Large Astronomical Surveys, Databases,

and ArchivesAreg Mickaelian,

Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory (BAO)Armenian Virtual Observatory (ArVO)

JENAM-2011, SPS3, 5 July 2011, St. Petersburg, Russia

Astronomical SurveysThe Universe is very bigThere are ~40-100 billion galaxies, each containing billions of stars,

nebulae, and other objectsMost of objects are very like each other, and standard approach may be

applied to study themClassical explanations for stellar configurations, inner structure, stellar

atmopheres, and radiation mechanisms have been developedUnique objects are needed to study and understand new physical

mechanisms, origin and evolution of stars, galaxies, and the Universe as a whole

Stars: extreme colors, chemically peculiar stars, emission-line stars, non-optical sources, extended envelopes, variables (especially non-stable ones), binaries (especially close binaries), groups and clusters, etc.

Galaxies: peculiar galaxies (blue, emission-line, etc.), starbursts (SB), active galactic nuclei (AGN), pairs (especially interacting ones), mergers, jets, non-optical sources, etc.

Typically 5-10% of all objects

POSS1 and POSS2Palomar Observatory Sky Survey 1 (POSS1). 1948-1958

Palomar Oschin 1.2m Schmidt telescope. Each plate covers 6.56.5 of the sky. Blue 103a-O, and red 103a-E. Limiting magnitudes 21.0m and 20.0m.

937 different fields. Entire sky above -33 The southern limit was extended to about -45 by J.B. Whiteoak (100

plates); thus the survey as a whole includes 1037 fieldsUKST SERC J Southern Survey. 1975-1987

UKST 1.2m Schmidt telescope

Palomar Observatory Sky Survey 2 (POSS2). 1987-2000 Blue IIIaJ, red IIIaF and IR IV-N. Limiting magnitudes: blue 22.5m and red 20.8m

AAO-SES. 1987-2000. IIIaJ, IIIaF and IV-N.

POSS1 O (4050A) 103aOE (6452A) 103aE

POSS2 j (4680A) IIIaJ+GG385, IIIaJ+GG395, IIaO+GG385

F (6452A) IIIaF+RG610, IIIaF+OG590, IIIaF+RG630

N (8060A) IVN+RG9, IVN+RG715

Digitized Sky Surveys – DSS1/DSS2

APM, MAPS, USNO, and GSCCambridge Automated Plate Measurement (APM). McMahon et al. 2000.

166,466,987 objects at |b|>20 and DEC>-33 for POSS1 epoch given as b and r magnitudes

Minnesota Automated Plate Scanner (MAPS) catalog. Cabanela et al. 2003.89,234,404 objects for POSS1 epoch given as O and E magnitudes

United States Naval Observatory (USNO) A2.0 catalog. D.Monet, A.Bird, B.Canzian, et al. 1998. 526,280,881 objects for POSS1 epoch given as B and R magnitudes

USNO-B1.0 catalog. D.G.Monet, S.E.Levine, B.Casian, et al. 2003.Positions, proper motions, magnitudes in various optical passbands, and star/galaxy estimators for 1,045,913,669 objects derived from 3,648,832,040 separate observations. Scans of 7,435 Schmidt plates taken during the last 50 years. The completeness is V=21; the accuracies are 0.2 for the positions at J2000, 0.3m in up to 5 colors, and 85% accuracy for distinguishing stars from non-stellar objects.

Guide Star Catalog 2.3.2. Lasker et al. 2008.945,592,683 objects of the whole sky measured for POSS2 epoch as j (Bj), F and N magnitudes

USNO-A2.0 1998 B1/R1 526,280,881 APM 2000 b/r 166,466,987 MAPS 2003 O/E 89,234,404 USNO-B1.0 2003 B1/2,R1/2,I 1,045,913,669 GSC 2.3.2 2008 j/F/N 945,592,683

Gamma-ray sky

CGRO – Cosmic Gamma Ray Observatory, 1990

~1300 discrete gamma-ray sources;

~2700 gamma-ray bursts

X-ray All-Sky SurveysROSAT X-ray survey and catalogs:ROSAT BSC: 0.1-2.4 keV, 18,806 sources.

