Zn ranged from 0.95mg/l at GW-3 (Mora) to 1.56mg/l at GW-4 (Dumas). Phenolic Compounds, Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons, Mineral Oils, Pesticides, Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon and Anionic Detergents were observed to be below their respective detection limits for all the samples.

Chemical parameters: Post-Monsoon

The water samples were analysed for various chemical parameters as discussed below.

The TDS values of the ground water samples ranged from 530mg/l at GW-4 (Dumas) to 2000mg/l at GW-1 (Hazira). All samples exceeded the desirable limit of 500mg/l; they were however within the permissible limit of 2000mg/l. The Hardness of the ground water samples ranged from 315mg/l at GW-4 (Dumas) to 1230mg/l at GW-2 (Junagam). All samples exceeded the desirable limit of 300mg/l, but were within the permissible limit of 600mg/l.The Chloride concentrations in all the samples were high .The concentration ranged between 66mg/l at GW-4 (Dumas) and 945mg/l at GW-1 (Hazira). The chloride concentrations exceeded the desirable limits of 250mg/l for all the observations at GW-1 (Hazira) and GW-2 (Junagam) while at all other locations it exceeded the limit at least for one of the observation. The concentrations were however within the permissible limits of 1000mg/l for chloride. Alkalinity of the samples was observed to be moderate. The maximum value of 630mg/l was observed at GW-4 (Dumas) while a minimum of 330mg/l was observed at GW-1 (Hazira). All samples exceeded the desirable limit of 200mg/l; and exceeded the permissible limit of 600mg/l at least for one observation at GW-5 (Gavier) and GW-4 (Dumas).Suspended solids in the all ground water samples were found to be less the IS limit of 50mg/l. The salinity of all the samples was below detection limit of 0.2ppt. Oil & Grease content was also below detection limit of 0.1mg/l for all the samples. Fluoride concentrations ranged from 0.12mg/l at GW-2 (Junagam) to 0.25 mg/l at GW-1 (Hazira). All samples were within the desirable limit of 1mg/l. Nitrate concentrations in the samples collected ranged from BDL at GW-3and 4 (Mora and Dumas) to 7.7mg/l at GW-2 (Junagam). All samples were within the desirable limit of 45mg/l. Iron concentration in the water samples was BDL at Gavier for all observations at G-5 (Gavier) and for at least one occasion for GW-2 (Junagam) and GW-3 (Mora). The maximum concentration observed


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was 0.4mg/l at GW-4 (Junagam). All samples were within the desirable limit of 0.3mg/l except one observation at GW-4 (Junagam). All heavy metals except were observed to be below their respective detection limit.

Microbiological parameters

Observations for Total Coliform bacteria indicate that all the ground water samples are positive for Coliform contamination. The Coliform count were much higher than the IS limit of 10nos./100ml. The samples were reported to be BDL for Faecal Coliform.

4.7.4 Observations of Surface water Quality

Surface water samples were collected from three locations in the study area. Two samples were collected from river Tapi, and two samples from the sea (refer Table 4.7). The detailed physico-chemical characteristics of surface samples collected within the study area are presented in Table 4.9.


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Table 4.9 Surface Water Quality

SN. Parameters Unit SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 Pre Post Monsoon Pre Post Monsoon Pre Post Monsoon Jun Oct Nov Dec Jun Oct Nov Dec Jun Oct Nov Dec 1 pH Value 7.84 7.43 7.3 7.83 7.73 7.24 7.4 7.53 7.9 7.9 8.1 7.4 2 Temperature ºC 28 28 29 27 28 28 29 27 28 28 29 27 3 Conductivity mS/cm 3120 21505 26837 25162 3600 52539 51976 52790 >20000 40674 48255 47046 4 Turbidity NTU <10 43 32 59 <10 16 24 22 <10 20 28 28 5 Color Unit <10 < 20 20 30 <10 < 20 20 <20 <10 < 20 21 <20 6 Alkalinity (as CaCO3) mg/l 162 310 405 386 145 400 393 440 139 360 360 375 7 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 3980 9246 11540 10820 4252 26892 22350 22700 46862 21790 20750 20230 8 Total Suspended Solids mg/l 10 223 140 27 8 174 125 42 9 140 110 25 9 Salinity ppt 1.3 8.82 8.62 9 1.6 23.1 15.78 21.3 4.7 19.58 13.87 19.7 10 Oil & Grease mg/l BDL < 10 <10 <10 BDL < 10 <10 <10 BDL < 10 <10 <10 11 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 4.3 3.9 4.3 5.2 4 4.5 4 4.8 2.9 4.2 5 4.3 12 Chlorides (as Cl) mg/l 2989 4883 7942 8430 3099 12788 14545 14780 44384 10840 12780 14830 13 Total Hardness (as CaCO3) mg/l 422 100 182 280 467 880 740 940 465 710 630 1070 14 Calcium(as Ca) mg/l 141 - - - 152 - - - 155 - - - 15 Magnesium (as Mg) mg/l 73.56 41 20 86.46 390 27 66.86 310 17 16 Sulphate (as SO4) mg/l 260 368.41 370 483 312 994 640 520 758 780 830 612 17 Fluorides (as F) mg/l 3.6 0.15 0.2 0.1 3.8 0.2 0.12 0.12 2.9 0.16 0.1 0.1 18 Phosphates mg/l 16.45 - - - 15.46 - - - 34.95 - - - 19 Nitrate (as NO3) mg/l 0.268 6.76 5.3 5.3 0.321 0.25 1.2 1.7 0.311 0.8 1.4 1.9 20 Iron (as Fe) mg/l 0.568 0.3 0.25 0.25 0.551 BDL 0.3 0.22 0.624 BDL 0.22 0.15 21 Copper (as Cu) mg/l 0.075 - - - 0.065 - - - 0.066 - - - 22 Phenolic Compound (as

C6H5OH)mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL

23 COD mg/l 7.6 25 38 45 5.94 38 43 49 7.66 29 40 43 24 BOD (3 days at 27º C) mg/l 2.9 11 13 15 3.6 12 14 17 3.9 13 15 14 25 Mercury, (as Hg) mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 26 Barium, (as Ba) mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 27 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 28 Selenium, (as Se) mg/l BDL - - - BDL - - - BDL - - - 29 Arsenic (as As) mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 30 Cyanide (as CN) mg/l BDL - - - BDL - - - BDL - - - 31 Lead (as Pb) mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL


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SN. Parameters Unit SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 32 Zinc (as Zn) mg/l 0.049 - - - 0.038 - - - 0.078 - - - 33 Chromium (as Cr+6) mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 34 Aluminium (as Al) mg/l BDL - - - BDL - - - BDL - - - 35 Manganese (as Mn) mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 36 Anionic Detergents (as

MBAS)mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL

37 Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (as PAH)

mg/l BDL - - - BDL - - - BDL - - -

38 Mineral Oil mg/l BDL - - - BDL - - - BDL - - - 39 Pesticides mg/l BDL - - - BDL - - - BDL - - - 40 Total Petroleum

Hydrocarbon, ppm BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL

41 Boron (as B) mg/l BDL - - - BDL - - - BDL - - - 42 Total Colforms Nos./

100ml22 15000 14620 10100 20 22000 13719 17320 25 19200 15380 19780

43 Fecal Coliforms Nos./ 100ml

5 BDL BDL BDL 6 BDL BDL BDL 7 BDL BDL BDL

Pre monsoon: The minimum detection limits for water samples analysed are salinity,ppt, 0.2; oil & grease, mg/l, 0.1; residual chlorine, mg/l, 0.02; Iron (as Fe), mg/l, 0.05; Copper (as Cu), mg/l, 0.015; Phenolic compounds (as C6H5OH), mg/l, 0.001; Mercury, (as Hg), mg/l, 0.001; Barium, (as Ba), mg/l, 0.15; Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l, 0.008; Selenium, (as Se), mg/l, 0.01; Arsenic (as As), mg/l, 0.002; Cyanide (as CN), mg/l, 0.05; Lead (as Pb), mg/l, 0.05; Zinc (as Zn), mg/l , 0.015; Chromium (as Cr+6), mg/l, 0.03; Anionic Detergents (as MBAS), mg/l, 0.01; Mineral Oil, mg/l, 0.001; Pesticides, mg/l, 0.001; Aluminium (as Al) , mg/l, 0.05; Manganese (as Mn), mg/l, 0.015; and Boron (as B), mg/l, 0.002. Post monsoon: Colour Appearance, 1 Hazen Unit;Turbidity, 0 NTU;Temperature, 0 º C; Conductivity, 1μS/cm;pH, 0.001;Total Dissolved Solids, 4 mg/l;Total Alkalinity CaCO3, 5 mg/l;Chloride as Cl, 1 mg/l;Salinity, 0.002 ;Sulfate as SO4, 2 mg/l;Nitrate as N, 0.05 mg/l;Iron, 0.1 mg/l;Total Hardness as CacO3, 2 mg/l;Calcium, 1 mg/l;Magnesium, 1 mg/l;Suspended Solid, 4 mg/l;DO, 0.1 mg/l;COD, 5 mg/l;BOD, 5 mg/l;Oil & Grease, 1 mg/l;Fluoride, 0.1 mg/l;Cr, 0.05 mg/l;Pb, 0.05 mg/l;Cu, 0.1 mg/l;Cd, 0.01 ppm;Ba, 1 ppm;Zn, 0.01 ppm;Hg, 0.56 ppm;As, 0.02 ppm;Mn, 0.07 mg/l;Phenolic Comp., 0.1 mg/l


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The observations from the analysis of all sources are discussed below, the fresh water sampled were compared with the designated best use classification and the water quality data obtained was computed using a water quality Index and the Index value was compared with the designated best use classification as prescribed by the Central Pollution Control Board (Ref. “Manual for Statistical Analyses and Interpretation of Water Quality Data”, MINARS/2/1986-87).

SW-1 (Merger Point of Tapi River with estuary near L&T): Pre-Monsoon

The river in the region is influenced by the tides. The parameter wise classification and overall classification for SW-1 as observed for pre monsoon season is as given:

pH of the sample was observed to be between 7.84 which can be categorised as Class ADissolved Oxygen (DO) level was observed as 4.3 mg/l, which qualifies it for Class C The Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) was observed as 2.9mg/l, which qualifies it for Class B The Coliform contents were 22 organisms/100ml which qualifies it as Class A

Considering the above classification along with the conductivity of the sample (3120μS/cm) the source can be classified as Class below E i.e. not meeting any of the criteria from A – E.

SW-1 (Merger Point of Tapi River with estuary near L&T): Post-Monsoon

The parameter wise classification and overall classification for SW-1 as observed for post monsoon season is as given:

pH of the samples were observed to be between 7.3 and 7.84 which can be categorised as Class A Dissolved Oxygen (DO) level were observed between 3.9 and 5.2 mg/l, which qualifies it as below Class D The Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) was observed to be as high as 15mg/l which is below C. The Coliform contents were in the range 10100 org/100ml to 15000 organisms/100ml which qualifies it as below Class C.

Considering the above classification along with the conductivity of the sample (21505μS/cm to 26837μS/cm) the source can be classified as Class below E i.e. not meeting any of the criteria from A – E.

SW-2 (Tapi River near bridge at Magadalla): Pre monsoon

The location is upstream of SW-1, close to the Magadalla Port. The parameter wise classification and overall classification for SW-2 is as given:


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pH of the sample was observed to be 7.76 which can be categorised as Class ADissolved Oxygen (DO) level was observed as 4.0mg/l, which qualifies it for Class C The Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) was observed as 3.6mg/l, which qualifies it for Class D The Coliform contents are 20organisms/100ml which qualifies it as Class A

Considering the above classification along with conductivity of the sample (3600μS/cm), the source can be classified as Class below E i.e. not meeting any of the criteria from A – E.

SW-2 (Tapi River near bridge at Magadalla): Post Monsoon

The parameter wise classification and overall classification for SW-2 is as given:

pH of the sample were observed to be between 7.24 and 7.53 which can be categorised as Class A Dissolved Oxygen (DO) level were observed to be between 4.0mg/l and 4.8mg/l, which qualifies it for class C The Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) was observed to be as high as 17mg/l, which is below C. The Coliform contents were in the range 13719organisms/100ml and 22000mg/l which qualifies it as below Class C.

Considering the above classification along with conductivity of the sample (51976μS/cm to 52790 μS/cm), the source can be classified as Class below E i.e. not meeting any of the criteria from A – E.

