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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Volume 2, No 2, 2011

© Copyright 2010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing Association

Research article ISSN 0976 – 4402

Received on October 2011 Published on November 2011 965

Assessment of ground water quality characteristics and Water Quality

Index (WQI) of Bidar city and its industrial area, Karnataka State, India Shivasharanappa

1, Padaki Srinivas

2, Mallikarjun S Huggi

3

1- Assistant. Professor, Dept of Civil Engineering, P. D. A. College of Engineering

(Autonomous Institution) Gulbarga, Karnataka State, India

2- Professor & Head, Chemistry Dept., P. D. A. College of Engineering

(Autonomous Institution) Gulbarga, Karnataka State, India

3- Lecturer, Civil Dept., G. N. D. College of Engineering, Bidar, Karnataka

State, India

[email protected]

doi:10.6088/ijes.00202020053

ABSTRACT

The present work is aimed at assessing the water quality index (WQI) for the ground water of

Bidar city and its industrial area. The groundwater samples of all the 35 wards were collected

and subjected for a comprehensive physicochemical analysis. For calculating the WQI, the

following 17 parameters have been considered viz., pH, total hardness, calcium, magnesium,

chloride, nitrate, sulphate, total dissolved solids, iron, fluoride, sodium, potassium, alkalinity,

manganese, dissolved oxygen, total solids & zinc. The results analyzed (by WQI method)

have been used to suggest models for predicting water quality. The analysis reveals that the

groundwater quality status of the study area is excellent, but it also needs to be protected

from the perils of future contamination by giving certain degree of treatment viz.,

disinfection.

Keywords: Groundwater, Water quality standards, Water quality characteristics, Water

quality index.

1. Introduction

Groundwater is used for domestic, industrial, water supply and irrigation all over the world.

In the last few decades, there has been a tremendous increase in the demand for fresh water

due to rapid growth of population and the accelerated pace of industrialization. Human

health is threatened by unsanitary conditions through open drain carrying and disposing waste

water into natural water bodies. Rapid urbanization, especially in developing countries like

India, has affected the availability and quality of groundwater due to its overexploitation and

improper waste disposal, especially in urban areas. According to WHO organization, about

80% of all the diseases in human beings are caused by water8. Once the groundwater is

contaminated, its quality cannot be restored back easily and to device ways and means to

protect it.1-3

Water quality index is one of the most effective tools to communicate

information on the quality of water to the concerned citizens and policy makers. It, thus,

becomes an important parameter for the assessment and management of groundwater. WQI

is defined as a rating, reflecting the composite influence of different water quality parameters.

WQI is calculated from the point of view of the suitability of groundwater for human

consumption. The objective of the present work is to discuss the suitability of groundwater

for human consumption based on computed, groundwater characteristics, quality assessment

and water quality index values.

Assessment of ground water quality characteristics and Water Quality Index (WQI) of Bidar city and its

industrial area, Karnataka State, India

Shivasharanappa, Padaki Srinivas, Mallikarjun S Huggi

International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 2 No.2, 2011 966

2. Materials and Method

The study area Bidar City, the head quarters of the Bidar district of Karnataka State, India, is

located in the northern most part of the state of Karnataka on Deccan plateau (Figure No. 1).

The city including its industrial area is divided into 35 wards. It is situated at a distance of

669 Kms. from the state capital Bangalore and at a distance of 141 Kms from Hyderabad.

Bidar City and the ancient monuments that exist today belong to the period of Bahumani

Kings in the fifteenth century. The important monumental works in Bidar are, the Kings Fort

with the old palace and other ancient monuments inside it, Madarasa Mohammad Gawan

(Oldest International University), Tombs of BARID SHAHI Kings, Dargah of Hazarath

Khaja –Abdul Fiaz, Tomb of Ali Barid and Tomb of Hazarath Ziauddin Sahib. Apart from

the above monuments, the other places of Historical and Pilgrimage are Papanasham – Shiva

Temple, Guru Nanak Zhira – Gurudwara and Narasimha Swamy Temple and Zheera.

Bidar can be located at 17°35‟ north latitude and 77°32‟ east longitude and its elevation is

about 664 m above the mean sea level. The climate of Bidar and its environs is reported to be

pleasant and is relatively cooler when compared to the temperatures in the neighboring

districts of Karnataka. The average annual rainfall as recorded in the previous years is

916.508 mm, 919.630 mm; the monsoon period is over four months i.e. between June to

September. The highest recorded during the above period is 925.05 mm during July month.