The ROSAT all-sky survey bright source catalogue.Voges W., Aschenbach B., Boller T., et al. 1999.

ROSAT FSC: 0.1-2.4 keV, 105,924 sources.ROSAT All-Sky Survey Faint source Catalogue.Voges W., Aschenbach B., Boller Th., et al. 2000.

INTEGRAL

ROSAT sky coverage

Ultraviolet All-Sky Surveys

Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX). 28.04.2003. ¾ of the whole sky. 120 (FUV) and 220 A (NUV). All-sky survey to 20.5m , 4 deg survey to 26m

Nearby Galaxy Survey (NGS), Deep (DIS), Medium (MIS), and All Sky Surveys (AIS, imaging) and smaller Spectroscopic (SPECTRA: imaging or “grism”) survey

MultiMission Archive at Space Telescope Science Institute (MAST)GR4/GR5: 32180 objects, GR6: 5662

GalexView - Interface to the Galex data

Infrared All-Sky SurveysTwo Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS).

Cutri R.M., Skrutskie M.F., Van Dyk S., et al., 2003. J(1.25) H(1.65) K_s(2.17), brighter than 1mJy sources (to a 3 sigma limiting sensitivity of 17.1, 16.4 and 15.3 mag in the three bands), resolution 2", 470,992,970 sources; ~300,000,000 stars and 1,650,000 galaxies.

IRAS PSC: all-sky, 12, 25, 60, 100 micron (0.4, 0.5, 06, 1.0 Jy limit), 245,889 sources. IRAS Catalog of Point Sources, 1986.

IRAS FSC: 180,000 sources. Moshir et al. 1990.

AKARI (ASTRO-F or IRIS – InfraRed Imaging Surveyor). Feb 2006, 68.5 cm telescope, wavelength range 2-180 µm, 13 bandsInfrared Camera (IRC), 9 and 18 μm, sensitivity ~ 50 and 120 mJy. Spatial resolution is about 9.4”, 877,091 sources (851 189 for 9 μm, 195 893 for 18 μm)Far-Infrared Surveyor (FIS), 65, 90, 140, and 160 μm, ~430,000 sources.

Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). NASA, 14.12.2009.40 cm (16 inch), Four infrared wavelength bands at 3.4, 4.6, 12 and 22 microns. The field of view is 47 am wide. 257,000,000 sources.

Radio All-Sky SurveysGB6: 6cm (4.85GHz), 0<DEC<75, S>=18mJy, 75,162 sources.

87GB: P.C.Gregory, J.J.Condon, ApJ., Suppl. Ser., 75, 1011, 1991.

WN: G.de Bruyn, G.Miley, R.Rengelink, et al., Westerborck Northern Sky Survey, WENSS Collaboration, NFRA/ASTRON and Leiden Observatory, 1998.

NVSS: all-sky, 21cm (1.4GHz), S>2.5mJy, 1-7 arcsec (>15mJy-2.5mJy), 1,773,484 sources. Condon et al. 1998.

FIRST: 10,000 sq.deg., 21cm (1.4GHz), S>1mJy, 5 arcsec, 811,117 sources.Becker R.H., Helfand D.J., White R.L., Gregg M.D., Laurent-Muehleisen S.A., The FIRST Survey Catalog, Version 2003Apr11, Astrophys. J. 475, 479 (1997). White R.L., Becker R.H., Helfand D.J., Gregg M.D., The FIRST Survey Catalog of 1.4GHz radio sources, Astrophys. J. 475, 479 (1998).

8СA deep 38-MHz radio survey of the area declination > +60 degrees. Rees N., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 244, 233 (1990).

2dF surveysAAO 3.9m telescope 2 degree field survey (2dF)

2dF QSO Redshift Survey (2QZ) catalog: Croom et al. 2004: 25,000 quasars.

2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey (2dFGRS).

