assessment of whole-lake herbicide treatments to … talks/upload...evaluation of lake-wide,...
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Evaluation of Lake-wide, Early-season Herbicide
Treatments for Controlling Invasive Curlyleaf
Pondweed in Minnesota Lakes
James A. JohnsonWater Resources Science Graduate Program
Funding and additional support provided by
Dr. Raymond M. Newman
Ajay R. Jones
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Curlyleaf Pondweed
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Curlyleaf Pondweed
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Curlyleaf Life-Cycle in MN
Curlyleaf Turion
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Why manage curlyleaf?
Dense Curlyleaf Growth
Degraded Water Quality
Recreational &
Ecological Impairment
Management Goals
1 - Reduce nuisance growth
2 - Promote native plants
3 - Long-term control
4 - Improve Water Quality
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Herb
icid
e A
pp
licatio
n
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What herbicides were tested?
Endothall
Short Contact Time
Selective: 10 to 15 °C
Treat areas of Curlyleaf
FluridoneEndothall
Fluridone
Long Contact Time
Selective: 2 to 4 µg/L
Treat entire lake
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Study Objectives
• Did herbicides control curlyleaf?- Frequency of occurrence
- Abundance (biomass)
- Turion production, abundance and viability
• Did herbicides affect native plants?
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Study Lakes
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Study LakesR
EF
ER
EN
CE
TR
EA
TE
D
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Monitoring 2006-2009
Vegetation Surveys
May, June, August
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Monitoring 2006-2009
Turion Production
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Monitoring 2006-2009
Turion Abundance
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Monitoring 2006-2009
Turion Viability
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Effects of Herbicide Treatment
Curlyleaf Frequency
Curlyleaf Biomass
Turion Production
Turion Abundance
Turion Viability
Native Plants
Water Clarity
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Curlyleaf Frequency & Biomass
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Curlyleaf Frequency
0
20
40
60
80
100
May 2006 Jun 2006 May 2007 Jun 2007 May 2008 Jun 2008 May 2009 Jun 2009
CU
RL
YL
EA
F F
RE
QU
EN
CY
(%
)
UNTREATED
Coal
Rebecca *
Vails
TREATED
Crookneck **
Fish **
Julia
Lower Mission
Rush
Weaver
P=0.38 P=0.02 P=0.76 P=0.02 P=0.11 P=0.02
MAY JUN
2007
MAY JUN
2008
MAY JUN
2009
P=0.13 P=0.13
MAY JUN
2006
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Curlyleaf Biomass
1
10
100
1000
May 2006 Jun 2006 May 2007 Jun 2007 May 2008 Jun 2008 May 2009 Jun 2009
AV
ER
AG
E L
ITT
OR
AL
BIO
MA
SS
(d
ry g
/m2)
UNTREATED
Coal
Rebecca *
Vails
TREATED
Crookneck **
Fish **
Julia
Lower Mission
Rush
Weaver
P=0.02 P=0.02 P=0.02 P=0.02 P=0.10 P=0.02
MAY JUN
2007
MAY JUN
2008
MAY JUN
2009
MAY JUN
2006
P=0.13 P=0.13
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Curlyleaf Turions
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Did treatments stop turion production?
HERBICIDE-TREATED LAKES UNTREATED REFERENCE
Crookneck Fish JuliaL.
MissionRush Weaver Coal Rebecca Vails
2006 x (SE)
<1
(<1)
3
(2)
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
96
(47)
1871
(589)
360
(144)
2007 <1
(<1)
<1
(<1)
0
-
<1
(<1)
0
-
0
-
312
(93)
778
(210)
509
(124)
2008 2
(2)
<1
(<1)
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
87
(46)
313
(93)
379
(124)
2009 8
(5)
10
(8)
0
-
<1
(<1)
0
-
0
-
52
(23)
11
(4)
206
(83)
Turions / m2 (on standing plants)
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Did treatments reduce turion abundance?
Wilcoxon Rank Sum
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
Pre
treat
men
t
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
TO
TA
L T
UR
ION
AB
UND
AN
CE
(tu
rio
ns/m
2)
UNTREATED
Coal
Rebecca *
Vails
TREATED
Crookneck **
Fish **
Julia
Lower Mission
Rush
Weav er
P=0.17 P=0.02 P=0.02
a
Pretreat ment
a
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
P=0.13
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Did treatments reduce turion viability?
Wilcoxon Rank Sum
HERBICIDE-TREATED LAKES UNTREATED REFERENCE
Crookneck Fish JuliaL.
MissionRush Weaver Coal Rebecca Vails
% VIABLE
2006 73 29 81 59 43 42 91 76 82
2007 74 50 77 45 62 40 76 85 85
2008 76 40 83 52 63 45 71 85 89
2009 69 40 76 21 67 48 79 76 83
ABUNDANCE OF VIABLE TURIONS (N/m2)
2006 85 55 27 103 25 79 111 505 208
2007 115 22 22 67 20 54 132 620 451
2008 75 38 17 88 30 71 161 725 681
2009 30 27 14 12 7 49 86 330 94
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Turion Depletion
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5
?
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Native Plants
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Did treatments harm native plants?
Untreated Reference Lakes
Treated Lakes
Nu
mb
er
of
Na
tive
Ta
xa
pe
r S
am
ple
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Did treatments harm native plants?
Untreated Reference Lakes
Treated Lakes
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Water Clarity
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Did treatments increase water clarity?
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Conclusions
• Large within-year effects on curlyleaf frequency and biomass
• Near elimination of turion production
• Majority of turion depletion appears to occur in first year of treatment
• No clear indication of cumulative carry-over effects due to high variability in reference lakes
• Turions remain viable in sediment for more than 4 years
• Some shifts in native plant community, but generally maintained diversity and abundance
• Lake-wide treatments do not eradicate curlyleaf, but may reduce curlyleaf to levels where other less intensive measures may be able to maintain control
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Future Research
• How does viable turion abundance relate to curlyleaf sprouting?
• Determine how long buried turions remain viable
• Rate of curlyleaf reestablishment after lake-wide treatments stop
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Acknowledgements
• Brenda Asmus
• David Bloomer
• Wendy Crowell
• Krista Drake
• Vince Eckman
• Rebecca Gorney
• Scott Haire
• Johanna Henly
• Rick Johnson
• Ajay Jones
• Audrey Kuchinski
• Matt Krause
• Brittany Mitchell
• Lisa Pugh
• Matt Ruff
• Dan Swanson
• Chip Welling