association intec, inc. 1apps.necanet.org/files/loto_webinar_pptv2.pdf · although the regulations...

This PowerPoint was developed by NECA to train electrical contractors in understanding and applying Lockout/Tagout (LOTO). The content is based on the NFPA 70E requirements in Article 120 Establishing an Electrically Safe Work Condition. Reference to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations associated with LOTO may also be discussed.

The purpose of this training is to provide basic information on LOTO. It is not designed as a replacement for the NFPA standard OSHA regulations nor site and company specificreplacement for the NFPA standard, OSHA regulations nor site and company specific procedures.

3© 2008 National Electrical Contractors Association and Intec, Inc.

ObjectivesObjectivesIdentify how NFPA 70E defines an “electrically safe work condition”

List the three forms of hazardous electrical energy control permitted by NFPA 70E

Determine the appropriate form of control needed given a specific set of conditions

Identify the procedures necessary for implementing a Lockout/Tagout

Describe the differences between a simple and complex Lockout/Tagout

Identify the steps in a Lockout/Tagout Removal


A universal safety concept is to control hazardous energy. This applies to all forms of energy including, mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic and electric. This document will focus on controlling electrical hazardous energy. When working with electricity this means all live parts must be deenergized, the energy source locked out and/or tagged out (LOTO) and conditions verified before work can be performed.1 Consensus standards and government regulations direct the methods by which energy control or LOTO are performed.

NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) 70ENFPA (National Fire Protection Association) 70E The NFPA 70E Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace is the consensus standard most commonly referred to for electrical safety‐related work practices. It has been in existence since 1979 and it applies to all installations covered by the National Electrical Code (NEC)®. The Committee which developed this standard consists of competent individuals representing all interests.


The NFPA 70E requirements for controlling hazardous energy can be found in Article 120 Establishing an Electrically Safe Work Condition. It is divided into three sections:

Section 120.1 Process of Achieving an Electrically Safe Work Condition. All possible sources of electrical supply must be determined using up‐to‐date information such as drawings, diagrams and identification tags. The load must be interrupted, disconnecting devices opened, and visually verified. LOTO is then implemented. Voltage must be tested If there is the potential for induced or stored voltage grounds must bemust be tested. If there is the potential for induced or stored voltage, grounds must be applied.


All electrical circuits, conductors and parts must be considered energized until the LOTO procedure is completed. Any employees directly or indirectly exposed to the electrical energy must be involved in the process. Training must be provided in accordance with the extent to which the employee is involved. A plan and procedures must be in place for execution of all elements of LOTO. This includes the training required, unique identification of the LOTO devices, the forms of control used, elements of control, coordination with LOTO procedures for other energy sources, and annual audit procedures.

LOTO devices must be unique and clearly identifiable as a LOTO device. It may not be used for another purpose. Locks must be associated with and operable by only the individual who installed it. Tags shall be suitable for the purpose and contain a statement prohibiting operation of the disconnecting device and removal of the tag.


LOTO devices must be unique and clearly identifiable as a LOTO device. It may not be used for another purpose. Locks must be associated with and operable by only the individual who installed it. Tags shall be suitable for the purpose and contain a statement prohibiting operation of the disconnecting device and removal of the tag.


The forms of control are related to the complexity of the energy control. An individual LOTO is used by a qualified person when the disconnecting means remains visible to that person during the work and the work does not extend beyond one shift. A Simple LOTO procedure can be used when qualified person(s) are working on one set of conductors or circuit parts. Each person must have control over his or her lockout. A Complex LOTO must be used when there are multiple elements involved such as multiple crews, energy sources, or locations. In the Complex LOTO procedure, a qualified person is appointed responsibility for the procedure. This person must account for all energy sources and all persons working on the job. A written plan is needed for execution of the LOTO dLOTO procedure.

The elements of control follow the steps from deenergization, verification, and application and removal of the LOTO devices for testing or positioning of equipment and/or returning to service. It addresses what happens during shift changes and coordination with other jobs or tasks.


