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ASSINGMENT-1CURRENT ISSUES IN BUSSINESS

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY

MISS RICHA SINGH PUJA KUMARI

ROLL NO - RR1012B41

SECTION RR1012

COURSE BBA MBA (DUAL)



ENVIRONMMENTAL ISSUES This part of the global issues ARTICLES attempts to

highlight some of the environmental issues and

concerns that have an affect on all of us ² from what

we do, to what we don¶t do.

ENVIROMENT MEANS WHERE ALL ABOITIC

AND BIOTIC LIVE TOGETHER AND INTERACT

WITH EACHOTHER. IN FAVORABLE

CONDITIONS.

ARTICLE NO.-1

Biodiversity

Author And Page Information

y by Anup Shah

y This Page Last Updated Tuesday, August 10, 2010

The variety of life on Earth, its biological diversity is commonly referred to as biodiversity. The

number of species of plants, animals, and microorganisms, the enormous diversity of genes in

these species, the different ecosystems on the planet, such as deserts, rainforests and coral reefs

are all part of a biologically diverse Earth. Appropriate conservation and sustainable

development strategies attempt to recognize this as being integral to any approach. Almost all

cultures have in some way or form recognized the importance that nature, and its biological

diversity has had upon them and the need to maintain it. Yet, power, greed and politics have

affected the precarious balance.



WHY IS BIODIVERSITIES IMPORTANT?

Why is Biodiversity important? Does it really matter if there aren¶t so many species

Biodiversity boosts ecosystem productivity where each species, no matter how small, all have an

important role to play.

For example, a larger number of plant species means a greater variety of crops; greater species

diversity ensures natural sustainability for all life forms; and healthy ecosystems can better

withstand and recover from a variety of disasters.

And so, while we dominate this planet, we still need to preserve the diversity in wildlife.

At least 40 per cent of the world¶s economy and 80 per cent of the needs of the poor are derived

from biological resources. In addition, the richer the diversity of life, the greater the opportunity

for medical discoveries, economic development, and adaptive responses to such new challenges

as climate change.

At least 40 per cent of the world¶s economy and 80 per cent of the needs of the poor are derived

from biological resources. In addition, the richer the diversity of life, the greater the opportunity

for medical Ediscoveries, economic development, and adaptive responses to such new challenges

as climate change.



ANALYSIS:-

AS I THINK BIODIVERSITIES PLAY A IMPORTANCE OF EARTH¶S LIFES BECAUSE

IT SUPPORT ECOSYSTEM WHERE ALL PLANTS AND ANIMALS LIVE TOGETHER. IT

PROVIDE A ENVIROMENT WHERE ALL PLANTS AND ANIMALS GROW AND

DEVELOPED THEMSELVES AND LEAD THERE LIVE.BIODIVERSITES PROVIDE

OPPORTUNITIES FOR MEDICAL RESOURCES,ECONOMIC

DEVELOPMENT,VARITIES OF CROPS AND SEVERAL NUMBER OF VARITIES OF

SPECIES AND RICH DIVESTIES PROTECT US FROM NAUTRAL DISASTERS AND

PROTECT OUR SPECIES WHICH ARE VANISHING RAPIDLY DUE NAUTRE

DEGRADATION.AS IT AS HELP IN DEGRADING POLLUTION AND PROVIDE GOOD

FOOD AND SHELTER FOR ANIMALS.AS ACCORDING TO THE SURVEY OF SOME

NEWS HEADLINES, for e.g.:-

1. Europe: New Permits to Pollute Sought

y by David Cronin (Brussels)

y Thursda y , September 16, 2010

y Inter Press Service

Extra permits to pollute the atmosphere would be given to corporations that invest in areas surrounding

tropical rainforests under plans drawn up by one of Europe's most influential pressure groups.

y by Omer Redi (Addis Ababa)

y Thursday, September 16, 2010y Inter Press Ser

Restoring Ethiopia's Forest Cover

y by Omer Redi (Addis Ababa)

y Thursday, September 16, 2010


Mesfin Mengistu has been growing trees on his two-hectare farm in Menagesha Woreda

for years.

THIS SHOWS THATHOWGOVERNENT AND PEOPLE ARE TR YING TO PROTECT

OUR ENVIROMENTWHICH IS RAPIDLY DEGRADING AND IMPORTANT FOR

WHOLEWORLD ASWE SAY LIFE OF EARTH.