The average maximum temperature of 43° C is recorded during the period 1963-1979 is in

the month of May. The maximum temperature however varies from 39° C to 43° C during the

month of February to June and falls to 18° C during November month. The mean annual

maximum humidity observed in the morning was 62.72 pc and the minimum was observed in

the evening was 43.7 pc. Humidity will be least during the month of May. During summer

the predominant wind direction is westerly and during the monsoon seasons wind blows in

Southwesterly directions. During the winter seasons, the predominant wind direction is

Southeasterly. Bidar city is on the plateau being almost on its northern edge, which gives a

picturesque view of the low-lying lands on the North and East. The plateau is of irregular

shape, land stretching about 35.4 Km in length and 19.3 Km in width. The plateau consists of

red laterite rocky crust, of a depth varying from 30.5 m to 152.4 m supported on impervious

trap base. This has resulted in springs at the cleavages between trap and laterite rocks. Such

water springs can be observed in Bidar at Gurunanak Zheera, Narasimha Zheera, Papanasha

Shiva Temple and a few other places. The land in Bidar and its environs drains into Manjra

River (which flows in the region) is a tributary of Godavari River. The major soil types are,

Red laterite soil, Black cotton soil and a combination of the above two types. The commonly

used building materials (laterite stones) can be easily cut from laterite soil. Once they are cut

and exposed to the atmosphere, it gets harder. Some parts of the district have black cotton

soil, which is good for agricultural purposes.

Samples were collected from all the 35 wards as per standard procedural method for the

physicochemical analysis of 17 parameters,4 it has been revealed that all the parameters

studied under the area are within the prescribed limits5-6





Figure 1: Location of Bidar City

Figure 1: Bidar City Map





3. Results and Discussions

In this chapter for the purpose of revealing the water quality of 35 bore wells of 35 wards

covering the study area have been established by determining the physical and chemical

characteristics as per standard methods4. They have been listed systematically and

represented in table-2. The parameters viz., pH, total dissolved solids and total solids know

the physical characteristics of the ground water under the study area. The chemical

characteristics of the ground water under the study area are known by the parameters viz.,

total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, iron, fluoride, nitrate, chloride, sulfate,

sodium, potassium, alkalinity, manganese, zinc, and dissolved oxygen.

Total Hardness, Calcium Hardness & Magnesium Hardness variations during the study

period is presented in Figure 2.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35

Sampling Points

To

tal H

ard

ness, C

alc

ium

Hard

ness, M

ag

nessiu

m

Hard

ness, m

g/l

TH mg/l

Ca mg/l

Mg mg/l

Figure 2: TH - Total Hardness, Ca - Calcium Hardness and Mg - Magnesium Hardness

variations during the study period

Chloride, TS & TDS variations during the study period are presented in Figure 3

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35

Sampling Points

Ch

lori

de, T

ota

l S

olid

s, T

ota

l

Dis

so

lved

So

lid

s, m

g/l

Cl mg/l

TS mg/l

TDS mg/l

Figure 3: Cl - Chloride, TS - Total Solids, and TDS - Total Dissolved Solids variations

during the study period

Iron, Fluoride & Manganese variations during the study period are presented in Figure 4





0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35

Sampling Points

Iro

n, F

luo

rid

e, M

an

gan

ese, m

g/l

Fe mg/l

F mg/l

Mn mg/l

Figure 4: Fe - Iron, F - Fluoride, and Mn - Manganese variations during the study period

Sulfate, Sodium & Potassium variations during the study period are presented in Figure 5

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35

Sampling Points

Su

lfate

, S

od

ium

, P

ott

asiu

m,

mg

/l

SO4 mg/l

Na mg/l

K mg/l

Figure 5: SO4 - Sulfate, Na - Sodium, and K - Potassium variations during the study period

pH, Zinc & DO variations during the study period is presented in Figure 6.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35

Sampling Points

pH

, Z

inc, D

isso

lved

Oxyg

en

,

mg

/l

pH

Zn mg/l

DO mg/l

Figure 6: pH – Hydrogen Ion Concentration, Zn - Zinc, and DO – Dissolved Oxygen

variations during the study period

Alkalinity & Nitrate variations during the study period are presented in Figure 7.





