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Author Index

Aarnio, M., 165Abidin, R.R., 236, 238, 241Achenbach, T.M., 33, 192, 195Ackerman, B.P., 198Adams, G.R., 268, 281Adams, R., 53Af Klinteberg, B., 47Aittomaki, A., 149Allen, K.R., 260, 262Allik, J., 45, 47Almeida, D.M., 234, 241Almqvist, F., 182Alnaes, R., 200Alpert, A., 297Alsaker, F.D., 109, 121Amateau, L.M., 335Amaya-Williams, M., 198Amell, J.W., 46Andersen, O., 149, 166Andersen, S.J., 211Andrews, M., 335Annunziato, B., 335Anthony, E.J., 246Antonovsky, A., 287, 288, 291, 293,

294, 301, 302, 303Antonucci, T., 259Appelberg, K., 335Arber, S., 149Archer, S.L., 265

Arnett, J.J., 312Aro, H., 47, 276Aromaa, A., 148, 162Arseneault, L., 11, 69Asherson, P., 189Askenasy, A.R., 332Athanasou, J.A., 332Attias-Donfut, C., 246, 249, 254, 259,

261

Bagby, R.M., 201Baker, L.A., 90Bakke, E.W., 307Baltes-Gotz, B., 265, 271Barends, N., 217Barker, D.J.P., 13, 102, 106, 150Barman, S.K., 136, 137–138Barnett, R., 242, 258Bartell, M., 338Bartell, R., 338Bartels, M., 187, 189Bartholomew, K., 47, 258Bartley, M.J., 149, 332, 340Baruch, G., 258Bates, J.E., 30, 34, 133, 176Bathurst, K., 228, 234, 241, 242Bauer, T., 334Baumrind, D., 209, 210, 213, 237Beem, A.L., 87

397

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398 Author Index

Bellizzi, M.C., 96Belous, R., 334Belsky, J., 113, 114, 118, 213, 215, 217,

238, 241Bem, D.J., 4, 6, 7, 211Benach, J., 333Benavides, F.G., 333Benedek, T., 246Bengtson, V.L., 246, 251, 256, 258,

260, 262Benotsch, E.G., 335Ben-Shlomo, Y., 334, 339Benyamini, Y., 147Bergeman, C.S., 336Berg, K., 71, 74Bergman, L.R., 52, 281, 312Berzonsky, M.D., 268, 281Bewtra, A.K., 58Biederman, J., 192Bielenski, H., 334Bjorkqvist, K., 182, 184Bjorndal, A., 332Blieszner, R., 260, 262Block, J., 214, 218Block, J.H., 218Blumenthal, J.A., 335Boekaerts, M., 198, 207Bogle, A.C., 59Bohmer, S., 47Boker, S.M., 112, 157, 159Bole, P., 333Bonanno, G.A., 200Boomsma, D.I., 56, 76, 86, 90, 165,

187, 189Borgan, J.K., 149Bornstein, M.H., 209, 216Bos, V., 149, 166Botting, N., 13Bouchard, C., 58Bouchard, T.J., Jr., 56, 338Boughman, J.A., 65Boxer, A.M., 111, 134Brame, B., 30Brandis, J., 247, 262Brandtstadter, J., 265, 270, 271Brenner, E.M., 198, 199Bridges, M., 289, 302, 304

Broese van Groenou, M., 256Broidy, L.M., 30Broman, C.L., 337Bromet, E.J., 336Brooks-Gunn, J., 110, 111, 118Broom, D.H., 243Brosschot, J.F., 200Bruun, K., 15Bucholz, K.K., 81, 156, 164Bulik, C.M., 83, 84Bumpus, M.F., 234, 243Burch, T.K., 257Burke, R.J., 336Burton, A.K., 331Busjahn, A., 76, 86, 165Buss, A.H., 47

Cadoret, R., 81Cairns, B.D., 4, 9, 182, 318Cairns, R.B., 4, 9, 182, 318Cameron, E., 33Campbell, J.D., 202Cantwell, D.P., 192Cardano, M., 149, 166Cardon, L.R., 90Carver, C.S., 288, 289, 294, 301, 302,

303, 304Caspi, A., 4, 6, 7, 11, 39, 46, 69, 70,

73, 113, 118, 123, 170, 211, 309,310, 313, 318, 340, 342

Cates, D.S., 336Cattell, R.B., 36Cavalli-Sforza, L.L., 89Cavelaars, A.E.J.M., 149Chan, W.Y., 113Chase-Lansdale, P.L., 71Cherlin, A.J., 71Christensen, A.J., 335Christensen, K., 156Christian, J.C., 64, 65Cicchetti, D., 198Claussen, B., 332Clements, M.L., 212Cloninger, C.R., 81Coan, R.W., 36Coatsworth, J.D., 29, 265Coccaro, E.F., 336






Author Index 399

Cohen, D.B., 68Cohen, R.D., 201Cohen, S., 331Cole, P.M., 198Cole, T.J., 96, 99Collins, W.A., 209Conger, K.J., 229, 230Conger, R.D., 123, 229, 230Connor, S.L., 336Connor, W.E., 336Cook, D.G., 332, 340Cooke, R.W., 13Cooney, T.M., 252, 253, 259Cooper, J.T., 47Corder, L., 156Corey, L.A., 65, 71, 74Cornes, B., 167Costa, C., 149Costa, F.M., 202Costa, G., 166Costa, P.T., Jr., 45, 47Cote, J.E., 284Cote, L.R., 216Craig, I.W., 56, 170Crawford, A., 211Crawford, M.H., 336Creer, T.L., 198, 207Crnic, K.A., 212, 213, 215Crockett, L.J., 134, 227Crouter, A.C., 218, 220, 225, 228, 234,

237, 241, 242, 243Curran, S., 189

Daley, S.E., 338Dalstra, J., 149Danckaerts, S., 14Darrow, C.N., 306Davis, B., 68Davis, C., 167Dawson, D.A., 115, 129Deary, I.J., 201Defries, J.C., 56, 73, 196De Geus, E.J., 87DeGrip, A., 332DelVecchio, W.F., 162Depue, R., 47, 304Derom, C., 14, 97

Derom, R., 97Derryberry, D., 34, 47Desplanques, G., 149de St. Aubin, E., 276Detweiler, J.B., 200Dewit, D.J., 257Diaz, R.M., 198Dick, D.M., 9, 14, 70, 91, 110, 116,

118, 119, 120, 131, 133, 134,140, 142, 143, 169, 191

Dietz, W.H., 96, 302Diez-Roux, A.V., 333Dinwiddie, S.H., 81Dishion, T.J., 68Dodez, R., 33Dodge, K.A., 30, 69, 70, 176, 198Dohrenwend, B.P., 332Dohrenwend, B.S., 332D’Onofrio, B.M., 71, 74, 168Donovan, J.E., 202Draper, P., 114Drinkwater, M., 211D’Souza, R.M., 243Dubas, J.S., 246Duncan, S.C., 297Duncan, T.E., 297Dunlop, L.C., 109Dunn, J., 72Dunn, L.O., 336du Toit, M., 222du Toit, S., 222

Eaves, L.J., 65, 68, 71, 74, 191, 193,195

Edelbrock, C.S., 33Edwards, D.L., 335Eggebeen, D.J., 252, 253, 260Ehrenborg, E., 86Eilertsen, D.E., 187Eisenberg, N., 31, 33, 176, 183, 197,