Table 4.10 Primary Water Quality Criteria for Designated-Best-Use-Classes

Designated-Best-Use Class Criteria Drinking Water Source withoutconventional treatment but after disinfection

A Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 50 or less pH between 6.5 and 8.5 Dissolved Oxygen 6mg/l or more Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20oC 2mg/l or less

Outdoor bathing (Organized)

B Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 500 or less pH between 6.5 and 8.5 Dissolved Oxygen 5mg/l or more Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20oC 3mg/l or less

Drinking water source after conventional treatment and disinfection

C Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 5000 or less pH between 6 to 9 Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20oC 3mg/l or less

Propagation of Wild life and Fisheries

D pH between 6.5 to 8.5 Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more Free Ammonia (as N) 1.2 mg/l or less

Irrigation, Industrial Cooling, Controlled Waste disposal

E pH between 6.0 to 8.5 Electrical Conductivity at 25oC micro mhos/cm Max.2250 Sodium absorption Ratio Max. 26 Boron Max. 2mg/l

Below-E Not Meeting A, B, C, D & E Criteria


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Source: Central Pollution Control Board

SW-3 (Near LBDP –NIKO): Pre Monsoon

The parameter wise classification for SW-3 is as given: pH of the water was observed to be 7.9 and which is conducive for propagation of aquatic life Dissolve Oxygen was observed as 3.6mg/l which is moderate and can support aquatic lifeSuspended Solids observed were 9.0mg/l, while Oil & Grease was not detectable which is suitable for aquatic life. The salinity of water 4.7ppt while TDS was observed to be 46862mg/l No pesticides, Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons or Anionic Detergents were detected in the sample. Metal concentrations were observed to be below detection limit except Zinc (0.078 mg/l).

SW-3 (Near LBDP –NIKO): Post monsoon

The parameter wise classification for SW-3 is as given: pH of the water samples were in the range 7.4 to 8.1 which is conducive for propagation of aquatic life Dissolve Oxygen were observed in the range 4.2 to 5.0mg/l which is moderate and can support aquatic life Suspended Solids observed were 25-140mg/l, while Oil & Grease was less than 10 which is moderately suitable for aquatic life. The Salinity of water ranged between 13.9 and 19.7ppt while TDS was observed to be between 20230 and 21790mg/l Metal concentrations were observed to be below detection limit.

4.8 SOIL QUALITY

For studying soil characteristics (physical, chemical and heavy metals) in the study area, samples were collected to assess the existing soil conditions representing various land use.

4.8.1 Soil Sampling Methodology and Locations

In all five soil samples were collected for soil quality assessment for both the seasons. The location of the soil sampling is shown in Figure 4.4 and listed inTable 4.11.

Table 4.11 Location of Soil Samples

SN Code Monitoring Site Co-ordinates Landuse 1 S-1 Dumas 21° 05' 38.2"N; 72° 38' 29.3"E Land for Natural plantation2 S-2 Hazira 21° 08' 51.7"N; 72° 38' 23.4"E Agriculture land 3 S-3 Mora 21° 10' 10.8"N; 72° 39' 23"E Agriculture land 4 S-4 Junagam 21° 07' 24.7"N; 72° 42' 18.6"E Agriculture land


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SN Code Monitoring Site Co-ordinates Landuse 5 S-5 Gavier 21° 06' 8.4"N; 72° 42' 24.7"E Land for Natural plantation

4.8.2 Observations of Soil Analysis

The soil samples were analysed for pH, conductivity, Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium, Metals (Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ar and Hg), Hydrocarbons, permeability, Na, K etc. The results of soil samples are presented in Table 4.12.


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Table 4.12 Soil Quality

S.N. Parameters Units S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

Pre Post-Monsoon Pre Post-Monsoon Pre Post-Monsoon Pre Post-Monsoon Pre Post-Monsoon

Jun Oct Nov Dec Jun Oct Nov Dec Jun Oct Nov Dec Jun Oct Nov Dec Jun Oct Nov Dec Physical parameter

1 Appearance - Brown

DarkBrown

Light Brown

DarkBrown Brown

2 Texture - Loam Sandy Loam Sandy Loam

Sandy Loam Sandy Loam

Sandy Loam Sandy Loam

Sandy Loam Loam Sandy Loam

3 Sand % 51.3 88 79 89 79 78 72 74 80 77 69 68 78 81 70 73 45.9 72 72 60 4 Silt % 29.9 3 4 2 8.5 5 10 7 6.6 4 12 10 8 3 8 8 31.2 12 9 20 5 Clay % 18.8 9 17 9 12.5 17 18 19 13.4 19 19 22 14 16 22 19 22.9 16 28 20 6 pH (1:10

suspension) 6.86 8.52 8.1 8.3 7.2 8.14 8.2 8 7.62 8.19 8.05 7.9 7.46 8.4 7.9 7.8 7.66 8.2 7.85 7.9

7 Permeability, cm/sec 0.068 - - - 0.121 - - - 0.112 - - - 0.124 - - - 0.081 - - - 8 Electrical

conductivity ms/cm 0.153 3045 2145 2742 0.125 165 240 348 0.259 232 315 279 0.138 276 340 310 0.154 345 320 350

9 Bulk Density g/cm3 1.036 1.47 1.52 1.27 1.121 1.52 1.56 1.3 1.145 1.43 1.3 1.32 1.316 1.29 1.35 1.39 1.025 1.3 1.3 1.2 Chemical parameter

10 Nitrites mg/kg 0.9 - - - 0.8 - - - 1.2 - - - 1.3 1.7 11 Nitrates mg/kg 4 0.325 0.2 0.34 6 0.0475 0.12 0.03 5 0.17 0.15 0.12 7 0.05 0.2 0.04 4.2 0.45 0.36 0.71 12 Phosphate mg/kg 12 1.3 0.8 1.4 11.44 3.2 2.8 1 10 2.8 1.4 0.7 13 3.1 1.9 1 20 2.5 2 1.2 13 Sodium mg/kg 127 - - - 125 - - - 120 - - - 210 - - - 103 - - - 14 Potassium mg/kg 60 - - - 106 - - - 206 - - - 230 - - - 180 - - - 15 Total

Petroleum Hydrocarbon

mg/kg 0.036 - - - 0.023 - - - 0.022 - - - 0.063 - - - 0.022 - - -

16 Iron as Fe mg/kg 123.52 370 120 320 163.45 795 205 445 178.54 890 390 310 188.2 435 410 245 156.9 354 320 210 17 Lead as Pb mg/kg 5.64 4.2 3.2 3.2 15.23 3.8 4.8 4 14.62 8.3 5.1 3 20.12 7.8 5.8 3.5 16.89 4.2 3.8 3 18 Manganese as

Mnmg/kg 22.35 BDL BDL BDL 36.45 BDL BDL BDL 42.35 BDL BDL BDL 29.88 BDL BDL BDL 32.56 BDL BDL BDL

19 Nickel as Ni mg/kg 2.65 BDL BDL BDL 6.451 BDL BDL BDL 7.026 BDL BDL BDL 5.898 BDL 0.3 BDL 2.458 BDL BDL BDL 20 Barium as Ba mg/kg BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 21 Zinc as Zn mg/kg 15.62 BDL BDL BDL 3.65 BDL BDL BDL 3.45 BDL BDL BDL 2.47 BDL BDL BDL 14.65 BDL BDL BDL 22 Copper as Cu mg/kg 3.26 0.5 0.22 0.25 0.864 10.2 6.3 1.8 1.26 9.8 7.2 2.3 1.101 7.2 6 BDL 2.65 0.45 4.8 BDL


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S.N. Parameters Units S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

23 Cadmium as Cd

mg/kg 1.23 BDL BDL BDL 1.45 BDL BDL BDL 1.65 BDL BDL BDL 1.65 BDL BDL BDL 1.58 BDL BDL BDL

24 Chromium as Cr

mg/kg 4.266 - - - 5.162 - - - 4.658 - - - 5.159 - - - 5.321 - - -

25 Arsenic as As mg/kg BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 26 Mercury as

Hgmg/kg BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL

27 Total Hydrocarbons

0.102 - - - 0.092 - - - 0.082 - - - 0.126 - - - 0.078 - - -

28 Cation ExchangeCapacity, meq/100g

115.61 - - - 19.01 - - - 15.6 - - - 13.88 - - - 19.19 - - -

29 Chloride mg/kg - 4.78 3.17 3.68 - 0.102 0.15 0.39 - 0.093 0.12 0.19 - 0.17 0.14 0.22 - 0.17 0.16 0.23 30 Nitrogen mg/kg - 15.2 12 9.8 - 10.4 9.8 7.2 - 13.3 12.8 6.8 - 12.8 11.7 10.2 - 10.3 9.2 11.3 31 Water

Holding Capacity

% 37 35 32 - 36 30 33 - 42 40 30 - 40 41 37 - 38 35 35

32 Porosity % - 46 40 40 - 45 42 43 - 39 35 36 - 38 32 41 - 40 39 37


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Observations from the analysis of soil samples are discussed below in the following subsection.

Soil Texture for both the season

The soil texture was identified as Loam to Sandy Loam at S-1 and 5 and Sandy Loam at S-2,3 and 4. The soil content was predominantly rich in Sand content at all the locations.

The sand percentage observed in the soil ranged from 45.9% to 80% for all the locations in pre monsoon and from 60% to 88% in the post monsoon season. Clay contents were consistently low and were observed to be less than 25% at all the locations in the pre monsoon season and post monsoon observations.. Silt contents were low for all the samples.The soil texture classification is presented in Figure 4.18.

Figure 4.18 Soil Texture Classification

pH (1:10 suspension)

For the pre monsoon observations the pH of the samples varied from 6.86 to 7.66. The pH of most of the samples was neutral to slightly alkaline as per the standard soil classification. The post monsoon pH ranged between 7.8 and 8.5 which is considered as moderately alkaline as per the standard soil classification as shown in Figure 4.19.


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Figure 4.19 Standard Soil pH Classification (Pre and Post Monsoon)

NPK (Nitrogen-Phosphorus-Potassium): Pre Monsoon

The Nitrite concentration in soil ranged from 0.8 to 1.7mg/kg, while nitrate concentration was observed to range from 4.0 to 7.0mg/kg. The Phosphate concentrations ranged from 10 to 20mg/kg. The Potassium concentrations ranged from 60 to 230mg/kg. The Nitrogen level in the soil of the study area is poor while Phosphorus and Potassium are moderate.

NPK (Nitrogen-Phosphorus-Potassium): Post Monsoon

Nitrogen concentration was observed to range from 7.2 to 15.2mg/kg, with almost similar concentration at all locations. The Phosphate concentrations ranged from 0.8 to 3.2mg/kg.

Sodium: Pre Monsoon

Sodium concentrations in the soil samples were moderate. The concentration ranged from 103 mg/kg at S-5 (Gavier) to 210mg/kg at S-4 (Junagam).

Sodium:

Sodium concentrations in the soil samples were moderate. The concentration ranged from 103 mg/kg at S-5 (Gavier) to 210mg/kg at S-4 (Junagam).

Metals (Pre- Monsoon)

Metal concentrations were observed as follows:

Pre Monsoon Post monsoon


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Iron concentration in soil samples were observed to range from 123.5mg/kg (S-1, Dumas) to 188.2 mg/kg (S-4, Junagam). Lead concentrations were observed to range from 5.64 mg/kg (S-1, Dumas) to 20.12mg/kg (S-4, Junagam). Cadmium concentrations were observed in the range from 1.23mg/kg (S-1, Dumas) to 1.65 mg/kg (S-3&4, Mora & Junagam). Concentration of Zinc was observed to range from 2.47 mg/kg (S-4, Junagam) to 15.6 mg/kg (S-1, Dumas). Concentration of Copper in soil ranged from 0.864mg/kg (S-2, Hazira) to 3.26 mg/kg (S-1, Dumas). Nickel concentration was observed to range from 2.45 mg/kg (S-5, Gavier) to 7.02 mg/kg (S-3, Mora). Chromium concentration in the soil samples ranged from 4.26 mg/kg (S-1, Dumas) to 5.3 mg/kg (S-4, Gavier). Arsenic and Mercury Concentrations were Below Detectable Limits.

Metals (Pre- Monsoon)

Metal concentrations were observed as follows: Iron concentration in soil samples were observed to range from 120mg/kg (S-1, Dumas) to 890mg/kg (S-3, Mora). Lead concentrations were observed to range from 3.0mg/kg (S-3 Mora, S-5, Gavier) to 8.3 mg/kg. Cadmium concentrations were below detectable limits for all observations at all locations. Concentration of Copper in soil ranged from BDL to 10.2mg/kg (S-2, Hazira).Nickel concentrations were below detectable limits for all observations at all locations.Arsenic and Mercury concentrations were Below Detectable Limits.

4.9 SEDIMENT QUALITY

To understand the characteristics of sediments (physical, chemical and heavy metals) in the study area, samples were collected. The physical, chemical and heavy metal concentrations are determined.

4.9.1 Sediment sampling Methodology and Locations

In all six sediment samples were collected. Three samples were collected from ponds, one from creek and two from Sea coast. The location of the soil sampling is shown in Figure 4.5 and listed in Table 4.13.


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Table 4.13 Location of Sediment Samples

SN Code Monitoring Site Co-ordinates 1 SD-1 Tapi river (estuary) near L&T 21° 08' 29.6"N; 72° 39' 44.8"E 2 SD-2 Near Niko Gate in CRZ 21° 04' 49.8"N; 72° 38' 25.5"E 3 SD-3 Near Dumas in CRZ 21° 04' 55.1"N; 72° 38' 29.3"E

4.9.2 Observations of Sediment analysis

The soil samples were analysed for pH, Nitrogen, Total Organic Carbon, Metals (Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, Pb, Cr, Na and Hg), Dissolved Oxygen etc. The results of sediment samples are presented in Table 4.14.