0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35

sampling points

Alk

alin

ity, N

itra

te, m

g/l

Alkalinity mg/l

NO3 mg/l

Figure No. 7: Alkalinity and NO3 - Nitrate, variations during the study period

The physicochemical analysis of the ground water and the percent compliance with the

Indian Standards and WHO are summarized in table 1.8,7

Table 1: Comparison of groundwater quality with drinking water standards, Indian and

WHO

Parameters Indian

Standard

Percent

Compliance

WHO

Standard

Percent

Compliance

pH 6.5 – 8.5 100 7.0 – 8.0 99

TH, mg/l 300 100 100 98

Ca, mg/l 75 0 75 0

Mg mg/l 30 100 30 100

Cl, mg/l 250 100 250 100

TDS, mg/l 500 100 1000 100

Fe, mg/l 0.3 83 0.1 11.5

F, mg/l 1.0 100 1.0 100

NO3, mg/l 45 100 50 100

SO4, mg/l 200 100 250 100

Na, mg/l -- -- 200 100

K, mg/l -- -- -- --

Alkalinity mg/l 200 100 -- 100

Mn, mg/l 30 100 0.05 100

Zn, mg/l 5 100 5 100

Table 2: Groundwater physico-chemical characteristics of Bidar City & its industrial area

Parameters Sampling point No. (Ward No.)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

pH 7.23 7.24 7.34 7.72 7.74 7.24 7.78 7.36 7.60 7.50

TH 101.4 101.4 101.9 103.2 111.4 94.7 118.4 94.9 92.2 92.6

Ca 83.1 82.1 82.6 87.4 89.2 78.0 92.6 78.3 77.8 77.9

Mg 19.4 19.3 18.9 15.8 22.2 17.7 25.8 17.9 14.2 14.5

Cl 138.0 137.9 137.7 166.8 170.8 142.1 170.0 142.4 142.6 142.3

TDS 454 453 466 405 411 466 412 465 373 373

Fe 0.293 0.283 0.273 0.220 0.260 0.160 0.240 0.18. 0.298 0.308





F 0.278 0.274 0.280 0.368 0.454 0.290 0.492 0.310 0.290 0.300

NO3 17.7 15.4 17.9 20.8 21.4 18.6 20.8 18.9 19.4 19.6

SO4 21.5 21.3 21.2 27.0 34.8 28.1 33.3 28.5 21.9 22.3

Na 93.6 93.3 94.1 106.6 106.6 90.5 108.8 90.9 89.4 90.4

K 19.6 19.2 19.5 33.0 27.0 21.0 24.8 21.3 21.2 22.2

Alkalinity 62.4 61.9 62.9 88.6 88.0 88.9 88.7 89.1 86.8 87.7

Mn 0.08 0.078 0.085 0.035 0.028 0.112 0.022 0.103 0.089 0.077

Zn 2.25 2.24 2.22 2.10 2.15 2.11 2.20 2.15 2.95 2.05

DO 5.73 5.72 5.71 5.52 5.55 5.56 5.32 5.54 5.78 5.76

TS 492.3 492.2 492.4 587.3 581.2 519.0 578.4 521.0 399.0 394.0

Table 2: continued.


11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

pH 7.20 7.42 7.45 7.38 7.66 7.31 7.76 7.72 7.66 7.76

TH 93.6 99.4 95.6 97.4 95.2 93.8 97.6 111.2 97.0 114.8

Ca 78.9 83.1 84.8 81.0 78.6 78.7 81.0 90.6 77.4 90.6

Mg 14.5 18.8 10.8 16.4 16.6 14.8 16.6 20.6 19.0 24.2

Cl 143.5 137.8 144.1 145.6 169.2 143.6 160.4 168.4 167.6 169.2

TDS 373 463 454.4 366 411.2 373.4 397.0 405.0 417.0 410.4

Fe 0.370 0.210 0.139 0.410 0.269 0.360 0.245 0.240 0.270 0.250

F 0.386 0.276 0.330 0.348 0.410 0.394 0.334 0.452 0.388 0.392

NO3 17.6 17.6 17.0 19.0 22.4 17.7 20.4 20.4 18.6 21.8

SO4 23.0 21.7 23.5 23.1 33.7 23.5 20.4 20.4 18.6 21.8

Na 97.0 93.8 87.4 90.0 107.8 97.3 98.0 109.4 106.0 97.0

K 21.2 19.5 20.6 21.0 23.9 21.4 22.0 23.2 25.2 20.8

Alkalinity 82.2 62.8 85.5 88.2 79.6 82.5 80.4 89.0 77.2 89.2

Mn 0.114 0.062 0.065 0.111 0.049 0.112 0.058 0.089 0.066 0.075

Zn 2.04 2.23 2.17 1.95 2.14 2.14 2.32 2.28 2.21 2.18

DO 5.85 5.73 5.83 5.66 5.42 5.83 5.84 5.23 5.74 5.72

TS 452.0 492.4 531 464 587.6 457 577.2 577 519.6 587.6

Table 2: continued.