> Section 120.3 Temporary Protective Grounding Equipment

Grounds must be placed to prevent hazardous differences in electrical potential. They must be capable of conducting the maximum fault current for the time necessary to clear the fault and have impedance low enough to cause immediate operation of protective devices in the event of unintentional energizing of the conductors or parts. All grounds must meet the criteria established by the America Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) F 855 Standard for the Specification of Temporary Protective Grounds to be Used on Deenergized Electric Power Lines and Equipment.


Applicable Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Standards

As described earlier, there are a number of different types of energy. There are also a number of different operations in which these hazards can be presented. To ensure all hazardous energy is effectively controlled OSHA has established a number of regulations governing the procedures of LOTO.

The General Industry Standard 1910.147 ‐ The Control of Hazardous Energy applies to the control of energy during servicing and/or maintenance of machines and equipment This would includeenergy during servicing and/or maintenance of machines and equipment. This would include mechanical, pneumatic, electrical, and any other energy sources. It does not cover construction activity, installations for the purpose of power generation, transmission and distribution, and electrical energy for “electric utilization installations.” Construction LOTO for controlling electrical energy is addressed in the 1926.417 Lockout and tagging of circuits. This standard offers a brief statement requiring that circuits be deenergized, made inoperative and have tags attached. LOTO rules for power transmission and distribution can be found in 1910.269 Electric Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution for General Industry and Subpart V Power Transmission andTransmission, and Distribution for General Industry and Subpart V Power Transmission and Distribution 1926.950 General requirements for Construction. Other electrical installations are governed by the General Industry standards in Subpart S Electrical. LOTO from this Subpart is specifically addressed in 1910.333 Selection and use of work practices.


Each of these standards has basic requirements in common. In fact, OSHA finds an electrical LOTO program using the procedures in 1910.147 compliant with 1910.333 so long as the procedures include:

1) a qualified person ensuring tests are performed to verify the circuit is deenergized and cannot be inadvertently energized or energized by induced voltage or backfeed, and

2) if a tag alone is used, an additional safety measure is used that includes the removal of an isolating circuit element, blocking of a controlling switch, or opening of an extra disconnecting device.

Although the regulations have similarities, compliance often mandates that one navigate these standards to address requirements applicable to the unique steps for tasks in given operation. For example in power transmission and distribution OSHA authorizes the system operator to place andexample, in power transmission and distribution, OSHA authorizes the system operator to place and remove LOTO devices that are in a central location and inaccessible to the authorized employees. However, the employer’s hazardous energy control procedures must still provide employees the same level of personal control they would have in personal LOTO.

Employers must decide how to meet the level of protection required. OSHA standards are written in performance‐based language leaving the employer to determine procedures. When a compliance

d d d f d d h ff finspection is conducted, OSHA may defer to consensus standards to compare the effectiveness of the employers’ procedures with industry accepted practice.

This leads back to NFPA 70E. It describes safety procedures for NEC installations, NFPA calls for live parts to be placed in an “electrically safe work condition” before employees can work on or near them. An electrically safe work condition is defined as “A state in which an energized conductor or circuit part has been disconnected from the energized parts, locked/tagged in accordance with


This leads back to NFPA 70E. It describes safety procedures for NEC installations, NFPA calls for live parts to be placed in an “electrically safe work condition” before employees can work on or near them. An electrically safe work condition is defined as “A state in which an energized conductor or circuit part has been disconnected from the energized parts, locked/tagged in accordance with established standards, tested to ensure the absence of voltage and grounded if determined necessary.” This training will provide simplified instructions for achieving an electrically safe work condition. It offers the basics of compliance. All electrical contractors should become familiar with NFPA 70E and the applicable OSHA regulations to ensure the safety of their employees.


LOTO PREPARATION

1. Review the Company Written LOTO Plan.

2. Identify all energy sources including stored energy.

3 Locate all disconnecting means and identify procedures to release stored energy3. Locate all disconnecting means and identify procedures to release stored energy.

4. Determine the means for verifying disconnection.

5. Identify all workers who may be affected or exposed by the LOTO.

6. Ensure that all employees are trained to the degree necessary to execute their responsibilities as related to the LOTO procedure.


LOTO PREPARATION

7. Identify the appropriate voltage tester that will be used.

8. Develop procedures* for verifying operability of tester and determine appropriate procedure.

9. Determine the need for grounding.

10. Develop the procedures for controlling energy.

11. Coordinate electrical LOTO procedures with other means of hazardous energy control.


A basic step to LOTO is determining what level of control is needed. As previously described, there are three forms of control recognized by NFPA 70E, individual simple and complex? A series of questions need to be asked to help determine the level.