ERMINDIA GSPC-NIKO:DRAFT EIA OF DRILLING &DEVELOPMENT OF O&GWELLS,HAZIRA FIELD,DISTT.SURAT,GUJARAT

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Table 4.14 Sediment Quality

S N. Parameters UnitsSD - 1 SD - 2 SD - 3 Pre Post Monsoon Pre Post Monsoon Pre Post Monsoon Jun Oct Nov Dec Jun Oct Nov Dec Jun Oct Nov Dec Physical parameter 1 Temperature 0C 27 - - - 27 - - - 27 - - -

2 Appearance - DarkBrown - - - Dark Brown - - - Dark Brown - - -

3 Texture - Sandy - - - Sandy - - - Sandy - - - 4 pH (1:10 suspension) 7.85 8.1 8 7.93 7.46 8.2 8.32 7.8 7.36 8.1 8.32 7.22

5Dissolved Oxygen (1:10 sediment water extract)

mg/l 1.6 - - - 1.1 - - - 1.5 - - -

6 Texture-Coarse - 25 32 26 - 20 25 22 - 25 28 29 7 Fine Sand % - 45 50 45 - 50 52 59 - 40 42 40 8 Silt % - 10 12 14 - 12 14 17 - 5 7 10 9 Clay. % - 20 6 15 - 18 9 2 - 30 23 21 10 Bulk Density g/cm3 - 1.25 1.2 1.32 - 1.4 1.3 1.24 - 1.2 1.1 1.38 11 Water Holding Capacity - 37 38 39 - 36 42 40 - 42 45 40 Chemical parameter 12 Total Organic Carbon % 1.2 - - - 1.7 - - - 0.9 - - - 13 Total Nitrogen ppm 12 - - - 14.12 - - - 16.12 - - - 14 Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon ppm 0.432 BDL BDL BDL 0.516 BDL BDL BDL 0.441 BDL BDL BDL 15 Iron as Fe ppm 240.2 BDL BDL BDL 246.13 BDL BDL BDL 214.32 BDL BDL BDL 16 Lead as Pb ppm 15.89 37 36 36 16.48 40 48 40 15.98 32 32 32 17 Manganese as Mn ppm 168.15 BDL BDL BDL 134.39 BDL BDL BDL 167.65 BDL BDL BDL 18 Nickel as Ni ppm 4.68 22 BDL BDL 5.97 20 BDL BDL 7.03 17 BDL BDL 19 Barium as Ba ppm BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 20 Zinc as Zn ppm 10.35 21 20 18 16.45 19 17 17 13.15 12 5 9 21 Copper as Cu ppm 2.16 30 42 34 3.16 35 38 30 3.75 42 32 32 22 Cadmium as Cd ppm 2.95 BDL BDL BDL 2.16 BDL BDL BDL 3.15 BDL BDL BDL 23 Chromium as Cr ppm 31.65 23 BDL BDL 29.87 27 BDL BDL 21.65 35 BDL BDL 24 Arsenic as As ppm BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 25 Mercury as Hg ppm BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL


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Observations from the analysis of sediment samples are discussed below in the following subsection.

pH (1:10 suspension)

The pH values of the sediments were observed in the range from 7.36 to 7.85 for pre monsoon observations and 7.8 t0 8.3 for post monsoon observation.

Dissolved Oxygen

The Dissolved Oxygen contents of the water extract 1.1mg/l to 1.6mg/l indication a moderate oxygen demand for the sediment samples for pre monsoon observations.

Total Organic Carbon

The TOC concentration ranged from 0.9%to 1.7% which indicates a low carbon percentage in the sediments.

Total Nitrogen

The Total Nitrogen concentration ranged from ranged from 12ppm to 16.12 ppm which indicates nitrogen contents in the sediments are low.

Metal

For Pre monsoon observation for Iron (214.3ppm to 246.1ppm), Nickel (4.68ppm to 7.03ppm), Zinc (10.35ppm to 16.45ppm) , Copper (2.16ppm to 3.75ppm), Lead (15.89ppm to 16.48ppm), Cadmium (2.16ppm to 3.15 ppm) and Chromium (21.65ppm to 31.65ppm) were observed while Barium, Arsenic and Mercury were observed to be below detectable limit.

For Post monsoon observation for Nickel (BDL to 22.0ppm), Zinc (9.0ppm to 21.0ppm) , Copper (30.0ppm to 42.0ppm), Lead (32.0ppm to 48.0ppm) and Chromium (BDL to 35.0ppm) were observed while Iron, Cadmium, Barium, Arsenic and Mercury were observed to be below detectable limit.

4.10 TRAFFIC SURVEY

Traffic density was monitored at two locations significant for the traffic movement to the project Field. The location of the traffic survey is given inTable 4.15.

Table 4.15 Locations of Traffic Survey

S N Location Code Location 1 TD-1 Near ONGC crossing 3 TD-2 Near Hazira Village


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The total Passenger Car Units Equivalents for traffic movement (to & fro) at the monitored locations were 16,807.5 and 6360.5 at TD-1 and TD-2 respectively. The detailed-recorded observations are given in Annex C andsummarised details of the traffic survey are given in Table 4.16.

Table 4.16 Existing Traffic Volumes in the Study Area

Pre monsoon Post monsoon* Description TD-1 TD-2 Jun Jun Nov Dec Nov Dec Total PCU/24 Hours

16807 6360 4900 4611 2433 2275

Average Traffic Flow/Hr

700 265 204 192 101 95

Max Traffic Flow(Nos)/Hr

1968.5(8.00-9.00)

430(18.00-19.00)

478(9.00-10.00)

499(9.00-10.00)

178(9.00-10.00)

202(9.00-10.00)

Min Traffic Flow(nos)/Hr

1460(2.00-03.00)

450(4.00-05.00)

27.5(1.00-2.00)

9(1.00-2.00)

9(3.00-4.00)

6(3.00-4.00)

* Post monsoon traffic does not include non motorized vehicles.

As per observations made for the pre and post monsoon traffic density, the traffic near ONGC chowk peaks during the morning hours between 8:00 and 10:00 density and in the evening hours between 17:00 and 18:00 hours, mostly due to industrial activities in the vicinity. The traffic density near Hazira village is relatively low and was observed to have consistent flow throughout the day with lean flow during the night hours. The traffic flow is graphically depicted in the Figure 4.20.


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Figure 4.20 Traffic Volume Observations

4.10.1 Traffic composition

Pre Monsoon

Traffic at location TD-1 had significant volume of HMV, LMV and two wheelers in almost equal proportions while at TD-2 LCVs and two wheelers were contributed to the larger proportion of traffic volume.

Post Monsoon

The observations were similar to pre monsoon survey with almost equal distribution of all type of vehicle at TD-1 and larger percentage of LMV and two wheelers at TD-2. Non motorised vehicles were not monitored during post monsoon studies.

The vehicle composition observed is given as Table 4.17 and graphically depicted as Figure 4.21.


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Table 4.17 Percentage Composition of Vehicles in the Study Area

Location Percentage Composition ( Traffic count) Pre Monsoon Two

wheelerThreeWheeler

LCV HCV Non Motorized

TD-1 27.56 (3121)

10.09(1142)

29.57(3348)

31.31(3545)

0.06(7)

1.41(160)

TD-2 36.56 (1814)

2.04 (101) 34.26(1700)

23.44(1163)

0.26(13)

3.45(171)

Post Monsoon Nov. 28.0

(1006)22.6 (811) 24.2

(871)25.2(905)

35.7 (779)

7.1(155)

42.5(926)

14.7(321)

Dec. 27.9 (926)

22.1 (735) 23.5(782)

26.4(877)

36.6 (769)

6.3 (133) 43.6 (915)

13.4 (281)

Avg. TD-1 27.9 (960)

22.4 (773) 23.9 (826)

25.8 (891) - -

TD-2 36.2 (852)

6.7 (445) 43.0 (854)

14.1(599)

- -

Two/Three Wheeler- Scooter, Motorcycle & Auto etc.; LCV- Commercial vehicles, mini bus, Tractor & mini trucks; Heavy Vehicles- Bus/ Trucks

Figure 4.21 Break up of Vehicle Composition (Pre-monsoon)


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4.11 AMBIENT NOISE LEVEL

Noise Level was recorded at eight locations once during the period of baseline monitoring. Noise levels were recorded with the help of a digital noise level meter. Noise level were recorded for 24 hours and the noise quality is reported as Leq day(min), Leqday(max) and Leqday during day time and Leqnight(min), Leqnight(max.)

and Leqnight during night time for each of the eight locations . Daytime is considered from 0600 to 2200 hours and night from 2200 to 0600 hours. The details of noise monitoring locations are given in Table 4.18.

Table 4.18 Details of Locations for Ambient Noise Level Measurement

S.N. Location Code Stations Monitoring Site landuse 1 N-1 NIKO Terminal 21°05'18.2"N; 72°38'27.7"E Industrial 2 N-2 Gundadi 21°07'14.8"N; 72°38'24.3"E Residential3 N-3 Mata falia 21°06'4.6"N; 72°38'22.8"E Residential4 N-4 Junagam 21°08'5.25"N; 72°38'22.9"E Residential5 N-5 Mora 21°10'27.4"N; 72°39'31.5"E Residential6 N- 6 Rajgari 21°11'2.5"N; 72°38'38"E Residential7 N- 7 Dumas 21°06'9.4"N; 72°42'24.7"E Residential8 N- 8 Gavier 21°07'47.4"N; 72°44'23.6"E Residential

4.11.1 Observations

The recorded noise levels in the study area are summarised in Table 4.19 andFigure 4.22 & 4.23.


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Table 4.19 Noise Monitoring: Observations

Pre Post monsoon Pre Post monsoon Pre Post monsoon Location Max Min Leq CPCB norms

Jun Nov Dec Jun Nov Dec Jun Nov Dec - - Day Night Day Night Day Night Day Night Day Night Day Night Day Night Day Night Day Night Day Night N-1 62.9 61.2 57.6 50.4 59.2 55.7 58.6 58.2 49.9 46.2 48.6 46 61.2 59.6 55.3 48.2 57.05 50.7 75 70 N-2 69 57.1 64.2 58.7 64 57.8 50.6 43.2 57.3 55.3 56.8 52.3 61.7 52.3 62.7 56.5 61.6 55.7 55 45 N-3 63.1 56.5 59.6 54.5 61.1 56.9 44.8 44 51.2 51 55.2 52.9 59.9 53.4 57.9 52.2 58.4 55.4 55 45 N-4 61 52.6 55.3 51 56.1 54.2 45.2 44.6 46.2 41 50 48.1 56.5 48.4 52.5 47.5 53.2 50.8 55 45 N-5 61.5 59.9 67 60.3 67.2 61.3 57.2 57.2 60.3 57.3 59.2 57.8 59.2 58.3 65.3 58.8 64.8 59.8 55 45 N-6 63.7 52.3 57.7 52.3 57.3 57.2 45.3 45.3 50.5 48.4 48.8 50.3 59.6 51.3 55.7 50 55.9 53.3 55 45 N-7 68.4 54.3 55 52.9 56.1 55.3 46.5 44.2 49.4 47.5 51.3 49 64.7 51.8 53.3 49.3 53.7 52.1 55 45 N-8 63.5 42.5 66.9 63.5 66.2 62.7 55.6 40.2 59.3 57.7 57.3 57.8 60 47.7 65.1 60.9 63.0 60.0 55 45


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4.11.2 Discussion of results: Pre Monsoon

The observations from noise monitoring at eight locations in the study area indicate the following:

The Leq values for day and night for noise level in the study area were high and exceeded the CPCB norms for all residential area. The high noise is attributed to the consistent wind blowing in the area, proximity to the sea, industrial activities, jetty and heavy construction in the area. The maximum day-time Leq value of 64.7 was observed at N-7 (Dumas). The minimum day time Leq value of 56.5 was observed at N-4 (Junagam). The maximum night-time Leq value of 59.6 was observed at N-8 (Gavier). The minimum night time Leq value of 47.7 at N-8 (Gavier).

Figure 4.22 Noise Level Observations

4.11.3 Discussion of results: Post Monsoon

The observations from noise monitoring at eight locations in the study area indicate the following:

The Leq values for day and night for noise level in the study area were high and exceeded the CPCB norms for all residential area. The high noise is attributed to the consistent wind blowing in the area , proximity to the sea, industrial activities, jetty and heavy construction in the area. The maximum day-time Leq value of 65.3 was observed at N-5 (Mora). The minimum day time Leq value of 52.5 was observed at N-4 (Junagam).The maximum night-time Leq value of 60.9 was observed at N-8 (Gavier). The minimum night time Leq value of 47.5 at N-4 (Junagam).