21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

pH 7.74 8.05 7.64 7.57 7.53 7.50 7.59 7.54 7.64 7.68

TH 96.4 93.3 94.7 96.0 95.1 97.0 94.9 95.8 96.8 97.2

Ca 77.8 79.2 78.9 80.6 78.8 80.8 80.1 79.8 80.8 80.8

Mg 18.6 14.1 16.8 16.4 16.3 16.2 16.1 16.3 16.0 16.4

Cl 160.4 34.5 156.9 146.0 151.0 139.0 154.0 149.0 149.1 167.6

TDS 405.0 366.4 370.0 368.5 369.1 368.0 368.3 368.7 488.0 402.0

Fe 0.278 0.124 0.315 0.310 0.205 0.300 0.310 0.305 0.330 0.231

F 0.320 0.320 0.390 0.354 0.344 0.334 0.351 0.368 0.408 0.366

NO3 22.8 18.6 19.8 19.4 19.3 19.2 19.5 19.7 21.0 20.6

SO4 32.6 21.1 24.6 23.0 24.5 22.0 24.3 23.5 21.0 32.5

Na 108.0 87.1 95.0 89.2 89.8 87.2 89.2 88.1 97.0 107.8

K 25.6 21.5 21.2 20.3 19.7 19.9 20.9 20.6 21.2 27.0

Alkalinity 80.6 82.6 80.2 85.4 87.2 87.4 82.4 84.7 82.0 82.4

Mn 0.086 0.096 0.011 0.08 0.082 0.057 0.015 0.048 0.053 0.083

Zn 2.34 2.07 2.12 2.09 2.18 2.08 2.13 2.17 2.06 2.2

DO 5.64 5.87 5.84 5.92 5.90 5.89 5.87 5.86 5.82 5.49





TS 579.2 393.0 408.0 413.0 412.0 411.0 419.0 415.0 544.0 569.0

Table 2: continued.

Parameters Sampling point No. (Ward No.) Statistical values for all the 35

sampling points

31 32 33 34 35 Mean S.D C.V Min. Max.

pH 7.21 7.58 7.74 7.39 7.27 7.53 0.206 0.027 7.2 8.05

TH 95.8 97.6 91.2 97.8 94.8 98.35 6.36 0.065 91.2 118.4

Ca 78.9 84.8 76.8 81.5 78.2 81.47 4.13 0.051 76.8 92.6

Mg 16.9 12.8 14.4 16.7 17.6 17.13 2.96 0.173 10.8 25.8

Cl 140.1 138.6 159.6 145.8 142.5 147.8 22.85 0.155 34.5 170.8

TDS 478.0 424.0 416.8 356.8 466.8 410.56 40.26 0.098 357 488

Fe 0.330 0.300 0.244 0.380 0.190 0.269 0.066 0.246 0.124 0.410

F 0.372 0.345 0.352 0.353 0.33 0.353 0.052 0.148 0.274 0.492

NO3 20.4 19.6 22.0 18.8 18.8 19.5 1.603 0.082 15.4 22.8

SO4 20.4 21.5 33.5 23.5 28.3 26.28 5.08 0.193 20.4 34.8

Na 86.0 91.2 108.2 90.3 90.7 95.79 7.753 0.081 86.0 109.4

K 21.5 19.4 27.4 21.2 21.4 22.18 2.94 0.133 19.2 33.0

Alkalinity 77.4 82.0 78.6 88.5 89.1 82.06 8.024 0.098 61.9 89.2

Mn 0.092 0.084 0.072 0.077 0.083 0.072 0.027 0.375 0.011 0.114

Zn 2.16 2.13 2.24 1.99 2.12 2.17 0.16 0.073 1.95 2.95

DO 5.68 5.86 5.38 5.64 5.57 5.69 0.18 0.031 5.23 5.92

TS 524.0 489.0 591.6 468.0 522.0 499 68.0 0.136 394.0 591.6

TDS – Total dissolved solids in mg/l, TH – Total Hardness in mg/l, Ca – Calcium Hardness

in mg/l, Mg – Magnesium Hardness in mg/l, Fe – Iron in mg/l, F – Fluoride in mg/l, NO3 –