ARTICLE NO.-2

CLIMATE CHANGES AND GLOBLEWARMING

INTRODUCING

What Is GlobalWarming And Climate Change?

Global warming and climate change refer to an increase in average global temperatures. Natural

events and human activities are believed to be contributing to an increase in average global

temperatures. This is caused primarily by increases in ³greenhouse´ gases such as Carbon

Dioxide .

THE climate is changing. The earth is warming up, and there is now overwhelming

scientific consensus that it is happening, and human-induced. With global warming on the

increase and species and their habitats on the decrease, chances for ecosystems to adapt naturally

are diminishing.

Many are agreed that climate change may be one of the greatest threats facing the planet. Recent

years show increasing temperatures in various regions, and/or increasing extremities in weather

patterns.

This section looks at what causes climate change, what the impacts are and where scientific

consensus currently is.

This section explores some of the effects of climate change. It also attempts to provide insights

into what governments, companies, international institutions, and other organizations are

attempting to do about this issue, as well as the challenges they face. Some of the major

conferences in recent years are also discussed.



What Is The global warming

The term greenhouse is used in conjunction with the phenomenon known as the greenhouse

effect .

y Energy from the sun drives the earth¶s weather and climate, and heats the earth¶s surface;

y In turn, the earth radiates energy back into space;

y Some atmospheric gases (water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other gases) trap some of the

outgoing energy, retaining heat somewhat like the glass panels of a greenhouse;

y These gases are therefore known as greenhouse gases;

y the greenhouse effect is the rise in temperature on Earth as certain gases in the atmosphere

trap energy.

NEWSHEADLINES:

1.India: Jatropha Boom Yields Tough Lessons

y by Manipadma Jena (Hyderabad, India)

y S unday, September 19, 2010


With a gas-guzzler of an economy, India had been spending tens of billions of dollars

annually to import petroleum. And so its 2009 policy on biofuels mandated that by 2017,

India would have enough biofuel production to cover at least 20 percent of the country¶s oil

consumption.



2.Argentina: Fighting to Save Glaciers as They Retreat y by Marcela Valente* - T ierramérica (Bueno s Aires)


Inter Press Service

Argentina's glaciers, along with Chile's the most extensive of South America, manifest the

damage caused by climate change, while they also face threats from mining and major

transportation infrastructure projects. A law to protect them has been postponed yet ag

What Is The Greenhouse Effect?

The term g reenhou se is used in conjunction with the phenomenon known as the g reenhou se

effect .

y Energy from the sun drives the earth¶s weather and climate, and heats the earth¶s surface;

y In turn, the earth radiates energy back into space;

y Some atmospheric gases (water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other gases) trap some of the

outgoing energy, retaining heat somewhat like the glass panels of a greenhouse;

y These gases are therefore known as greenhouse gases;

y The greenhouse effect is the rise in temperature on Earth as certain gases in the atmosphere

trap energy.



Carbon dioxide, though not the most potent of greenhouse gases, is the most significant one.

Human activity has caused an imbalance in the natural cycle of the greenhouse effect and related

processes. NASA¶s Earth Observatory is worth quoting the effect human activity is having on

the natural carbon cycle, for example:

In addition to the natural fluxes of carbon through the Earth system, anthropogenic (human)

activities, particularly fossil fuel burning and deforestation, are also releasing carbon dioxide into

the atmosphere.

When we mine coal and extract oil from the Earth¶s crust, and then burn these fossil fuels for

transportation, heating, cooking, electricity, and manufacturing, we are effectively moving

carbon more rapidly into the atmosphere than is being removed naturally through the

sedimentation of carbon, ultimately causing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations to

increase.

Also, by clearing forests to support agriculture, we are transferring carbon from living biomass

into the atmosphere (dry wood is about 50 percent carbon).



The result is that humans are adding ever-increasing amounts of extra carbon dioxide into the

atmosphere. Because of this, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are higher today than

they have been over the last half-million years or longer.

ANALYSIS

AS I ANALYSIS FROM THIS ARTICLE THAT GLOBLE WARMING INCREASE

RAPIDLY DAY BY DAY DUE TO FOLLOWING REASON:-

1.INCREASE IN NUMBERS OF INDUSTRIES WHICH EMITS MORE AND MORE HAR MFUL GASES IN ATMOSPHERE WHICH DEGRADED OZON LAYER WHICH PROTECT

US FROM ULTRA VIOLET RAYS.