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Figure 4.23 Noise Level Observations: Post monsoon

4.12 ECOLOGY

The ecological assessment and survey of the vegetation in the project area was undertaken in the study area.

4.12.1 Overview of the study area

The study area falls in the coastal tract of the state in which thorny scrubs with scattered trees are common. The vegetation has a very open appearance (except Reserve/Protected Forest areas with plantation) such that the trees and shrubs are widely spaced. It is mostly the typical vegetation of mudflats with mangrove associates and semi-aquatic species. Owing to the distinct seasonality of the climate, the vegetation has two distinct types, the perennial vegetation which is present throughout the year and the annual vegetation which completes lifecycle within the short monsoon season.

The most important vegetation of the Field is large patch of mangroves Avicennia marina var. acutissima near the coast at Hazira. In addition, mud flats have herbaceous vegetation typical of saline soils. The remaining area consists of tall palm growth with copts of thorny trees up to 5m tall rarely more. Acacia nilotica and other thorny plants are common. Azadirachta indica is very common in natural regeneration. However, Reserve/Protected Forests are covered by the naturalized species Prosopis juliflora which forms almost impenetrable thickets at the cost of natural vegetation.

4.12.2 Approach to Ecological Assessment

A field visit was undertaken for the ecological assessment and survey of the vegetation in the project area, which was divided into different quartiles in which quadrats were laid to enumerate the details regarding the presence of biodiversity.

Pertinent Secondary information was collected by discussing wit the following:


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1. Forest guards to understand the distribution of the forest areas in the region.

2. Botanical survey of India office of the western region to collect secondary data about flora of this particular region.

3. Expert biologists at Zoological Survey of India, Akurdi to know the records of fauna in the area.

4. Naturalists working in the region.

Extensive literature survey was made to know of previous studies on vegetation and ecology of the region. Based upon which a list of flora and fauna has been compiled. The diversity of the vegetation and its distribution has been worked out after field survey and data collection.

4.12.3 Weather during Ecological Survey

During the survey period October 08, the project area was experiencing early winter. Climatologically, moderate temperature about 28-30ºC were experienced during the day while minimum temperatures were around 23ºC. The conditions were cloudy with high humidity and rains.

4.12.4 Methodology

The project area was divided into four zones or quartiles i.e. NW, NE, SE and SW. In each zone quadrats were laid to enumerate the details regarding the presence of biodiversity and to bring out the various aspects of biodiversity. Broadly, the following points were considered while conducting the field survey:

Study the landuse of the project area; Study of RF and typical coastal vegetation with special focus on mangroves; Identification of the vegetation types based on the composition and the dominant species found in them; Different habitat types to assess their ecological status; Species diversity to bring out biodiversity aspects;

For the purpose of study, the Hazira Field and area in the immediate vicinity was considered as core area while area beyond the Hazira Field up to 10 km was considered as buffer zone i.e. impact zone. The Hazira Field is located in the onshore and offshore zone, the proposed project will be restricted to onshore part predominantly in the coastal area. The current survey accessibility to this entire region has been specially attended in order to cover all possible ecological observations within the coastal zone for prevailing biotic components.

In each of the four zones, quadrats were laid to ascertain the floral and faunal details of the project area. For each quadrat, details of ecological features, including the habitat type, were noted. Woody species including trees, large shrubs and climbers were enumerated in quadrats of 15mx15m. Twenty three such quadrats were enumerated in four zones. Thus, total area of 5175 sq.m was surveyed. Numbers of individuals of each species were recorded. In each


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quadrat, herbaceous species were recorded in 2.5mx2.5m quadrats located at the centre of the large quadrat (total 143.75 sq m area). In case of prolifically growing grasses and forbs, numbers of individuals in a unit area of 10X10cm area were counted and number in the 2.5m x 2.5m quadrat was extrapolated. These are recommended quadrat sizes for such vegetation types and have been variously used in many studies worldwide.

The quadrats cover various landuse types and are representative of the landscape of the region. They are in village scrub area (3), mudflats (4), along creek (1), river (1), plantations (5), industrial wasteland or urbanized area (4) beach (3), pond (2).

Quadrat analysis was then performed and phyto-sociological parameters were worked out. Three phytosociological parameters, viz. frequency, density and abundance are measured to determine the distribution and ecological aspects of the species.

a) Frequency

Frequency is expressed in percentage and indicates dispersion of species in a community. It is calculated by dividing the number of quadrats of occurrence of a species by the total number of quadrats taken and multiplying it by 100 to express as a percentage.

b) Density

Density indicates numerical strength of plants in a community and implies number of plants in a unit area. It is expressed as individuals per hectare for woody species and climbers and as individuals per sq meter for the herbaceous species. The total number of individuals encountered in the area studied (5175 m2 for woody species and climbers and 143.75 m2 for herbaceous species in the present study) is converted into individuals per hectare (10000 sqm) for woody plants and per one square meter for herbaceous species.

c) Abundance

The third parameter, Abundance, is a reflection of how evenly the species is distributed within the sampled area. It is calculated by dividing the total number of individuals of a species by the total number of quadrats in which that species occurs. The quadrats, in which the species is not found, are not considered at all for obtaining the abundance value. It is an absolute value without any units. The formulae used for calculation of the three parameters are based upon Misra (1974).

d) Floral Diversity Survey

Besides measuring these parameters, other biodiversity aspects in the form of endemic status, conservation status and life form have been enumerated. For all the species found in the area during ecological survey, Red Data Books of the Botanical Survey of India (Nayar and Sastry, 1987) have been screened to


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verify their conservation status. For wild animal species, Schedule 1 of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 has been screened.

e) Faunal Diversity Survey

Any animal species or their markings were observed and recorded at each of the four zones. Due to the short duration of the survey many of the wild animals were not observed. The population sizes of the observed species were also low.

Animal presence was measured both through direct sightings and by indirect measures, such as scats etc. Visual observations were recorded in the quadrats. Birds were observed and numbers noted. Secondary data was collected by visiting Zoological survey of India office at Akurdi and wildlife biologists working in the region were contacted to know about previous observations of fauna in the region.

f) Calculation of Diversity Indices

Species richness is the primary measure of biodiversity. It is simply the number of species observed in the area. Shannon Diversity Index has been used for estimating the diversity between the four sampled zones in order to highlight the most diverse zone. Diversity index is a ratio between number of species and number of individuals present in a sample. Shannon index is a measure of the average degree of uncertainty in predicting to what species an individual chosen at random from a collection of ‘S’ species with ‘N’ individuals will belong. It is expressed by the formula:

H’= - [(ni/N) log (ni/N)] (….Magurran , 1988)

Where, H’ = Shannon index, ni= number of individuals of each species N = total individuals of each species, (Log to the base 2 is used) The number of birds observed is too less for calculation of the Shannon index hence N/S is used as a measure of avifaunal diversity. N= total individuals of each species, S= total number of species.

4.12.5 Phyto-sociological Survey

The vegetation was sampled by employing standardized field ecological survey methods. Random sampling was employed for enumerating the phyto-sociological characteristics of the various elements of the vegetation.

The study area was taken as 10km from the Hazira Field. These four zones are given below in and Figure 4.24 and Table 4.20 along with their locations within the project area. Zone 1 (South West) and Zone 2 (North) fall almost entirely in the mudflat area of the coast.


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Figure 4.24 Zones Identified for Ecological Survey

Some natural vegetation complexes, reserved forests and mangrove vegetation of intrinsic biodiversity value were present in the region. Herbaceous vegetation, dominated by aquatic species and annual weeds is common. The mud flats are dominated by Sesuvium, Sueda and Salicornia. A few Tamarix bushes are also seen. Most of the forest area has dense thickets of thorny Prosopis juliflora and with common shrubs like Calotropis procera and Hyptis suaveolens. Albizzia lebbeck, Azadirachta indica, Casuariana equiaetifolia andCassia siamea were observed planted along the roads. Orchards of chiku and mango were also observed.

Ornamentals such as Bougainvillea spectabilis are planted in the private areas.Apart from these, sparsely distributed shrubs (Cassia auriculata) and many common weedy species (Achyranthes aspera, Boerrhavia erecta, Abutilon indicum, Sida etc.) were seen in most of the vacant plots and roadsides.Canals and ditches had wetland flora such as Typha, Ipomoea aquatica.

Many common wetland birds such as egrets, herons, white breasted waterhen were seen. Other birds of open areas such as house sparrows, mynahs and bee-eaters were seen in the region. Sea-gulls were seen on and near beach areas. Domesticated animal diversity in the form of cows, buffaloes, dogs,


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goats were observed in the zone of influence. A few patches of thorny vegetation were seen in the vacant areas along roads, ditches, stream courses.

In each zones 4-9 quadrats were laid out randomly. Zone 1 and 2 which includes the offshore zone, quadrats were laid out only in the land part. The details of these zones are given below in Table 4.20.

Table 4.20 Sampled zones and their location within the project area

Transect Location within Project Area Zone 1 (SW) 1,2,3,4,5 This is the zone within the Hazira Field located in the

south-west (SW) of the entire study area. It includes offshore as well as onshore zone around NIKO terminal and the light house It consists of mudflats, mostly built over for drilling platforms. Soil is clayey and deep. Few access roads are present in the area. Mudflats had typical herbaceous vegetation of Sueda etc. A dense patch of mangrove Avicennia sp. is important feature of the zone. RF area dominated by about 5 year old plantation of Prosopis juliflora is present. Few palms (Borassus flabellifer) were also present.Common birds of coastal wetland areas lapwings, stint, herons, egrets, were seen.

Zone 2 (N) 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, This is the zone north of the Hazira Field. Includes areas around Mora, Suvali, Gundada villages. It is mostly mudflat area topographically and physiognomically similar to the zone 1. Village settlements surrounded by agricultural plots, and extensive scrub areas are seen. Some plantations and small waterbodies are present in this zone. The ecology is highly modified by industrialization. Grasses and Weeds were very common growing in semi-aquatic conditions created by channels of effluent water, dense growth of Typha, Ipomoea along with Azadirachta, Prosopis sp. was observed.

Zone 3 (NE) 11, 12, 22, 23 This is the zone which lie north-east (NE) of the study area and includes Abhowa, Magdalla villages. The area is heavily industrialized with many private zones. The area is interspersed with village settlements. Orchards of chiku, mango are common. Small water bodies from drainage channels of wastewater were seen.Tapi river bed is main part of this zone. The river is heavily influenced by biotic activities and is mostly used for sand dredging. Thorny scrub dominated by naturalized Prosopis juliflora and Salvadora persica was present. Alongwith the stream side vegetation and herbaceous weeds of moist areas like Ipomoea aquatica are present.

Zone 4 (E & S) 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,

This is the zone east and south of the study area covering Ubhrat, Dumas and Bhimpore. This area has some natural vegetation and reserved forest patches at Dumas, Danti, Ubhrat dominated by Prosopis juliflora. Villages, farmlands and scrublands are present in the region with a few tourist resorts. Local Tourism is observed at Ubhrat coast and Dumas chowaptti,


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Transect Location within Project Area Sultanabad RF., a recreational area accessed frequently by Surat’s population.. This has resulted into lot of garbage and solid waste disposed on the open areas Most of the raised mudflats are convereted into private mariculture, (shrimp farms) Plantation of Casuarina equisetifolia is also seen. Crows, mynahs were seen. Stray dogs were seen. Large number of butterflies were observed.

4.12.6 Description of the Project Area

The soil is clayey in texture near the mudflat area while sandy in the rest of the area. The vegetation is thorny scrub type with naturalized Prosopis juliflora which dominates all vegetation; however some palms are also seen. The herbaceous vegetation is devoid of any special grasses and mostly includes common ones such as Cyanodon dactylon, Hyptis suaveolens and Sida . Representation of climbers was also very poor in the vegetation. Lantana and Calatropis were the two most common shrubs observed in these forests.

The area is a mix of perennial vegetation dominated by annuals. Roadside vegetation in the region was observed and found to be consisting of:

Cassia siamea Azadirachta indica Terminalia catappa EucalyptusAlbizzia lebbeck Ficus benghalensis

The large patch of mangroves located in the Zone 1 is almost exclusively dominated by Avicennia sp. The reserved forest patches were old plantations of Prosopis juliflora which has run wild creating impenetrable thickets.

During the site survey and ecological assessment of the project area, some birds were observed were common and are frequently found in open and residential areas, wetlands and few from coastal area. Birds observed in the project area include the following:

Table 4.21 Birds observed in the Project Area

List of BirdsAshy prinia Tailor bird Baya weaver bird in nesting Black drongo Black winged kite Black winged stilt Cattle egret Common coot Common crested lark Common hoopoe Common shelduck Common snipe Coppersmith barbet Green beeeater Grey heron House crow House sparrow Indian robin Jungle crow Jungle mynah Large pied wagtail common black headed gull Brown headed gull Little cormorant


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Little egret Little ring dove/ Red collared dove Little stint Magpie robin Median egret Common Mynah Painted stork Pond heron Purpel sunbird Purple rumped sunbird Red vented bulbul Red wattled lapwing Red whiskered bulbul Rose ringed parakeet Rufous backed shrike Small blue kingfisher Small green bee-eater Spotted dove/ laughing dove Western reef egret White breasted kingfisher White breasted waterhen White wagtail Wire tailed swallow

The economy of this region is not chiefly based on agriculture. Still, in addition to paddy, bajra and vegetable production contributed in the economy. Requirement of grass for grazing has lead to growing grasses supplementary to agriculture.