6dF surveys. 2QZ/6QZAltogether ~50,000 objects

Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)

Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)12 US universities, dozens institutes from other countriesYears: 2000-2008; York et al. 2000. http://www.sdss.orgEquipment: Apache Point 2.5m Ritchey-Chretien,

Double MOS, CCDRegion of the sky: |b|>30, >0; 11,663 (spec. 9380) deg2

Fields: 20481361 pixBands: u(3551A), g(4686A), r(6165A), i(7481A), z(8931A)Limiting magnitudesat i: 21m (images), 19m (spectra)Spectral range: 3800-9200ASpectral resolution: 2.5A (1800-2100)Phot. 357 mln objs (60.5 TB); spec: 1,640,960 objs (3.8 TB)929,555 galaxies, 104,740+16,633 QSOs, 464,261 stars

SDSS and 2MASS photometric bands

Objective prism surveys and the SDSS

Survey

Years Telescopes and equipment

Emulsions D at H

Spectral range, A

Areacovered

 

Vlim Objects of interest

FBS 1965-1980 Byurakan 102/132 cm Schmidt, 1.5 prism

IIa-F 1800 3400-6900 |b|>15>-15

17,000deg2

17.5 UVX galaxies(Markarian galaxies)FBS BSOs

SBS 1978-1991 Byurakan 102/132 cm Schmidt, 1.5/3/4 prisms

IIIa-J

IIIa-J+GG495 IIIa-F+RG2

IV-N

1800900280

3400-53004950-54006300-6950

|b|>30 49<<61965 deg2

19 UVX galaxies, QSO/Sy, BCDG, hot stars

Case 1983-1995 Kitt Peak 61/91 cm Burrell Schmidt, 1.8 prism

IIIa-J 1350 3400-5300 |b|>30>30

18 Blue stellar objects, UVX galaxies(CSO/CBS/CG)

HQS 1985-1997 Calar-Alto 80 cm Schmidt, 1.7 prism

IIIa-J 1390 3400-5300 |b|>20>0

12,000deg2

19 QSOs,Hamburg/RASS

HES 1990-1996 ESO 1m Schmidt, 4 prism

IIIa-J 280 3400-5300 |b|>30 <+2.5

9,000 deg2

18 QSOs

SDSS 2000-2008 Apache Point 2.5m Ritchey-Chretien,Double MOS

CCD res.:2.5A

3800-9200 |b|>30>0

11,600deg2

23 350 million objects; 1 million galaxies, 100,000 QSOs

Digitized First Byurakan SurveyTeams: Byurakan Obs., Univ. Roma, Cornell Univ.Years: 2002-2005Instrument: Epson Expression 1680 Pro scannerScanning options: 1600 dpi (15.875 pix size), 16 bit, transparency

(positive) mode, “scanfits”Plate size: 96019601 pix, 176 MB fileSpectra: 107 5 pix (1700 in length)Dispersion: 33 Å/pix average (22-60 Å/pix), 28.5 at H Spectral resolution: 50ÅAstrometric solution: 1 rms accuracyScale: 1.542 /pixPhotometry: 0.3m accuracyData volume: 1874 plates, ~400 GBNumber of objs: ~20,000,000 (~40,000,000 spectra)

DFBS low-dispersion spectra

DFBS low dispersion spectra

Spectroscopic surveys: past, present, and future

Spectroscopic surveys: past, present, and future

Chandra Deep Field South DataDeep Mega-second Chandra exposures of Chandra Deep Field South & Hubble Deep Field North have laid the foundation for:

GOODS: Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey• Hubble• Chandra• SST (SIRTF)• ESO VLT, WFI• VLA

• A Multiwavelength Resource – Radio to X-ray of high quality • An 'open' resource – available to all

COSMOS

Astronomical ArchivesWide-Field Plate DataBase – WFPDB

http://www.skyarchive.org

414 archives, 2,204,725 plates from 125 observatories, obtained between 1879 and 2002Including 2,128,330 direct and 64,095 objective prism plates(Harvard – 600,000; Sonneberg – 270,000; Italian archive – 87,000; Kyiv – 85,000; ГАИШ – 50,000; etc.)

Multimission Archive at STScI

HEASARC

IRSA

Astronomical Databases