assessment of faecal pollution at jomo kenyatta public beach mombasa
TRANSCRIPT
Dr. Bernerd FulandaDr. Joseph KamauMs. Chepkemboi Labatt
Assessment of Faecal Pollution at Jomo Kenyatta Public
Beach, Mombasa
By: Kodia Maxwell AzaliI114/0614/2010
Supervisors:
Introduction
Sewage pollution is a major problem in many
urban settlements all over the world
65% of coast province has no access to a
sewerage system
Less than 30% of Mombasa county residents
have access to sewerage services
The county is serviced with two sewage
treatment plants,
The Kipevu plant has been recently
rehabilitated while the Kizingo plant collapsed
20 years ago.
Introduction cont…
Faecal Enterococci and Escherichia coli (E.
coli) have been used as an index of faecal
pollution in recreational waters.
Most Enterococci and E. coli species are not
pathogenic but are important indicators of
faecal pollution and possible presence of
enteric pathogens.
Jomo Kenyatta Public Beach located at
Bamburi is one of the biggest open access
recreational areas along the coastal stretches
of Mombasa county
Introduction cont…
The beach hosts many tourists both local and
international. The coastline is dotted with over
70 tourist hotels
Raw sewage is discharged into the ocean by
some of the establishments.
Sewage pollution poses a major health risk to
tourists and resource users frequenting the
beach and contaminates marine life.
Objective
To investigate the extent of faecal pollution at
Jomo Kenyatta Public Beach in Mombasa
county.
Specific Objectives
1. To investigate the degree of faecal pollution
at Jomo Kenyatta Public Beach
2. To investigate the variation in faecal
pollution levels at high tide and at low tide.
3. To explore the status of water quality at Jomo
Kenyatta Public Beach in reference to its
potential for recreational use.
Description of Study Site
Jomo Kenyatta Public Beach is located in
Bamburi area, Mombasa county.
Attracts resident resource users, local tourists
and international tourist and is an important
source of livelihood to the residents.
Development and unregulated beach
activities have increased pollution on the
beach and the ocean
Description of Study Site cont…
Figure 1: Map of JKPB, Bamburi, Kenya. (Source: World Atlas (1996) and Google Satellite (2014))
Survey Design
Samples were collected during the month of
March
Three sampling stations along the beach namely;
Pirates Beach Hotel, Hotel Sai Rock and White
Sands Hotel
At each station, samples were collected from the
shore areas and reef areas at both high and low
tide
Duplicate samples were collected per station per
tidal regime at a depth of 15-30 centimeters.
Materials and Methods Total coliforms, faecal coliforms and E. coli were
enumerated using the Multiple tube fermentation
technique.
Sampling bottles sterilized by autoclaving at 1210C for
15 minutes
Placed in a cooler box filled with ice
Cap removed without touching inner side
Samples collected with sweeping motion against current
from the bow of a boat
Areas in front of the sampler seaward on an incoming
wave
Materials and Methods Samples were labelled according to the station and
tide
Placed in the cooler box and transported to the
laboratory for analysis within 4 hours.
MacConkey media and peptone water were prepared
according to set guidelines: 15g/1000ml for Peptone water
40g/1000ml for single strength MacConkey
80g/1000ml for double strength MacConkey
A dilution series of three rows of five culture bottles per
sample was used. (inverted Durham tubes)
Materials and Methods 10ml double strength- first row; 20ml single strength
MacConkey 2&3rd row; 9ml peptone water
Sterilized (1210C, 15lbs pressure) for 15 minutes
The media was left to cool to room temperature before
inoculation.
10ml- first row; 1ml-second row; 0.1ml-third row
1ml of sample to 9ml peptone then inoculate 1ml of
mixture
Culture bottles gently tilted to remove air space in Durham
tubes
Incubated at 350C for 24 hours.
Materials and Methods Checked for growth and gas formation
Number of positive tubes recorded and MPN values
calculated (presumptive test- total coliforms)
Positive tubes sub-cultured in MacConkey and Tryptone
water
1ml of positive sample inoculated to 20ml single strength
MacConkey; 1ml inoculated to 10ml Tryptone Water
Incubated at 44.50C
Positive MacConkey- faecal coliforms; Tryptone cultures-
1ml Kovacs reagent, distinct red ring (E. coli)- MPN values
Source: Azali M
ResultsBetween Station Variation
B o x p l o t sh o win g T o ta l co l i fo rm s, Fa e ca l co l i fo rm s & E . co l i i n d i ffe re n t sta ti o n s
T o ta l Co l i fo rm s: K W-H(2 ,6 0 ) = 1 .3 5 0 0 , p = 0 .5 0 9 2 Fa e ca l Co l i fo rm s: K W-H(2 ,6 0 ) = 0 .4 4 0 3 , p = 0 .8 0 2 4
E . Co l i : K W-H(2 ,6 0 ) = 0 .4 4 6 9 , p = 0 .7 9 9 7
T o ta l Co l i fo rm s O u tl i e rs E xtre m e s Fa e ca l Co l i fo rm s O u tl i e rs E xtre m e s E . Co l i O u tl i e rs E xtre m e s
P i ra te s S a i Ro ck Wh i te S a n d s
S ta ti o n
-0 .5
0 .0
0 .5
1 .0
1 .5
2 .0
2 .5
3 .0
3 .5
Lo
g 10(T
ota
l co
lifo
rms,
Fa
eca
l co
lifo
rms,
E.