4.12.7 Results and Discussion

Relevant information was collected from the forest officials of Sultanabad (former Dumas) beat and Ubhrat Circle.The information received suggest that there is a forest area of 49.4ha around the project site of which 35.69 ha is Reserve Forest at Sultanabad and 13.71 ha is protected/ unclassified near Village Dumas. Forest area of about 3154.57 ha is available at Ubhrat circle (consisting of 3 bits viz. Ubhrat-Danti Bhata and Vanshi-Borse).

Table 4.22 Details of Forest Area

SN Forest Area (ha) 1 Hazira ~200 (RF) 2 Sultanabad 35.69 (RF) 3 Dumas 13.71 (PF and unclassified) 4 Ubhrat 3154.6 (RF)

The forest area is well protected and sustainable harvest of fuel wood is allowed for the locals. Along the mudflats, mangroves and salt marsh vegetation has also been protected. Plantation of Avicennia along the creeks were observed and reported. Failure of Avicennia due to tidal and sedimentation dynamics coupled with the high salinity and wide temperature regime was also reported.

The woody vegetation was dominated by thick growth of thorny Prosopis juliflora, which has invaded all types of habitats including sandy areas to mudflats. It has quickly overgrown the open vegetation to form impenetrable thickets. Large parts are industrialised. The general vegetation was heavily degraded due to grazing and lopping. The coastal area contains a large patch of mangroves (Avicennia sp.) and typical mangrove associates (Sueda,Salicornia). Scanty vegetation of salt tolerant herbaceous species was seen. Wetland flora of partially aquatic vegetation was very common and seen in temporary as well as permanent water bodies.


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a) Vegetation Types in the Project Area

During the ecological survey, extremely degraded vegetation patches were encountered throughout the region along roads, canals, bunds and stream course. Mangrove and mangrove associate vegetation was common along mudflats, coastal zone. None of the vegetation was in natural stage owing to extensive grazing, lopping and clearing and hence can not be matched with the types described by Champion and Seth (1968).

Prosopis juliflora was introduced in the region and is rapidly spreading. Since it imparts a characteristeric physiognomy to the vegetation it can be described separately as Prosopis juliflora scrub sub-type for the thorn forests. The Avicennia dominated mangrove vegetation with mangrove associate herbs and palms as described in the zone 1 are the remnants of natural vegetation of this area. Dense growth of Sonneratia apetala, Avicennia marina and Acanthusilicifolius has been reported from estuarine area of Tapi (Govt. of India: Critical habitat information system for Gulf of Khambat, 2002)

b) Ecological Features of the Quadrats

The detailed ecological observations, including the habitat types, recorded during ecological survey are presented in Table 4.23. Ecological descriptions of quadrats in the four zones are given below.

Table 4.23 Description of Physical and Ecological Features of Quadrats

Zone 1 Latitudelongitude

Physical/Ecological Features

Quadrat 1 21005’04.0”N,72038’07.8”E

Located at the NIKO gate. The quadrat was located in mangrove covered mudflat area. The site has gradual slope along a minor creek with frequent inundation with the conversion of site as approach road to the gas pipelines and industries. The road separates protected sand dune forest and a saline mudflat Shrubby growth of Avicennia marina with the sand dune vegetation. Ipomoea pes-capre, Salvadora persica, Sueda maritimaand plantation of Prosopis julifera wsre observed And consisted of most common species found in mangrove wetlands viz. Median egret; Grey heron; Lesser black backed gull; Green bee eater; Black drongo

Quadrat 2 210051’6.5”N,72037’55.7”E

In RF area of Hazira, area of sand dunes and gentle undulation 15ft high. The site is covered by dense deciduous thorny vegetation of Prosopis juliflora. Lantana, Sida etc. climber Bryonopsis laciniosa were seen. Rufous backed shrike, common Mynah, Red vented bulbul, Red whiskered bulbul, Black drongo, Purple sunbird were observed Indian Peafowland Pangolin were noted

Quadrat 3 21006’16.7”N,72037’42.1”E

Located in RF area, close to industrial zone It is a mudflat area inundated at highest high tide Dominated by Prosopis which forms impenetrable thickets of 2.5m height


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Sueda, Aeluropus form thick growth interspersed with Sesuvium sp. to form ground cover. Pond heron, White breasted kingfisher, Small blue kingfisher, Grey heron and Sea gull were observed

Quadrat 4 21005’00.9”N72038’51.5”E

This is a converted mudflat area being used as salt pan and area for drying fish by local people Soil is sandy with high soil moisture, inundated at high tide Woody vegetation absent apart from few bushy Prosopis, less than 2m high.Water trenches for man made draining along which Sueda, Salvadora, sesuvium Aeluropus are common Pond heron, White breasted kingfisher, Small blue kingfisher, Grey heron and Sea gull were observed.

Quadrat 5 21004’38.3”N,72038’50.1”E

Quadrat fall in mudflat area with open appearance Soil clayey deep and waterlogged. Vegetation similar as quadrat 4 Mynahs, Crows and Kites seen in the shrubby vegetation. While pond Herons and Cattle egrets were seen near water edge. Sea gulls were observed. Mud skippers and Crab holes were observed.

Quadrat 6 21007’09.6”N,72038’52.8”E

Near village Gundadi adjacent to industrial premises, and labour settlements present on modified raised area. Some water bodies formed by overflow from industrial effluents which are overgrown with Ipomoea, Typha etc. were observed Compounds for cattle are made by villagers and have few dwarf shrubs and planted trees Red watteled lapwing, Small blue kingfisher, White breasted kingfisher, Painted stork, Baya weaver, Common mynah, Jungle mynah, Common crow, House sparrow, Painted stork, Cormorant were observed.

Quadrat 7 21009’48.6”N,72039’27.4”E

This is in a wetland formed from waste water overflow. The area is under heavy biotic pressure and modified by industry Prosopis juliflora forms scattered woody component. Black wing stilt, Wire tailed swallow, Common mynah, White wagtail, Little Cormorant, Green bee eater and Rufous black shrike were observed.

Quadrat 8 21007’51.9”N,72037’59.1”E

Located at the Junagaon creek area. It is a dense patch of stunted mangrove (Avicennia sp.) about 1m high. White wagtail, Little cormorant, Cattle egret, Median egret, Western reef egret, Painted, stork, Small green bee eater, Purple sunbird, Baya weaver and Common mynah were observed.

Quadrat 9 21010’28.3”N,72038’27.5”E

Located at Suali village in plain area Agriculture patch nearby scattered Prosopis are seen. Neem and Moringa are planted Rosering parakeet, Common myna, Ashy prinia, Black drongo, and Baya weaver were observed

Quadrat 10 21011’56.4”N,72038’27.5”E

Near Damka village on mild slope and mudflats inundated at high tide. Mudflat vegetation of Sueda and Sesuvium. Woody vegetation absent. Small blue kingfisher, White breasted kingfisher, Cattle egret, Pond heron, Common myna , Black drongo and Green bee eater were observed.

Quadrat 11 21010’44.9”N,72039’11.0”E

Located opposite Reliance industries. Soil deep clayey and waterlogged. The area is mudflat area, sloping and swampy


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Vegetation is marshy wetland with thick covering of TyphaCattle egret, Black drongo and Little ring dove were seen. Baya weaver nests were also observed at this site

Quadrat 12 21010’29.1”N,72043’52.9”E

ONGC green cover area near highway, Plantation of Casuarina 30-40 ft tall. Ground cover almost absent Painted stork , Black winged kite , White breasted kingfisher , Pond heron were observed

Quadrat 13 21004’43.7”N,72042’28.8”E

Located at the Dumas Chowpatti, a beach area Habitat is beach area with sandy soil and well known beach species. Ipomoea pes-caprae. stunted growth of Avicennia seen were nearby Large number of House crows, Sea gulls, Pond heron were observedSolid waste especially food packet wrapper were commonly observed at this site

Quadrat 14 21004’54.9”N,72042’44.5”E

Sultanabad forest beat RF this site have considerably thick vegetation of Prosopis juliflora which provides good nesting and roosting sites for birdsSoil is sandy. Vegetation is dense with 20-25ft tall Prosopisclumps with Calotropis and Lantana forming shrub componentCoppersmith barbet, Purple rumped sunbird , Rose-ringed parakeets, Ashey prinia., Tailor bird , Cattle egret , Jungle crow, Common crow , White breasted kingfisher and Red vented bulbul were recorded

Quadrat 15 21005’46.7”N,72042’0.8”E

Located at the Dumas village beach area Sandy soil with some water logging during high tide Vegetation end of RF with tall prosopis and few avicennia typical beach species – Ipomoea pes-capraeHouse crow , Pond heron , Catlle egret , Median egret , Magpie robin ,Spotted dove, Red vented bulbul ,Sea gull , Common hoopie, Common snipe , Little stint, Painted stork , Western reef egret

Quadrat 16 21005’22.9”N,72044’35.6”E

At Bhimpore, located near Aquaculture pond/tanks made of plain soil clayey Vegetation of Sueda, Salvadora along banks and open areas with Aeluropus and Prosopis. Large pied wagtail, Grey heron, White breasted kingfisher, Black drongo , Median egret and Little egret were seen.

Quadrat 17 21005’3.2N,72044’16.5”E

Brahmini Mata Mandir area Unclassified forest of prosopis Soil clayey, raised mudflat. Sueda aeluropus seenIndian robin, Rufous backed shrike, Green bee eater, Black drongo, Purple rumped sunbird, Common crested lark and Galerida deva were seen.

Quadrat 18 21007’50.8”N,72044’33.2”E

Located Near Surat airport Highly urbanized area.Vegetation dominated with weeds Black drongo , Common mynah and Green bee eater were seen

Quadrat 19 21000’44.4”N,7204’49.0”E

Near Ubhrat, office of water supply Some agricultural zone and semi-aquatic zone.Eucalyptus and causuarina observed Common coot , Common shelduck , Small blue kingfisher , White breasted kingfisher , Jungle mynah , Common mynah, Cattle egret, Pond heron, White breasted water hen , Green bee eater, Purple sunbird, Purple rumped sunbird and Magpie robin were seen.


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Quadrat 20 21001’29.3”N,72044’00.2”E

Located at the Ubhrat tourist resorts area Sandy Beach with open vegetation Hyphaene indica palm is a notable species in the area and grows together with Borassus palms.Jungle crow , Common myna and Green bee eater were seen

Quadrat 21 21002’35.9”N,72044’37.1”E

In a Plantation of Avicennia by forest department It is a mudflat area with clayey soil Avicennia forms pure growth but has high mortality and poor growthRed vented bulbul were seen

Quadrat 22 21006’45.3”N,72046’17.9”E

Near Abova village and in between mudflat and village wasteland Prosopis, Calotropis and few grasses Vegetation of about 1.5m height Green bee eater were also seen

Quadrat 23 21008’46”N,72044’52.2”E

Located along the Tapi river bank, Magdalla River bed vegetation, Prosopis Pond heron and cattle egret were seen.

c) Diversity of Flora in the Project Area

Results of quantitative study of flora and fauna in the quadrats are described below.

c1) Phyto-sociological and Diversity Aspects of Flora

A list of plant species encountered during the ecological assessment and their abundance, density, percentage frequency in the entire study area with common names are given in Table 4.23 and 4.24. Other species reported from the area outside the quadrats and from secondary data are given in Table 4.24.

