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Assessment of green roof incen.ve policies in European ci.es by a fractal analysis P.-A. Versini*, A. Gires, I. Tchiguirinskaia, D. Schertzer, HM&Co, École des Ponts ParisTech, UPE, Champs-sur-Marne, France *[email protected] EGU2020-13295 Studied European ci.es Presenta.on of the results Conclusion & Perspec.ves Q H m 2 / year No data Berlin Ci.es Green roof policies Amsterdam - IncenJve program covering 50% of the installaJon costs, with a maximum value of up to 50 €/m 2 (since 2009) Berlin - IncenJve program reducing the precipitaJon water fee for green roofs (only 50% of the area is considered) (since 2000) - Building regulaJon imposing a green area in new buildings called Biotope Area Factor (since 2014) - IncenJve program covering up to 100% of the installaJon costs, with a maximum value of up to 60 EUR/m 2 and 60,000 EUR/building (since 2018) Copenhagen Building regulation imposing green roofs for all new buildings with roof slopes of less than 30 degrees (since 2010) Frankfort Incentive program covering 50% of the installation costs, with a maximum of 50 k€ (since 2018) Geneva - PoliJcal will: Nature in the City Plan (2012) - IncenJve program that funds up to 50% of the total cost of an infrastructure promoJng biodiversity, and their maintenance during 3 years (since 2013) London - PoliJcal will: Environment Strategy document (2018) - Building regulaJon with the applicaJon of a Green space factor to secure a certain amount of green cover in every development (since 2019) Lyon No parJcular policy Oslo PoliJcal will with the 2019 European Green Capital award and the current developing of a green roof strategy which will ensure smart and geographically differenJated use of green roofs as a tool for solving urban environmental challenges Paris - PoliJcal will with the objecJve to vegetate 100 ha of walls and roofs before 2020 (in 2014) - Building regulaJon with the authorizaJon of building overstepping in the case of the greening of roof terraces, then considered as a device contribuJng to energy savings (since 2009) Amstersdam Berlin Copenhagen Frankfort Geneva London Paris Lyon Oslo Annual green roof implementa0on in European countries es0mated from the European Federa0on of Green Roofs and Walls (EFB) database Computa.on of fractal dimension 8,192 m λ = l 0 l ResoluJon Pixel size Window size N ( λ ) ∝ λ − D Fractal dimension Similar results were obtained for all studied ciJes: - green roofs fields are characterized by three disJnct scaling regimes, whereas only two scaling regime would be sufficient to fully characterize the behaviour of undifferenJated roofs distribuJons - The large scale regime for green roofs with high fractal dimension (from 1.84 to 2.0) characterizes the space filled by green roofs at very large scales - This small scale regime is characterized by a fractal dimension tending to 2, and simply reflects the 2D nature of green roofs. - The intermediary regime (between 32 or 64 m and 256 m or 512 m) characterizes not only single roofs but their distribuJon in space. Fractal dimension characterizing this regime is highly variable from one city to another, ranging from 0.49 for Paris to 1.35 for Frankfort. l =4096 m l =512 m l =256m l =32m l =16m l =1m Example of Paris Undifferen0ated roofs Green roofs Comparison between Berlin and Frankfort: - Conversely to Berlin, there was no incenJve program unJl recently in Frankfort. - Frankfort, where less green roofs are implemented, is characterized by the highest D f - The green roofs distribuJon is more homogeneous in Frankfort, which was almost completely destroyed during the Second World War This work was supported by the Academic Chair “Hydrology for Resilient CiJes”, a partnership between Ecole des Ponts ParisTech and the Veolia group, and the ANR EVNATURB project dealing with the evaluaJon of ecosystem performances for re-naturing urban environment (ANR-17-CE22-0002-01) Context and objec.ves Green roofs are currently widely implemented in urban environments, as they represent natural soluJons providing mulJple ecosystem services. For this purpose, ciJes implement incenJve policies to promote the implementaJon of green roofs. To be really efficient at large scale perform in a complex urban environment, a wide and appropriately spaJally distributed diffusion. To opJmize this layout, tradiJonal assessment tools, like densiJes, are not appropriate, as they do not take into account the relaJonship between different areas, i.e. across scales. Here we propose a mulJ-scale analysis based on fractal theory to provide informaJon for green roof implementaJon and assess the relevance of policies. Comparison between Paris, Amsterdam, London and Copenhangen characterized by low D f : - Paris has higher vegetalized roof surface and density values but the lowest D f value - Two main reasons: (i) some architectural issues (Hausmanian buildings), (ii) the absence of a global vision framing the implementaJon of the ambiJous vegetalizaJon plan - Some iniJaJves seem to have bemer results: (i) incenJve program (Amsterdam), (ii) official promoJon documents since 2010 (Copenhangen), applicaJon of a Green space factor to secure green cover (London) - High variability of the fractal dimension characterizing the 2 nd regime due to: (i) architectural history of the city, (ii) greening policies implemented in many urban areas - The more ambiJous incenJve measures (where monetary subsidies are proposed) correspond to the ciJes characterized by the highest fractal dimension. As these policies are relaJvely recent, they underline that an exisJng “greening culture” allow to bemer assimilate these policies - Fractal analysis can be seen as innovaJve mulJ-scale approach to asses green roofs implementaJon and their related ecosystem services through scales - ConJnue to collect green roofs data : your parJcipaJon is welcome ! More details can be found in: Fractal analysis of green roof spa.al implementa.on in European ci.es P.-A. Versini, A. Gires, I. Tchiguirinskaia, D. Schertzer. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 2020, accepted, in press

