association of southeast asian nations - wiki.pdf

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

Flag Emblem

Motto: "One Vision, One Identity, One Community"[1]

Anthem: The ASEAN Way

Headquarters Jakarta, Indonesiaa

Working language

Membership

Leaders

- Secretary General Le Luong Minh[2]

- Summit Presidency Brunei[3]

Establishment - Bangkok Declaration 8 August 1967

- Charter 16 December 2008

Area - Total 4,479,210.5 km2

2,778,124.7 sq mi

Population

Association of Southeast Asian NationsFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations[5] (ASEAN/ˈɑːsi.ɑːn/ AH-see-ahn,[6] /ˈɑːzi.ɑːn/ AH-zee-ahn)[7][8] is ageo-political and economic organisation of ten countrieslocated in Southeast Asia, which was formed on 8 August1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and

Thailand.[9] Since then, membership has expanded to includeBrunei, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam.Its aims include accelerating economic growth, socialprogress, cultural development among its members,protection of regional peace and stability, and opportunities

for member countries to discuss differences peacefully.[10]

ASEAN covers a land area of 4.46 million km², which is 3%of the total land area of Earth, and has a population ofapproximately 600 million people, which is 8.8% of theworld's population. The sea area of ASEAN is about threetimes larger than its land counterpart. In 2011, its combined

nominal GDP had grown to more than US$ 2 trillion.[11] IfASEAN were a single entity, it would rank as the eighthlargest economy in the world.

Contents

1 History1.1 Continued expansion

1.1.1 East Timor and Papua New Guinea1.2 Environment1.3 ASEAN Plus Three1.4 Free Trade

2 The ASEAN way2.1 Critical reception

3 Meetings3.1 ASEAN Summits3.2 East Asia Summit3.3 Commemorative summit3.4 Regional Forum3.5 Other meetings

3.5.1 Another Three3.5.2 Asia–Europe Meeting3.5.3 ASEAN–Russia Summit3.5.4 ASEAN Foreign Ministers Meeting

4 Economic community4.1 From CEPT to AEC4.2 Comprehensive Investment Area

English

10 states

2 observers

0:00 MENU

Association of Southeast Asian Nations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations

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- 2011 estimate 602,658,000

- Density 135/km2

216/sq mi

GDP (PPP) 2011 estimate

- Total US$ 3.574 trillion[4]

- Per capita US$ 5,930

GDP (nominal) 2011 estimate

- Total US$ 2.356 trillion

- Per capita US$ 3,909

HDI (2012) 0.663b

medium

Currency

Time zone ASEAN(UTC+9 to +6:30)

Calling code

Internet TLD

Websitewww.aseansec.org (http://www.aseansec.org)

Address: Jalan Sisingamangaraja No.70A, South Jakarta.

Calculated using UNDP data from member states.

4.3 Trade in Services4.4 Single Aviation Market4.5 Free-trade agreements with other countries4.6 ASEAN six majors

4.6.1 Development gap4.7 From CMI to AMRO4.8 Foreign Direct Investment4.9 Intra-ASEAN travel4.10 Intra-ASEAN trade

5 Charter6 Cultural activities7 ASEAN Media Cooperation

7.1 New media and social media7.2 SEA Write Award7.3 ASAIHL7.4 Heritage Parks

7.4.1 ASEAN Heritage Sites7.5 Songs and music

8 Education and human development8.1 School enrolment and participation

8.1.1 Primary education8.1.2 Secondary education

8.2 Tertiary education8.2.1 University Network

8.3 Public efforts8.3.1 Financial resources8.3.2 Scholarship

8.4 Education as a determinant of humandevelopment

8.4.1 Literacy rates9 Sports

9.1 Southeast Asian Games9.2 ASEAN Para Games9.3 FESPIC Games / Asian Para Games9.4 Football Championship9.5 ASEAN 2030 FIFA World Cup bid

10 ASEAN Defence Industry Collaboration11 Criticism12 ASEAN competitions13 See also14 Literature15 References16 External links

History

See also: Member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations

ASEAN was preceded by an organisation called the Association of Southeast Asia, commonly called ASA, an

10 currencies

10 codes

10 TLDs

a.

b.


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v • d • e (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Supranational_Asian_Bodies&

action=edit)

A clickable Euler diagram showing the relationships between

various multinational Asian organisations.

alliance consisting of the Philippines, Malaysiaand Thailand that was formed in 1961. The blocitself, however, was established on 8 August1967, when foreign ministers of five countries –Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore,and Thailand – met at the Thai Department ofForeign Affairs building in Bangkok and signedthe ASEAN Declaration, more commonlyknown as the Bangkok Declaration. The fiveforeign ministers – Adam Malik of Indonesia,Narciso Ramos of the Philippines, Abdul Razakof Malaysia, S. Rajaratnam of Singapore, andThanat Khoman of Thailand – are considered

the organisation's Founding Fathers.[12]

The motivations for the birth of ASEAN wereso that its members’ governing elite couldconcentrate on nation building, the commonfear of communism, reduced faith in or mistrustof external powers in the 1960s, and a desirefor economic development.

The bloc grew when Brunei Darussalambecame the sixth member on 8 January 1984,barely a week after gaining independence on 1

January.[13]

Continued expansion

See also: Enlargement ofAssociation of SoutheastAsian Nations

On 28 July 1995, Vietnambecame the seventh

member.[14] Laos andMyanmar (Burma) joined twoyears later on 23 July

1997.[15] Cambodia was tohave joined together withLaos and Burma, but wasdeferred due to the country'sinternal political struggle. Thecountry later joined on 30April 1999, following thestabilisation of its government.[15][16]

During the 1990s, the bloc experienced an increase in both membership and drive for further integration. In

The member states of ASEAN

Burma(Myanmar)Laos

←VietnamThailand

Cam-bodia Philippines

Brunei→MalaysiaMalaysia

Malaysia

Singapore

I n d o n e s i aI n d o n e s i a

I n d o n e s i a


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Satellite image of the 2006 haze over

Borneo.

1990, Malaysia proposed the creation of an East Asia Economic Caucus[17] comprising the then members ofASEAN as well as the People's Republic of China, Japan, and South Korea, with the intention ofcounterbalancing the growing influence of the United States in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

and in the Asian region as a whole.[18][19] This proposal failed, however, because of heavy opposition from the

United States and Japan.[18][20] Despite this failure, member states continued to work for further integration andASEAN Plus Three was created in 1997.

In 1992, the Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) scheme was signed as a schedule for phasing tariffsand as a goal to increase the region’s competitive advantage as a production base geared for the world market.This law would act as the framework for the ASEAN Free Trade Area. After the East Asian Financial Crisis of1997, a revival of the Malaysian proposal was established in Chiang Mai, known as the Chiang Mai Initiative,which calls for better integration between the economies of ASEAN as well as the ASEAN Plus Three countries

(China, Japan, and South Korea).[21]

Aside from improving each member state's economies, the bloc also focused on peace and stability in the region.On 15 December 1995, the Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty was signed with the intention ofturning Southeast Asia into a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone. The treaty took effect on 28 March 1997 after all butone of the member states have ratified it. It became fully effective on 21 June 2001, after the Philippines ratified

it, effectively banning all nuclear weapons in the region.[22]

East Timor and Papua New Guinea

East Timor submitted a letter of application to be the eleventh member of ASEAN at the summit in Jakarta in

March 2011. Indonesia has shown a warm welcome to East Timor.[23][24][25]

Papua New Guinea was accorded Observer status in 1976 and Special Observer status in 1981.[26] Papua NewGuinea is a Melanesian state. ASEAN embarked on a programme of economic cooperation following the BaliSummit of 1976. This floundered in the mid-1980s and was only revived around 1991 due to a Thai proposal fora regional free trade area.

