assignment hints

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Week 3 Seminar Week 3 Seminar Measurement Systems and Their Measurement Systems and Their Equivalents Equivalents and and Antimicrobials/ Antimicrobials/ Antifungals/Antivira Antifungals/Antivira ls ls 1

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Week 3 Seminar Measurement Systems and Their Equivalents and Antimicrobials/ Antifungals/Antivirals. Assignment Hints. Show your work, so I can give partial credit Turn it in early in case you need to make corrections Don’t forget about the Math Center if you need help. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Assignment Hints

Week 3 SeminarWeek 3 SeminarMeasurement Systems and Their Measurement Systems and Their

EquivalentsEquivalentsandand

Antimicrobials/Antimicrobials/Antifungals/Antivirals Antifungals/Antivirals

Week 3 SeminarWeek 3 SeminarMeasurement Systems and Their Measurement Systems and Their

EquivalentsEquivalentsandand

Antimicrobials/Antimicrobials/Antifungals/Antivirals Antifungals/Antivirals

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Page 2: Assignment Hints

Assignment Hints• Show your work, so I can give

partial credit• Turn it in early in case you need to

make corrections• Don’t forget about the Math

Center if you need help

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Page 3: Assignment Hints

Three Basic Units of Measurement

• Weight – gram (g, gm)

• Volume – liter (L)

• Length – meter (m)

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Page 4: Assignment Hints

Sliding Mnemonic Conversions

Kilo hecto deka METER(m) deci centi milli * * micro(µ)

LITER(L) GRAM(g)

10-3 10-2 10-1 <<base>> 101 102 103 * * 106

EX: .0045kg<= 4.5g => 4,500mg = 4,500,000mcg (µ)

EX: .075km <= 75m =>7500cm =75,000mm

Page 5: Assignment Hints

Metric Rules• Zero ALWAYS placed before

decimal ex: 0.78 (not .78)

• **If not included on assignments it will be counted as incorrect

• Zero NEVER added to the end ex: 1.01 (not 1.0100)

• No fractions ex: 0.1 (not 1/10)

Page 6: Assignment Hints

One Meter is… = 1,000,000 micrometers

• 1 meter= 1000 millimeters= 100 centimeters= 10 decimeters= 0.1 dekameters= 0.01 hectometers= 0.001 Kilometers

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Page 7: Assignment Hints

Length Alternate Way• 75mm =____ cm• Remember 1cm = 10mm from page

133• 75mm x 1cm or 75mm x 1cm

10mm 10mm• mm cross each other out leaving cm• 75/10= 7.5cm

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Page 8: Assignment Hints

Length Mneumonic Method

• 75mm=___cm• K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ• Start @ milli, must move decimal

to the left one time to reach centi so move 75 mm to 7.5 cm

Page 9: Assignment Hints

Length Alternate Way• 2.5m = mm• 1m = 1000mm (from page 133)• 2.5m x 1000mm or 2.5m x 1000mm

1m 1m• The m cross each other out leaving mm• 2.5 x 1000=2500mm

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Page 10: Assignment Hints

Length Mneumonic method

• 2.5m=____mm• K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ• Start @ meter (base) and move 3

decimal points to the right so 2.5m becomes 2500mm

Page 11: Assignment Hints

Length Alternate Way• 3.6 m = mm• Again 1m = 1000mm• 3.6m x 1000mm/1m or• 3.6m x 1000mm

1m• The m cross each other out leaving• 3.6 x 1000mm= 3600mm

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Page 12: Assignment Hints

Length Mneumonic Method

• 3.6m=____mm• K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ• Start @ meter (base) move 3

decimal spaces to the right so 3.6m becomes 3600mm’s

Page 13: Assignment Hints

Liter is the metric unit of volume

=1,000,000microliters• 1 Liter (L.) = 1,000 milliliters

= 100 centiliters=10 deciliters=0.1 dekaliter=0.01 hectoliter=0.001 kiloliter

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Page 14: Assignment Hints

Volume Measurement

1 mL = 1cc1 teaspoonful=5mL or 5cc’s1 tablespoon=3 tsp = 15mL or 15cc’s1 L = 32 ounces (approx)1L = 1000 mL=1000cc1L = 1qt (approx)

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Page 15: Assignment Hints

Volume Conversion Factors

______ cc = 4 L (larger unit)1000 x 4 = 40004000cc = 4 LRule: 1000 cc = 1 L

_____ L = 200 mL (smaller unit)200 ÷ 1000 = 0.20.2 L = 200 mLRule: 1000 mL= 1 L

_____ cc = 560 mL (same)560 cc = 560 mLRule: 1 mL = 1 cc

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Page 16: Assignment Hints

Remember 1cc=1mlAlternate way

______ cc = 4 L• 1L = 1000mL (page

135)• 4L x 1000cc/1L• 4L x 1000cc 1L• L cross out leaving cc• 4 x 1000cc = 4000cc

_____ L = 200 mL• Again 1L = 1000mL • 200mL x 1L/1000mL• 200mL x 1L 1000mL• mL cross out leaving L• 200/1000= 0.2L

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Page 17: Assignment Hints

Volume Mneumonic Method

• 4L=____cc• K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ• 1cc=1mL• Start @ liter (base),

move 3 decimal points to the right to reach ml’s

• 4L=4000ml=4000cc

• 200ml=____L• K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ

• Start @ milli, move 3 decimal spaces to the left to reach L’s

• 200ml=0.2L

Page 18: Assignment Hints

Volume Conversion Factors

______ cc = 8.01 L (larger unit)

8.01 x 1000 = 8010 8010 mL = 8.01 L

_____ L = 300 mL (smaller unit)

300 ÷ 1000 = 0.3 300 mL = 0.3 L

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Page 19: Assignment Hints

Volume Mneumonic Method

• 8.01L =___cc• K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ• Cc=mL• Start @ liter (base) move

three spaces to the right for ml (=cc’s)