Table 4.24 Abundance, Density, Percentage Frequency of Woody Species

Species Life form

Abundance Density per ha

Percentagefrequency

Status Vernacular Names

Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. tree 9.00 17.39 4.35 C Avicennia marina tree 84.17 975.85 26.09 R Borassus flabellifer L. tree 7.50 28.99 8.70 C Hyphaene indica tree 6.50 25.12 8.70 O Hyptis suaveolens shrub 46.50 179.71 8.70 O Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) DC. tree 39.20 1136.23 65.22 A

Ganda baval

Moringa oleifera Lam. tree 3.50 13.53 8.70 O Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br. shrub 27.80 268.60 21.74 C Aak Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland. Ex Corr. tree 2.50 9.66 8.70 O Ficus racemosa tree 2.00 3.86 4.35 O Mangifera indica L. tree 2.00 3.86 4.35 O Keri, Ambo Casuarina equisetifolia L. shrub 160.00 309.18 4.35 O suru Lantana camara L. shrub 14.33 83.09 13.04 A Salvadora persica L. tree 11.67 67.63 13.04 C Pilvo, PiludiAzadirachta indica A. Juss. tree 10.00 57.97 13.04 C Limdo Clerodendron inerme L. tree 1.00 1.93 4.35 C Terminalia catappa L. tree 1.00 1.93 4.35 O Jungli

badam


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Table 4.25 Abundance, Density, Percentage Frequency Herbaceous Species

Species Life form

Abundance Densityper ha

Percentagefrequency

Status Vernacular Names

Cyperus sp. herb 66.25 3.69 34.78 C Hygrophila schulli (Buch.–Ham.) M.R. & S.M. Almeida herb 47.50 0.66 8.70 C Alternanthera sessilis (L.) Dc. herb 40.00 0.28 4.35 C Salicornia maritima herb 40.00 0.28 4.35 F Alternanthera triandra herb 33.17 1.38 26.09 O Sueda maritima herb 28.71 1.40 30.43 C Marcha Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. herb 23.40 0.81 21.74 O Cynodon dactylon (L. ) Pers. herb 20.00 0.14 4.35 C Typha angustifolia L. herb 18.80 0.65 21.74 A Ghas dudo Aeluropus lagopodioides herb 16.00 0.45 17.39 F Ipomoea pes-caprae herb 8.00 0.06 4.35 F Nari sida herb 5.33 0.11 13.04 C Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. herb 5.00 0.10 13.04 A

Table 4.26 Some More Species Seen Outside the Quadrats and Reported from the Area (including Annual Herbs)

Species Life form Status Vernacular Names Xanthium indicum Koen. shrub F Gokhru, Gadariyu Wolffia arrhiza (L.) Horkel ex Wimmer herb C Vitis trifoliata L. climber C Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek climber C Urena lobata L. herb C Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merr. climber C Tridax procumbens L. herb C Trianthema portulacastrum L. herb C Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & Wendl.

herb F

Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. tree O Ricinus communis L. tree O Rhynchosia minima (L. ) DC. climber C Plumeria alba Tree O Pithecelobium dulce (Roxb.) Bth. tree A Gorasamali, Vilayati

Amli Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene herb F Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. tree C Khajuri Persicaria glabra (Willd.) Gomez herb C Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Choiv. climber F Peltophorum ferrugenium (Decne.) Benth.

tree C

Paspalidium geminatum (Forssk.) Stapf herb C Panicum flavidum Retz. herb F Oxystelma esculentum (L. f.) R. Br. climber C Opuntia elatior Mill. shrub R Ocimum sanctum L. herb O Musa sapientum Planted Momordica dioica Roxb. ex Willd. climber C Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Excell. tree O Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven herb C Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven herb C Leucaena latisiliqua(L.) Gillis tree O Pardesi Baval,

Lisobaval, Vilauati


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Species Life form Status Vernacular Names Xanthium indicum Koen. shrub F Gokhru, Gadariyu

BavalLemna gibba L. herb C Launea procumbens (Roxb.) Ramayya & Rajagopal

herb F

Kirganelia reticulata (Poir.) Baill. shrub A Kamboi, Datwan Jatropha gossipifolia L. shrub F Jatropha curcas L. Tree O Ipomoea carnea Jacq. subsp. fistulosa (Mart. ex Choisy) Austin

shrub A

Ficus benghalensis L. tree C Vad Euphorbia hirta L. herb C Eucalyptus globulus Labille. tree O Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Tree O Amla Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. herb C Echinochloa colona (L.) Link herb C Desmostachys bipinnata herb C Delonix regia (Boj. Ex Hook.) Raf. tree O Gulmohur Datura innoxia Mill. herb F Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Tree Planted Cryptostegia grandiflora R. Br. climber F Cordia dichotoma Forst. f. tree F Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Theob. herb C Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt climber C Clitoria ternatea L. climber A Chloris virgata Swartz herb C Cassia tora L. herb C Cassia siamea Lam. tree O Cassia javanica L. Tree Planted Carica papaya L. Canavalia gladiata climber F Canavalia gladiata climber F Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf herb C Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. Shrub Planted Boganvel Boerhavia erecta L. herb F Asparagus racemosus Willd. climber C Aeschynomene indica L. herb F Achyranthes aspera L. herb C Achras zapota tree Planted ChikuAcacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Del. tree C Baval Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn ex Bth. tree O

C: common; A: abundant; F: frequent; O: occasional; R : Rare

Prosopis juliflora was observed as the most common woody species with high percentage frequency as well as density followed by Avicennia marina.Wetland species such as Typha angustifolia Alternanthera triandra, Aeluropus lagopodioides were common throughout the landscape and have high percentage frequency.

Density is highest for densely growing shrub Calotropis procera. Salvadorapersica has high density, while Avicinnia sp. and Casuarina equisetifolia have high density as they occur in pure plantations, especially near the coastal zone. Sueda maritima, Sesuvium portulacastrum form typical low growing vegetation on the mudflats, with high density and percentage frequency of


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occurrence. Ipomoea pes-caprae was observed on the beaches. All the species seen were regionally common.

c2) Endemism in Flora

All the plant species found in the project area and in the zone of influence (10 km radius) from the project site were common and are not listed in the Red Data Book.

c3) Diversity Indices of the Vegetation

The four zones of the project area were analysed with respect to the species richness and Shannon diversity index (H’).

Zone 1, which covers mostly the mudflat vegetation is smaller and has only sparse vegetation tolerant of saline soils. Zone 3 which is heavily urbanized is poor in species richness of woody as well as herbaceous flora.Zone 4 has higher species richness due to presence of plantations and mudflats. There is no marked difference between the diversity values between the zones 2 & 4. This is to be expected as there is no difference between the general vegetation patterns in the zones. The zone 4 has a little more species richness and diversity of woody flora, probably due to its transitional nature covering coastal as well as inland vegetation. All Zones are dominated by thorny scrub interspersed with dense vegetation of the wetland edges. The results are presented below in Table 4.27 andgraphically shown in Figure 4.25& 4.26.In all the zones diversity of woody vegetation is higher than the herbaceous vegetation, mainly because the study is made during winter where herbaceous cover is poor leading to lower diversity index value.

Table 4.27 Species Richness and Shannon Diversity Index of Flora in the Four Zones of the Study Area

Quadrat No. Sp richness woody flora

Sp richness herbaceousflora

Shannon index woody flora

Shannon index herbaceous flora

Zone 1 1-5 5 7 1.453 2.061 Zone 2 6-10 10 9 2.646 3.004 Zone 3 13-21 3 3 1.565 0.672 Zone 4 11,12, 22, 23 13 9 2.086 2.627 Total All 17 13 2.529 2.88


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Figure 4.25 Species Richness of Flora in Different Zones of the Project Area

Figure 4.26 Shannon Diversity Index of Flora in Different Zones of the Project Area

d) Diversity Aspects of Fauna in the Project Area

Due to the short time period of the ecological assessment, faunal species except birds could not be observed. The population sizes of the species observed were also limited and often only a few individuals were seen. However, bird species were visually observed and recorded. Indirect signs of the presence of the species in the project area were also noted.

Several crab holes were seen in the mudflat area and mudskippers were common.Ants, some Common butterflies like Small orange tip, Grass yellows and emigrants were observed in Zone 4. Bird life, especially wetland birds were abundant.Cattle Egrets were seen following herds of domesticated buffaloes. Red wattled lapwings and Pond herons were common in most habitats. White-breasted waterhen were seen in typical aquatic vegetation. Indian peafowl and Asian koel were reported by people. Nesting, of Baya weaver birds was observed.

Species richness (N)

02468

1012141618

Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Total

Num

ber o

f spe

cies

N (woody flora)N (herbaceous flora)

Species diversity (H')

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5


Div

ersi

ty H

'

H' (woody flora)

H' (herbaceous flora)


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d1) Diversity Index of Fauna

Shannon diversity index is used as the measure of species diversity. The results are given in Table 4.28 and graphically shown in Figure 4.27 and 4.28.

Table 4.28 Diversity and Species Richness of Birds in the Study Area

Quadrat No. Sp number Birds H’ Birds Zone 1 1-5 14 3.428 Zone 2 6-10 23 3.994 Zone 3 13-21 8 2.68 Zone 4 11,12, 22, 23 34 3.175 Total All 45 3.795

Figure 4.27 Species Richness (N) of Birds in the Study Area

Figure 4.28 Species Richness (H’) of Birds in the Study Area

A list compiled from the Fauna of Gujarat state, scientific papers and publications and discussion with expert zoologists is presented in Table 4.29

Species richness (N) of birds

0

10

20

30

40

50


S

Species diversity (H') of birds

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5


N/S


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to 4.31 with the biodiversity aspects of faunal species (mammals, reptiles and birds). The list is compiled based on reports of species from the Surat district in general. The fauna is highly diverse as it includes the typical terrestrial species together with freshwater and marine species.

Some were within the study area, and some are reported from nearby coastal areas. These species are included here as special notice needs to be taken owing to their rarity. Ecological and conservation status of fauna in the study area is as given.

Table 4.29 Mammals

SN Species Ecological status

Whether listed in Schedule 1 of Wildlife Protection Act

1 Mammals 2 Indian hare C No 3 Indian Grey Mongoose C No (included in Schedule 2) 4 Small Indian mongoose C No 5 Common Indian fox R No 6 House shrew C No 7 Common langur C No (II) 8 Five striped palm squirrel C No 9 Black buck C I 10 Large bandicoot rat C No 11 Lesser bandicoot rat C No 12 Indian gerbil F No 13 House rat C No 14 Indian bush rat F No 15 House mouse C No 16 Common Indian field mouse C No 17 Brown spiny mouse C No 18 Short nosed fruit bat O No 19 Indian flying fox C No 20 Fulvous fruit bat F No 21 Indian Pygmy pipistrelle C No 22 Indian pipistrelle R No 23 Dormer’s bat C No 24 Lesser yellow bat O No 25 Greater yellow bat C No 26 Indian pangolin R I 27 Common palm civet C No 28 Chinkara I 29 Jackal No (included in Schedule 2) 30 Indian false vampire bat Reported

from Dumas C No

31 Blue whale Balaenoptera musculus Stranded at Surat

Stranded No

32 Fin whale Stranded at Surat No 33 Bottle nosed dolphin

Tursiops truncatus C No

34 Finless porpoise Neophocaena phocaenoides Reported from Gujarat coast

C No

35 Pygmy sperm whale Kogia breviceps Reported from

C No


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Gujarat coast C: Common; A: abundant; F: frequent; O: occasional; R : Rare

Table 4.30 Reptiles

SN Reptiles 1 Cobra C No (included in Schedule 2) 2 Indian egg eater (reported from Surat city) I3 Krait O No 4 Rat snake C No (included in Schedule 2) 5 Checkqured keelback* C No (included in Schedule 2) 6 Saw scaled viper O No 7 Russel’s viper O No (included in Schedule 2) 8 Common blind snake C No 9 Elephant Trunk Snake C No 10 Trinket Snake C No 11 Glossy-Bellied Racer C No 12 Banded Racer C No 13 Russel’s Kukri Snake O No 14 Dumeril’s black headed snake O No 15 Green Keelback Snake C No 16 Psammophis longifrons R No 17 Common Green Whip Snake O No 18 Dog-Faced Water Snake C No (included in Schedule 2) 19 House gecko C No 20 Brook’s gecko C No 21 Garden lizard C No 22 Forest calotes O No 23 Mabuya macularia (Skink) C No 24 Monitor lizard O No 25 Fan throated lizard C No 26 Common skink C No 27 Olive ridley turtle Reported

from Hazira C I

28 Lygosoma punctata Reported from Surat

C No

29 Mugger Tapi river R I C: Common; A: abundant; F: frequent; O: occasional; R : Rare

Table 4.31 Birds



1 Birds 2 Ashy crowned sparrow lark No 3 Ashy prinia F No 4 Asian koel C No 5 Brahminy starling O No 6 Cattle egret C No 7 Common babbler C No 8 Common hoopoe C No 9 Common iora C No 10 Common kestrel C No 11 Common kingfisher C No


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12 Common mynah C No 13 Brahminy mynah C No 14 Bank mynah C No 15 Common sandpiper (m) C No 16 Common stone chat C No 17 Common tailor bird C No 18 Coppersmith barbet C No 19 Bonelli’s eagle C No 20 River tern C No 21 Dusky crag martin C No 22 Bay backed shrike C No 23 Black drongo C No 24 Black headed bunting F No 25 Black ibis O No 26 Black headed ibis No 27 Black red start O No 28 Black shouldered kite F No 29 Asian open bill F No 30 Blue rock thrush C No 31 Pallas’s gull (m) O No 32 Eurasian golden oriole F No 33 Grey tit C No 34 Greater coucal C No 35 Greater flamingo (m) O No 36 Lesser flamingo (m) O No 37 Green bee eater C No 38 Green sand piper O No 39 Greenish warbler O No 40 Grey bellied cuckoo F No 41 Grey breasted prinia F No 42 Grey francolin F No 43 Grey hornbill F No 44 Common greenshank (m) O No 45 Grey wagtail C No 46 House crow C No 47 House sparrow C No 48 House swift C No 49 Asian palm swift C No 50 Indian nightjar C No 51 Indian peafowl C I 52 Indian robin C No 53 Indian roller C No 54 Indian silver bill O No 55 Jungle crow C No 56 Large grey babbler C No 57 Laughing dove C No 58 Lesser whistling duck C No 59 Common teal (m) No 60 Northern pintail (m) No 61 Northern shoveller (m) No 62 Spott billed duck C No 63 Little cormorant F No 64 Indian cormorant F No 65 Great cormorant F No 66 Little egret F No