Nitrate in mg/l, Cl – Chloride in mg/l, SO4 – Sulphate in mg/l, K–Potassium in mg/l, Mn –

Manganese in mg/l, Zn –Zinc in mg/l, DO – Dissolved Solids in mg/l, TS – Total solids in

mg/l, S.D – Standard deviation, C.V – Co-efficient of variation %, Min. – Minimum, Max. -

Maximum.

Water Quality Index 7

For computing water quality index three steps are followed as given in table-3. In the first

step, each of the 15 parameters has been assigned a weight (wi) according to its relative

importance in the over all quality of water for drinking purposes. The maximum weight of 5

has been assigned to the parameter nitrate due to its major importance in water quality

assessment. Magnesium which is given weight of 2 as magnesium by it self may not be that

harmful 4

Second step, relative weight (Wi) is computed from the following equation:

Wi =

wi1i

n

wi

------------------------------------- (1)

Where (Wi) is the relative weight, (wi) is the weight of each parameter and „n‟ is the number

of parameters. Calculated relative weight (wi) values of each parameters are also given in

(table 3).





In the third step, a quality rating scale (qi) for each parameter is assigned by dividing its

concentration in each water sample by its respective standard according to the guidelines laid

down in the BIS and the result is multiplied by 100:

qi = ( Ci / Si ) * 100 ----------------------------------------------- (2)

Where qi is the quality rating, Ci is the concentration of each chemical parameter in each

water sample in mg/l, and Si is the BIS (Bureau of Indian standards) water standard for each

chemical parameter in mg/l according to the guidelines of the BIS-10500-1991.

For computing the WQI, the SIi is first determined for each chemical parameter, which is

then used to determine the WQI as per the following equation

SIi = Wi * qi ----------------------------------------------------------------- (3)

WQI = SIi ----------------------------------------------------------------- (4)

SIi is the sub index of Ith parameter, qi is the rating based on concentration of ith parameter and

n is the number of parameter. The computed WQI values are classified into five types

“excellent water”, “good water”, “poor water” “very poor water” and “water unsuitable for

drinking” as shown in table no. 4

Table 3: Relative weight of chemical parameters.7

Sl.

Nos.

Chemical

Parameters

Indian

Standards

Weightage

(wi)

Relative

Weight (Wi)

Quality

Rating (qi)

Sub Index

(SIi)

1 pH 6.5 – 8.5 4 0.0784 88.65 6.953

2 TH 300 – 600 3 0.0588 16.39 0.964

3 Ca 75 – 200 2 0.0392 40.74 1.598

4 Mg 30 – 100 2 0.0392 17.13 0.672

5 Cl 250 – 1000 3 0.0588 14.78 0.869

6 TDS 500 – 2000 4 0.0784 20.53 1.610

7 F 1 – 1.5 4 0.0784 23.53 1.845

8 NO3 45 – 100 5 0.0980 19.5 1.912

9 Fe 0.3 – 1.0 4 0.0784 26.9 2.110

10 SO4 200 – 400 4 0.0784 6.57 0.515

11 Na 600 – 700 2 0.0392 13.68 0.536

12 K 20 – 25 3 0.0588 88.72 5.219

13 Alkalinity 200 – 600 3 0.0588 13.68 0.805

14 Mn 0.1 – 0.3 4 0.0784 24.00 1.882

15 Zn 5 – 15 4 0.0784 14.51 1.138

wi = 51 Wi =

0.9999

qi =

429.31

SIi =

28.629

eg: For pH, Wi = wi

wi

1i

n

= 4/51 = 0.0784, qi = ( Ci / Si ) * 100 = ( 7.535 / 8.5 ) * 100 = 88.65,

Si = Wi * qi = 0.0784 * 88.65 = 6.953





Table 4: Water quality classification based on WQI value7, 10

WQI Value Water Quality

<50 Excellent

50 – 100 Good water

100 – 200 Poor water

200 – 300 Very poor water

>300 Water unsuitable for drinking

WATER QUALITY INDEX (WQI)

The three steps of water quality index are:

Step – 1

wi = according to the relative importance (overall quality of water for drinking purpose).