Environment

At the turn of the 21st century, issues shifted to include a regionalapproach to the environment. The organisation started to discussenvironmental agreements. These included the signing of the ASEANAgreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution in 2002 as an attempt to

control haze pollution in Southeast Asia.[27] Unfortunately, this wasunsuccessful due to the outbreaks of the 2005 Malaysian haze and the2006 Southeast Asian haze. Other environmental treaties introduced bythe organisation include the Cebu Declaration on East Asian Energy

Security,[28] the ASEAN Wildlife Enforcement Network in 2005,[29] andthe Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate, both ofwhich are responses to the potential effects of climate change. Climatechange is of current interest.

Through the Bali Concord II in 2003, ASEAN has subscribed to the notion of democratic peace, which meansall member countries believe democratic processes will promote regional peace and stability. Also, the

non-democratic members all agreed that it was something all member states should aspire to.[30]


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ASEAN Plus Three

Leaders of each country felt the need to further integrate the region. Beginning in 1997, the bloc began creatingorganisations within its framework with the intention of achieving this goal. ASEAN Plus Three was the first ofthese and was created to improve existing ties with the People's Republic of China, Japan, and South Korea.This was followed by the even larger East Asia Summit, which now includes these countries as well as India,Australia, New Zealand, United States and Russia. This new grouping acted as a prerequisite for the plannedEast Asia Community, which was supposedly patterned after the now-defunct European Community. TheASEAN Eminent Persons Group was created to study the possible successes and failures of this policy as well asthe possibility of drafting an ASEAN Charter.

In 2006, ASEAN was given observer status at the United Nations General Assembly.[31] As a response, the

organisation awarded the status of "dialogue partner" to the United Nations.[32]

Free Trade

In 2007, ASEAN celebrated its 40th anniversary since its inception, and 30 years of diplomatic relations with

the United States.[33] On 26 August 2007, ASEAN stated that it aims to complete all its free trade agreementswith China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia and New Zealand by 2013, in line with the establishment of the

ASEAN Economic Community by 2015.[34][35] In November 2007 the ASEAN members signed the ASEANCharter, a constitution governing relations among the ASEAN members and establishing ASEAN itself as an

international legal entity.[citation needed] During the same year, the Cebu Declaration on East Asian EnergySecurity was signed in Cebu on 15 January 2007, by ASEAN and the other members of the EAS (Australia,People's Republic of China, India, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea), which promotes energy security by

finding energy alternatives to conventional fuels.[citation needed]

On 27 February 2009 a Free Trade Agreement with the ASEAN regional block of 10 countries and Australiaand its close partner New Zealand was signed, it is estimated that this FTA would boost aggregate GDP across

the 12 countries by more than US$48 billion over the period 2000–2020.[36][37] ASEAN members together withthe group’s six major trading partners – Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand and South Korea – areslated to begin the first round of negotiations on 26–28 February 2013 in Bali, Indonesia, on establishment of

the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership.[38]

The ASEAN way

Since the post-independence phases of Southeast Asian states, efforts were made to implement regional foreignpolicies, but with a unifying focus to refrain from interference in domestic affairs of member states.

There was a move to unify the region under what was called the ‘ASEAN Way’ based on the ideals ofnon-interference, informality, minimal institutionalisation, consultation and consensus, non-use of force andnon-confrontation. ASEAN members (especially Singapore) approved of the term ‘ASEAN Way’ to describe aregional method of multilateralism.

Thus the signing of the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia adopted fundamental principles:[39]

Mutual respect for the independence, sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity, and national identity of allnationsThe right of every State to lead its national existence free from external interference, subversion or


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ASEAN members' flags in Jakarta.

Royal Thai Embassy in Helsinki flying

the Asean flag as well as own national

flag.

coercionNon-interference in internal affairsSettlement of differences or disputes in a peacefulmannerRenunciation of the threat or use of forceEffective regional cooperation

The ‘ASEAN way’ is said to contribute durability andlongevity within the organisation, by promoting regionalidentity and enhancing a spirit of mutual confidence andcooperation. ASEAN agreements are negotiated in a close,interpersonal process. The process of consultations andconsensus is designed to engender a democratic approach todecision making. These leaders are wary of any effort tolegitimise efforts to undermine their nation or containregional co-operation.

Critical reception

The ASEAN way can be seen as divergent from the contextualcontemporary political reality at the formative stages of the association.A critical distinction is made by Amitav Acharya, that the ‘ASEANWay’ indicates “a process of ‘regional interactions and cooperationbased on discreteness, informality, consensus building andnon-confrontational bargaining styles’ that contrasts with ‘theadversarial posturing, majority vote and other legalistic decision-making

procedures in Western multilateral organisations’".[40]

However, critics argue that the ASEAN Way serves as the majorstumbling-block to it becoming a true diplomacy mechanism. Due to theconsensus-based approach every member has a veto, so contentiousissues must remain unresolved until agreements can be reached.Moreover, it is claimed that member nations are directly and indirectlyadvocating that ASEAN be more flexible and allow discourse on internalaffairs of member countries.

Additionally, the preference for informal discussions to adversarialnegotiations limits the leverage of diplomatic solutions within ASEAN.

Michael Yahuda,[41] explains, in his book International Politics of theAsia Pacific (2003) second and revised edition, the limitations of the ASEAN way. In summary of his argument,unlike the European Union, ‘the ASEAN Way’ has made ASEAN members never aspired to an economic andpolitical union. It was designed to sustain the independence and sovereignty of member states and to encourageregional and national stability. ASEAN differed in assessment of external threat and they operated withinconditions in which legality and the rule of law were not generally consolidated within member states. ASEANwasn’t a rule making body subjecting its members to the discipline of adhering its laws and regulations. It wasoperated through consensus and informality. Also, the member states avoided to confront certain issues if they

were to result in conflicts.[42]


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A billboard in Jakarta welcoming ASEAN

Summit 2011 delegates.

Meetings

ASEAN Summits

The organisation holds meetings, known as the ASEAN Summit,where heads of government of each member meet to discuss andresolve regional issues, as well as to conduct other meetings withother countries outside of the bloc with the intention of promotingexternal relations.

The ASEAN Leaders' Formal Summit was first held in Bali, Indonesiain 1976. Its third meeting was held in Manila in 1987 and during thismeeting, it was decided that the leaders would meet every five

years.[43] Consequently, the fourth meeting was held in Singapore in1992 where the leaders again agreed to meet more frequently,

deciding to hold the summit every three years.[43] In 2001, it wasdecided to meet annually to address urgent issues affecting the region.Member nations were assigned to be the summit host in alphabeticalorder except in the case of Burma which dropped its 2006 hostingrights in 2004 due to pressure from the United States and the

European Union.[44]

By December 2008, the ASEAN Charter came into force and with it,the ASEAN Summit will be held twice in a year.