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67 Long tailed shrike F No 68 Oriental magpie robin F No 69 Oriental sky lark F No 70 Oriental white eye F No 71 Paddy field pipit F No 72 Pale billed flower pecker O No 73 Pallid harrier (m) O No 74 Pied bushchat C No 75 Pied cuckoo C No 76 Common hawk cuckoo No 77 Pond heron No 78 Purple heron No 79 Pied kingfisher C No 80 Purple rumped sunbird C No 81 Purple sunbird C No 82 Red avadavat O No 83 Red rumped swallow F No 84 Red throated flycatcher C No 85 Red vented bulbul C No 86 Red wattled lapwing C No 87 Ring dove C No 88 Rock bush quail C No 89 Rock pigeon C No 90 Plum headed parakeet C No (included in Schedule 4) 91 Rosy starling C No 92 Rosy pelican (m) O No 93 Dalmatian pelican (m) O No 94 Rufous tailed lark O No 95 Shikra C No 96 Small minivet C No 97 Spotted dove C No 98 Spotted owlet C No 99 Barn owl F No 100 Tickel’s blue flycatcher F No 101 Citrine wagtail F No 102 White eyed buzzard F No 103 Yellow wagtail F No 104 White throated kingfisher C No 105 White wagtail F No 106 Pied wagtail F No 107 White breasted waterhen O No 108 Common snipe O No 109 Sarus crane O No 110 Demoiselle crane O No 111 Wire tailed swallow C No 112 Wooly necked stork F No 113 Yellow wattled lapwing C No 114 Zitting cisticola O No 115 Baya weaver C No

C: Common; A: abundant; F: frequent; O: occasional; R : Rare; (m) = migratory birds

d2) Fish Fauna

Gujarat has a long coast line of 1650km intercepted by many estuaries, marshy lands, bays, inlets and road steads. Gulf of Khambat is a very important


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ecoregion of Gujarat which covers about 3120 km2 of coast zone. Surat district has a coastline of 128 km. Although a full extent of fish fauna of Gujarat has not been assessed, the fauna of Gujarat provides a complete account of fish fauna documented so far. It includes 486 species of marine and estuarine found along the Gujarat coast and 119 freshwater fishes found in Gujarat. It is not possible to compile a list exclusively for the marine and estuarine zones in the project area. However, based upon the published literature it can be conjectured that the area is rich in fishes (Gazetteer).

The fisheries of Surat district are divided into marine along the coast, estuarine spread over the tidal portion of the rivers, and fresh water fisheries in the inland portion of the rivers. Fresh water fisheries are limited even in Tapi, which is a perennial river. The study area includes fishing villages and the local population along the western coastal zone conducts fishing activities in the region. Mudskipper, Clupeids, Mullets and Catfish together contribute to 21.88% catch from Gulf of Khambat (Govt. of India, 2002). Mudskippers are important in fisheries along mudflats. Bombay duck is prevalent in marine fisheries and breeds in mangrove areas. White pomfret and Ribbon fish are also commercially important fishes. Commercially important fishes and prawns of the district are given below.

Table 4.32 Commercially Important Fishes and Prawns of the District

Species Locality 1 Scoliodon sorrakowah, GoK2 Carcharias laticaudus (both known as Moosii), GoK3 (Carcharies melanopterus, Galeocerdo tigrinus) Magra, Patari, GoK4 Sphyrna zygaena GoK5 Zygaena malleus (hammerhead shark), GoK6 Pristis cuspidatus (Vehar), GoK7 Rhynchobatus djeddensis (Magra) GoK8 Dasyatis uarnak (Sting ray, Warkhol) , GoK9 Muraenesox talabonoides (Wam) GoK10 Tachysurus sona (khaga), GoK11 Tachysurus jella (Dharva) GoK12 Plotosus (Singali), GoK13 Coilia dussumieri (mandeli) GoK14 Thrissocles mystax (kati), GoK15 Thrissocles malabaricus, GoK16 Engraulis malabaricus (kati), GoK17 Stolephorus malabaricus (Phansti), GoK18 Ilisha elongate (phansti), GoK19 Hilsa ilisha (chaksi) Tapi20 Hilsa toli (Bhing/Monday) GoK21 Harpodon nehereus (Bumla), (Very common) GoK22 Hemirhamphus (Kagda) GoK23 Polynemus indicus (Dara/dadha) GoK24 Eleutheronema tetradactylum (rawas) GoK25 Pseudosciaena diacanthus(Ghol) GoK26 P. sina (Ghol) GoK27 P. soldado (Ghol) GoK28 Otolithus rubber (dhangri) GoK29 Otolithoides brunneus (Koth) GoK


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Species Locality 30 Trichiurus savala (Pata) GoK31 T. haumela (Pata) GoK32 Pampus argenteus (silver pomfret, vichuda, chhamna) GoK33 P. chinensis (Chinese pomfret, vichuda, chhamna) GoK34 Parastromateus niger (Black pomfret, vichuda, chhamna) GoK35 Labeo rohita (Rahu) GoK36 Hemiarius sona (Shingada, Sona sea catfish) GoK37 Rastrelliger kanagurta (Indian mackerel, bangda) GoK38 Periophthalmodon schlosseri (Mud skipper, Levta) GoK39 Boleopththalmus dussumieri (Mud skipper, Levta) GoK40 B. boddaerti (Mud skipper, Levta) GoK41 Mugil speileri (Boi) GoK42 Mugil cephalus (Boi) GoK43 Pseudorhobhus arisus (Jipti) GoK44 Cynoglossus lingua (Long tongue sole , Jipti) GoK45 Penaeus indicus (prawns, zinga) GoK46 P. semisulcatis (prawns, zinga) GoK47 Leander styliferus (prawns, zinga) GoK48 L. potamiscus (Sondhi) GoK49 Crossocheilus latius latius Tapi50 Osteobrama neilli Tapi51 Puntius parrah Tapi52 Puntius melanostigma Tapi53 Puntius fraseri Tapi54 Puntius sophore Mindhola55 Catla catla Tapi56 Liza parsia Tapi57 Notopterus chitala Tapi58 Barilius bendelisis Tapi

4.12.8 Salient Findings of the Ecological Assessment

The project site is located in an area where the landuse is mainly industrial. It is an area of raised mudflats and can be described as coastal saline wetlands. It includes heavily disturbed and modified rural areas and large industrial areas around the townships. The area adjacent to the coast is used for local fishing and salt making.

Entire area is heavily modified by human influence however creation of small water bodies, wetlands, has been beneficial to support avian diversity especially of wetland species.

The terrain is mostly plain or gently undulating with several temporary ditches and ponds important for aquatic biodiversity. Shrimp culture farms are present in one part of the area. Dairy industry is of importance with people keeping cows for the same.

Woody vegetation diversity is poor. Natural forest vegetation is only in form of mangroves in one part of the area. It is almost monotypic with hardy Avicennia marina and is not rich in species or diversity of flora. Most of the area is either planted or heavily invaded by Prosopis juliflora to the exclusion of the indigenous flora. Floral species richness is low.


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Prosospis juliflora is the most common and dominant tree in the region. Spreading Typha angustata, Ipomoea aquatica dominate the wetland vegetation. Sueda, Sesuvium are on mudflats’ and Ipomoea pes-caprae on beaches are habitat specific species.

The biodiversity at the project site is low. Most floral species are common shrubs, trees and common hardy herbs of which most are naturalized weeds. The mudflats have some typical salt tolerant species which are common to coastal areas. None of the plant species are rare. With respect to the diversity of animals, most birds and reptiles are common. However, migratory birds such as Flamingos, pelicans are known to use the areas. Three mammals (Blackbuck, Indian Pangolin & Chinkara), three reptiles (Indian egg eater, Oliver Ridley Turtle & Mugger) and one bird (India Peafowl) are listed in Schedule 1 are present. Of these (Indian egg eater snake) is reported from Surat city adjacent to the region and it can have distribution in the study area. Stray records of rare marine mammals and reptiles indicate their presence in adjacent areas. Thus the coastal area is important for resident as well as migratory fauna.

4.13 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

The study area for the Hazira Field lies in the Olpad block of the Surat district with a small portion of Navsari district. Thirteen villages in the Olpad block of Surat district and three villages of the Navsari fall in the study area. The study area was defined as 10km radius from the boundary of Hazira Field.

Data from various secondary sources like the Primary Census Abstract data of 2001, Village Directory 2001, Human Development Report of Gujarat 2004, the District Statistical Handbook of Surat and the Socio-economic review of Gujarat State 2005-06 have been utilised for preparing this socio-economic baseline.

4.13.1 District Administration and Planning

The state of Gujarat follows the decentralized administration system under which, the District Planning Committee (DPC) acts as the main planning and implementing body at the district level. It prepares the five-year plans, the perspective plan and the annual plan of the district based on the proposals from the block level committees. The DPC is assisted by two committees-the Executive Planning Committee and the Taluka (block) Planning committee. The flow chart (figure 4.29) depicts this administrative hierarchy of the district.


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Figure 4.29 Administrative Hierarchy of the District

The main function of the Executive Planning Committee is to scrutinize the proposals prepared by the Taluka Planning Committee (TPC), monitor the progress of schemes, identify bottlenecks and take remedial steps. Members of this committee are the District Development Officer, the District Planning Officer and all MLAs (Member of Legislative Assembly) of that district. The TPC prepares the proposals looking into the urgent needs of the villages and also suggests priority areas of intervention. Taluka Planning Committee also comprises the taluka social justice committee and all MLAs of the taluka. (Source: http://www.gadplanning.gujarat.gov.in)

4.13.2 Details of the Project Field

There is only one village i.e. Hazira that falls in the proposed project Field. The remaining area is mudflats.

4.13.3 Demography

The total population of the villages falling in the study area is 62968 from the 16 villages. The population falling in Surat part of the study area is 52224 and that of Navasari 10744. There are five villages with population greater than 5000 of which four (i.e Mora, Magdalla, Dumas, Bhimpore) fall in Surat and One (Chappar) fall in Navasari. There are four ( Bhatlai, Rajgari, Saroli and Ubharat) villages with population less than 2000. The details of population

Table 4.33 Demographic Details

Village Area (Ha.)

Households Total Population

TotalMales

TotalFemales

Sex ratio

Damka 1050.9 912 4386 2321 2065 889 Bhatlai 193.14 415 1796 1012 784 774 Rajgari 350.83 295 1276 670 606 904 Sunvali 2288.7 613 2907 1531 1376 898


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Village Area (Ha.)

Households Total Population

TotalMales

TotalFemales

Sex ratio

Mora 745 1526 6115 3975 2140 538 Kavas 72.11 531 2366 1376 990 719 Saroli 198.91 441 1896 1049 847 807 Magdalla 248.66 1234 5257 2831 2426 856 Dumas 2057.71 1495 7735 3977 3758 944 Hajira 2012.55 1122 4793 2677 2116 790 Sultanabad 449.12 623 3263 1679 1584 943 Bhimpor 638.87 1535 7553 3788 3765 993 Abhva 2195.76 579 2881 1496 1385 925 Umbhrat 467.6 406 1712 875 837 956 Danti 1336.9 571 2423 1215 1208 994 Chhapra (Part) 288.9 1501 6609 3493 3116 892 Total 14595.6 13799 62968 33965 29003 853

Source: District Census Handbook 2001, Census Survey of India

The overall sex ratio in the study area is 853 females per thousand males while it was the highest at Danti (994) and lowest at Mora (538).

4.13.4 Vulnerable Community

The e ST population is in the study area is 10.5%. The male and female population in the ST community in the area are 51.6% and 48.4% respectively.

Table 4.34 Demographic Details of SC & ST population

Villages ST population ST Males ST Females Damka 218 100 118 Bhatlai 0 0 0 Rajgari 8 6 2 Sunvali 333 170 163 Mora 285 141 144 Kavas 354 181 173 Saroli 810 421 389 Magdalla 504 273 231 Dumas 615 320 295 Hajira 25 17 8 Sultanabad 1189 606 583 Bhimpor 30 16 14 Abhva 244 124 120 Umbhrat 37 22 15 Danti 5 1 4 Chhapra (Part) 1961 1017 944


4.13.5 Occupational Pattern and Employment

Agriculture, fishing and animal husbandry (Livestock and cattle rearing) are the main occupation in the area. The economy of this region is not chiefly based on agriculture however paddy, bajra and vegetable contribute to the economy. Dairy and Animal husbandry forms major activities for the villages. On an average 500 lit of milk is collected 9 centres from this area. Requirement of grass for grazing has lead to growing grasses supplementary to agriculture.


