assignment on management

8/3/2019 Assignment on Management

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Development of Major Managementtheories

Management:

Management in all business and organizational activities is the act of getting people together to

accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively.

Management comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an

organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of

accomplishing a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human

resources,financial resources, technological resources and natural resources.

Management Theories

Historical Background of Management Theories:

Practicing managers are increasingly seeing the value of theory and history and in their work. Inthis section, we first explain why theory and history are important and then identify important

precursors to management theory.

The Importance of Theory and History:

Some people question the value of history and theory. Their arguments are usually based on the

assumptions that history is not relevant to contemporary society and that theory is abstract and of

no practical use. In reality, however, both theory and history are important to all managers today.

Management Theories

Scientific Management:

Productivity emerged as a serious business problem during the first few years of this century.

Business was expanding and capital was readily available, but labor was in short supply. Hence,managers began to search for ways to use existing was more efficiently. In response to this need,

experts began to focus on ways to improve the performance of individual workers. Their work

led to the development of scientific management. Some of the earliest advocates of scientific

management included Frederick W. Taylor ( 1878-1972), , Frank Cilbreth (1868-1924), Lillian

Gilbreth (1878-1972), Henry Gantt (1861-1919), and Harrington Emerson (1853-1931). Tailor

played they dominant role. In short, scientific management is concerned with improving the

performance of individual workers.

Steps In Scientific Management
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective_(goal)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadershiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_(management)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resourcinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadershiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_(management)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resourcinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective_(goal)


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General Administrative Theories

Definition:

The classical management perspective had two primary thrusts. Scientific management focused

on employees within organizations and on ways to improve their productivity. Noted pioneers of

scientific management were Frederick Taylor, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, henry Gantt and

Harrington Emerways to make it more efficient and affective. Prominent administrative

management theorists were Henri Fayal, Lyondell Urwick, Max Weber, and Chester Barnard.

Contributions:

Laid the foundation for later development In management theory. Identified important

management processes, functions, and skills that are still recognized today.

Focused attention on management as a valid subject of scientific inquiry.

Limitations:

More appropriate for stable and simple organization then for todays dynamic and complex

organization.

Often prescribed universal procedures that are not appropriate in some settings. Even though

some writers (such as Lillian Gilbreth and Chester Barnard) were concerned with the human

element, many viewed employees as tools rather than resources.

Quantitative Approach :

Definition:

The quantitative management perspective focuses on applying mathematical model and

processes to management situations. Management science deals specifically with the

development of mathematical model to aid in decision making and problem solving. Operationsmanagement focuses model directly on the application of management science to organizations.

Management information systems are developed to provide information to managers.

Contributions :

Developed sophisticated quantitative techniques to assist in decision making. Application of

models has increased our awareness and understanding of complex organizational processes and

situations. Has been very useful in the planning and controlling processes.

Limitation s :

Cannot fully explain or predict the behavior of people in organizations .Mathematical

sophistication may come at the expense of other important skills. Models may require unrealistic

or unfounded assumptions.

Organizational Behavior:


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Definition

The behavioral management perspective focuses on employee behavior in an organizational

context. Stimulated by the birth of industrial psychology. The human relations movements were

Elton Mayo. Abraham Maslow, and douglas McGregor. Organizational behavior, the

contemporary outgrowth of the behavioral management perspective, draws from aninterdisciplinary base and recognizes the complexities of human behavior in organizational

settings.

Contribution

Provided important insights into motivation, group dynamics, and other interpersonal processes

in organization.

Focused managerial attention on these same processes.

Challenged the view that employees are tools and furthered the belief that employees arevaluable resources.

Limitations :

The complexity of in divided behavior makes prediction of that behavior difficult.

Many behavioral concepts have not yet been put to use because some managers are reluctant to

adopt them.

Contemporary research findings by behavioral scientists are often not communicated to

practicing managers in an understandable form.

Contingency Approach:

Another noteworthy recent addition to management thinking is the contingency perspective. The

classical, Behavioral, and quantitative approaches are considered universal perspectives because

they try to identify the one best way to manage organizations. The contingency approach, in

contrast, suggests that universal theories cannot be applied to organizations because is unique.

Instead, the contingency approach suggests that appropriate managerial behavior in a given

situation depends on, or is contingent on, unique elements in that situation.

System Approach:

Definition:

System approach is a set of interrelated and interdependent parts arranged in a manner that

produces a unified while.

Basic types of systems:

Closed systems

Are not influenced by and do not interact with their environment (all system input and output is

internal)

Open systems

Dynamically interact to their environments by taking in inputs and transforming them intooutputs that are distributed into their environments.


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Calculation

Business history lets us look at what we did right and, more important, it can help us be right the

next time. Each of the major perspective on management can be useful to modern managers.

assignment on management

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