astronomical symbols

Astronomical symbols 1

Astronomical symbols

This excerpt from the 1833 Nautical Almanacdemonstrates the use of astronomical symbols,

including symbols for the phases of the moon, theplanets, and zodiacal constellations.

Designation of celestial bodies in aGerman almanac printed 1850[1]

Astronomical symbols are symbols used to represent various celestialobjects, theoretical constructs and observational events in astronomy.The earliest forms of these symbols appear in Greek papyri of lateantiquity. The Byzantine codices in which the Greek papyri werepreserved continued and extended the inventory of astronomicalsymbols. New symbols were further invented to represent manyjust-discovered planets and minor planets discovered in the 18th-20thcenturies.

All these symbols were once commonly used by professionalastronomers, amateur astronomers, and astrologers. While they are stillcommonly used in almanacs and astrological publications, theiroccurrence in published research and texts on astronomy is relativelyinfrequent, with some exceptions such as the Sun and Earth symbolsappearing in astronomical constants, and certain zodiacal signs used torepresent the solstices and equinoxes.

Unicode has formally assigned codepoints to most symbols, mainly inMiscellaneous Symbols Block (2600-26FF) [2][3] and MiscellaneousSymbols and Pictographs Block (1F300-1F5FF) [4].

Symbols for the Sun and Moon

The use of astronomical symbols for the Sun and Moon dates toantiquity. The forms of the symbols that appear in the original papyriof Greek horoscopes are a circle with one ray ( ) for the Sun and acrescent for the Moon. The modern sun symbol, a circle with a dot (),first appeared in Europe in the Renaissance. A similar symbol was alsothe ancient Chinese character for "sun", which gave rise to the moderncharacter .[5]

These symbols are also known to be used in alchemy texts, sun was representing gold, moon representing silver andso on.In modern academic usage, the sun symbol is used for astronomical constants relating to the sun. The luminosity,mass, and radius of stars are often represented using the corresponding solar constants as units of measurement.


SunName Symbol Unicode

codepointUnicodedisplay

Represents

Sun U+2609(dec 9737) the SunU+1F71A

(dec 128794) the Sun with one rayU+1F31E

(dec 127774) the face of the SunMoon

Name Symbol Unicodecodepoint

Unicodedisplay

Represents

Moon, or first-quarter moon U+263D(dec 9789) an increscent (waxing) moonU+1F31B

(dec 127771) full moon U+1F315

(dec 127765) U+1F31D

(dec 127773) Moon, or last-quarter moon U+263E

(dec 9790) a decrescent (waning) moonU+1F31C

(dec 127772) new moon U+1F311

(dec 127761) U+1F31A

(dec 127770) Solar constants

Constant Symbol Value

Solar luminosity L 3.8391026W, or 3.8391033erg/s

Solar mass M 1.988921030kg

Solar radius R 6.955108m

Solar effective temperature Teff 5777 K

Symbols for the planetsSymbols for the classical planets appear in the medieval Byzantine codices in which many ancient horoscopes were preserved. The written symbols for Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, and Saturn have been traced to forms found in late Greek papyri. The symbols for Jupiter and Saturn are identified as monograms of the corresponding Greek names, and the symbol for Mercury is a stylized caduceus. According to A. S. D. Maunder, antecedents of the planetary symbols were used in art to represent the gods associated with the classical planets; Bianchini's planisphere, produced in the 2nd century, shows Greek personifications of planetary gods charged with early versions of the


planetary symbols: Mercury has a caduceus; Venus has, attached to her necklace, a cord connected to anothernecklace; Mars, a spear; Jupiter, a staff; Saturn, a scythe; the Sun, a circlet with rays radiating from it; and the Moon,a headdress with a crescent attached.A diagram in Johannes Kamateros' 12th century Compendium of Astrology shows the Sun represented by the circlewith a ray, Jupiter by the letter zeta (the initial of Zeus, Jupiter's counterpart in Greek mythology), Mars by a shieldcrossed by a spear, and the remaining classical planets by symbols resembling the modern ones, without thecross-mark seen in modern versions of the symbols. These cross-marks first appear around the 16th century.According to Maunder, the addition of crosses appears to be "an attempt to give a savour of Christianity to thesymbols of the old pagan gods."The symbols for Uranus were created shortly after its discovery. One symbol, , invented by J. G. Khler andrefined by Bode, was intended to represent the newly discovered metal platinum; since platinum, commonly calledwhite gold, was found by chemists mixed with iron, the symbol for platinum combines the alchemical symbols foriron, , and gold, . This symbol also combines the symbols of Mars () and the Sun () because in GreekMythology, Uranus represented heaven, and represents the combined power of Mars' spear and the Sun. Anothersymbol, , was suggested by Lalande in 1784. In a letter to Herschel, Lalande described it as "un globe surmontpar la premire lettre de votre nom" ("a globe surmounted by the first letter of your name").Several symbols were proposed for Neptune to accompany the suggested names for the planet. Claiming the right toname his discovery, Urbain Le Verrier originally proposed the name Neptune and the symbol of a trident, whilefalsely stating that this had been officially approved by the French Bureau des Longitudes. In October, he sought toname the planet Leverrier, after himself, and he had loyal support in this from the observatory director, FranoisArago, who in turn proposed a new symbol for the planet ( ). However, this suggestion met with stiff resistanceoutside France. French almanacs quickly reintroduced the name Herschel for Uranus, after that planet's discovererSir William Herschel, and Leverrier for the new planet. Professor James Pillans of the University of Edinburghdefended the name Janus for the new planet, and proposed a key for its symbol. Meanwhile, Struve presented thename Neptune on December 29, 1846, to the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In August 1847, the Bureau desLongitudes announced its decision to follow prevailing astronomical practice and adopt the choice of Neptune, withArago refraining from participating in this decision.The International Astronomical Union discourages the use of these symbols in journal articles. In certain cases whereplanetary symbols might be used, such as in the headings of tables, the IAU Style Manual permits certain one- and(to disambiguate Mercury and Mars) two-letter abbreviations for the names of the planets.