‐Will the work to be performed be under the control of one individual qualified employee? Check individual

‐ Is the work minor maintenance, servicing, adjusting, cleaning, inspection, operating conditions, and or similar? Check individual

‐ Is the work adjacent to the disconnecting means? Check individual

‐Will the disconnecting means be visible while work working? Check individual

‐ Can the work be completed in one shift? Check individual

If the answer to all of the above is yes work can be performed as an Individual ControlIf the answer to all of the above is yes, work can be performed as an Individual Control operation.


Individual Qualified Employee Control

When work such as minor maintenance, servicing, inspection and cleaning are performed lockout/ tagout may not be needed. In these cases the employee maintains physical control. But, again for this to be possible the disconnecting means must be adjacent to the conductor, circuit parts, and equipment, clearly visible to the qualified employee involved in the work and work cannot extend beyond one shift.


Controlling Hazardous Energy ‐ DetermineIn many cases the form of control needed on hazardous electrical energy goes beyond individual control. To determine the extent of control, Simple or Complex, the questions below need to be asked. The responses these questions to determine the control.

‐ Does the purpose of the LOTO include work to be preformed by both qualified and unqualified employees? Check complex

‐Will work involve multiple employees, crafts or employers? Check complex

‐Will LOTO include deenergizing more than one set of conductors or circuits? Check complex

‐Will work involve multiple locations, energy sources and/or different disconnecting means? Check complexmeans? Check complex

‐Will the job or task extend to more than one work period? Check complex

All lockout/tagout procedures that are not under individual qualified employee control according or complex lockout/tagout are considered a simple lockout/tagout. A simple LOTO involves only qualified person(s) deenergizing one set of conductors or circuit. The

f l bl k b f l lpurpose of a simple LOTO is to enable work to be performed on electrical equipment within the Limited Approach Boundary.


SIMPLE LOTO PROCEDURE

Step 1. Notify Personnel

All employees need to be made aware that a lockout/tagout is going to take place.

Affected employees

Informed power will be off, the reason for it and not to operate equipment

Responsible (qualified) Employee

Informed of all energy sources and location including stored energy



Step 2. Disconnect and Deenergize

The responsible qualified person shall ensure the load is interrupted and disconnected from all energy sources to

deenergize the circuit or equipment.

Deenergize ‐g

Operate disconnecting means and verify disconnection

Interrupt load ‐

Switches should be activated to turn off the circuit or equipment



Step 3. Release Stored Energy

After disconnecting and deenergizing, residual energy may remain stored in the equipment or circuits. Electrical energy from capacitors must be discharged and high capacitance elements short circuited according to established procedures. Procedures must also be coordinated with other LOTO efforts and stored energy such as hydraulic, pneumatic, and mechanical must be released.

Release all other stored energy

Discharge electrical energy



Step 4. Apply Locks and/or Tags

Apply locks (or tags) to all disconnecting means used to deenergize the circuit. A tag without the use of a lock may only be applied in situations where the equipment does not allow a lock. If a tag is used, another safety measure must be used to protect employees. The responsible person must account for all exposed employees.

Lock Use

The exposed employee shall apply a lock or be accounted for by other means.

Tag Use

Each employee shall apply a tag, sign tag or be accounted for by other means.

Additional safety measure with Tag

(Removal of an isolating circuit element, blocking of a controlling switch, opening of an extra disconnecting device, or the removal of a valve handle to reduce the likelihood of inadvertent energization.)



Step 5. Verification ‐ Attempt to Operate

Ensure the equipment is or circuit is deenergized and cannot be reenergized with the lock or tag in place by attempting

to operate the equipment, switches and/or other disconnecting means.



Step 6. Verification ‐ Test for the Absence of Voltage*

Testing for the absence of voltage is a critical step. The voltage detector itself must be tested before and after the equipment or circuit to compete the verification process.

a) Select an appropriate voltage detector b) Inspect the voltage detector

b) * NOTE: Employees are required to be trained to select the proper voltage detector in accordance with 110.6 (D) of NFPA 70E. See NFPA 70E 110.6 D, 110.9 and 130.4 for requirements when using test instruments and equipment.