198, 199, 208Eisen, S.A., 156, 164Elder, G.H., Jr., 4, 6, 7, 123, 211, 229,

246, 247, 248, 249, 250Eley, T.C., 12, 187, 190, 191, 192, 196Elovainio, M., 102, 331, 333, 334,

337, 340






400 Author Index

Emery, R.E., 74Emmons, R.A., 201, 202Epel, E.S., 200Erber, R., 200Eriksen, H.G., 200Erikson, E.H., 267, 275, 285Eriksson, C.J.P., 15, 82Eriksson, J.G., 102, 106Eriksson, P., 86Everson, S.A., 102Ewing, J.A., 47, 128Extremera, N., 201Eysenck, H.J., 36, 44Eysenck, M.W., 36Eysenck, S.B.G., 44

Fabes, R.A., 31, 176, 181, 183, 197,198, 199, 208

Fadjukoff, P., 269Fagel, S., 252, 259Farrington, D.P., 52Feldman, L.A., 46Feldman, M.W., 89Feldt, T., 34, 208, 231, 242, 290, 293,

294, 299, 301Felling, A.J.A., 218Fergusson, D.M., 310Fernandez-Berrocal, P., 201Ferrie, J.E., 333Field, A.P., 331Fisher, E.B., Jr., 335Flegal, K.M., 96Flood, M.F., 208Fokkema, T., 256Foley, D.L., 62, 63, 339Ford, E.S., 302Forsen, T., 102, 106Freedman, D., 46Freeman, J.V., 99Friedman, M., 32, 329Frisancho, A.R., 103Frone, M.R., 242Fryer, D., 308Fuhrer, R., 331Fulker, D.W., 89Fyrsten, S., 48, 49, 298

Galambos, N., 234, 241Galinsky, E., 226, 243Garber, J., 198Gargiulo, J., 110, 111Gerris, J.R.M., 218Gertow, K., 86Geurts, J.J.M., 149Geurts, S., 47Ge, X., 123Gianas, A.D., 59Giarrusso, R., 258Giles, W.H., 302Gilmore, A.B.C., 148Girgus, J.S., 176, 182Gjone, H., 187Goldberg, D.P., 47Golden, C.J., 47Golden, W.L., 112Goldman, S.L., 200Goldsberg, J., 72Gottesman, I.I., 59, 90, 168Gottfredson, L.S., 150, 166Gottfried, A.E., 228, 234, 241, 242Gottfried, A.W., 228, 234, 241, 242Graber, J.A., 110, 118Grant, B.F., 115, 129Greenglass, E.R., 336Groenhof, F., 149Gross, J.J., 197, 199, 200Grotevant, H.D., 267Grundy, E., 256Guacci, N., 254, 258Guijarro, M.L., 329, 330, 334, 335,

339Gulley, B., 69Gupta, M., 201Guthrie, I.K., 31, 197, 199, 208Gutmann, D.L., 262

Haapasalo, J., 44Haavisto, T., 47Haggerty, D.J., 47Hakkinen, A.M., 86Haley, A., 168Hallet, A., 329, 330, 334, 335, 339Hall, L.E., 47






Author Index 401

Hallqvist, J., 334, 339Hamalainen, M., 45, 47, 52Hamilton, V.L., 337Hammarstrom, A., 332Hammen, C., 338Hammill, B.G., 250Hampson, S., 340Hamsten, A., 86Haney, T.L., 335Hanisch, K.A., 307Hannukainen, J.C., 86Hanson, D.R., 90Happonen, M., 190Harding, S., 166Harrington, H., 46, 170Harris, E.L., 64Harris, J.R., 68, 156, 163Haukkala, A., 165Havighurst, R.J., 306Hay, D.F., 183Head, M.R., 218, 220, 225, 243Heath, A.C., 74, 156, 164, 339Heidrich, J., 147Heikkila, K., 335Heincke, S.G., 47, 276Heinonen, O.J., 86Heistaro, S., 147Heliovaara, M., 148, 162Helmers, K.F., 201Hemmingway, H., 331Henttonen, I., 182Herman-Stahl, M.A., 200Hervas, A., 195Hesselbrock, V.M., 81Hetherington, E.M., 67, 189, 209Hewitt, J., 187, 193Hietala, R., 37, 82, 177, 179Higgins, D.A., 181Hijort, P.F., 332Hill, J.O., 107Hoevenberg, J., 332Hoff, E., 212Hoffman, W.S., 337Hofstede, G., 256Hollis, J.F., 336Holmes, T.H., 332

Holm, N.V., 156Honkapohja, S., 230Honkasalo, M.-L., 335Hopp, R.J., 58Hops, H., 68Horowitz, L.M., 47, 258Horwood, L.J., 310Houston, B.K., 336Howell, C.T., 195Hsueh, A.J., 113Hsu, S.Y., 113Hudziak, J.J., 187, 189Huikko, E., 182Hunt, C.B., 69Hurme, H., 246, 247, 248–249, 257,

258, 261Hurrell, J.J., 332Hyde, J., 242

Iachine, I., 87Idler, E.L., 147Ikaheimo, K., 182Ittel, A., 109Izard, C.E., 198

Jacklin, C.N., 181Jackson, S., 235Jacobson, K.C., 227Jaffee, S.R., 11, 69, 70Jahoda, M., 307Jain, A., 213, 215Janlert, U., 332Janssens, J.M.A.M., 218Jefferis, B.J., 104Jensen, P.S., 192Jessor, R., 202Johansson, S.E., 97John, B., 192John, O.P., 200Johnson, J.K., 14Johnson, W., 338Jolliffe, D., 95Joreskog, K.G., 222, 272, 276, 279Josselson, R., 281Jousilahti, P., 147Julkunen, J., 201






402 Author Index

Junger-Tas, J., 46Juujarvi, P., 226

Kaartinen, J., 226Kagan, J., 39Kamarck, T.W., 335Kang, K.W., 65Kannisto, K., 86Kapanen, J., 86Kaplan, G.A., 102, 201Kaprio, J., 9, 15, 37, 51, 69, 70, 76, 77,

80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 89, 90, 91,96, 97, 99, 104, 105, 110, 112,113, 116, 118, 119, 120, 122,131, 133, 134, 136, 140, 142,143, 165, 169, 176, 177, 179,182, 183, 184, 186, 188, 190,195, 196, 203, 204, 205, 208,221, 237, 335, 338

Karasek, R.A., 331Kareholt, I., 148Karlberg, L., 336Kartovaara, L., 261Karvonen, S., 18Kasl, S.V., 147Katzel, L.I., 201Katz, I.M., 201–202Kauhanen, J., 201Kaukiainen, A., 182Kautiainen, S., 95, 107Kavoussi, R.J., 336Keiley, M.K., 176Keil, U., 147Kendall, P.C., 205Kendler, K.S., 62, 63, 130, 339Kerr, M., 217, 218, 219Kesaniemi, A., 335Keski-Rahkonen, A., 83, 84, 89, 191Kessler, R.C., 339Keyes, C.L.M., 47, 275Keys, A.B., 149Kiernan, K.E., 71Kim, T.-C., 276King, L.A., 201, 202King, V., 249Kinnunen, M.-L., 48, 49, 51, 102, 204,

298

Kinnunen, T., 51, 202, 203, 208Kinnunen, U., 48, 49, 52, 208, 230,

231, 233, 234, 235, 242, 243,293, 294, 298, 299

Kirby, J.B., 246, 260Kirjonen, J., 331Kivimaki, M., 102, 290, 293, 331, 333,

334, 335, 336, 337, 340Kivnick, H.Q., 246Klaukka, T., 148, 162Klein, E.B., 306Klein-Hesselink, D.J., 338Klein, M.W., 46Knekt, P., 148, 162Knight, G.P., 181Kokko, K., 34, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 203,