The formal summit meets for three days. The usual itinerary is asfollows:

Leaders of member states would hold an internal organisation meeting.Leaders of member states would hold a conference together with foreign ministers of the ASEANRegional Forum.A meeting, known as ASEAN Plus Three, is set for leaders of three Dialogue Partners (People's Republicof China, Japan, South Korea)A separate meeting, known as ASEAN-CER, is set for another set of leaders of two Dialogue Partners(Australia, New Zealand).[citation needed]


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ASEAN Formal Summits

No Date Country Host Host leader

1st 23–24 February 1976 Indonesia Bali Soeharto

2nd 4–5 August 1977 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Hussein Onn

3rd14–15 December

1987 Philippines Manila Corazon Aquino

4th 27‒29 January 1992 Singapore Singapore Goh Chok Tong

5th14‒15 December

1995 Thailand Bangkok Banharn Silpa-archa

6th15‒16 December

1998 Vietnam Hanoi Phan Văn Khải

7th 5‒6 November 2001 Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan Hassanal Bolkiah

8th 4‒5 November 2002 Cambodia Phnom Penh Hun Sen

9th 7‒8 October 2003 Indonesia BaliMegawatiSoekarnoputri

10th29‒30 November

2004 Laos Vientiane Bounnhang Vorachith

11th12‒14 December

2005 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur

Abdullah AhmadBadawi

12th 11‒14 January 20071 Philippines2 CebuGloria Macapagal-Arroyo

13th18‒22 November

2007 Singapore Singapore Lee Hsien Loong

14th327 February – 1

March 200910–11 April 2009

ThailandCha Am, Hua HinPattaya Abhisit Vejjajiva

15th 23 October 2009 Thailand Cha Am, Hua Hin

16th3 8–9 April 2010 Vietnam HanoiNguyễn Tấn Dũng

17th 28–31 October 2010 Vietnam Hanoi

18th4 7–8 May 2011 Indonesia JakartaSusilo BambangYudhoyono19th4 14–19 November

2011 Indonesia Bali

20th 3–4 April 2012 Cambodia Phnom Penh

Hun Sen21st

17–20 November2012

Cambodia Phnom Penh

22nd 24–25 April 2013 Brunei Bandar Seri BegawanHassanal Bolkiah

23rd 9–10 October 2013 Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan1 Postponed from 10‒14 December 2006 due to Typhoon Utor.

2 hosted the summit because Burma backed out due to enormous pressure from US and EU


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Participants of the East Asia Summit.

ASEAN

ASEAN Plus Three

ASEAN Plus Six

Observer

3 This summit consisted of two parts.The first part was moved from 12‒17 December 2008 due to the 2008 Thai political crisis.The second part was aborted on 11 April due to protesters entering the summit venue.

4 Indonesia hosted twice in a row by swapping years with Brunei, as it will play host toAPEC (and the possibility of hosting the G20 summit which ultimately fell to Russia) in 2013.

During the fifth Summit in Bangkok, the leaders decided to meet "informally" between each formal summit:[43]

ASEAN Informal Summits

No Date Country Host Host leader

1st 30 November 1996 Indonesia Jakarta Soeharto

2nd14‒16 December

1997 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Mahathir Mohamad

3rd27‒28 November

1999 Philippines Manila Joseph Estrada

4th22‒25 November

2000 Singapore Singapore Goh Chok Tong

East Asia Summit

Main article: East Asia Summit

The East Asia Summit (EAS) is a pan-Asian forum held annually bythe leaders of 16 countries in East Asia and the region, with ASEANin a leadership position. The summit has discussed issues includingtrade, energy and security and the summit has a role in regionalcommunity building.

The members of the summit are all 10 members of ASEAN plusChina, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia and New Zealand.These nations represent nearly half of the world's population. InOctober 2010, Russia and the United States were formally invited toparticipate as full members, with presidents of both countries to

attend the 2011 summit.[45]

The first summit was held in Kuala Lumpur on 14 December 2005and subsequent meetings have been held after the annual ASEAN Leaders’ Meeting.


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Meeting Country Location Date Note

First EAS Malaysia Kuala Lumpur 14 December 2005 Russia attended as a guest.

Second EAS Philippines

Cebu City 15 January 2007

Rescheduled from 13 December 2006.

Cebu Declaration on East Asian EnergySecurity

Third EAS Singapore

Singapore 21 November 2007

Singapore Declaration on ClimateChange, Energy and theEnvironment[46]

Agreed to establish Economic ResearchInstitute for ASEAN and East Asia

Fourth EAS ThailandCha-am and Hua

Hin25 October 2009

The date and location of the venue wasrescheduled several times, and then aSummit scheduled for 12 April 2009 atPattaya, Thailand was cancelled whenprotesters stormed the venue. TheSummit has been rescheduled forOctober 2009 and transferred againfrom Phuket[47] to Cha-am and HuaHin.[48]

Fifth EAS Vietnam Hanoi30 October2010[49]

Officially invited the US and Russia toparticipate in future EAS as full-fledgedmembers[45]

Sixth EAS Indonesia Bali 19 November 2011The United States and Russia to join theSummit.

SeventhEAS Cambodia

Phnom Penh 2012

Commemorative summit

Main article: ASEAN Free Trade Area

A commemorative summit is a summit hosted by a non-ASEAN country to mark a milestone anniversary of theestablishment of relations between ASEAN and the host country. The host country invites the heads ofgovernment of ASEAN member countries to discuss future cooperation and partnership.


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█ ASEAN full members.

█ ASEAN observers.

█ ASEAN candidate members.

██ ASEAN Plus Three.

███ East Asia Summit.

██████ ASEAN Regional Forum.

Meeting Host Location Date Note

ASEAN–Japan CommemorativeSummit

Japan Tokyo11, 12

December2003

To celebrate the 30thanniversary of the establishmentof relations between ASEANand Japan. The summit was alsonotable as the first ASEANsummit held between ASEANand a non-ASEAN countryoutside the region.

ASEAN–ChinaCommemorative Summit

China Nanning30, 31 October

2006

To celebrate the 15thanniversary of the establishmentof relations between ASEANand China

ASEAN–Republic of KoreaCommemorative Summit

Republicof Korea

Jeju-do 1, 2 June 2009

To celebrate the 20thanniversary of the establishmentof relations between ASEANand Republic of Korea

ASEAN–India CommemorativeSummit

IndiaNewDelhi

20, 21December

2012

To celebrate the 20thanniversary of the establishmentof relations between ASEANand India.

Regional Forum

The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) is a formal, official, multilateraldialogue in Asia Pacific region. As of July 2007, it is consisted of 27participants. ARF objectives are to foster dialogue and consultation,and promote confidence-building and preventive diplomacy in the

region.[50] The ARF met for the first time in 1994. The currentparticipants in the ARF are as follows: all the ASEAN members,Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, the People's Republic of China, theEuropean Union, India, Japan, North Korea, South Korea,Mongolia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Russia, East

Timor, United States and Sri Lanka.[51] The Republic of China (alsoknown as Taiwan) has been excluded since the establishment of theARF, and issues regarding the Taiwan Strait are neither discussed atthe ARF meetings nor stated in the ARF Chairman's Statements.

Other meetings

Aside from the ones above, other regular[52] meetings are also held.[53] These include the annual ASEAN

Ministerial Meeting[54] as well as other smaller committees.[55] Meetings mostly focus on specific topics, such

as defence[52] or the environment,[52][56] and are attended by Ministers, instead of heads of government.

Another Three

The ASEAN Plus Three is a meeting between ASEAN, China, Japan, and South Korea, and is primarily held


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during each ASEAN Summit. Until now China, Japan and South Korea have not yet formed Free Trade Area

(FTA), the meeting about FTA among them will be held at end of 2012.[57]

Asia–Europe Meeting

The Asia–Europe Meeting (ASEM) is an informal dialogue process initiated in 1996 with the intention ofstrengthening cooperation between the countries of Europe and Asia, especially members of the European

Union and ASEAN in particular.[58] ASEAN, represented by its Secretariat, is one of the 45 ASEM partners. Italso appoints a representative to sit on the governing board of Asia-Europe Foundation (ASEF), a socio-culturalorganisation associated with the Meeting.

ASEAN–Russia Summit

The ASEAN–Russia Summit is an annual meeting between leaders of member states and the President ofRussia.

ASEAN Foreign Ministers Meeting

The 44th annual meeting was held in Bali on 16 to 23 July 2011. Indonesia proposed a unified ASEAN travel

visa to ease travel within the region for citizens of ASEAN member states.[59] The 45th annual meeting was heldin Phnom Penh, Cambodia. For the first time in the history of ASEAN there was no diplomatic statement issuedby the bloc at the end of the meeting. This was due to tensions over China's claim of ownership over near theentirety of the South China Sea and the counterclaim to such ownership by neighbouring states.

