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Assessment of effects of chemical contaminants in dredged material on marine ecosystems and h h lth human health Dr. Cor Schipper

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Page 1: Assessment of effects of chemical contaminants in dredged ... · Assessment of effects of chemical contaminants in dredged material on marine ecosystems and hhlthhuman health Dr

Assessment of effects of chemical contaminants in dredged material on marine ecosystems and

h h lthhuman health

Dr. Cor Schipper

Page 2: Assessment of effects of chemical contaminants in dredged ... · Assessment of effects of chemical contaminants in dredged material on marine ecosystems and hhlthhuman health Dr

Environmental problems.Given the potential environemental consequencs of dumped dredged harbour. sediment, it is vital to establish the potential risks from exposure before .disposal at sea:

> TBT - tributyltin> PCBs – polychlorinated biphenyls> PCDD/Fs– polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and furans

p

p y> PCFs – polyfluorinated chemicals as PFOS and PFOA> PAKs - Polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons

?

• How can we assess the risks of harmful substances in marine ecosystem?

• What is the health risk of toxic pollution on marine organisms?

Watson and Crick, 1953

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Ecotoxicological risk assessment

Hazard compounds

?

Rain, river

Stormwater

Exposure of compounds

Stormwater runoff

Bioavailability

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Ecological impact of organotin pollution

Chemical analyses

TBTTBT

?

TBT

Stichting Anemoon, 2008

Page 5: Assessment of effects of chemical contaminants in dredged ... · Assessment of effects of chemical contaminants in dredged material on marine ecosystems and hhlthhuman health Dr

Ecological impact of compounds

Vethaak et al, 1996 ?

Page 6: Assessment of effects of chemical contaminants in dredged ... · Assessment of effects of chemical contaminants in dredged material on marine ecosystems and hhlthhuman health Dr

Ecological impact of compounds

Vethaak et al, 1996

Restum et al, 1998

Page 7: Assessment of effects of chemical contaminants in dredged ... · Assessment of effects of chemical contaminants in dredged material on marine ecosystems and hhlthhuman health Dr

Ecological impact of compounds

Vethaak et al, 1996

Restum et al, 1998

Schipper et al, 2008

Page 8: Assessment of effects of chemical contaminants in dredged ... · Assessment of effects of chemical contaminants in dredged material on marine ecosystems and hhlthhuman health Dr

Ecological impact of compounds

Vethaak et al, 1996

Restum et al, 1998

Schipper et al, 2008 Mees and Reijnders, 1994

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Ecological impact of compounds

Vethaak et al, 1996 ?

TBT

Restum et al, 1998

Schipper et al, 2008 Mees and Reijnders, 1994 Hall et al, 2006

Page 10: Assessment of effects of chemical contaminants in dredged ... · Assessment of effects of chemical contaminants in dredged material on marine ecosystems and hhlthhuman health Dr

Ecological impact of compounds

Vethaak et al, 1996 ?

Murk et al, 1998,

Restum et al, 1998

Schipper et al, 2008 Mees and Reijnders, 1994 Hall et al, 2006

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What is the applicability of bioassays for hazard, risk en local impact assessment?impact assessment?

The SO WHAT QUESTION?

Relationship bet een e pos re st dies of chemical contamination• Relationship between exposure studies of chemical contamination in dredged material on the health of marine organisms

• Argue why bio-analysis (with bioindicators en bioassays) are important in dredged material management for determining the health risks of pollution

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Bioanalysis in ecological risk assessment

Box B

Box C

Page 13: Assessment of effects of chemical contaminants in dredged ... · Assessment of effects of chemical contaminants in dredged material on marine ecosystems and hhlthhuman health Dr

Bioassays for hazard assessment (1)

Box A: Aim is to establish whether chemicals are present at concentrations that too toxic to be disposed of the environmentUsed for: Licensing disposal for rapid screeningUseful: Chemical analyses (PAHs, PCBs, toxic metals, TBT ) E l i it bi PCDDExamples: in-vitro bioassays PCDDs

PCDFsPCBsTBT

Cartoons: www.cartoonstock.com

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Bioassays for hazard assessment (2)

Schipper et al., 2010

Page 15: Assessment of effects of chemical contaminants in dredged ... · Assessment of effects of chemical contaminants in dredged material on marine ecosystems and hhlthhuman health Dr

Bioanalysis in ecological risk assessment in dredged material

Box B

Box C

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Use of bioassays in Ecotoxicological risk assessment

Box B: Advanced risk assessment DM before disposalUsed for: Indications of relevance and bioavailabilityUseful: Bioassays with ecological relevant endpoints (reproduction

survival). Calculation of Potential Affected Fraction (msPAF). Examples: In vivo bioassays only relevant exposure conditionsExamples: In vivo bioassays,only relevant exposure conditions

Schipper et al., 2008

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Bioanalysis in ecological risk assessment in dredged material

Box B

Box C

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Use of bioassays to local impact assessment

•Box C: impact of dredged material on the receiving ecosystem•Used for: Local sediments in cases of indications of relevanceU f l Bi ti d bi ifi ti l ti•Useful: Bioaccumation and biomagnifications; population

decline of local organisms; use of in vivo/in vitro bioassays, biomarkers and bioindicators•Examples: gastropod population decline

60

80

100

120

perio

d 19

00-1

945=

100%

)

Western Scheldt (n=7)Dutch coast (n=86)Eastern Scheldt (n=40)

0

20

40

1945

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

Year

Inde

x de

nsity

(p

( )

Schipper et al., 2008; 2009

Year

Murk et al., 1998;

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Rational application of bioassays for hazard, risk and impact assessement for DM

Assessment of toxic compounds

Local impact assessment

(dioxines)Box C

Ecotoxiclogical risk before disposal

Box B

Hazard risk assessment

B A

Schipper et al, 2009

Box A ?

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Summary use of bioassays

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Conclusions Assessment of effects of chemical contaminants in DM on marine ecosystems

• Rationally chosen bioassays can provide valuable contribution to h d i k d i

y y phazard, risk and impact assessment

• Bioassays for risk assessment should be based on rational considerations exposure routes and relevant endpointsconsiderations, exposure routes and relevant endpoints

• For hazard assessment in licensing system chemical analysis to quantify the bioavailability does not need include, since the bi il bilit ill h ft di l f DMbioavailability will change after disposal of DM

• Mechanism- specific in-vitro bioassays can fill the gaps left open by chemical analysischemical analysis

• When the outcome of the hazard assessment of DM does not convincingly demonstrate too polluted, further bioanalaysis can help the decision making process The focus must include aspect ofthe decision making process. The focus must include aspect of unknown chemicals, bioavailability and chronic toxicity.

• To validate the predicted risk, dedicated bioassays as well as bi i di i h l i f DM i

p , ybioindicators give the actual impact of DM in ecosystem

• Field effects can be used as an indicator for the local ecotoxicological health status

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Questions?Questions?