204, 208, 210, 211, 213, 265,269, 274, 293, 294, 298, 299,307, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313,317, 318, 326, 336, 337, 340

Kokkonen, M., 202, 203, 204, 208,271

Kolaric, G.C., 234, 241Komter, A.E., 253Kong, Y., 335Kopp, C.B., 198Korda, R.J., 243Kortteinen, M., 337Koskela, E., 230Koskenvuo, M., 15, 76, 77, 122, 142,

143, 165, 169, 333, 335, 336Kovacs, M., 190Kowner, R., 59Kposowa, A.J., 332Kracke, B., 120Kraemer, D.T., 200Krakau, I., 336Krasnoff, L., 332Krause, N., 246Kristenson, H., 47, 128Kroger, J., 268Krueger, R.F., 338Kudo, M., 113Kuh, D., 334, 339Kujala, U.M., 86, 165Kulis, S., 257Kumpulainen, K., 182






Author Index 403

Kunst, A.E., 149Kuntsi, J., 189Kuper, H., 331

Laaksonen, M., 149, 150Laamanen, M., 86Lagerspetz, K.M.J., 182, 184Laghai, A., 202Lahelma, E., 81, 90, 147, 148, 149,

150, 164, 165, 338Lahti-Koski, M., 97, 165Laitinen, T., 226Lakomova, N., 148Lamblak, C.B., 13Lange, K., 22Larsen, R.J., 198Laue, L., 113Laurent, C., 197Laursen, B., 53, 212Lawton, L., 256Lazarsfeld, P.F., 307Lazarus, R., 303LeBlanc, C., 58Leeflang, R.L.I., 338Lee, K.L., 335Lehtovaara, A., 15Leino-Arjas, P., 331, 332Leinonen, J., 232Leiter, M.P., 235Leskinen, E., 293Letourneux, V., 333Lettke, F., 47Levine, C.G., 284Levinson, D.J., 306Levinson, M.H., 306Levitt, M.J., 254, 258Lewin, L.M., 68Lewis, G., 332Lichtenstein, P., 12, 156, 187Liese, A.D., 147Li, F., 297Liira, J., 332Lim, L., 243Lindholm, A.K., 86Linna, A., 331Linna, S.-L., 182Lissner, L., 97

Litwak, E., 257Liukkonen, V., 333Loeber, R., 211Long, J.D., 250Loos, R., 97Losoya, S., 198Lowel, H., 147Lucher, K., 47Lumley, M.A., 201Lundberg, O., 148Lundquist, L., 208Luscher, K., 260Luukkonen, R., 331Lykken, D.T., 72, 338Lynam, D., 123Lynch, J.W., 102, 334, 339Lynch, M., 86Lynn, R., 340Lynskey, M.T., 310Lyyra, A.-L., 51, 128, 136

Maatela, J., 148, 162Maccoby, E.E., 181, 209, 210Machin, G., 56, 90Macintyre, S., 150Mackenbach, J.P., 149, 166MacLean, C., 339Madden, P.A., 74Maes, H.H., 112, 157, 187, 191,

193Magee, M., 340Magnusson, D., 47, 52, 108, 115, 119,

213, 214, 265, 281, 312Maguire, M.C., 234Makiaho, A., 271Makikangas, A., 294, 299Makimattila, S., 86Malmivaara, A., 332Malouff, J.M., 47Manderbacka, K., 147, 148Mannikko, K., 210, 215Mannisto, S., 97Marcia, J.E., 44, 46, 266, 267, 270, 285Marcoen, A., 250Markides, K., 246Markkanen, T., 15Markkula, H., 86






404 Author Index

Marlow, N., 13Marmot, M.G., 331Martikainen, P.T., 148, 149, 150, 162,

256, 332Martin, D., 192Martin, J., 170Martin, J.A., 209, 210Martin, N.G., 56, 90, 112, 192Martin, P., 258Martin, S.E., 212Marttunen, M., 191Maslach, C., 235Masten, A.S., 29, 265Matikainen, E., 332Maty, S.C., 102Mauno, S., 233Mavaddat, R., 337Mayer, J.D., 46–47, 199, 201Mayhew, C., 333McAdams, D.P., 276Mcardle, J.J., 90Mccartney, K., 8McClay, J., 170McClearn, G.E., 156, 196McConaughy, S.H., 192McCrae, R.R., 45, 47McEwen, B.S., 331McGonaughy, S.H., 195McGroder, S., 215McGue, M., 56, 72, 156, 338McGuffin, P., 56, 192McHale, S.M., 234, 243McKee, B., 306McKee, M., 148McKelvey, L., 335Mente, A., 201Menzinger, F., 261Metsapelto, R.-L., 47, 211, 212, 213,

214, 215, 216, 218Meyer, J., 187, 191, 193Meyer, M.L., 267Michel, M.K., 198Miilunpalo, S., 147Mikkila, V., 165Miller, T.Q., 329, 330, 334, 335,

339

Mill, J., 170Moffitt, T.E., 11, 12, 46, 69, 70, 113,

118, 123, 170, 309, 310, 313,318, 340

Montgomery, S.M., 340Morris, J.K., 332Mortimer, J.T., 308Mrazek, D.A., 193Mueller, M., 246, 247, 248, 250Muntaner, C., 333Murphy, G.C., 332Murray, R., 68, 71Mustanski, B.S., 112, 120, 121Mustonen, A., 45Mutanen, P., 332Muthen, B.O., 289, 294–295Muthen, L.K., 289, 294–295

Nadder, T.S., 193Naele, M.C., 339Nagin, D.S., 30, 314, 316Nair, M.M., 58Nance, W.E., 64, 65Natti, J., 334Neal, C.J., 198Neale, B.M., 83, 84Neale, M.C., 62, 63, 87, 90, 112, 156,

157, 159, 163, 339Neckerman, H.J., 318Neiderhiser, J.M., 189Nesselroade, J.R., 156Neugarten, B.L., 246, 247, 248Neumann, S.A., 201Newcorn, J., 192Nisbett, R.E., 61, 62Nolen-Hoeksema, S., 176, 182, 200Nurmi, J.-E., 47Nurnberger, J.I., 81Nygren, H., 53, 203, 204, 208, 210,

213, 265

Obremski, K., 69O’Connor, T.G., 72, 73, 189Ohranen, M., 53, 341Oja, P., 147Olff, M., 200






Author Index 405

Osmond, C., 102, 106Osterman, K., 182, 184

Paavola, M., 165Pagan, J.L., 9Paivio, S.C., 197Pajung-Bilger, B., 47Palosuo, H., 148Palotie, A., 22Pandey, R., 201Parke, R., 247Parker, J.D.A., 201Parkinson, B., 198, 199Parkinson, D.K., 336Partanen, J., 15Pasanen, M., 147Pasternak, J.F., 33Pedersen, N.L., 90, 156Peltonen, L., 22, 23, 76, 86, 165Peltonen, T., 182Pennebaker, J.W., 200Pentti, J., 331, 333, 335, 336Perola, M., 167Perrig-Chiello, P., 256Perry-Jenkins, M., 228, 237, 241, 242Perry, M., 47Perusse, L., 58Petersen, A.C., 111, 134, 200Peters, J.C., 107Petit, G., 176Petronis, A., 90Pickles, A., 68, 71, 191, 195Pierce, G.R., 47Pietilainen, K.H., 86, 96, 97, 99, 104,