Economic community

ASEAN has emphasised regional cooperation in the “three pillars”, which are security, sociocultural integration,

and economic integration.[60] The regional grouping has made the most progress in economic integration by

creating an ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) by 2015.[61] The average economic growths of ASEAN'smember nations during 1989–2009 was Singapore with 6.73 percent, Malaysia with 6.15 percent, Indonesia with5.16 percent, Thailand with 5.02 percent, and the Philippines with 3.79 percent. This economic growth wasgreater than the average Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) economic growth, which was 2.83

percent.[62]

From CEPT to AEC

A Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) scheme to promote the free flow of goods within ASEAN lead

to the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA).[61] The AFTA is an agreement by the member nations of ASEANconcerning local manufacturing in all ASEAN countries. The AFTA agreement was signed on 28 January 1992

in Singapore.[63] When the AFTA agreement was originally signed, ASEAN had six members, namely, Brunei,Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Vietnam joined in 1995, Laos and Burma in 1997,and Cambodia in 1999. The latecomers have not fully met the AFTA's obligations, but they are officiallyconsidered part of the AFTA as they were required to sign the agreement upon entry into ASEAN, and were

given longer time frames in which to meet AFTA's tariff reduction obligations.[64]

The next step is ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) with main objectives are to create a:


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single market and production basehighly competitive economic regionregion of equitable economic developmentregion fully integrated into the global economy

Since 2007, the ASEAN countries gradually lower their import duties among them and targeted will be zero for

most of the import duties at 2015.[65]

Since 2011, AEC has agreed to strengthen the position and increase the competitive edges of small and medium

enterprises (SME) in the ASEAN region.[66]

Comprehensive Investment Area

The ASEAN Comprehensive Investment Area (ACIA) will encourage the free flow of investment within

ASEAN. The main principles of the ACIA are as follows[67]

All industries are to be opened up for investment, with exclusions to be phased out according to schedulesNational treatment is granted immediately to ASEAN investors with few exclusionsElimination of investment impedimentsStreamlining of investment process and proceduresEnhancing transparencyUndertaking investment facilitation measures

Full realisation of the ACIA with the removal of temporary exclusion lists in manufacturing agriculture,fisheries, forestry and mining is scheduled by 2010 for most ASEAN members and by 2015 for the CLMV

(Cambodia, Lao PDR, Burma, and Vietnam) countries.[67]

Trade in Services

An ASEAN Framework Agreement on Trade in Services was adopted at the ASEAN Summit in Bangkok in

December 1995.[68] Under AFAS, ASEAN Member States enter into successive rounds of negotiations toliberalise trade in services with the aim of submitting increasingly higher levels of commitments. Thenegotiations result in commitments that are set forth in schedules of specific commitments annexed to theFramework Agreement. These schedules are often referred to as packages of services commitments. At present,

ASEAN has concluded seven packages of commitments under AFAS.[69]

Single Aviation Market

The ASEAN Single Aviation Market (ASEAN-SAM), is the region's major aviation policy geared towards thedevelopment of a unified and single aviation market in Southeast Asia by 2015. The aviation policy wasproposed by the ASEAN Air Transport Working Group, supported by the ASEAN Senior Transport Officials

Meeting, and endorsed by the ASEAN Transport Ministers.[70] The ASEAN-SAM is expected to fully liberaliseair travel between member states in the ASEAN region, allowing ASEAN countries and airlines operating in theregion to directly benefit from the growth in air travel around the world, and also freeing up tourism, trade,

investment and services flows between member states.[70][71] Since 1 December 2008, restrictions on the thirdand fourth freedoms of the air between capital cities of member states for air passengers services have been

removed,[72] while from 1 January 2009, full liberalisation of air freight services in the region took effect.[70][71]

On 1 January 2011, full liberalisation on fifth freedom traffic rights between all capital cities took effect.[73]


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The ASEAN Single Aviation Market policy will supersede existing unilateral, bilateral and multilateral airservices agreements among member states which are inconsistent with its provisions.

Free-trade agreements with other countries

ASEAN has concluded free trade agreements with China (expecting bilateral trade of $500 billion by 2015),[74]

Korea, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and India.[75] ASEAN-India bilateral trade crossed the $ 70 billion target

in 2012 (target was to reach the level only by 2015).[citation needed] The agreement with People's Republic ofChina created the ASEAN–China Free Trade Area (ACFTA), which went into full effect on 1 January 2010. In

addition, ASEAN is currently negotiating a free trade agreement with the European Union.[76] Republic ofChina (Taiwan) has also expressed interest in an agreement with ASEAN but needs to overcome diplomatic

objections from China.[77]

ASEAN six majors

ASEAN six majors refer to the six largest economies in the area with economies many times larger than theremaining four ASEAN countries.

Country GDP (nominal) GDP (PPP)

Indonesia895,854,000,000 1,211,000,000,000

Thailand376,989,000,000 602,216,000,000

Malaysia307,178,000,000 447,980,000,000

Singapore267,941,000,000 314,906,000,000

Philippines257,890,000,000 416,678,000,000

Vietnam137,681,000,000 320,450,000,000

Development gap

When Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, and Cambodia joined ASEAN in the late 1990s, concerns were raised about acertain developmental divide regarding a gap in average per capita GDP between older and the newer members.In response, the Initiative for ASEAN Integration (IAI) was formed by ASEAN as a regional integration policywith the principle goal of bridging this developmental divide, which, in addition to disparities in per capita GDP,is manifested by disparities in dimensions of human development such as life expectancy and literacy rates.Other than the IAI, other programmes for the development of the Mekong Basin - where all four newer ASEANmembers are located - that tend to focus on infrastructure development have been effectively enacted. Ingeneral, ASEAN does not have the financial resources to extend substantial grants or loans to the new members.Therefore, it usually leaves the financing of these infrastructure projects to international financial institutionsand to developed countries. Nevertheless, it has mobilised funding from these institutions and countries andfrom the ASEAN-6 (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Brunei Darussalam, Singapore, and Thailand) themselvesfor areas where the development gap needs to be filled through the IAI programme. Other programmes intended


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for the development of the ASEAN-4 take advantage of the geographical proximity of the CLMV countries and

tend to focus on infrastructure development in areas like transport, tourism, and power transmission.[78]

From CMI to AMRO

Due to Asian financial crisis of 1997 to 1998 and long and difficult negotiations with International MonetaryFund, ASEAN+3 agreed to set up a mainly bilateral currency swap scheme known as the 2000 Chiang MaiInitiative (CMI) to anticipate another financial crisis or currency turmoil in the future. In 2006 they agreed tomake CMI with multilateralisation and called as CMIM. On 3 May 2009, they agreed to make a currency poolconsist of contribution $38.4 billion each by China and Japan, $19.2 billion by South Korea and totally

$24 billion by all of ASEAN members, so the total currency pool was $120 billion.[79] A key component has

also newly been added, with the establishment of a surveillance unit.[80]

The ASEAN+3 Macroeconomic and Research Office (AMRO) started its operation in Singapore in May

2011.[81] It performs a key regional surveillance function as part of the $120 billion of Chiang Mai InitiativeMultilateralisation (CMIM) currency swap facility that was established by Finance Minister and Central Bank

Governors of ASEAN countries plus China, Japan and South Korea in December 2009.[82]

According to some analysts, the amount of $120 billion is relatively small (cover only about 20 percent of

needs), so coordination or help from International Monetary Fund is still needed.[83] On 3 May 2012 ASEAN+3

finance ministers agreed to double emergency reserve fund to $240 billion.[84]

Foreign Direct Investment

In 2009, realised Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) was $37.9 billion and increase by two-fold in 2010 to$75.8 billion. 22 percent of FDI came from the European Union, followed by ASEAN countries themselves by16 percent and then followed by Japan and US.

