assistants cairo ppp

8/3/2019 Assistants CAIRO PPP

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Saturday, May05, 2012

Ahmed Ghoneim, Prof. of Marketing, CairoUniversity

AHMED I. GHONEIM

BUILDING YOUR MODEL

and

GENERATING YOUR HYPOTHESES



To Begin With

“… The most difficult thing in

science, ……, is to shake off

accepted views, to observe withone’s own eyes, and think with

one’s own brain…”

George Sarton, The civilization of the Renaissance Saturday, May05, 2012

Ahmed Ghoneim, Prof. of Marketing, Cairo

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Goals of Science

Analytical Goals

Focus

Understanding Prediction

Interaction

Outcomes



3

X

X



EMPIRICISM

EMPIRICISM as one of the old

schools of philosophy of

science What is EMPIRICISM ?

EMPIRICISM and theory

building & hypotheses testing !



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Theory Building Approache(s)

•T H E O R Y

• Theory (tentative)

• Propositions

• Empirical indicators • Research hypotheses

• Research method(s)

• Observable results



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The Role of Theory in Applied

Research



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Models

An analytical model is a set of variablesand their interrelationships designed to

represent, in whole or in part, some

real system or process.

Models : verbal , Graphical or Mathematical

In verbal models, the variables and

their relationships are stated in prose

form. Such models may be mere

restatements of the main tenets of a

theory.



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Models (cont.)

Graphical models are visual. They areused to isolate variables and to

suggest directions of relationships but

are not designed to provide numerical

results.

Example:



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Awareness

Understanding: Evaluation

Preference



Models (cont.)

•



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Propositions

What is a proposition?Why?

Difference between:

propositions & laws of interaction

Difference between:

propositions & Hypotheses



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Hypotheses

Hypotheses, Why?What is a hypothesis ?

Hypotheses Formulation

What do we test:

Propositions or Hypotheses ?

Exercises >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>



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assistants cairo ppp

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