2. TREES AND PLANTS IS CUTTING DOWN RAPIDLY TO FULFILL OUR NEEDS AND

DEMANDS.

3. DEGRADING NAUTRAL RESOURCES.

THERE ARE SO MANY FACTORS WHICH AFFECTS OR LEAD TO CAUSE GLOBLE

WARMING overwhelming scientific consensus that it is happening, and human-induced. With

global warming on the increase and species and their habitats on the decrease, chances for

ecosystems to adapt.AS THE TEMPRATURE INCREASE ING TEMPRATURE RADILY LED

TO THE MELTING OF HUGE GLACIER IN DAY WHICH IS WILL BECOME A GREAT

DISASTER IN FUTURE AND WE ARE ONLY RESPONSIBLE FOR THAT.SO WE HAVE

TO TAKE MAJOR STEPS FIRST IN ORDER TO STOP IT.AS GOVT. LAUNCHES SO

MANY PROGRAMES SUCH AS AFFORESTATION etc.



ARTICLE NO.-3

Massive Extinctions From Human ACTIVITY

Despite knowing about biodiversity¶s importance for a long time, human activity has been

causing massive extinctions. As the E nvir

onme

nt New Service, reported back in August 1999

(previous link): ³the current extinction rate is now approaching 1,000 times the background rate

and may climb to 10,000 times the background rate during the next century, if present trends

continue [resulting in] a loss that would easily equal those of past extinctions.´ (Emphasis added)

A major report, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, released in March 2005 highlighted a

substantial and largely irreversible loss in the diversity of life on Earth, with some 10-30% of the

mammal, bird and amphibian species threatened with extinction, due to human actions. The

World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) added that Earth is unable to keep up in the struggle to

regenerate from the demands we place on it.

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) notes in a video that many speciesare threatened with extinction. In addition,

y 75% of genetic diversity of agricultural crops has been lost

y 75% of the world¶s fisheries are fully or over exploited

y Up to 70% of the world¶s known species risk extinction if the global temperatures rise by

more than 3.5°C

y 1/3rd

of reef-building corals around the world are threatened with extinction

y Every second a parcel of rainforest the size of a football field disappears

y Over 350 million people suffer from severe water scarcity

Is this the kind of world we want, it asks? After all, the short video concludes, our lives are

inextricably linked with biodiversity and ultimately its protection is essential for our very

survival:

What kind of world do we want?, IUCN, December 2008

In different parts of the world, species face different levels and types of threats. But overall

patterns show a downward trend in most cases.



Proportion of all assessed species in different threat categories of extinction risk on the IUCN

Red List, based on data from 47,677 species.Source: IUCN, pie chart compiled bySecretariat of

the Convention on Biological Diversity (2010) Global Biodiversity Outlook 3, May 2010

As explained in the UN¶s 3rd Global Biodiversity Outlook, the rate of biodiversity loss has not been reduced because the 5 principle pressures on biodiversity are persistent, even intensifying:

1. Habitat loss and degradation

2. Climate change

3. Excessive nutrient load and other forms of pollution

4. Over-exploitation and unsustainable use

5. Invasive alien species

Most governments report to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity that these pressures are

affecting biodiversity in their country (see p. 55 of the report).

The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) maintains the Red List to assess

the conservation status of species, subspecies, varieties, and even selected subpopulations on a

global scale.



Extinction risks out pace any conservation successes. Amphibians are the most at risk, while

corals have had a dramatic increase in risk of extinction in recent years.

Threat status of comprehensively assessed species by IUCN.Source: IUCN, compiled

by Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2010) Global Biodiversity Outlook 3,

May 2010, p. 28 (visit for larger image)

The reasons vary from overuse of resource by humans, climate change, fragmented habitats,

habitat destruction, ocean acidification and more.



NEWS HEADLINES:

1 India: Jatropha Boom Yields Tough Lessons

y by Manipadma Jena (Hyderabad, India)



With a gas-guzzler of an economy, India had been spending tens of billions of dollars

annually to import petroleum. And so its 2009 policy on biofuels mandated that by 2017,

India would have enough biofuel production to cover at least 20 percent of the country¶s oil

consumption.

The government has in fact been encouraging the cultivation of jatropha curcas for the past seven

years, believing that would be the fastest way to have the volume of biofuel the country would

need ² 13 million tonnes, or 30 times more biodiesel than what is being produced at present.