Intra-ASEAN travel

With the institutionalisation of visa-free travel between ASEAN member states, intra-ASEAN travel hasboomed, a sign that endeavours to form an ASEAN Community shall bear fruit in years to come. In 2010, 47

percent or 34 million out of 73 million tourists in ASEAN member-states were from other ASEAN countries.[85]

Intra-ASEAN trade

Until end of 2010, Intra-Asean trade were still low which mainly of them were mostly exporting to countriesoutside the region, except Laos and Myanmar were ASEAN-oriented in foreign trade with 80 percent and 50

percent respectively of their exports went to other ASEAN countries.[86]

Charter

Main article: ASEAN Charter

On 15 December 2008, the members of ASEAN met in the Indonesian capital of Jakarta to launch a charter,

signed in November 2007, with the aim of moving closer to "an EU-style community".[87] The charter turnsASEAN into a legal entity and aims to create a single free-trade area for the region encompassing 500 million


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The Secretariat of ASEAN at Jalan Sisingamangaraja

No.70A, South Jakarta, Indonesia.

people. President of Indonesia Susilo Bambang Yudhoyonostated that "This is a momentous development whenASEAN is consolidating, integrating and transforming itselfinto a community. It is achieved while ASEAN seeks a morevigorous role in Asian and global affairs at a time when theinternational system is experiencing a seismic shift", headded, referring to climate change and economic upheaval,and concluded "Southeast Asia is no longer the bitterlydivided, war-torn region it was in the 1960s and 1970s". Thefundamental principles include:

a) respect for the independence, sovereignty, equality,territorial integrity and national identity of all ASEANMember States;

b) shared commitment and collective responsibility inenhancing regional peace, security and prosperity;

c) renunciation of aggression and of the threat or use of force or other actions in any manner inconsistent withinternational law;

d) reliance on peaceful settlement of disputes;

e) non-interference in the internal affairs of ASEAN Member States;

f) respect for the right of every Member State to lead its national existence free from external interference,subversion and coercion;

g) enhanced consultations on matters seriously affecting the common interest of ASEAN;

h) adherence to the rule of law, good governance, the principles of democracy and constitutional government;

i) respect for fundamental freedoms, the promotion and protection of human rights, and the promotion of socialjustice;

j) upholding the United Nations Charter and international law, including international humanitarian law,subscribed to by ASEAN Member States;

k) abstention from participation in any policy or activity, including the use of its territory, pursued by an ASEANMember State or non-ASEAN State or any non-State actor, which threatens the sovereignty, territorial integrityor political and economic stability of ASEAN Member States;

l) respect for the different cultures, languages and religions of the peoples of ASEAN, while emphasising theircommon values in the spirit of unity in diversity;

m) the centrality of ASEAN in external political, economic, social and cultural relations while remainingactively engaged, outward-looking, inclusive and non-discriminatory; and

n) adherence to multilateral trade rules and ASEAN's rules-based regimes for effective implementation ofeconomic commitments and progressive reduction towards elimination of all barriers to regional economic

integration, in a market-driven economy.[88]


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However, the ongoing global financial crisis was stated as being a threat to the goals envisioned by the

charter,[89] and also set forth the idea of a proposed human rights body to be discussed at a future summit inFebruary 2009. This proposition caused controversy, as the body would not have the power to impose sanctions

or punish countries who violate citizens' rights and would therefore be limited in effectiveness.[90] The body wasestablished later in 2009 as the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR). InNovember 2012, the Commission adopted the ASEAN Human Rights Declaration.

Cultural activities

The organisation hosts cultural activities in an attempt to further integrate the region. These include sports andeducational activities as well as writing awards. Examples of these include the ASEAN University Network, theASEAN Centre for Biodiversity, the ASEAN Outstanding Scientist and Technologist Award, and the Singapore-sponsored ASEAN Scholarship.

ASEAN Media Cooperation

The ASEAN Media Cooperation (AMC) set digital television standards, policies and create in preparation forbroadcasters to transition from analogue to digital broadcasting, better promote media collaboration andinformation exchange to enhance voice, understanding, and perspective between ASEAN peoples on theinternational stage.

The ASEAN member countries aim media sector towards digitalisation and further regional media coaction.AMC establishes partnerships between ASEAN news media, and cooperate on information sharing, photoswapping, technical cooperation, exchange programmes, and facilitating joint news coverage and exchange ofnews footage.

The concept was stressed during the 11th AMRI Conference[91] adopting the theme: ”Media ConnectingPeoples and Bridging Cultures Towards One ASEAN Nation”. ASEAN Ministers believed that the new andtraditional media are important mediums to connect ASEAN people and bridging the cultural gap.

Accessing information towards the goal of creating a One ASEAN nation requires participation among the

nation members and its citizens. During the 18th ASEAN Summit[92] in May 2011, the Chair stated theimportant role of a participatory approach among people and stakeholders of ASEAN towards a “people-oriented , people centred and rule-based ASEAN”.

Several key initiatives that were initiated under the AMC:[93]

ASEAN Media Portal (http://www.aseanmedia.net/SitePages/MDAHome.aspx) , The new ASEANMedia Portal[94] was launched 16 November 2007 by the ASEAN Secretary-General, Mr Ong KengYong, and witnessed by Singapore’s Minister for Information, Communications and the Arts, Dr Lee BoonYang. The said portal aims to provide a one-stop site that contains documentaries, games, music videos,and multimedia clips on the culture, arts and heritage of the ASEAN countries to showcase the richASEAN culture and the capabilities of its media industry.ASEAN NewsMaker Project (http://www.aseanmedia.net/SitePages/ContentList.aspx?Category=ASEAN%20NewsMaker%20Project) , an initiative launched in 2009 thattrains students and teachers to produce informational video clips about the lifestyle in their country. Theproject was initiated by Singapore to work closely with 500 primary and secondary students, aging from 9to 16 years old, along with their mentors from the 10 ASEAN countries to produce informative videospromoting their respective country’s culture. Students underwent training for the NewsMaker software


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Logo of the SEA Write

Award.

use, video production and responsible internet use and hope to develop the language skills and storynarration among the said students. Engaging the youth using new media is an approach to create a OneAsean Community as stressed by Dr Soeung Rathchavy, Deputy Secretary-General of ASEAN forASEAN Socio-Cultural Community: “Raising ASEAN awareness amongst the youth is part and parcel ofour efforts to build the ASEAN Community by 2015. Using ICT and the media, our youths in the regionwill get to know ASEAN better, deepening their understanding and appreciation of the cultures, socialtraditions and values in ASEAN.”[95]

ASEAN Digital Broadcasting Meeting, an annual forum for ASEAN members to set digital televisionstandards and policies, and to discuss progress in the implementation of the blueprint to switchover fromanalogue to digital TV broadcasting by 2020. During the 11th ASEAN Digital Broadcasting Meeting,[96]

members updated the status on DTV implementation and agreed to inform ASEAN members on theGuidelines for ASEAN Digital Switchover.[97] An issue was raised on the availability and affordability ofSet Top Boxes (STB), thus ASEAN members were asked to make policies to determine funding for theSTB, methods of allocation, subsidies and rebates and other methods for the allocation of STB. It was alsoagreed in the meeting to form a task force to develop STB specifications for DVB-T2 to ensure efficiency.ASEAN’s Next Top Chef (http://www.aseanmedia.net/SitePages/ContentListDetail.aspx?MID=1096&Category=Games) and The Legend of the Golden Talisman (http://www.aseanmedia.net/SitePages/ContentListDetail.aspx?MID=1332&Category=Games) , two interactive games developed to raiseawareness about ASEAN, and its people, places and cultures

New media and social media

During the 11th ASEAN Ministers Responsible for Information meeting (http://www.asean.org/news/item/joint-media-statement-eleventh-conference-of-the-asean-ministers-responsible-for-information-11th-amri-and-second-conference-of-asean-plus-three-ministers-responsible-for-information-2nd-amri3-kuala-lumpur-1st-march-2012) held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, ASEAN leaders recognised the emergence of new andsocial media as an important tool for communications and interaction in ASEAN today. The Ministers agreedthat efforts should be made to leverage on social media to promote ASEAN awareness towards achieving anASEAN community by 2015. Initially, ASEAN will consolidate the ASEAN Culture and Information Portal andthe ASEAN Media Portal to incorporate new media elements.