105, 113Pietinen, P., 97, 165Pike, A., 67Pincus, T., 331Pintrich, P.R., 198, 207Pitkanen, L., 30, 31, 34, 35, 36, 38Pitkanen, T., 8, 48, 49, 51, 52, 102,

128, 136, 298, 336Platt, S., 333Plomin, R., 56, 67, 73, 156, 163, 189,

196Poikkeus, A.-M., 211, 212

Posthuma, D., 81, 87Poulton, R., 104, 342Power, C., 104, 334, 339Powls, A., 13Preece, M.A., 99Prescott, C.A., 130Price, T.S., 189Pulkkinen, L., 8, 9, 15, 22, 31, 32, 34,

35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45,47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 63,70, 77, 80, 82, 102, 112, 118,128, 131, 133, 134, 136, 176,177, 179, 182, 183, 184, 186,188, 190, 191, 195, 196, 202,203, 204, 205, 208, 210, 211,212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 218,221, 226, 230, 231, 235, 236,237, 242, 265, 269, 271, 274,293, 294, 298, 299, 307, 309,310, 311, 312, 313, 317, 318,326, 327, 336, 337, 340, 341

Pulver, A., 45, 47Punamaki, R.-L., 232Purcell, S., 70, 90Puska, P., 147Putnam, S.P., 31, 34Puustinen, M., 204, 208, 309, 310,

313, 318

Quadrello, T., 261Quinlan, M., 333Qvist, J., 97

Rahe, R.H., 332Rahkonen, O., 149, 150Rantala, A., 290, 293Rantanen, J., 208, 242Rantasalo, I., 15Rasanen, M., 96, 97, 99, 104, 105Rasner, A., 47Reed, G.W., 107Reed, T., 59Reichborn-Kjennerud, T., 156, 163Reilly, J.I., 59Reiser, M., 31, 197, 199, 208Reiss, D., 67, 189






406 Author Index

Repetti, R.L., 228, 237, 241, 242,244

Reynolds, C.A., 90Richards, M., 134Riihimaki, H., 331Rijsdijk, F.V., 11, 69Rimpela, A., 95, 107, 110, 112, 113Rimpela, M., 110, 112, 165Rissanen, A., 83, 84, 86, 89, 96, 97,

99, 104, 105, 113Ritamies, M., 252, 259Roberto, K.A., 260, 262Roberts, B.W., 162Roberts, G.C., 218Robertson, J., 247, 248Roberts, R., 256Roman, C., 333Romanov, K., 335Romeis, J.C., 156, 164Ronka, A., 43, 52, 231, 234, 243, 265,

269, 271, 327, 340Roos, E., 149, 150RØsamb, E., 156, 163Rosebloom, T.J., 13Rosenberg, M., 47Rosenman, R.H., 32, 329Rose, R., 148Rose, R.J., 8, 9, 14, 15, 18, 37, 51, 56,

59, 63, 64, 65, 68, 69, 70, 74, 77,80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 89, 90, 91, 96,97, 99, 104, 105, 110, 112, 116,118, 119, 120, 122, 131, 133,134, 136, 140, 142, 143, 169,176, 177, 179, 182, 183, 184,186, 188, 190, 191, 195, 196,203, 205, 208, 221, 237, 335,336, 338

Rossi, A.S., 256, 259Rossi, P.H., 256, 259Ross, L., 61, 62Rossner, S., 97Rosso, J., 110, 111Rothbart, M.K., 31, 34, 47Rothman, A.J., 200Rowe, D.C., 68, 69Rueter, M.A., 229, 230Ruoppila, I., 293

Rutter, M., 39, 56, 68, 69, 70, 71, 187,193, 195, 196, 307, 339

Ryff, C.D., 47, 275, 276

Saarni, C., 199Saastamoinen, P., 149Sallinen, M., 234, 243Salmeo-Aro, K., 47Salmivalli, C., 182Salonen, J.T., 201Salovey, P., 198, 199, 200, 201Sammalisto, S., 167Sarason, B.R., 47Sarason, I.G., 47Sarlio-Lahteenkorva, S., 165Sarna, S., 15, 335Sauli, H., 246, 251, 261, 262Scarr, S., 8Schalling, D., 47Scheier, M., 288, 289, 294, 301, 302,

303, 304Scherrer, J.F., 156, 164Schmidt, L.D., 211Schmitz, S., 193Schutte, N.S., 47Scott, S., 201Scourfield, J., 192Sears, H.A., 234, 241Segalen, M., 246, 249, 261Seligman, M., 286Selzer, M.L., 47Seroczynski, A.D., 336Shaper, A.G., 332Shearin, E.N., 47Shipley, M.J., 331Siegrist, J., 331Sihvo, E., 233Sihvola, E., 191Silbereisen, R.K., 120Silberg, J.L., 56, 187, 191, 193, 195Silva, P.A., 113, 118, 123, 309, 310,

318, 340Silventoinen, K., 81, 90, 148, 149,

164, 165, 167, 338Silverstein, M., 250, 251, 256, 260Simonoff, E., 187, 189, 191, 193, 195Sloggett, A., 332






Author Index 407

Slutske, W.S., 74Smith, A.P., 331Smith, M.C., 199Smith, P.K., 261Smith, R.S., 249, 252, 265Smith, T.W., 329, 330, 334, 335, 339,

340Smith, V., 341Snyder, M., 7Solantaus, T., 232Solass, M.H., 71, 74Sorbom, C., 222, 276Sorbom, D., 222, 272, 279Southard, D.R., 335Spanier, G.B., 47Spinath, F.M., 156, 163Sprich, S., 192Spruit, I.P., 338Stamatis, K., 256Stansfeld, S.A., 331Stattin, H., 108, 115, 119, 217, 218,

219Steinberg, L., 114, 209Stemmler, M., 200Stephen, J., 202Stettner, L., 201Stevens, A.A., 46–47, 199Stevenson, J., 187, 191, 192, 196Steward, W.T., 200Strazdins, L., 243Stroet, T.M., 187Stroud, L.R., 200Strycker, L.A., 297Sturzenegger, M., 256Sugden, K., 170Sundet, J.M., 187Svedberg, P., 156

Tambs, K., 156, 163Tardif, T., 212Taylor, A., 11, 69, 70, 170Taylor, G.J., 201Tellegen, A., 338Terlouw, J.-G., 46Teti, L., 198Thayer, J.F., 200Theorell, T., 331

Thomas, D.C., 86Thompson, R.A., 199, 208Thorbecke, W., 267Thornton, T.E., 46Thorpe, K., 72Tinsley, B., 247Tobin-Richards, M., 111Toikka, J., 86Tolvanen, A., 53, 290, 293, 341Tomassini, C., 256Torgersen, S., 200Totterdell, P., 198, 199Townley, R.G., 58Trell, E., 47, 128Treloar, S.A., 112Tremblay, R.E., 30, 35, 52, 187Truxillo, D., 334Tryon, K., 33Tuomikoski, H., 337Turkheimer, E.N., 71, 74, 168Turner, C.W., 329, 330, 334, 335, 339Tyrrell, D.A., 331

Uhlenberg, P., 246, 250, 252, 253,259, 260

Unden, A.-L., 336Upadhyaya, S.N., 201Urponen, H., 147Ursin, H., 200Uttley, M., 336Uutela, A., 148, 335, 336