Step 6. Verification ‐ Test for the Absence of Voltage

Testing for the absence of voltage is a critical step. The voltage detector itself must be tested before and after the equipment or circuit to compete the verification process. Appropriate PPE must be worn in most cases when verifying the absence of voltage.

c) Verify proper operation of the voltage detector

d) Test for voltage



Step 6. Verification ‐ Test for the Absence of Voltage

e) Verify proper operation of voltage detector* voltage detector

* Sample Procedure ‐ Verification of voltage detector

1. Test for voltage on circuit

2 Deenergize the circuit2. Deenergize the circuit

3. Retest deenergized circuit for voltage using same voltage tester



Step 7. Apply Protective Grounds

Where there is potential for induced voltage, release of stored electrical energy or other potential contact with energized parts, apply protective grounds rated for the maximum available fault current for the time necessary to clear the fault.



Step 8. Perform Work

Once the LOTO procedure has been completed according the established procedures, work can be performed using approved work practices.

The LOTO will remain in place until work is complete. If testing or positioning requires the equipment to be reenergized, contact your supervisor for applicable procedures. For additional information see OSHA 1910.147(f)(1). If work must extend for more than one work period, one energy source one work location or if another individual or crew is involved the Complex LOTOenergy source, one work location, or if another individual or crew is involved, the Complex LOTO procedure must be used.


REMOVAL OF SIMPLE LOTO 2

1. Verify task complete

2. Remove tools and equipment

3. Remove grounds

4. Notify personnel

5. Perform quality tests/checks

6 Remove locks and/or tags6. Remove locks and/or tags

7. Notify owner and return disconnect to operating condition

8. Return disconnecting means to normal

2 In a Simple LOTO, if the individual who installed the LOTO is not present to remove the lock and/or tag, an attempt must be made to contact them. See OSHA 1910.147(e)(3) “Exemption to paragraph (e)(3) ”paragraph (e)(3).


COMPLEX LOTO PROCEDURE

Step 1. Identify a “Person‐in‐Charge”

A person‐in‐charge must be assigned at the location to install or direct the installation of lockout and/or tagout devices and prepare a written plan for the LOTO that:

a) addresses how the energy will be controlled,

b) ensures all exposed employees understand the hazards,

c) establishes a method for accounting for all exposed persons involved in the LOTO, ) g p p ,

d) defines the transfer of LOTO to successive shifts and

e) defines how effective communication with all employees is to be accomplished.



Step 2. Prepare a written plan for this LOTO

The person‐in‐charge must prepare a written plan outlining the procedures for the LOTO. Be sure to review the procedures for how employees are accounted for during the course of the LOTO and for changes in shifts should they occur.

Sign in/out log for all personnel entering the area.

Person‐in‐charge shall lock his/her key in a “lock box.”


COMPLEX LOTO PROCEDURECOMPLEX LOTO PROCEDURE

Step 3. Notify Personnel

All personnel need to be made aware that a lockout/tagout is going to take place.

Affected EmployeesAffected Employees

Informed power will be off, the reason for it and not to operate equipment

Authorized Employees

Informed of equipment/circuit to be locked or tagged out and procedures



Step 4. Disconnect and Deenergize

The responsible qualified person shall ensure the load is interrupted and disconnected from all energy sources to deenergize the circuit or equipment.

Interrupt load ‐ Switches should be activated to turn off the circuit or equipment.

Deenergize ‐ Operate disconnecting means and verify disconnection. (Visually verify blades open or use other means such as indicator lights.)


COMPLEX LOTO PROCEDURECOMPLEX LOTO PROCEDURE

Step 5. Release Stored Energy

After disconnecting and deenergizing, residual energy may remain stored in the equipment or circuits. Electrical energy from capacitors must be discharged and high capacitance elements short circuited according to established procedures. Procedures must also be

di d i h h LOTO ff d d h h d li i dcoordinated with other LOTO efforts and stored energy such as hydraulic, pneumatic, and mechanical must be released.