SEA Write Award

The S.E.A. Write Award is a literary award given to Southeast Asian poets and writersannually since 1979. The award is either given for a specific work or as a recognitionof an author's lifetime achievement. Works that are honoured vary and have includedpoetry, short stories, novels, plays, folklore as well as scholarly and religious works.Ceremonies are held in Bangkok and are presided by a member of the Thai royalfamily.

ASAIHL

ASAIHL or the Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning is anon-governmental organisation founded in 1956 that strives to strengthen higherlearning institutions, espescially in teaching, research, and public service, with the intention of cultivating asense of regional identity and interdependence.

Heritage Parks


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ASEAN Heritage Parks[98] is a list of nature parks launched 1984 and relaunched in 2004. It aims to protect theregion's natural treasures. There are now 35 such protected areas, including the Tubbataha Reef Marine Park

and the Kinabalu National Park.[99]

ASEAN Heritage Sites


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Site Country Site Country

Alaungdaw KathapaNational Park

BurmaAo Phang-nga MarineNational Park

Thailand

Apo Natural Park Philippines

Imperial City, Huế Vietnam

Bukit Barisan SelatanNational Park Indonesia

Gunung Leuser NationalPark Indonesia

Gunung Mulu NationalPark

Malaysia Ha Long Bay Vietnam

Hoi An Ancient Town VietnamMounts Iglit-BacoNational Park Philippines

Indawgyi Lake WildlifeSanctuary

BurmaInlé Lake WildlifeSanctuary

Burma

Kaeng Krachan NationalPark

ThailandKerinci Seblat NationalPark Indonesia

Khakaborazi NationalPark

Burma Khao Yai National Park Thailand

Kinabalu National Park Malaysia Komodo National Park Indonesia

Imperial Citadel of ThangLong

VietnamLampi Kyun WildlifeReserve

Burma

Lorentz National Park Indonesia

Meinmhala Kyun WildlifeSanctuary

Burma

Mu Ko Surin-Mu KoSimilan Marine NationalPark

Thailand Nam Ha Protected Area Laos

Phong Nha-Ke BangNational Park

VietnamPreah Monivong (Bokor)National Park Cambodia

Puerto PrincesaSubterranean RiverNational Park

PhilippinesSungei Buloh WetlandReserve Singapore

Taman Negara NationalPark

MalaysiaTarutao Marine NationalPark

Thailand

Tasek Merimbun WildlifeSanctuary

BruneiThung Yai-Huay KhaKhaeng National Park

Thailand

Tubbataha Reef MarinePark Philippines

Ujung Kulon NationalPark Indonesia

Virachey National Park Cambodia

Keraton Yogyakarta Indonesia

Mỹ Sơn Vietnam Citadel of Ho Dynasty Vietnam

Mount Malindang Philippines

Vigan City Philippines


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Taal Volcano Philippines

Mayon Volcano Philippines

Songs and music

The ASEAN Way, the official regional anthem of ASEAN. Music by Kittikhun Sodprasert andSampow Triudom; lyrics by Payom Valaiphatchra.ASEAN Song of Unity or ASEAN Hymn. Music by Ryan Cayabyab.Let Us Move Ahead, an ASEAN song. Composed by Candra Darusman.ASEAN Rise, ASEAN's 40th Anniversary song. Music by Dick Lee; lyrics by Stefanie Sun.

Education and human development

As the "collective entity to enhance regional cooperation in education", the ASEAN Education Ministers havedetermined four priorities that ASEAN efforts toward improved education would address: (1) PromotingASEAN awareness among ASEAN citizens, particularly youth; (2) Strengthening ASEAN identity througheducation; (3) Building ASEAN human resources in the field of education; and (4) Strengthening ASEAN

university networking.[100] Nations such as Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Thailand, and the Philippines haveexperienced rapid development over the past 20 years, and this has been visibly evident in their educationalsystems. Each country has developed unique - yet interconnected through ASEAN initiatives - human andphysical infrastructure to provide youth education, a primary determinant in future capabilities and sustained

economic growth for the entire region.[101] Various programmes and projects have been and are currently in the

process of being developed to fulfil these directives and to reach these future goals.[100]

At the 11th ASEAN Summit in December 2005, ASEAN Leaders set new directions for regional educationcollaboration when they welcomed the decision of the ASEAN Education Ministers to convene the ASEANEducation Ministers’ Meetings (ASED) on a regular basis. The Leaders also called for ASEAN Education

Ministers to focus on enhancing regional cooperation in education.[102] The ASEAN Education MinistersMeeting, which meets annually, oversees ASEAN cooperation efforts on education at the ministerial level. Withregard to implementation, such programmes and activities resulting from such efforts are for the most partcarried out by the ASEAN Senior Officials on Education (SOM-ED), which reports to the ASEAN EducationMinisters Meeting. SOM-ED also manages cooperation on higher education through the ASEAN UniversityNetwork (AUN). The AUN was established to assist ASEAN in (1) promoting cooperation among ASEANscholars, academics, and scientists in the region; (2) developing academic and professional human resources inthe region; (3) promoting information dissemination among the ASEAN academic community; and (4)

enhancing the awareness of regional identity and the sense of "ASEAN-ness" among members.[100]

Education indicators outlined hereafter belong to primary, secondary, and tertiary levels. Primary education isgenerally defined as the level of education where children are provided with basic reading, writing, andmathematical skills together with elementary understanding of such subjects as history, geography, naturalscience, social science, art, and music. Secondary education continues to build up on the knowledge provided byprimary education and aims at laying the foundations for lifelong learning and human development with moreadvanced material and learning mechanisms. Tertiary education, whether or not leading to an advanced researchqualification, requires minimally the successful completion of secondary education for admission and entails the

level of education within some college or university.[103]

School enrolment and participation


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Participation in formal education is usually measured by the metric Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) and NetEnrolment Ratio (NER). The NER demonstrates the extent of participation in a given age-specific level ofeducation. The purpose of the GER is to show the total enrolment in a level of education regardless of age. TheGER is expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of

education.[104]

Primary education

We can make a few observations based on reported data on primary education enrolment. Brunei Darussalamhad almost reached 100% net enrolment by 2001, while Indonesia has slowly moved downward from close tothat enrolment percentage thereafter. The Philippines has been inching closer and closer to this target in recentyears. The data indicate two groups of countries - one which has consistently attained a net enrolment ratio ofmore than 90% (Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Singapore) and the other group with around80% (Cambodia, Lao PDR and Myanmar). Vietnam started in the lower group and has moved to the uppergroup in the last few decades. Thailand has not provided data for both sexes, but the separate net enrolmentratio for girls and boys indicates that the overall ratio would be between 86% and 87%, and as such would becloser to the higher group. The primary net enrolment ratios of boys were almost always higher than those ofgirls for all reporting countries except Malaysia. For Singapore and Indonesia since 1998, however, the netenrolment ratios for girls and boys were not significantly different. A marked widening of gender gap was

noticeable in the Philippines in 1997 but in 1999 the net enrolment ratios for girls exceeded that for boys.[105]