co
li
/10
0m
l)
ResultsShore and Reef Areas Variation
B o x p l o t sh o win g T o ta l co l i fo rm s, Fa e ca l co l i fo rm s & E . co l i a t sh o re a n d re e f a re a s
T o ta l Co l i fo rm s: K W-H(1 ,6 0 ) = 3 9 .1 2 0 9 , p = 0 .0 0 0 0 Fa e ca l Co l i fo rm s: K W-H(1 ,6 0 ) = 3 8 .3 7 0 2 , p = 0 .0 0 0 0
E . Co l i : K W-H(1 ,6 0 ) = 1 9 .2 0 8 5 , p = 0 .0 0 0 0 1
Lo
g 10(T
ota
l co
lifo
rms,
Fa
eca
l co
lifo
rms,
E.
co
li/10
0m
l)
T o ta l Co l i fo rm s O u tl i e rs E xtre m e s Fa e ca l Co l i fo rm s O u tl i e rs E xtre m e s E . Co l i O u tl i e rs E xtre m e s
S h o re Re e f
L o ca ti o n
-0 .5
0 .0
0 .5
1 .0
1 .5
2 .0
2 .5
3 .0
3 .5
ResultsHigh Tide and Low Tide Variation
B o x p l o t sh o win g T o ta l co l i fo rm s, Fa e ca l co l i fo rm s & E . co l i a t h i g h a n d l o w ti d e
T o ta l Co l i fo rm s: K W-H(1 ,6 0 ) = 0 .6 2 6 5 , p = 0 .4 2 8 6 Fa e ca l Co l i fo rm s: K W-H(1 ,6 0 ) = 0 .2 5 9 7 , p = 0 .6 1 0 3
E . Co l i : K W-H(1 ,6 0 ) = 0 .0 9 0 3 , p = 0 .7 6 3 8
T o ta l Co l i fo rm s O u tl i e rs E xtre m e s Fa e ca l Co l i fo rm s O u tl i e rs E xtre m e s E . Co l i O u tl i e rs E xtre m e s
Hig h T i d e L o w T id e
T id e
-0 .5
0 .0
0 .5
1 .0
1 .5
2 .0
2 .5
3 .0
3 .5
Lo
g 10(T
ota
l co
lifo
rms,
Fa
eca
l co
lifo
rms,
E.
co
li
/10
0m
l)
ResultsSampling Days Variation
B o x p l o t sh o win g T o ta l co l i fo rm s, Fa e ca l co l i fo rm s & E . co l i a t d i ffe re n t d a te s
T o ta l Co l i fo rm s: K W-H(2 ,6 0 ) = 2 .0 8 5 5 , p = 0 .3 5 2 5 Fa e ca l Co l i fo rm s: K W-H(2 ,6 0 ) = 3 .5 8 7 5 , p = 0 .1 6 6 3
E . Co l i : K W-H(2 ,6 0 ) = 0 .1 8 5 1 , p = 0 .9 1 1 6
T o ta l Co l i fo rm s O u tl i e rs E xtre m e s Fa e ca l Co l i fo rm s O u tl i e rs E xtre m e s E . Co l i O u tl i e rs E xtre m e s
7 /0 3 /2 0 1 4 2 1 /0 3 /2 0 1 4 2 7 /0 3 /2 0 1 4
Da te
-0 .5
0 .0
0 .5
1 .0
1 .5
2 .0
2 .5
3 .0
3 .5
Lo
g 10(T
ota
l co
lifo
rms,
Fa
eca
l co
lifo
rms,
E.
co
li
/10
0m
l)
DISCUSSION Contaminated by faeces (40.88 faecal
coliforms/100ml, 0.88 E. coli/100ml) Untreated effluents discharged from facilities (Pa
Pweza 900 total coliforms, 500 faecal coliforms and 3 E. coli)
Defaecation by swimmers and boat operators Presence of animals- camels and horses (Kleinheinz et al., 2006) found no significant variation
in indicator density between horizontal (along-shore) samples- circulation dynamics
(Clarke et al., 2007) conveyance of substances in the ocean occurred via along-shore advection accompanied by dispersion and mixing processes related to rip currents
DISCUSSION Tidal influence on microbial indicator densities
is most pronounced during spring tides (Cheung et al., 1991).
Water samples from the beach were collected during neap tides -tides and sampling days.
Shore Vs Reef areas- the ocean has the capacity to dilute pollutants; shore areas are easily accessible
Conclusion . Jomo Kenyatta Public Beach water quality
has deteriorated due to ongoing beach activities
The waters surpass national water quality standards hence the beach is unfit for recreational use.
RECOMMENDATIONS Public awareness campaigns Premises to comply with the effluent
discharge standards spelt out in the third schedule – Water Quality 2006 Adherence to the monitoring guide of effluents
discharge into the environment spelt out in the fourth schedule
Develop proper animal and human waste disposal mechanisms
Regularly monitor water quality parameters