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Agriculture is mostly rain-fed as the water resources are scarce.

Table 4.35 Village wise Details of Occupational Pattern in the Study Area.

Villages Worker ParticipationRation

Total work population

Marginal Work Population

Non-WorkerPopulation

Damka 35.3 1515 53 2871 Bhatlai 42.0 721 58 1075 Rajgari 43.9 521 69 755 Sunvali 50.5 1454 27 1453 Mora 54.8 3269 180 2846 Kavas 38.0 899 0 1467 Saroli 48.7 918 10 978 Magdalla 33.2 1741 10 3516 Dumas 31.4 2400 45 5335 Hajira 39.6 1767 214 3026 Sultanabad 38.3 1149 165 2114 Bhimpor 23.2 1695 77 5858 Abhva 35.8 1018 23 1863 Umbhrat 33.0 459 159 1253 Danti 18.3 356 106 2067 Chhapar 41.1 658 124 1122


Employment opportunities (10% approx.) are offered by the Diamond industry (cutting and polishing) operational at the city of Surat which is about 25 Km from the Field. Some educated and diploma holder youth are also employed in industries like Reliance and Essar at Hazira.

4.13.6 Health Infrastructure

Health infrastructure and access is moderate. There are three Primary Health centres (Suwali, Dumas and Sultanabad) and ten sub centres in the project area. Villages Bhatlai, Rajgir and Danti do not have any Primary Health centres or sub centres however the health centres are available within a radius of five to ten km. For emergency cases the villagers have to go to Surat.

Table 4.36 Health Infrastructure in the Study Area

Health Facility Name of Village (Number) Maternity and Child Welfare Centre 3 (Suwali, Dumas, Sultanabad) Maternity Home 3 (Suwali, Dumas, Sultanabad) Child Welfare Centre 3 (Damka, Suwali, Saroli) Primary Health Centre 3 (Suwali, Dumas and Sultanabad) Sub health centre 10 (except at Bhatlai, Rajgir and Danti) Family Welfare Centre 4 (Sultanabad, Bhimpor, Ubharat, Chhapar) Source: District Census Handbook 2001, Census Survey of India

4.13.7 Water & Sanitation

Most of the villages have little infrastructure available for sanitation and sewerage. Open defecation was widely practiced in these villages


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The access to drinking water in most villages is through piped water supply from Tapi river (under Vairao Juth Yojna of government). The piped water is stored at Panchayat level in underground tanks and then supplied to the villages. Census data also reveal that in the study area tubewells are available in two villages (Hajira and Chappar) while handpumps are there in seven villages (Bhatlai, Suwali, Mora, Saroli, Ubharat, Danti and Chappar). Open wells exists in all the villages except Bhimpore and Danti. Tapi water is available in most of the villages except (Bhatlai, Rajgari, Suwali and Hajira) according to the census data 2001.

4.13.8 Electricity Supply

All the villages have electricity supply. Electricity supply for all purpose is available in all the villages except Bhimpore where power is available for domestic and agricultural purposes only. Since agriculture is mostly rainfed, intense use of electricity for agriculture is not observed.

4.13.9 Postal Services, Bank, Telecom

As per census data Post and telephone service are available in all the villages except Bhatlai. Also, there is a post office in all the villages except Rajgari and Bhatlai. Telegraph offices are there in two villages i.e. Mora nad Dumas.There is no cooperative bank in this region.

4.14 ARCHAEOLOGY AND HERITAGE/ CULTURAL SITES

No major places of religious/ heritage or archaeological significance were observed within the Hazira Field.

4.15 COMPARATIVE BASELINE ASSESSMENT

4.15.1 Background

As required in the terms of reference, this section provides a comparison of the baseline conditions prevailing in the Hazira area since 1997 to the current date. The source of baseline information has been presented by referring to the following studies:

Environmental Impact Assessment of Proposed Developments at Hazira Gas Field by NEERI for GSPC and NIKO, March 1997; Rapid EIA for LNG Terminal at Hazira by NEERI for Shell, 2000; Baseline data collected during pre monsoon season, 2008 for this EIA study.

4.15.2 Air Quality

Air quality data available for 1997, 2002 and 2008 for the same locations were compared and the observations are as detailed below.


119

SPM

The SPM concentrations observed during 1997, 2002 and 2008 from the Hazira field and surrounding area show an increase during this period. The SPM levels at Hazira has shown a steady increase from 1997 to 2008, while at Junagam the increase in concentrations from 1997-2008 is marginal with a significant increase and steep decline from 1997-2002 and 2002 to 2008 respectively. Trends similar to Junagam are observed for Mora, however the increase around 2002 is much higher with a lesser decline.

Table 4.37 Suspended Particulate Matter (μg/m3)

Years Hazira Junagam Mora 2008 141 109 126 2002 130 142 232 1997 94 104 73

Figure 4.30 SPM trends

SO2

The SO2 concentrations observed during 1997, 2002 and 2008 from the Hazira field and surrounding area do not show any specific trend however the increase or decrease in concentrations at different locations monitored are marginal and within a narrow range. The SO2 level at Hazira has shown a small increase from 1997 to 2008, with a decrease in 2002. At Junagam the concentrations has declined from 1997-2008. The decline in concentration is marginal and observed till 2002 after which the concentration is constant. At Mora the SO2 concentration has decreased form 1997, however the trend show an increase around 2002 followed by a decline.

Table 4.38 Sulphur dioxide (μg/m3)

Years Hazira Junagam Mora 2008 17 10 10 2002 10 10 14


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Years Hazira Junagam Mora 1997 13 11 11

Figure 4.31 SO2 trend

NOx

The NOx concentrations observed during 1997, 2002 and 2008 from the Hazira field and surrounding area show an increase in concentrations at different locations monitored. The NOx level at Hazira has shown a sharp increase from 1997 to 2008. At Junagam the concentrations has steeply increased from 1997-2008 with a dip in 2002. At Mora the NOx concentration has increased form 1997, however the trend show an steep increase around 2002 followed by a decline.

Table 4.39 Oxides of Nitrogen (μg/m3)

Years Hazira Junagam Mora 2008 25 25 16 2002 22 12 24 1997 13 13 9


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Figure 4.32 NOx trends

The concentration of SPM, SO2 and NOx has increased at Hazira from 1997 to 2008, however the increase is accompanied with large scale construction and industrialization of the region.

4.15.3 Ground Water

The Dissolved Oxygen levels of ground water sources improved from 1997 to 2008; however observations in 2002 indicate a steep rise from 1997, which declined in 2008.

Table 4.40 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l)

Hazira Mora Dumas Gavier 2008 3.2 3.8 3.7 3.9 2002 5.6 4.5 3.4 4.4 1997 2.3 3.9 2.2 2.4

Figure 4.33 DO -trends


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4.15.4 Nutrients

The phosphate concentration in groundwater declined from 1997 to 2008 with moderate fluctuations in 2002. The nitrate concentrations also indicate a steep decline from 1997 to 2008.

Table 4.41 Phosphate (μg/m3)

Phosphate Years Hazira Mora Dumas Gavier 2008 BDL BDL BDL BDL2002 1.5 0.8 0.7 0.8 1997 1.5 0.44 0.98 0.6

Figure 4.34 Trends in Phosphate

Table 4.42 Nitrate (μg/m3)

Nitrate Hazira Mora Dumas Gavier 2008 0.245 0.304 0.222 0.213 2002 7 3 4.7 3 1997 2.3 18.5 2 81

Figure 4.35 Trends in Nitrate


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4.15.5 Heavy Metals

The heavy metal concentration was observed to follow no definite trend with steep increase in Zn and Cu concentration across the study area along with decline in Pb, Cd and Cr concentration in 2008.

Table 4.43 Heavy metals -Trend in Groundwater mg/l)

Heavy Metals Cd Hazira Mora Dumas Gavier 2008 BDL BDL BDL BDL2002 5 5 2 2 1997 5 BDL BDL 6 Cr Hazira Mora Dumas Gavier

2008 BDL BDL BDL BDL2002 13 45 BDL BDL1997 14 BDL 141 BDL Cu Hazira Mora Dumas Gavier 2008 35 19 13 26 2002 2 24 1 3 1997 20 8 7 5 Pb Hazira Mora Dumas Gavier 2008 BDL BDL BDL BDL2002 26 63 0 14 1997 94 74 74 110 Zn Hazira Mora Dumas Gavier 2008 950 1420 1070 1140 2002 BDL 103 BDL BDL1997 79 497 61 27

4.15.6 Surface Water

The surface water quality (Tapi River) has improved from 1997 to 2008 as per the observations. The BOD, COD and TSS levels have declined during this period whereas the DO levels have improved with time.

Trends in Tapi River for pH

The pH values for river Tapi remained within the acceptable norms throughout the monitoring period from 1997 to 2008.

Table 4.44 pH

Years Tapi at Mugdalla Tapi at L&T 2008 7.73 7.84 2002 8.2 8.3 1997 7.6 7.6


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Trends for Suspended solids

The Suspended Solids concentration decreased from 1997 to 2008 indicating improvement in pollution control in the region.

Table 4.45 TSS (mg/l)

Years Tapi at Mugdalla Tapi at L&T 2008 174 223 2002 705 266 1997 3718 304

Figure 4.36 Trend in TSS

Trends for Dissolved Oxygen levels

The Dissolved Oxygen levels improved 1997 to 2008, with drastic increase in DO levels at Mugdalla from 0.8 mg/l in 1997 to 4.5mg/l in 2008. The values recorded in 2002 were marginally better than that 2008, however such fluctuations are frequent for surface water bodies and cannot be directly attributed as change in quality.

Table 4.46 DO (mg/l)

Years Tapi at Mugdalla Tapi at L&T 2008 4.5 4.3 2002 4.9 5.2 1997 0.8 3.4


125

Figure 4.37 Trend in DO

Trends in COD levels

The trends in COD show improvement in water quality with respect to 1998, however COD recorded in 2002 was considerably lower than that observed in 2008, which can be attributed to change in quality or tidal influence during sampling.

Table 4.47 COD (mg/l)

Years Tapi at Mugdalla Tapi at L&T 2008 45 49 2002 8.0 11.0 1997 207 199

Figure 4.38 Trend in COD


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Trends in BOD levels

The BOD levels have improved from 1997 to2008 with values marginally better observations in 2002.

Table 4.48 BOD (mg/l)

Years Tapi at Mugdalla Tapi at L&T 2008 3.6 2.9 2002 <3 2 1997 19 29

Figure 4.39 Trend in BOD

The surface water quality (i.e. river Tapi) has improved from 1997 to 2008, indicating adoption of wastewater treatment measures employed by the industries in the region.

4.15.7 Soil Quality

Soil quality monitored in the year 2002 were at different locations as compared to 1997 and 2008, there the data from 2002 was excluded from comparison. There is an observed change in the soil texture with increase in sand percentage in soil over the period. The clay percentage decreased from about 30-60% to 9-25% while the sand percentage increased from about 20-60% to 45-90%.

Table 4.49 Trends in Soil Quality

Dumas Hazira Mora Junagam Gavier Sand-Silt-Clay 2008 89.0-2.0-9.0 74.0-7.0-19.0 77.0-4.0-19.0 70.0-8.0-22.0 60.0-20.0-20.0 1997 23.4-16.3-60.3 30.7-24.7-42.5 16.9-17.0-66.1 18.1-24.6-54.7 26.8-24.7-48.5 Bulk Density (g/cn3) 2008 1.52 1.56 1.43 1.39 1.3 1997 1.80 1.77 1.38 1.70 1.36


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Dumas Hazira Mora Junagam Gavier Porosity (%) 2008 46.0 45.0 39.0 41.0 38.0 1997 46.38 36.23 39.12 36.73 32.16

The porosity and bulk density are mostly constant with a marginal decline for bulk density and increase for porosity as per the observations over the period indicating that compaction due to extensive industrialization has not affected the soil.

Nutrient

The nutrients concentrations do not follow any trend as most of the area is under tidal area and is swept by tidal water at regular intervals influencing the soil quality.

Table 4.50 Sodium

Sodium (mg/kg) Dumas Hazira Mora Junagam Gavier 2008 127 125 120 210 103 1997 319.7 149.5 3197 379.5 108.1

Figure 4.40 Trends for Sodium

Table 4.51 Potassium

Potassium (mg/kg) Dumas Hazira Mora Junagam Gavier2008 60 106 206 230 180 1997 1153.5 500.5 2705.7 1790.8 320.6

The concentration of Potassium in soil has significantly declined from 1997 to 2008, however the values obtained can also be because of tidal effect in the area.


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Figure 4.41 Potassium

Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)

Change in CEC does not follow any trend, which may also be because of tidal effect in the area.

Table 4.52 Cation Exchange Capacity

Cation Exchange Capacity (meq/100g) Dumas Hazira Mora Junagam Gavier 2008 115.61 19.01 15.6 13.88 19.19 1997 17.7 13.5 31.1 17.4 45.4

Figure 4.42 Cation Exchange Capacity

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