Vaalamo, I., 37, 51, 82, 177, 179, 203,208

Vahlberg, T., 86Vahtera, J., 102, 331, 333, 334, 335,

336, 340Valkonen, T., 332van Baal, G.C., 87Van Beijsterveldt, C.E.M., 187, 189van Boxtel, D.A.A.M., 218Van den Oord, E.J.C.G., 187Van der Meere, J., 190Van der Valk, J.C., 187Van Gestal, C., 14Vanninen, E., 226van Ranst, N., 250






408 Author Index

Varilo, T., 23Vartiainen, E., 97, 147, 165Vaupel, J.W., 156Vavak, C.R., 336Veisson, M., 261Venuti, P., 216Verhulst, F.C., 187Vermulst, A.A., 218Verschuren, K., 250Vidal, S., 261Vierikko, E., 182, 184, 186, 188, 195,

196Vikat, A., 95, 107Viken, R.J., 9, 14, 69, 70, 89, 90, 110,

112, 113, 116, 119, 120, 122,131, 133, 134, 140, 142, 143,169, 182, 184, 186, 188, 190, 338

Virtanen, M., 331, 333, 334, 340Virtanen, P., 331, 333Virtanen, S.M., 95, 107, 165Vlietnick, R., 14, 97Vogel, S., 331Vollebergh, W.A.M., 253Vollrath, M., 200von Hjelmborg, J.B., 87von Os, J., 14Vuori, I., 147

Wadsworth, M.E.J., 340Walden, T.A., 199Waldman, I., 189Waldron, M., 168Waldstein, S.R., 201Walker, A., 260Walker, R.N., 36Walsh, B., 86Walters, E.E., 339Ward, C.H., 335Warner, L.A., 130Warren, M.P., 110, 111, 118Waterman, A.S., 268Watkins, P.L., 335Watt, G.D., 58Weber, R.A., 254, 258Wehmer, F., 201Weidner, G., 336

Weinstein, K.J., 246, 247, 248Werdelin, J., 36Werner, E.E., 249, 252, 265Westerbacka, J., 86Westerback, S., 261Whalen, R.E., 335White, H.R., 130Wichers, M., 14Wiebe, J.S., 335Wiesner, M., 109Wilcox, L.E., 205Willems, E., 332Williams, C.J., 69Williams, J.M., 109Williams, R.B., 335Williams, S., 104Wills, T.A., 202Wilson, J.A., 201Winefield, A.H., 308Winter, T., 18, 96, 97, 99, 110, 112,

113, 122Wister, A.V., 257Wolk, A., 97Wong, A.H., 90Wood, J., 244Woodley, S., 201, 202Woolery, A., 200Woolf, C.M., 59Wright, B.R.E., 309, 310, 318, 340Wu, S.M., 113Wyatt, H.R., 107

Xian, H., 156, 164Xie, G., 112, 157, 159

Yin, Y., 211Yki-Jarvinen, H., 86Ylinentalo, O., 36

Zarit, S.H., 252, 253, 260Zeidner, M., 198, 207Zeisl, H., 307Zhuravleva, I., 148Zimmerman, B.J., 198Zuckerman, M., 44Zutphen, R.A.H., 218






Subject Index

abstinence, 130, 131, 138, 141accidents, 24, 50–51, 130, 202, 208,

346adaptive behaviors, 203, 205–207,

347, 351factor, 37, 177, 221–227, 237–240

adolescence, 126adoption, 261adoption studies, 64, 68, 73, 187age-matched controls, 132–133age-to-age continuity/stability, 4, 8,

12age-to-age correlations, 181aggression (see also behavioral

types), 226, 324, 330, 334,336–338, 340

continuity, 51, 336descriptive model, 35direct, 35, 182facial, 35genetic and environmental

effects, 11, 12, 184–186indirect/relational, 35, 182interindividual differences,

30measure, 37, 38, 221, 237mother-rated, 187, 189physical, 35, 181, 309–311proactive, 35

reactive, 35verbal, 35, 181

Aggression Questionnaire, 47agreement between informants,

177–179alcohol abuse, 82, 115, 163, 165,

311alcohol dependency, 129–130alcohol use (see also drinking,

substance use), 8, 77, 200,302

indicators, 128–129diagnostic screen, 79

alcoholism, 51, 302, 304alcoholism screening tests

CAGE, 47, 128, 302Michigan Alcoholism Screening

Test (Mm-MAST), 47, 81, 128,302

alexithymia, 201anger, 234, 243, 334, 341anorexia, 82, 84–85antisocial behavior, 44, 52, 67, 170,

187–188, 189, 324shared environmental effect, 68

anxiety (see also behavioral types),50, 82, 200, 204, 307, 310, 324,330

measure, 37, 38, 221, 237

409






410 Subject Index

assortative mating, 63, 65, 89, 90assortative pairing, 63attachment

adult types, 258insecure, 114

Attention Deficit HyperactivityDisorder (ADHD), 189, 193

behavioral inhibition, 309, 312behavioral problems (see also

externalizing problembehaviors), 163, 177, 183

divorced parents, 74drinking, 134–135

behavioral strategiesType A behavior, 32–33, 34, 37, 39,

40, 50Type B behavior, 32–33, 34, 37,

41Type C behavior, 33, 34, 37, 41Type D behavior, 33, 34, 37, 41

behavioral types, 176aggressive, 32, 35, 40, 176anxious, 33, 35, 41, 176compliant, 33, 35, 41, 177constructive, 32, 35, 41, 176

biological mechanisms, 150biometric modeling, 112birth weight, 13–14

behavioral problems, 13–14blood pressure, 47, 102, 301body dissatisfaction, 83–84body mass index (BMI), 24, 84,

95–107, 113body size, 96

genetic and environmentaleffects, 104–105

bulimia, 82, 84–85burnout, 235

Maslach Burnout Inventory, 235

career line, 266changeable, 321development, 341stable, 53, 294, 321unstable, 230, 294, 320–321

causalitybetween unemployment and

distress, 307between work and health, 342

Center for Analysis of Pathways(CAPCA), 351

chain risk model, 339–340child-bearing, age, 323, 326child-centered parenting,

211factor, 42measure, 274, 311own, 216–217, 235, 236–241parents’, 25, 210–211, 216, 278,

279, 282, 284, 294, 295,299–301, 323, 340, 347–348

child rearing (see parenting)Child Rearing Practices

Questionnaire, 47, 217Children’s Depression Inventory

(CDI), 190classmates, 63, 177clustering technique, 54cognitive control of emotion, 31,

32–33, 34cohabitation, 260cohort effect, 164comorbidity, 192, 345comparative analyses, 351compliance (see also behavioral

types), 53, 203–204, 225, 324,341

measure, 37, 38, 221, 237concentration, lack of, 36, 52, 53concordant twins

for bulimia, 85for drinking, 140

conduct disorder (CD), 11, 69,82

conduct problems, 50, 225, 324confirmatory factor analysis,

289–290constructiveness (see also behavioral

types), 53, 203–204, 225, 311,341

measure, 37, 38, 221, 237






Subject Index 411

continuitycumulative, 7environmental, 40, 52heterotypic, 39homotypic, 39phenotypic, 189

coping, 198, 200, 287, 311, 334stages, 303strategies, 288, 303

cortisol, 82co-twin rating, 177–179couple data, 231, 233criminal arrests, 39, 52, 340crossover effects, 231cross-sectional research, 2, 9, 204cross-sex comparisons, 112cross-twin, cross occasion, 12cycle of maladjustment, 310–311, 340

death, 48, 95, 126, 201, 332, 333delinquency, 42, 46, 109, 123, 225depression, 54, 71, 82, 170, 200, 201,