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Page 1: Assessment of green roof incen.ve policies in · 2020. 5. 4. · Oslo PoliJcal will with the 2019 European Green Capital award and the current developing of a green roof strategy

Assessmentofgreenroofincen.vepoliciesinEuropeanci.esbyafractalanalysis

P.-A. Versini*, A. Gires, I. Tchiguirinskaia, D. Schertzer, HM&Co,ÉcoledesPontsParisTech,UPE,Champs-sur-Marne,France

*[email protected]

EGU2020-13295

StudiedEuropeanci.es

Presenta.onoftheresults

Conclusion&Perspec.ves

QH

m2/year

Nodata

Berlin

Ci.es Greenroofpolicies

Amsterdam -IncenJveprogramcovering50%oftheinstallaJoncosts,withamaximumvalueofupto50€/m2(since2009)

Berlin -IncenJveprogramreducingtheprecipitaJonwaterfeeforgreenroofs(only50%oftheareaisconsidered)(since2000)-BuildingregulaJonimposingagreenareainnewbuildingscalledBiotopeAreaFactor(since2014)-IncenJveprogramcoveringupto100%oftheinstallaJoncosts,withamaximumvalueofupto60EUR/m2and60,000EUR/building(since2018)

Copenhagen Buildingregulationimposinggreenroofsforallnewbuildingswithroofslopesoflessthan30degrees(since2010)

Frankfort Incentiveprogramcovering50%of the installationcosts,withamaximumof50k€(since2018)

Geneva -PoliJcalwill:NatureintheCityPlan(2012)-IncenJveprogramthatfundsupto50%ofthetotalcostofaninfrastructurepromoJngbiodiversity,andtheirmaintenanceduring3years(since2013)

London -PoliJcalwill:EnvironmentStrategydocument(2018)- Building regulaJon with the applicaJon of a Green space factor to secure a certainamountofgreencoverineverydevelopment(since2019)

Lyon NoparJcularpolicy

Oslo PoliJcalwillwiththe2019EuropeanGreenCapitalawardandthecurrentdevelopingofagreenroofstrategywhichwillensuresmartandgeographicallydifferenJateduseofgreenroofsasatoolforsolvingurbanenvironmentalchallenges

Paris - PoliJcalwillwith the objecJve to vegetate 100 ha ofwalls and roofs before 2020 (in2014)- Building regulaJonwith the authorizaJon of building overstepping in the case of thegreening of roof terraces, then considered as a device contribuJng to energy savings(since2009)

Amstersdam

Berlin

Copenhagen

Frankfort

Geneva

London

Paris

Lyon

Oslo

Annualgreenroofimplementa0oninEuropeancountrieses0matedfromtheEuropeanFedera0onofGreenRoofsandWalls(EFB)database