2. Argentina: 'A Casino Is Not Progress'

y by Marcela Valente (Bueno s Aires)

y F riday, September 17, 2010


A small fishing community in the northern Argentine province of Chaco is pressing for a

sustainable development programme to preserve their simple way of life and the natural

habitat, rather than a mega-investment project that would draw upscale tourism instead of

the people who now come to seek peace and quiet on the weekends.



ANALYSIS:

From this article I analysis that: - It has long been feared that human activity is causing

massive extinctions. Despite increased efforts at conservation, it has not been enough and

biodiversity losses continue. The costs associated with deteriorating or vanishing ecosystems will

be high. However, sustainable development and consumption would help avert ecological

problems.

THERE ARE SOME REASONS FOR EXTINCTION OF BIODIVERSITY

1. Habitat loss and degradation

2. Climate change

3. Excessive nutrient load and other forms of pollution

4. Over-exploitation and unsustainable use

5. Invasive alien species



Extinction risks out pace any conservation successes. Amphibians are the most at risk, while

corals have had a dramatic increase in risk of extinction in recent years. The reasons vary from

overuse of resource by humans, climate change, fragmented habitats, habitat destruction, ocean

acidification and more. Extinction creates large-scale agricultural problems, threatening food

supplies to hundreds of millions of people. This ecological problem may let to the global

warming situation. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) maintains

the critical endangered to assess the conservation status of species, subspecies, varieties, and

even selected subpopulations on a global scale.the govt. trying to protect endangered species,if

major steps not taken in order to save then we will loss valuble species.

ARTICLE NO. 4

Effects Of Over-Consumption And Increasing PopulationsThe State of the World, 1999 Report from the Worldwatch Institute suggests that the global

economy could be seriously affected by environmental problems, such as the lack of access to

enough resources to meet growing population demands.Environmental degradation can

contribute to social and political instability, which can lead to security issues. This has not

currently been addressed by the foreign policy of many nations. Already around the world we are

seeing an increase in violence and human rights abuses as disputes about territories, food and

water are spilling into wars and internal conflictsAs the effects of globalization are creating

further disparities and inequalities, around the world we are seeing an increase in violence and

human rights abuses as disputes about territories, food and water are spilling into wars and

internal conflicts. People are fightingfor basic needs.

The following are some of the areas of current and future tension. (Note how in the case of many

of the regions mentioned below, wealthier nations have often been involved to extract and

consume the resources leaving even less in the region for growing populations to contend with.)

y the various conflicts in Africa. It is also feared that conflicts involving water will increase.

y the Middle East where national interests in the vast oil fields have led to wars and influence

from states like USA and UK.

y the 1998 riots in Indonesia fueled by the current global financial crisis.

y the Nile area, where Egypt rely on downstream water largely controlled by Ethiopia.

y Iraq, Syria and Turkey where there is tension surrounding the water flow of theEuphrates

and Tigris.



y Israel and Jordan, where Israel cut water supplies to Jordan due to sever drought

y Israel and Palestine also are fighting over water resources as well.

y The Chiapas region in Mexico

y Water scarcity in the Gaza region has contributed to the tensions in the Middle East.

y Environmental scarcity and social tensions in Pakistan have led to a worsening situation.

y Tensions in the Narmada region in India between indigenous people and the government.

y Environmental scarcity in Rwanda contributed to the ethnic conflicts in 1994.

y Degradation on the environment and an increase in population is fueling tension inSouth

Africa.

y In Equador, it is predicted that extreme violence is going to be seen at indigenous protests

against giant oil corporations.

ANALYSIS:

FROM THIS ARTICLE I ANALYSIS THAT :-as day by day population increases rapidly which lead

to the over consumption of resources and degraded the natural resources, increase in pollution,

deforestation and increase in global warming Environmental degradation can contribute to

social and political instability, which can lead to security issues. This has not currently been

addressed by the foreign policy of many nations. It is often claimed that population increases

lead to poverty and this is why the poor suffer, but as shown throughout this site, causes of

poverty are not in population increases, but due to economic and geopolitical reasons. with

increased consumption (in the wealthier countries, which is not where the majority of the world's



population is to be found), and the way that products are produced, consumed and thrown away

have an impact on the environment around the world, because production is often in the

developing countries (where the majority of the world's populations are to be found). As a result

of degradation to the environment, tensions can increase.

ARTICLES NO.-5

COP13²Bali Climate Conference

Author And Page Information

y by Anup Shah

y This Page Created Tuesday, January 01, 2008

The UN conference on climate change held in Bali, Indonesia in December 2007 led to a final

agreement known as the ³Bali Roadmap´.