It is also useful to look at retainment and efficiency rates in education throughout ASEAN. The effectiveness ofefforts to extend literacy depends on the ability of the education system to ensure full participation ofschool-age children and their successful progression to reach at least grade 5, which is the stage when they arebelieved to have firmly acquired literacy and numeracy. The usual indicator to measure the level of this

efficiency achievement is the proportion of pupils starting grade 1 reaching grade 5 of primary education.[106]

Most reporting countries in ASEAN have steadily improved retention rates of pupils through 5th grade. At thetop are Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand, which have shown consistent survival rates of close to 100%,indicating a very high retention of children in school through at least 5th grade. Among the rest of the countrieswith rates ranging from 57% to 89% towards the end of the past century, Myanmar has maintained the largest

improvements over the years.[107]

Secondary education

By 2001, Brunei Darussalam, Myanmar, Singapore, Malaysia, and the Philippines had achieved improvementsin net enrolment ratios for secondary education of 11%-19% over those of 1990 or 1991. Vietnam experiencedthe fastest growth rate in net enrolment between the years 1993 and 1998. Singapore, the country with thehighest overall achievement, has maintained consistently high net enrolment rates of above 90% since 1994.With regard to gender differences, the difference in the ratios of females to males ranges from 0.2%-6% (for thesix countries for which these ratios are available: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand,andVietnam). "The overall pattern is that girls seem to exhibit appreciably higher net enrolment ratios for secondaryeducation, except in the case of Singapore where the ratios for girls and boys converged in the second half of

the reporting period."[108]

Tertiary education

While the HPAEs (High Performing Asian Economies) and ASEAN-6 (the 6 oldest ASEAN members) haveinvested heavily in public education, and, unlike many other developing nations, have concentrated on primary


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High school students in Laos assemble

a jigsaw puzzle map of Southeast Asia.

Laos is a member of ASEAN but most

students know little about the other 9

member countries. The map is one of

many hands-on activities offered by

Big Brother Mouse, a not-for-profit

literacy and education project.

and secondary schooling, tertiary education has been left largely to the

private sector.[109] Tertiary education in Southeast Asia is, in general,relatively weak. In most cases universities are focused on teaching andservice to government rather than academic research. Additionally,universities in Southeast Asia, both in terms of academic salaries andresearch infrastructure (libraries, laboratories), tend to be financiallyhandicapped and poorly supported. Moreover, regional academicjournals cater to their 'home' informed audiences and respond less tointernational standards which makes universal or regional benchmarking

difficult.[110]

University Network

The ASEAN University Network (AUN) is a consortium ofSoutheast Asian universities. It was originally founded inNovember 1995 by 11 universities within the member states.[111]

Currently AUN comprises 26 Participating Universities.[112]

The Southeast Asia Engineering Education Development Network(SEED-NET) Project, was officially established as an autonomoussub-network of the ASEAN University Network (AUN) in April 2001'. AUN/SEED-Net (http://www.seed-net.org/) aimed at promoting human resources development in engineering in ASEAN. The Networkconsists of 19 leading Member Institutions (http://www.seed-net.org/info_members.php) (selected bythe Ministries in charge of higher education of respective countries) from 10 ASEAN countries with thesupport of 11 leading Japanese Supporting Universities (http://www.seed-net.org/info_jsuc.php)(selected by Japanese Government). AUN/SEED-Net is mainly supported by the Japanese Governmentthrough the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), and partially supported by the ASEANFoundation. AUN/SEED-Net activities are implemented by the AUN/SEED-Net Secretariat with thesupport of the JICA Project for AUN/SEED-Net, now based at Chulalongkorn University, Thailand.

Public efforts

Financial resources

Governments have a vested interest in investing in education and other aspects of human capital infrastructure,especially those governments of rapidly-developing nations such as those within ASEAN. In the short run,investment spending directly supports aggregate demand and growth. In the longer term, investments in physicalinfrastructure, in productivity enhancements by businesses, and especially in the public provision of education

and health services determine the potential for growth.[113]

To measure the investments in education by governments, we use the metrics of public current expenditure onprimary education as a percent of GDP and expenditure per pupil as a percent of GDP. These two indicators arebased on public current expenditure at all government levels on all public primary schools and subsidies toprivate educational institutions, teachers and pupils. In some instances regarding figures used in thesecalculations, data on current public expenditure on education may refer only to the Ministry of Education,

excluding other ministries that spend a part of their budget on educational activities.[103]

Primary education expenditure in the reporting ASEAN countries is usually lower than 3% of GDP, with theexception of Indonesia, which reported 5%. Two countries that show noticeable rising trends are the Philippinesand Lao PDR. Malaysia has experienced a gradual downward trend throughout the 1990s but stabilised around


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the year 2000. Indonesia experienced a sharp decline in primary education expenditure as a percent of GDPbetween 1995 and 1999 from almost 10% to 5%. Singapore has maintained a stable 0.6% up until 2000 and

increased slightly to 0.7% in 2001.[114]

While the public current expenditure on primary education as percentage of GDP can never be close to 100%, itis theoretically possible to have the public current expenditure per pupil as percentage of GDP per capita toreach or exceed 100%. Except for Singapore, this indicator fluctuates somewhat, but seems to have stabilised ataround 10% for two reporting countries of ASEAN at the end of the 1990s decade. Since 1996, the indicator hassteadily risen in the Philippines reaching almost 14% by 1998. Upward or downward trend for this indicator canhave many causes which include sharp changes in enrolment rates of government expenditures on primary

education.[114]

Scholarship

The ASEAN Scholarship is a scholarship programme offered by Singapore to the 9 other member states forsecondary school, junior college, and university education. It covers accommodation, food, medical benefits &

accident insurance, school fees, and examination fees.[115] Scholarship recipients who then perform well in theGCE Advanced Level Examination may apply for ASEAN Undergraduate Scholarships, which are tailored

specifically for undergraduate institutions in Singapore and in other ASEAN member countries.[116] Singaporehas effectively used this programme to attract many of the best students from the ASEAN region over the pastseveral years, and scholars for the most part tend to remain in Singapore to pursue undergraduate studies

through the ASEAN Undergraduate Scholarship programme.[117]

Education as a determinant of human development

Statistically, educational attainment (as measured by average years of schooling) strongly correlates withsubsequent income levels and development capabilities. An improvement in educational attainment will have a

positive effect on a country's income and human development (humanity) growth.[118]

It is therefore evident that "universal access to, and completion of, primary or basic education is a self-evidentgoal upon which the foundations for building the human capacity rests. Increased participation, regardless ofsex, in secondary and tertiary levels of education is a necessary step to be able to move forward in the process

of achieving equity, capacity building, access to information, and strengthening science."[114]

Literacy rates

Literacy indicators provide us with a measure of the number of literate persons within the population who are

capable of using written words in daily and to continue to learn.[119] The literacy rate essentially reflects thecumulative accomplishment of education in spreading literacy. The literacy rate is usually linked to schoolenrolment ratios and school retainment rates (through at least grade 5) of primary education, both of whichcontribute to the literate population.