204, 230, 234, 303, 307, 310, 317Depression Scale, 47depressive symptoms, 195

genetic factors, 191measure, 37, 221, 237

differential reactivity, 59–60discontinuities, 24discordance, 67discordant twins

for anorexia, 85for divorce, 73–74for drinking, 68, 82for menarche,

119, 120–121, 122for physical activity, 86for substance use, 119for testosterone level, 15for weight, 14

diseases, 147, 166, 201, 335, 337cardiovascular, 32, 51, 149, 204,

329chronic, 161occupational, 330–331physical, 163

disobedience, 36, 50, 51, 53disorders, 201

mental, 167psychiatric, 82, 331

dispositions, 74, 124, 196distress, 231, 233

children, 309parents, 229unemployment, 60, 204, 208, 307,

348divorce, 260, 332

genetic factors, 72own divorce, 6, 49, 52, 71, 323parental divorce, 43, 71–74

DNA, 90, 91, 349, 350drift hypothesis (see also selection

model), 306, 308–309, 310drinking (see also alcohol, substance

use) 41, 42, 304controlled, 53, 204, 213, 266heavy, 51, 203, 208, 321, 324,

337onset age, 51, 68, 115–116,

128–130, 324, 350problem, 52, 128–130, 202, 231,

340drinking, contexts

environmental effects, 130–133,140

genetic effects, 131–132, 140,144

parental influence, 123parental monitoring, 134pubertal development/timing,

116–117, 123, 134urban/rural environment,

122–123, 125, 141–144, 169drug abuse, 82DSM-III-R/IV, 81, 84–85, 191dyad, 212, 229, 250

double, 10

early maturing boys, 109, 124early maturing girls, 109, 110,

115–117, 119–120, 123, 124,125, 347






412 Subject Index

eating disorder, 83–85, 201Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI),

83–84economic strain, 231economic stress model, family,

229–232EDAC selection, 350education, 264

and health, 149, 152–153, 162–163,170

level, 5, 71, 320, 340, 348parents’, 152, 156

educational attainment, 102, 309educational categories, 318–324educational degree, 307, 318

no degree, 318off-time, 307, 318on-time, 307, 318

effortful control, 31effort-reward imbalance model,

331emergent adulthood, 312emotion, 31emotion dysregulation, 198, 201,

202, 204, 208markers, 202

emotion regulation, 9, 24, 25, 31, 34,197, 201, 202, 226

Emotion Regulation Scale, 31emotion regulation strategies, 174,

199–201, 208cognitive strategies, 199, 204behavioral strategies, 199, 200

emotional ambivalence, 201, 204emotional problems (see also

internalizing problembehaviors), 177, 183

drinking, 134emotionality, positive & negative,

342employment, 25

permanent, 341precarious, 333temporary, 332–334, 341

endophenotypes, 349enriched risk sampling, 11, 69, 81

epigenetic effects, 90epistatic effects, 87evocative process, 61expectancy-value model of

motivation, 288externalizing problem behaviors, 8,

25, 33factor, 37, 177, 221–227, 237–241parenting, 230, 236

familial and extra-familialinfluences, 144

drinking, 132–133smoking, 133

families of twin parents, 63–66family atmosphere, 80, 134–135, 138,

218–221, 347Family Atmosphere

Questionnaire (FAQ),218–220, 221

latent factor, 222family circumstances, 265, 266

latent factor, 53, 204, 213father-adolescent relationships, 243fatness, 103, 201fetal origins hypothesis, 13financial security, 231Finland

age of criminal responsibility, 39divorce rate, 18economic recession, 18, 50, 229,

230, 232, 298, 348educational system, 20, 163,

317–318employment, 18genetic diseases, 22global competitiveness, 18health care system, 166health policies, 166, 169income inequalities, 166, 253life expectancy, 19masculinity dimension, 256median age of primiparae, 261municipalities, 142number of children, 250, 261parental work, 251






Subject Index 413

population/genetic isolates,22–23

registries, 15, 350religion, 18research compliance, 22social class differences, 213, 274,

294socio-demographic information,

142school environments, 188standard of living, 164–165Statistics Finland, 49–50, 122twin register, 15, 22unemployment rate (see

unemployment), 230welfare state, 19, 230

Finnish Social Science Data Archive,350

Finnish Twin Cohort Studies, 15, 76,124–125, 138

FinnTwin studies, 2, 8, 15, 23–24, 28,70, 343

epidemiological investigation,79–80

FinnTwin12 (FT12), 15, 37, 51, 63,76, 79–83, 111, 127, 176, 198,203, 338, 343

FinnTwin16 (FT16), 67, 76, 77–79,83, 95–99, 109–111, 127, 146,343

intensive assessment, 80–82fit indices, 289fluctuating asymmetry (FA), 59follow-up study of municipal

workers, 333, 335functional disability, 147

Galton, Sir Francis, 57gender differences (see also sex

differences), 24, 54adaptive behaviors, 179,

182aggression, 181consistency, 180–181depressive symptoms, 182education, 49, 318–321

externalizing problem behaviors,179, 205–207

extraversion, 350genetic effects on adaptive

behaviors, 191–192genetic effects on drinking, 132,

346genetic effects on externalizing

problem behaviors, 187–188genetic effects on internalizing

problem behaviors, 190–191grandparents, 250health, 151, 163–164internalizing problem behaviors,

179, 205–207neuroticism, 350occupational status, 49–50parental monitoring, 135parenting types, 215pubertal development, 113pubertal timing, 108–109qualitative, 183self-control, 205–207socioemotional behavior, 173,

177–183, 193–194, 345styles of life, 41vulnerability, 135, 337

gender modulation, 79gene-environment

correlation, 7–8, 27–28, 61, 72, 73,74

interaction, 7–8, 27–28, 57, 60,69–75, 77, 90–91, 165, 168, 170,349

General Health Questionnaire, 47generalization, 164–165generativity, 275, 278, 280, 283

Generativity Scale, 47, 276genes

analyses, 48currently known, 76effects of particular gene, 170

genetic and environmental effectsadditive genetic (A), 86, 87–88,

157, 163, 170, 183behavior-specific, 193






414 Subject Index

genetic and environmental (cont.)common/shared environmental

(C), 68–69, 86–88, 89, 123, 157,162, 165, 169–170, 183

non-additive genetic (D), 86sex-specific genetic, 161, 171,

184–186sibling interaction, 184stability over time, 188–189unique/unshared environmental

(E), 66–68, 86–87, 89, 157, 165,170

genetic correlation, 189genetic epidemiology, 79genetic etiology, 196, 345genetic half-siblings, 11genetic modeling, 87, 131, 157, 162genetic models (see twin models),

77, 183genetic susceptibility, 170GenomEUtwin, 16genotype, 57, 70, 196globalization, 261grandparents

average age, 246great grandparenthood, 261relation with grandchildren, 247,

249–250relation with own children,

255–256, 258rights as grandparents, 262role as a resource factor, 24, 174,

245–249tasks, 246–247types, 247–249

growthlinear, 297–299nonlinear, 297quadratic, 297–299

health (see also self-rated health), 44,200, 201, 203, 242

clusters, 51good, 148, 151impairment, 151, 153, 161, 162,

163, 170

income, 149indicators, 148inequalities, 149mental, 163, 232, 303objective measures, 302, 304perceived, 201physical ill-health, 147–148problems (see also diseases,

disorders), 334–335, 337, 339promoters, 301risks, 50, 328salutogenic approach, 287services, use, 147socioeconomic status/differences,