The maximum weightage of 5 has been assigned to the parameter nitrate and minimum

weightage of 2 has been assigned for manganese (may not be that harmful).

Step – 2

Relative weight (Wi)

Wi = wi

wi

1i

n

Si = Wi * qi

qi = ( Ci / Si ) * 100

Where qi = Quality rating, Ci = concentration of each chemical parameter in each water

sample in mg/l, Si = Indian drinking water standard for each chemical parameter in mg/l.

(according to BIS10500: 1991)

Water quality index (WQI) = sub index of the Ith

parameter.

Step – 3

WQI = SIi = 28.629

4. Conclusions

After the careful study of analysis, interpretation and discussions of the numerical data

following conclusions have been drawn for the ground water of Bidar city. The groundwater

is crystal clear, odorless, and palatable. Most of the bore wells yield potable water with

moderate mineral or dissolved salts. Water is soft in almost all the sampling points. As there

is no considerable increase in chloride and sulphate, it shows that there is no possible

contamination of groundwater due to percolation of polluted surface water. The concentration

of nitrate and fluoride in the entire Bidar City is well within the permissible limit. Though the

geological strata of Bidar City consists of laterite stones, which is rich in iron but it seems

iron is in slightly dissolvable state, hence iron also detected well within the permissible limit





as per Indian standards. But as per WHO Standards iron in ground water is slightly high.

Whatever the hardness is reported, it is by calcium itself, which is also little higher than the

permissible limits. Scaling of utensils, household boilers have been reported by survey. It has

been revealed by the analysis that industrial effluents have negative effect on the quality of

ground water of Bidar City and its industrial area. The water quality index (WQI) falls in the

Excellent Range and hence the ground water of Bidar city is as considered as Excellent. The

analysis reveals that the groundwater of the area, needs certain degree of treatment before

consumption (at least disinfection), and it also needs to be protected from the perils of

contamination.

Acknowledgement

Thanks to “Hyderabad Karnataka Education Society” Gulbarga, Karnataka State, India

5. References

1. M.A. Maniyar (1990), “Evaluation of Groundwater Quality of the Bore wells of

Gulbarga city maintained by K.U.W.S. and D. Board. M.E. Environmental

Engineering Dissertation Submitted to Gulbarga University Gulbarga”, pp 16 -

29.

2. S.R. Mise (1988), “Wastewater Characterization of Gulbarga City (Zones „A‟ &

„B‟) M.E., Environmental Engineering Dissertation Work Submitted to

Gulbarga University Gulbarga”, pp 12 - 33

3. Shivasharanappa (1988), wastewater Characterization of Gulbarga City (Zone

„C‟). M.E., Environmental Dissertation Work Submitted to Gulbarga Univesity

Gulbarga”, pp 46 - 67

4. APHA, American Public Health Association (2003), standard method for

examination of water & wastewater specifications, Washington DC, 6, 19th

Edition.

5. Bureau of Indian Standards, 1993, (IS 10500:1991), Edition 2.1

6. WHO (World Health Organization) Guidelines for drinking water quality (1993),

second edition, Vol. 1, 188.

7. C.R. Ramakrishniah, C.Sadashivam & G.Ranganna (2009), “Assessment of

Water Quality Index for the Groundwater in Tumkur, Karnataka State, India” E-

Journal of Chemistry, 6(2), pp 523 - 530.

8. Nirdosh Patil, Atiq Ahmed, Sureshbabu H, N M Kottureshwar, M. Jayashree,

J.Nijalingappa (2010), “Study on the Physico-Chemical characteristics of

ground water of Gulbarga City (Karnataka)” International Journal of Applied

Biology & Pharmaceutical Technology, 1(2), Aug-Oct, 519

9. Divya Rani Thomas, B. Sunil, C. Latha (2011), “Assessment of seasonal

variation on Physicochemical & Microbiological quality of drinking water at

Mannuthy, Kerala”,International Journal of Chemistry, Environmental 7

Pharmaceutical research, 2(2-3), May – Dec, p 135 – 140.





10. Kavita Parmar, Vineeta Parmar (2010), “ Evaluation Water quality Index for

drinking purpose of river Subenarekha in Singhbhum District”, International

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