• 8.01L becomes 8010mL or 8010cc

• 300mL=____L• K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ

• Start @ milli, and to get to Liter (base) move three spaces to the left

• 300mL=0.3L

Page 20: Assignment Hints

Metric Measure of Weight Gram

=1,000,000micrograms

• 1 gram= 1000 mg= 100 centigrams

= 10 decigrams= 0.1 dekagram= 0.01 hectogram= 0.001 kilogram

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Page 21: Assignment Hints

Most Commonly Used• Milligram• Gram• Kilogram• 1000mg (mg)=1 gram (g)• 1000gms (g) = 1 kilogram (kg. or

kilo)

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Page 22: Assignment Hints

Weight Measurement

1 kg = 2.2 pounds1 kg = 1000 g1 mg = 0.001g1 mg = 1000 mcg or µg

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Page 23: Assignment Hints

Weight Alternate Way_____ mg = 8 g

Remember 1g = 1000mg Page 136

8g x 1000mg/1g or8g x 1000mg

1gg cross each other out8 x 1000= 8000mg

_____ mg = 635 mcg• 1mg =1000mcg Page

136• 635mcg x

1mg/1000mcg or635mcg x 1mg 1000mcg• mcg cross each other

out• 635/1000= 0.635mcg

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Page 24: Assignment Hints

Weight Mneumonic Method

• 8g=____mg• K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ• Start @ gram (base) and

move 3 units to the right to get milligrams

• 8g to the right becomes 8000mg

• 635mcg(µ)=____mg

• K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ• Start @ mcg(µ) and

move 3 units to the left to reach milligrams

• 635mcg to the left becomes 0.635mg

Page 25: Assignment Hints

Review• Remember 1kg=2.2lbs• How much will a 160lb person

weigh in kilograms?

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Page 26: Assignment Hints

Answer• 160lbs x 1kg = 72.2kg 2.2lbsThe pounds cancel each other

leaving kg.

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Page 27: Assignment Hints

Review• One teaspoon is how many mls?

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Page 28: Assignment Hints

Answer• 5mls

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Page 29: Assignment Hints

Review• One gram = x milligrams• One liter = x milliliters • One Meter = x millimeters

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Page 30: Assignment Hints

Answer• One gram = 1000milligrams• One Liter = 1000 milliliters• One meter= 1000 millimeters

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Questions

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Page 32: Assignment Hints

ANTIBIOTICSANTIBIOTICS

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Drug ClassesDrug ClassesDrug ClassesDrug Classes

Page 33: Assignment Hints

Chapter 18

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• Antibiotic is anti + Greek bios, life so against life. • Produced from natural substances including molds

and bacteria.• Inhibit growth or kill other microorganisms. • There are families of antibiotics all similar to the

original chemical, with various prosperities that make them useful for treating different types of infections.

Page 34: Assignment Hints

When choosing an Antibiotic

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• Want maximum effect with minimal harm to patient.

• Match bug to drug, if possible• What is the organism, what drugs is it

sensitive to, and the host factors at the site. Also health status of the patient including immune status.

Page 35: Assignment Hints

Antibiotic Resistance

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• The main reason for the development of drug-resistant microbes is the inappropriate use of antibiotics.

• The more an antibiotic is used the faster drug resistance develops.

• Improper prescribing by health care workers and patients not finishing the course of therapy contribute.

• No excuse for casual or indiscriminate use of antibiotics.

Page 36: Assignment Hints

Penicillin

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– First of true antibiotics –introduced in 1940’s– Remain the most effective and least toxic of

available antimicrobials. – Changes in the chemical structure of the

penicillins over the years have increased their usefulness and effectiveness in controlling disease.

– Most generic names for penicillins end in –cillin while many trade names have pen in their names• Example : penicillin V-generic, Pen-VEE-K-

trade

Page 37: Assignment Hints

How Penicillins are Classified

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• Narrow-spectrum– First generation

• Narrow-spectrum antistaphylococcal – Used on drug resistant staphylococci strains

• Broad-Spectrum– Second generation– Effective against a broader spectrum

• Extended-spectrum – Third generation– Wider antimicrobial action than second

Page 38: Assignment Hints

Side Effects of Penicillins

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• Nausea and Vomiting; as with all antibiotics • Allergic reactions-rashes and hives• Tend to precipitate more severe allergic reactions

than other medications• Patients should report diarrhea, sore mouth and

tongue, hives and or itching may be due to allergy.

• A patient allergic to one should be considered allergic to all

• Always ask about allergies esp. penicillin.

Page 39: Assignment Hints

Tetracyclines (suffix “cycline”)

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• First group of broad-spectrum antibiotics• Long Acting :Doxycycline, minocycline• Short Acting : Tetracycline• Do not give with dairy products or antacids. Can

decrease effectiveness• Harmful if used after the expiration date.• Side effects

– Sun sensitivity– Stains developing teeth, don’t use in children less than 8

yrs.– Broad spectrum can cause super-infection

Page 40: Assignment Hints

Macrolide Antibiotics•“ACE”=Azithromycin(Z-pak), Clarithromycin (Biaxin), Erythromycin•Useful in treating atypical infections (ex: chlamydia, legionnaire’s, atypical pneumonia, Lymes disease)•Can be used when patient is penicillin allergic• Similar spectrum of activity as penicillins, with added atypical coverage •SE’s: GI symptoms, headaches

Page 41: Assignment Hints

Other Abx• Floroquinolones (Cipro, Levaquin)• Vancomycin: Toxic drug reserved

for treating serious infections (MRSA, C. dif) in patients allergic to penicillin