Discharge electrical energy

Release all other stored energyRelease all other stored energy



Step 6. Apply Locks and/or Tags

Apply locks (or tags) to all disconnecting means used to deenergize the circuit. A tag without the use of a lock may only be applied in situations where the equipment does not allow a lock. If a tag is used, another safety measure must be used to protect employees. The responsible person must account for all exposed employees.

Lock Use

Each exposed employee shall apply a lock or be accounted for by other means. Person in charge shall lock keys in box.

Tag Use

Each employee shall apply a tag, sign tag or be accounted for by other means.

Additional safety measure with Tag

(Removal of isolating circuit element, blocking of controlling switch, opening of extra disconnecting device, or removal of valve handle to reduce likelihood of inadvertent energization



Step 7. Verification ‐ Attempt to Operate

Ensure the equipment or circuit is deenergized and cannot be reenergized with the lock or tag in place by attempting to operate the equipment, switches and/or other disconnecting means.



Step 8 Verification ‐ Test for the Absence of Voltage*


a) Select an appropriate voltage detector.

b) Inspect the voltage detector.

Section 110.6(D)(1)(e) requires training in the selection and use of voltage detection equipment. The training must include instruction on understanding the voltage reading.



Step 8 Verification ‐ Test for the Absence of Voltage*


c) Verify proper operation of the voltage detector.*

d) Test for voltage.

e) Verify proper operation of the voltage detector. ) y p p p g

f) Use appropriate PPE as required during testing.

* Sample Procedure ‐ Verification of voltage detector

1. Test for voltage on circuit

2. Deenergize the circuit

3. Retest deenergized circuit for voltage using same voltage detector



Step 9. Apply Protective Grounds

Where there is potential for induced voltage, release of stored electrical energy or other potential contact with energized parts, apply protective safety grounds rated for the maximum available fault current for the time necessary to clear the fault.



Step 10. Perform Work

Once the LOTO procedure has been completed according the established procedures, work can be performed using approved work practices.

The LOTO will remain in place until work is complete. If testing or positioning requires the p p g p g qequipment to be reenergized, contact the person‐charge for applicable procedures. For additional information see OSHA 1910.147(f)(1). In the event of a shift/personnel change, the person‐in‐charge shall place or supervise the placement of a special supervisory lock that will remain in place until the new authorized person(s) begin work and are accounted for in accordance with the procedure in the plan or apply their own personal locks.


REMOVAL OF COMPLEX LOTO

1. Verify task complete

2. Remove tools and equipment

3. Remove grounds

4. Notify personnel

5. Perform quality tests/checks

6 Remove of locks and/or tags6. Remove of locks and/or tags

7. Notify owner and return disconnect to operating condition

8. Return disconnecting means to normal

3 If the individual(s) who installed the LOTO is/are not present to remove a lock and/or tag an attempt must be made to contact them. See OSHA 1910.147(e)(3) “Exemption to paragraph (e)(3).” In a Complex LOTO the person in charge will be responsible for accounting for all persons involvedIn a Complex LOTO, the person‐in‐charge will be responsible for accounting for all persons involved.


1. Which of the following are required for an establishing an electrically safe work conditions

a. Determine all possible sources of electrical supply

b. Apply lockout/tagout

c. both a and b

Correct: c. both a and b


2. When a tag is used in place of a lock,

a. a variance to the regulation must be received

b. an additional safety measure must be in place

c a tag may not be used in placed without a lockc. a tag may not be used in placed without a lock

Correct: b. an additional safety measure must be in place


3. Each of the following offers three steps in the LOTO sequence of the steps that are provided in a response which are in the proper order?

a. release stored energy, verify isolation and deenergization, attach locks

b. attach locks or tag, release stored energy, verify isolation and deenergization

c. verify isolation and deenergization, attach locks, locate and operate all isolating devices

Correct: b. attach locks or tag, release stored energy, verify isolation and deenergization


4. Which of the following is required in complex, but not a simple LOTO

a. identification of a “Person in Charge”

b. Application of grounds

c employee trainingc. employee training

Correct: a. identification of a “Person in Charge”


5. What is the first step to be performed in LOTO removal?

a. Notify owner

b. Verify task complete

c Remove of locks and/or tagsc. Remove of locks and/or tags

Correct: b. Verify task complete


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