The data of literacy rates in reporting countries of 15 to 24 years old reflect outcomes of the basic educationprocess and is therefore considered an accepted measure of the effectiveness of that country's educationsystem's investment in children. Among the eight ASEAN countries reporting six have made significant progresstowards 100% literacy by 2000. This progress is comprable with member countries of the Organisation forEconomic Co-operation and Development (OECD), an impressive accomplishment. Overall, there is not muchdisparity between male and female literacy with the exceptions of Cambodia and Lao PDR, where the literacy


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rate for females is about 10% lower than that of males in 1999. The results of overall improvement in literacyrates, though, indicate positive effectiveness of the primary education systems of these countries throughout the

1990s.[120][121]

CountryYear(most

recent)

Adult (15+)Literacy

Rate Total

AdultMen

AdultWomen

Youth(15-24)

LiteracyRate Total

YouthMen

YouthWomen

Brunei 2009 95% 97% 94% 100% 100% 100%

Cambodia2008 78% 85% 71% 87% 89% 86%

Indonesia2008 92% 95% 89% 99% 100% 99%

Laos 2005 73% 82% 63% 84% 89% 79%

Malaysia2009 92% 95% 90% 99% 98% 99%

Burma 2009 92% 95% 90% 96% 96% 95%

Philippines2008 95% 95% 96% 98% 97% 98%

Singapore2009 95% 97% 92% 100% 100% 100%

Thailand2005 94% 96% 92% 98% 98% 98%

Vietnam2009 93% 95% 91% 97% 97% 96%

Looking at adult (defined as the entire population 15 and older) literacy rates, we can see that most reportingcountries have made significant progress in this demographic as well. All but two reporting countries reachedadult literacy rates of around 90% or better. Looking at the differences in literacy rates by sex, we can see avisible gender gap. This gap is most apparent in Cambodia and Laos, with percentage differences between adult

men and adult women literacy rates of 14% and 19%, respectively.[122]

Sports

Southeast Asian Games

The Southeast Asian Games, commonly known as the SEA Games, is a biennial multi-sport event involvingparticipants from the current 11 countries of Southeast Asia. The games is under regulation of the SoutheastAsian Games Federation with supervision by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the OlympicCouncil of Asia.

ASEAN Para Games

The ASEAN Para Games is a biennial multi-sport event held after every Southeast Asian Games for athleteswith physical disabilities. The games are participated by the 11 countries located in Southeast Asia. The Games,


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Logo of the ASEAN Para Games.

patterned after the Paralympic Games, are played by physicallychallenged athletes with mobility disabilities, visual disabilities,

FESPIC Games / Asian Para Games

The FESPIC Games, also known as the Far East and South PacificGames for the persons with disability, was the biggest multi-sports gamesin Asia and South Pacific region. The FESPIC Games were held nine

times and bowed out, a success[123] in December 2006 in the 9thFESPIC Games in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The Games re-emerged asthe 2010 Asian Para Games in Guangzhou, China. The 2010 Asian ParaGames debuted shortly after the conclusion of the 16th Asian Games, using the same facilities and venue madedisability-accessible. The inaugural Asian Para Games, the parallel event for athletes with physical disabilities, isa multi-sport event held every four years after every Asian Games.

Football Championship

The ASEAN Football Championship is a biennial Football competition organised by the ASEAN FootballFederation, accredited by FIFA and contested by the national teams of Southeast Asia nations. It wasinaugurated in 1996 as Tiger Cup, but after Asia Pacific Breweries terminated the sponsorship deal, "Tiger" wasrenamed "ASEAN".

ASEAN 2030 FIFA World Cup bid

January 2011: As a result of ASEAN Foreign ministers at Lombok meeting, they agreed bid to host the FIFA

World Cup in 2030 as a single entity.[124]

May 2011: ASEAN will go ahead with its bid for the FIFA 2030 World Cup. It was a follow up to the agreement

reached in January before.[125]

ASEAN Defence Industry Collaboration

Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand have established defence industries. To cut cost and plan to beself-sufficient by 2030, Indonesia and Malaysia have agreed to promote the creation of the ASEAN Defence

Industry Collaboration (ADIC).[126] The United States military reportedly has said that ADIC could haveadditional benefits beyond cost savings for ASEAN members, including facilitating a set of standards, similar toNATO, that will improve interoperability among ASEAN and U.S. militaries and increase the effectiveness of

regional response to threats to Asia-Pacific peace and stability.[127]

Criticism

Non-ASEAN countries have criticised ASEAN for being too soft in its approach to promoting human rights and

democracy in the junta-led Burma.[128] Despite global outrage at the military crack-down on unarmed protestersin Yangon, ASEAN has refused to suspend Burma as a member and also rejects proposals for economic

sanctions.[129] This has caused concern as the European Union, a potential trade partner, has refused to conduct

free trade negotiations at a regional level for these political reasons.[130] International observers view it as a

"talk shop",[131] which implies that the organisation is "big on words but small on action".[132][133] However,


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leaders such as the Philippines' Foreign Affairs Secretary, Alberto Romulo, said it "is a workshop not a talk

shop".[134] Others have also expressed similar sentiment.[135]

Head of the International Institute of Strategic Studies – Asia, Tim Huxley cites the diverse political systemspresent in the grouping, including many young states, as a barrier to far-reaching cooperation outside theeconomic sphere. He also asserts that in the absence of an external threat to rally against with the end of theCold War, ASEAN has begun to be less successful at restraining its members and resolving border disputes such

as those between Burma and Thailand and Indonesia and Malaysia.[136]

During the 12th ASEAN Summit in Cebu, several activist groups staged anti-globalisation protests.[137]

According to these leftist activists, the agenda of economic integration would negatively affect industries in the

Philippines and would cause thousands of Filipinos to lose their jobs.[138]

ASEAN competitions

SEA GamesASEAN University GamesASEAN School GamesASEAN Para GamesASEAN Football ChampionshipMiss ASEAN

See also

ASEAN–India Commemorative SummitASEAN-India Car Rally 2012ASEAN Common TimeASEAN ExchangesASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR)Asia Pacific ForumASEAN kecilAsian Monetary UnitChiang Mai InitiativeComprehensive Economic Partnership for East AsiaList of ASEAN countries by GDP (nominal)Mekong-Ganga CooperationSoutheast Asia Treaty OrganisationBlue card system, the ASEAN motor insurance scheme.ASEAN FoundationRegional Comprehensive Economic Partnership

Literature

ASEAN Community in Figures (ACIF) 2012 (http://www.asean.org/images/2013/resources/publication/2013_ACIF_2012%20Mar.pdf) , Jakarta: Association of Southeast Asian Nations, 2012,ISBN 978-602-7643-22-2Acharya, Amitav (2009), Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the problemof regional order (2nd ed.), Abingdon Oxon/New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-41428-9


27 of 35 Thu 21/11/13 4:38 PM

Collins, Allan (2013), Building a People-oriented Security Community the ASEAN Way, AbingdonOxon/New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-46052-1Fry, Gerald W. (2008), The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, New York: Chelsea House,ISBN 978-0-7910-9609-3Lee, Yoong Yoong, ed. (2011), ASEAN Matters! Reflecting on the Association of Southeast AsianNations, Singapore: World Scientific Publishing, ISBN 978-981-4335-06-5Haacke, Jürgen; Morada, Noel M., eds. (2010), Cooperative Security in the Asia-Pacific: The ASEANRegional Forum, Abingdon Oxon/New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-46052-1Severino, Rodolfo (2008), ASEAN, Singapore: ISEAS Publications, ISBN 978-981-230-750-7

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External links

Organisation

ASEAN Secretariat (http://www.asean.org/) , retrieved 13 March 2007.ASEAN Regional Forum (http://www.aseanregionalforum.org/) , retrieved 13 March 2007.BBC Country Profile/Asean (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/4114415.stm) ,retrieved 13 March 2007.

Summits

14th ASEAN Summit (http://www.14thaseansummit.org)13th ASEAN Summit (http://www.13thaseansummit.org.sg) official site. Retrieved 16 September 2007.12th ASEAN Summit (http://www.12thaseansummit.org.ph) , retrieved 13 March 2007.11th ASEAN Summit (official site) (http://www.11thaseansummit.org.my/) 12–14 December 2005 inKuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Retrieved 13 March 2007.

ASEAN organisations

ASEAN's official directory of ASEAN organisations (http://www.asean.org/99.htm)ASEAN Architect (http://www.act.or.th/asean_architect/index.html)ASEAN Law Association (http://www.aseanlawassociation.org/)ASEAN Ports Association (http://www.aseanports.com/)US-ASEAN Business Council (http://www.us-asean.org/)ASEAN-China Free Trade Area (http://www.asean-cn.org/)

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