94, 165–167subjective, 204

health psychology, 2, 57, 61, 287, 301health-related behaviors, 51, 77, 78,

79, 149, 150, 165, 202, 302–303heritability

body dissatisfaction, 83body size, 107conduct problems, 69–70depressive symptoms, 190hostility, 336intelligence, 65pubertal development, 113self-rated health, 156, 157,

163–164, 171social support, 62stature, 167stressful life events, 62–63

high-agreeable type, 53hormonal activity, 114hormonal assays, 82hormonal levels, 108, 196hostility, 202, 229, 230, 233, 264, 329,

330, 334–335hyperactivity-impulsivity

genetic and environmentaleffects, 186

measure, 37, 221, 237hypertension, 51, 104, 201

identity, 266, 270domains, 267, 268–269






Subject Index 415

Identity Achievement – Diffusion(IA-D) scale, 270, 277–278

identity development groups, 281achievers, 281, 285drifters, 281, 285identity developers, 281–282,

285identity dimensions

commitment, 267, 268exploration, 267, 268, 312

identity status, 267–268achievement, 25, 54, 263, 267, 269,

278, 348diffusion, 267, 268foreclosure, 267, 268moratorium, 267, 268scales, 269sequence, 268, 269, 281

identity status interview, Marcian,44, 46, 268

ill-tempered boys, 4, 5–6ill-tempered girls, 6impulse control, 30, 31

model, 30(un)controlled expression, 32–33,

34(un)controlled inhibition, 33, 34

impulsivity, 330inattention

genetic and environmentalfactors, 186

measure, 37, 136, 221, 237Individual Development and

Adaptation study (IDA), 312informants, multiple, 9, 11, 210, 216,

222, 227, 351injuries, 47, 51, 130, 203intelligence (IQ), 6, 64–66, 150, 156,

163, 166–167, 168–169shared environmental effect, 68

interaction, family, 46, 211–212, 243interactive tasks, 211, 212intergenerational cohesion, 251intergenerational contacts, 257intergenerational stake hypothesis,

258

internalizing problem behaviors, 33factor, 37, 177, 221–227, 237–238parenting, 230, 236

interviews, 44, 46adolescent version of children’s

SSAGA, 82Berkeley Growth Study, 5psychiatric, 83–86Semi-Structured Assessment for

Genetics of Alcoholism(SSAGA), 81, 191

Structured Clinical Interview forDSM-IV (SCID), 84

telephone, 84Iowa State project, 229

job (see also work)autonomy, 242characteristics, 233, 242control, 233, 235demands, 335exhaustion, 174, 233, 235–241,

244, 347insecurity, 233, 235, 298, 333, 335,

341loss, 232security, 6stress, 244

job strain model, 331Jyvaskyla Longitudinal Study of

Personality and SocialDevelopment (JYLS), 1, 8,23–25, 27, 95–102, 127, 128,135, 198, 209, 230, 245,265–266, 286, 306, 330,340–341, 343

attrition, 48–49offspring study (1997–1999), 37,

45–46, 205–207, 217–227,235–241, 347

original sample, 35subsample, 38–39

laboratory tests, 46, 47late maturing boys, 118late maturing girls, 116–117, 125






416 Subject Index

Latent Growth Curve analysis(LGC), 297–299

learned helplessness, 271life changes, 43life course, 43Life History Calendar, 46life history data, 351life orientation, 294, 302Life Situation Questionnaire (LSQ),

44, 45, 289life-span, 44Lisrel program, 238, 272, 276logistic regression analysis, 128,

134–135, 150, 152–153, 311longitudinal research design, 2, 23,

194multi-rater design, 194

maintenance, 204, 208maltreatment, 69marital adjustment, 231–232,

233–234marital interaction, 229, 232marital quality, 230material resources, 150

distribution, 166, 167maternal employment, 228

deprivation approach, 228mediational view, 228

measurement models, 289medical examination,

45, 47–48, 302menarche, age at, 15, 109, 110, 112,

118menstrual cycle, 115

synchronization, 115meta-analysis, 339metabolic changes, 150metabolic syndrome, 51, 204, 208,

302mixed-sex friends, 123MMPI Pd Scale, 120–121model of emotional and behavioral

regulation (EMO), 31–33, 54,176, 202, 205, 208, 344

measurement, 35

molecular genetics, 349–350monitoring (see parental

knowledge), 134–135, 144,217, 225

mortality, 147–148, 149, 329, 332, 333MPlus statistical package, 289, 294Multidimensional assessment

inventory, 35peer nomination, 35–36teacher rating, 35–36

Multidimensional Peer NominationInventory (MPNI), 37, 46, 80,134, 136, 173, 176–177, 183,203, 205, 221

factor analysis, 37, 177Parent Rating Form, 37, 177, 190Teacher Rating Form, 37, 177, 190,

237multigroup modeling, 276multiple roles, 242multivariate analysis of variance

(MANOVA), 205–207MX statistical package, 87, 112, 157,

183

National Institutes of Health, USA,79

negative affect, 202negative emotions, 30, 31neuroimaging study, 85neuropsychological tests, 82, 83, 85,

349New Zealand longitudinal studies,

310, 312NICHD Early Care Research

Network, 30noncompliance, 50, 203Nonshared Environment and

Adolescent Developmentstudy, 67

Nordic welfare model, 19

obesity, 85, 93, 95–96, 104, 106–107,165, 166

occupational status, 6, 278, 320–321and health, 149






Subject Index 417

blue-collar, 49–50, 320, 323, 341husband’s, 6parents’, 136, 152, 274, 278–279,

282, 284white-collar, 50, 152, 320, 323, 341

ODD/CD, 193odds ratios, 151optimism, 25, 41, 44, 211, 264, 330,

348construct validity, 289–292definition, 288–289life beliefs, 292measure, 289stability, 292

pain, 51, 203, 208, 333, 345parent-centered parenting, 43, 211,

347parent-child conflict, 234parent-child correlations, 70–71parent rating, 80, 177–179, 183parental knowledge (see

monitoring), 174, 210, 214,217, 225–226, 237–240,347–348

child-reported, 218–220latent factor, 222parent-reported, 217–220

parental stress, 235, 236–241parenting (see also child-centered,

parent-centered parenting,parental knowledge,monitoring), 24, 209

children’s views, 217dimensions, 214measurement, 209nurturance, 214, 216–217,

237–240observed behavior, 216quality, 229–230, 232restrictiveness, 214styles, 210, 213types, 214–215

parentsill-tempered mothers, 6influence on children, 68

internal states, 216introversion, 217personality, 215, 216–217self-reports, 216

partner relationship, 229, 233path analysis, 53, 203, 230–231, 233,

238, 272–274, 276–277, 279,309–310

peer nomination, 9, 37, 38, 63, 81,176–180, 183, 190

Personal Control Inventory, 271–272accusation of others, 271–272contentment, 271–272low self-worth, 271–272PCoD, 272, 279–280, 282self-confidence, 271–272social support, 271

personal control over development,44, 263, 270, 348

personal goals, 265, 288personal growth, 266personality

development, 29dispositions, 7, 301, 303genetic and environmental

effects, 194inventories, 36, 44, 47

personality clusters, 54Brittles, 54Individuated, 54Introverted, 54Resilients, 54Traditionals, 54Undercontrolled, 54

personality traits (Big Five), 162,215, 342

agreeableness, 53, 342conscientiousness, 342extraversion, 36, 53, 217, 342neuroticism, 36, 202, 330, 342openness to experience, 342

person-environment interaction, 7person-oriented approach, 53,

214–215, 281phenotypic correlation, 88, 193physical disabilities, 162






418 Subject Index

physical impairment, 50, 202, 208,346

physical symptoms, 208, 301physiological changes, 112polygenic mechanisms, 196Population Register Centre (PRC),