Computa.onoffractaldimension

8,192m

λ =l0l

ResoluJonPixelsize

Windowsize

N (λ)∝λ−D Fractaldimension

SimilarresultswereobtainedforallstudiedciJes:-  greenroofsfieldsarecharacterizedbythreedisJnctscalingregimes,whereasonly

twoscalingregimewouldbesufficienttofullycharacterizethebehaviourofundifferenJatedroofsdistribuJons

-  Thelargescaleregimeforgreenroofswithhighfractaldimension(from1.84to2.0)characterizesthespacefilledbygreenroofsatverylargescales

-  Thissmallscaleregimeischaracterizedbyafractaldimensiontendingto2,andsimplyreflectsthe2Dnatureofgreenroofs.

-  Theintermediaryregime(between32or64mand256mor512m)characterizesnotonlysingleroofsbuttheirdistribuJoninspace.Fractaldimensioncharacterizingthisregimeishighlyvariablefromonecitytoanother,rangingfrom0.49forParisto1.35forFrankfort.

l=4096m

l=512m

l=256ml=32m

l=16m

l=1m

ExampleofParis

Undifferen0atedroofs Greenroofs

ComparisonbetweenBerlinandFrankfort:-  ConverselytoBerlin,therewasnoincenJve

programunJlrecentlyinFrankfort.-  Frankfort,wherelessgreenroofsare

implemented,ischaracterizedbythehighestDf-  ThegreenroofsdistribuJonismore

homogeneousinFrankfort,whichwasalmostcompletelydestroyedduringtheSecondWorldWar

ThisworkwassupportedbytheAcademicChair“HydrologyforResilientCiJes”,apartnershipbetweenEcoledesPontsParisTechandtheVeoliagroup,andtheANREVNATURBprojectdealingwiththeevaluaJonofecosystemperformancesforre-naturingurbanenvironment(ANR-17-CE22-0002-01)

Contextandobjec.vesGreenroofsarecurrentlywidelyimplementedinurbanenvironments,astheyrepresentnaturalsoluJonsprovidingmulJpleecosystemservices.Forthispurpose,ciJesimplementincenJvepoliciestopromotetheimplementaJonofgreenroofs.Tobereallyefficientatlargescaleperforminacomplexurbanenvironment,awideandappropriatelyspaJallydistributeddiffusion.ToopJmizethislayout,tradiJonalassessmenttools,likedensiJes,arenotappropriate,astheydonottakeintoaccounttherelaJonshipbetweendifferentareas,i.e.acrossscales.HereweproposeamulJ-scaleanalysisbasedonfractaltheorytoprovideinformaJonforgreenroofimplementaJonandassesstherelevanceofpolicies.

ComparisonbetweenParis,Amsterdam,LondonandCopenhangencharacterizedbylowDf:-  ParishashighervegetalizedroofsurfaceanddensityvaluesbutthelowestDfvalue-  Twomainreasons:(i)somearchitecturalissues(Hausmanianbuildings),(ii)theabsence

ofaglobalvisionframingtheimplementaJonoftheambiJousvegetalizaJonplan-  SomeiniJaJvesseemtohavebemerresults:(i)incenJveprogram(Amsterdam),(ii)

officialpromoJondocumentssince2010(Copenhangen),applicaJonofaGreenspacefactortosecuregreencover(London)

-  High variability of the fractal dimension characterizing the 2nd regime due to: (i)architecturalhistoryofthecity,(ii)greeningpoliciesimplementedinmanyurbanareas

-  The more ambiJous incenJve measures (where monetary subsidies are proposed)correspondtotheciJescharacterizedbythehighestfractaldimension.Asthesepoliciesare relaJvely recent, theyunderline thatanexisJng “greening culture”allow tobemerassimilatethesepolicies

-  Fractal analysis can be seen as innovaJve mulJ-scale approach to asses green roofsimplementaJonandtheirrelatedecosystemservicesthroughscales

-  ConJnuetocollectgreenroofsdata:yourparJcipaJoniswelcome!

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