The conference, more officially known as COP-13, or Conference of the Parties, Thirteenth

session, 3-14 December 2007, Bali, Indonesia.

The meeting drew more than 10,000 participants, including representatives of over 180 countries

and observers from intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations, and the media.

The Bali Roadmap outline

The Bali Roadmap outlined a new negotiating process to be concluded by 2009 to feed into a

post-Kyoto (i.e. a post-2012) international agreement on climate change. The Roadmap included

a decision to launch an Adaptation Fund as well as further decisions on technology transfer and

on reducing emissions from deforestation.

But the conference was also accompanied by controversy, including

y The US position being at odds with most of the rest of the world

y Talk of developing countries¶ responsibilities (such as China and India) while rich

countries (the source of the problem) have made little progress, themselves.

As Inter Press Service (IPS) summarized:



The deep frustration shared by the members of G-77, a 130-member bloc of developing countries

spanning Africa, Asia and Latin America, to U.S. objections to language in the final text of the

roadmap was best echoed by the delegate from Papua New Guinea. ³If you cannot lead, leave it

to the rest of us. Please get out of the way,´ a visibly angry Kevin Conrad told U.S. officials to

cheers from other delegates.

It was a dispute over one paragraph in the role of developing countries to help reduce the

emission of greenhouse gases (GhGs).« ³The G-77 had accepted a draft last night, but this

morning we noticed there was a change,´ Kirit Parikh, member of the Indian planning

commission and a delegate on New Delhi¶s team to the Bali meeting, told IPS. ³We are not sure

who was behind it. This was unacceptable to us.´

«

The U.S. government found itself isolated during the final session, as [head of the U.S.

government delegation, Paula] Dobriansky insisted on the mechanics of mitigation in the

developing world being placed as a priority ³because developing countries have made statements

(about GhG mitigation) but (there are) no commitments. That is what we want.´ The other

powerful player at this meeting, the European Union, threw its weight behind the G-77.

² Marwaan Macan-Markar, US Herded Into Consensus in Bali , Inter Press Service, December 15, 2007

Campaign groups such as Friends of the Earth, many of whom were at the talks themselves,

were disappointed with the outcome, saying targets were watered down to mere footnotes in the

final text.



As I analysis from this article that:-

the conference, more officially known as COP-13, or Conference of the Parties, Thirteenth session, 3-14December 2007, Bali, Indonesia. . The Roadmap included a decision to launch an Adaptation Fund as well as

further decisions on technology transfer and on reducing emissions from deforestation.

In this conference talks on developing countries¶ responsibilities (such as China and India) while rich

countries (the source of the problem) have made little progress. The big countries have to help in reducing

harmful gases emitted by industries or by any other means. That they were not scapegoats for climate change.

For many, many years now, it has been recognized that the rich nations have been mostly at fault for climate

change, because their greenhouse emissions have lingered in the atmosphere for decades. For some rich

countries to want to avoid action until countries like India and China are subject to similar targets has been

seen by much of the world as actually being unfair, especially as the rich nations have not reduced much

emission. In addition to the various links also see the following are:

y Climate Change Special from Down To Earth Magazine, by the Centre for Science and Environment,

December 15, 2007 issue. This 17-part article looks at various issues on the politics of climate change,

leading up to Bali.

y Busines in Bali: The science is clear, it's high time to sort out the politics, from the same Down To

Earth, December 15, 2007 issue, is a shorter version.

y Climate Justice and Equity from this site goes into this developing country perspective in a bit more

detail.



CONCLUSION:-

.Biodiversities boosts ecosystem productive where each species no matter how small all have an

important role play .It provideopportunities for medical resources, economic development,varities of

crops and rich diversities protect us from nautral disaster.

.nautral events and humans activities contributed to an increase in average global temperature.as it

increases it lead to global warming and green house effect it happen to due to deforestation and

emission o f harmful gases

.large number of plants and animals extinct rapidly due loss of forest nautral resources and loss of

diversites.

.due to over population nautral resources decreases and lead to nautral disaster because of over

exploitation of resources.

.in order to save our environment big countries who have creating more pollution and exploitation of

nautral resources have to maintain and save and creat less pollution.

THIS ARTICLES GIVE ME COMPLETE INFORMATION AND KNOWLEGDE ABOUT ENVIROMENTAL ISSUES.

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