15, 21, 23, 44, 77, 127positive development, 25, 29, 53,

351–352positive psychology, 263, 286, 287,

295precocious puberty, 114proactive processes, 62, 75problem behaviors, 29, 203, 205–207,

234, 346, 347accumulation, 52cluster, 52co-occurrence, 192–193

profile analysis, 53Programme for International

Student Assessment (PISA),20

prosocial behavior, 30, 33, 176, 182,192, 311, 348

protective factors, 311, 348psychological functioning, 54

latent factor, 53, 266The Scales of Psychological

Well-Being, 47, 275psychosomatic symptoms, 83,

203, 204, 276, 278, 280, 303,346

symptom check-list, 47, 276pubertal development/timing, 80,

82, 196environmental influences, 112,

113, 124extreme deviance,

116–117, 121family conflict, 108father absence, 113–115, 124genetic influences, 61, 112, 113,

124, 347indicators, 109, 110–112mother absence, 114self-confidence, 109

sexual activity, 83sexual intercourse,

121–122, 125Tanner stages, 111

Pubertal Development Scale (PDS),93–94, 111–112, 134

questionnaire studies, 77–78, 79–80questionnaires, self-administered,

46–47

rater differences, 193, 194–195reliability, self-rated health, 147, 162repair, 200, 204resilient children, 4resource factor, 53, 54risk factor, 54, 226risk index, 52risks, accumulation, 52role enhancement theory, 242

saliva samples, 82salutary emotions, 303satisfaction

marital, 53child-parent relationship, 138job, 333life, 44, 80, 202, 203, 266, 295–299,

303Scandinavian welfare states, 149school dropout, 309, 318school-leaver, 308–309school maladjustment, 310school success, 25, 41, 162, 265, 278,

279, 282, 284, 294, 295,299–301, 324

Grade Point Average (GPA), 275latent factor, 53, 204, 213

selectionenvironments, 7friendship, 63, 338into long-term unemployment,

312, 326model, 342process, 61–62, 63, 329–330, 332,

339–341






Subject Index 419

selective exposure, 57self-control, 198, 311, 340

behavioral types, 33, 345emotional ambivalence, 202factor for low self-control, 309health, 203latent factor, 53, 213parenting, 211Self-Control Rating Scale, 205–207

self-efficacy, 271self-esteem, 54, 80, 202, 204, 234,

242, 266, 307, 330Self-Esteem Scale, 47

self-medication hypothesis, 137self-monitoring, 7self-rated health, 147–148, 203, 276,

278, 280, 283, 302, 303–304,346

genetic and environmentaleffects, 156–157

self-rating, 177–179, 190self-regulation, 34, 198sensation seeking behaviors,

120–121sense of coherence (SoC), 25, 54, 211,

264, 287–288, 330construct validity, 289–292dispositional orientation, 290factor model, 290Orientation to Life Questionnaire,

47, 288stability, 292

sex differences (see also genderdifferences)

body size, 97–99emotion regulation strategies, 199

sickness absence, 335singletons, 82, 177, 179–180smoking (see also tobacco use), 41,

42, 77, 80, 119, 163, 165, 303,304

environmental effects, 131, 133,141

genetic effects, 131, 141, 144

inattentiveness, 136–138initiation, 130measure, 136mother’s smoking, 103–104,

106parental monitoring, 138parental smoking, 137pubertal development, 116–117

social activity, 179measure, 37, 221, 237

social causation hypothesis, 306,308–309, 310

social development, 29social functioning

latent factor, 53, 204, 266problems, 43, 51, 52, 232successful, 208, 213The Scales of Social Well-Being,

47, 275social mobility, 150

downward, 6, 25upward, 327

social selection, 150social support, 200socialization, 29–30, 34, 53, 210,

266sociobiological theory, 114socioeconomic status

parents’, 36, 43, 104, 152–153, 162,212–213, 294, 295, 337

personal, 102, 148–152, 340socioemotional, 30spillover

family-to-work, 242negative, 242positive, 242three-stage model, 234work-to-family, 242

STATA statistical package,151

stress, 51, 331children, 153, 243feeling, 234perceived, 201physiological, 301symptoms, 233






420 Subject Index

structural equation modeling(SEM), 53, 87, 204, 222,289–290, 310

style of lifeAchiever, 41–43Loner, 41–43Loser, 41–42, 43, 346Reveller, 346

substance use and abuse, 50, 201,202, 225

questionnaires, 80, 132substance use contexts (see also

drinking)father absence, 118genetic and environmental

effects, 68, 94, 346personality factors, 120–121pubertal timing, 23, 109, 115–118,

123peer influences, 119–120

suicidal behavior, 82susceptibility, 57–60, 170

teacher rating, 37, 38, 80, 177–181,183

teenaged mothers, 11temper tantrum, 4, 5, 8temperament, 7, 34, 309, 350testosterone and alcohol use, 15,

82tobacco use, 95, 203tracking of height and weight, 93trajectories, 71, 101–102, 106, 297,

298, 316–317trajectory analysis, 101, 314–316truancy, 50twin correlations, 87, 112, 140, 141,

170, 183, 188twin-family design, 90twin method, 87twin models, 83, 88–90

bivariate analysis, 88–89Cholesky models, 104, 139complex models, 89growth models, 90multivariate analysis, 88–89

sex-limitation models, 90, 157,184

univariate analysis, 88twin pairs

dizygotic (DZ)/fraternal, 10, 12,58, 77, 87, 183–186, 190

intra-pair differences, 67–68, 105monozygotic (MZ)/identical, 10,

12, 58, 77, 87, 183–186, 190opposite sex, 77, 157, 179,

183–186, 190twin studies, 10, 68, 156twin study design, 156type A personality, 32, 329

unemployment (see also distress),230–232, 293, 306, 332, 340

long-term, 25, 52, 204, 208, 211,232, 264, 306, 309, 313–317, 346,348

parental, 152–156, 162, 170rate, 18, 50, 312–313, 314, 348short-term, 313

urban/rural environmentgenetic and environmental

factors, 141, 169migration, 142–143money spent on alcohol, 143proportion of young adults,

142–144urbanization, 260

variable-oriented approach, 213–214voice change, age at, 110vulnerability, 59, 60, 69, 306, 336, 350vulnerability model, 334–338, 342

well-being, 24–25, 200, 203, 227, 233,284, 328

grandparents’, 246parental, 229physical, 200psychological, 24–25, 54, 200, 234,

266, 278, 279–280, 283, 303, 348psychosocial factors, 264social, 278, 280, 283






Subject Index 421

work (see also job)children’s perceptions, 234,

243–244nonstandard hours, 233, 243overload, 233, 243time demands, 233, 235, 244

work-to-family conflict, 233Work-Home Interference, 47

World Health Organization (WHO),126

zygosity, 78, 79






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