PlanetsName IAU

abbreviationSymbol Unicode


Represents

Mercury Me U+263F(dec 9791) Mercury's winged helmet and caduceus, or the caduceus alone

Venus V U+2640(dec 9792) Venus' hand mirror

Earth E U+2641(dec 9793) a globus cruciger, or an inverted symbol for Venusmore popular in non-geocentric contextsU+1F728

(dec128808)

Globe with equator and a meridianMars Ma U+2642

(dec 9794) Mars' shield and spearJupiter J U+2643

(dec 9795) Jupiter's thunderbolt, an eagle, or the letter zeta or Z for Zeus, the Greek god analogousto Jupiter


Saturn S U+2644(dec 9796) Saturn's sickle or scythe

Uranus U U+26E2(dec 9954) Platinum

U+2645(dec 9797) A globe surmounted by the letter H (for Herschel),more common in older or British literature

Neptune N U+2646(dec 9798) Neptune's trident

A globe surmounted by the letters LV (for Le Verrier),more common in older, especially French, literature

Symbols for dwarf planets and asteroidsFollowing Giuseppe Piazzi's discovery of Ceres, a group of astronomers ratified the name, which Piazzi hadproposed. At that time, the sickle was chosen as a symbol of the planet.The symbol for 2 Pallas, the spear of Pallas Athena, was invented by Baron Franz Xaver von Zach, and introduced inhis Monatliche correspondenz zur befrderung der erd- und himmels-kunde.[6] In a letter to von Zach, discovererHeinrich Wilhelm Matthus Olbers (who had named the newly-discovered asteroid) expressed his approval of theproposed symbol, but wished that the handle of the sickle of Ceres had been adorned with a pommel instead of acrossbar, to better differentiate it from the sign of Venus.Karl Ludwig Harding created the symbol for 3 Juno. Harding, who discovered this asteroid, proposed the name Junoand the use of a scepter topped with a star as its astronomical symbol.The symbol for 4 Vesta was invented by German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss. Dr. Olbers, having previouslydiscovered and named 2 Pallas, gave Gauss the honor of naming his newest discovery. Gauss decided to name thenew asteroid for the goddess Vesta, and also designed the symbol ( ): the altar of the goddess, with the sacredfire burning on it. Other contemporaneous writers use a more elaborate symbol ( ) instead.The next two asteroids, 5 Astraea and 6 Hebe, were both discovered by Karl Ludwig Hencke. Hencke requested thatthe symbol for 5 Astraea be an upside-down anchor; however, a pair of balances was sometimes used instead. Gaussnamed 6 Hebe at Hencke's request, and chose a wineglass as the symbol.As more new asteroids were discovered, astronomers continued to assign symbols to them. Thus, 7 Iris had for itssymbol a rainbow with a star; 8 Flora, a flower; 9 Metis, an eye with a star; 10 Hygiea, an upright snake with a staron its head; 11 Parthenope, a standing fish with a star; 12 Victoria, a star topped with a branch of laurel; 13 Egeria, abuckler; 14 Irene, a dove carrying an olive branch with a star on its head; 15 Eunomia, a heart topped with a star; 16Psyche, a butterfly wing with a star; 17 Thetis, a dolphin with a star; 18 Melpomene, a dagger over a star; and 19Fortuna, a star over Fortuna's wheel.Johann Franz Encke made a major change in the Berliner Astronomisches Jahrbuch (BAJ, Berlin AstronomicalYearbook) for the year 1854, published in 1851. He introduced encircled numbers instead of symbols, although hisnumbering began with Astraea, the first four asteroids continuing to be denoted by their traditional symbols. Thissymbolic innovation was adopted very quickly by the astronomical community. The following year (1852), Astraea'snumber was bumped up to 5, but Ceres through Vesta would be listed by their numbers only in the 1867 edition. Thecircle later became a pair of parentheses, and the parentheses sometimes omitted altogether over the next fewdecades.A few asteroids were given symbols by their discoverers after the encircled-number notation became widespread. 26Proserpina, 28 Bellona, 35 Leukothea, and 37 Fides, all discovered by R. Luther, were assigned, respectively, apomegranate with a star inside; a whip and spear; an antique lighthouse; and a cross. 29 Amphitrite, discovered byAlbert Marth, was assigned a shell for its symbol.


Pluto's name and symbol were announced by the discoverers on May 1, 1930. The symbol, a monogram of the lettersPL, could be interpreted to stand for Pluto or for Percival Lowell, the astronomer who initiated Lowell Observatory'ssearch for a planet beyond the orbit of Neptune.

Dwarf planetsName Symbol Unicode


Represents

Ceres U+26B3(dec 9907) a handle-down sickle; cf. the handle-up sickle symbol of Saturn

Pluto U+2647(dec 9799) PL monogram for Pluto and Percival Lowell

Modification of Neptune's astrological symbol. Resembles that of Neptune, but has a circle inplace of the middle prong of the trident.

AsteroidsName Symbol Unicode


Represents

2Pallas U+26B4(dec 9908) a spear

3Juno U+26B5(dec 9909) a scepter topped with a star

4Vesta U+26B6(dec 9910) an altar with fire on it

5Astraea an anchor

a pair of balances

6Hebe a wineglass

U+1F377(dec

127863)

7Iris a rainbow with a star inside it

8Flora U+2698(dec 9880) a flower

9Metis an eye with a star above it

10Hygeia a serpent with a star

U+2695(dec 9877) Rod of Asclepius

11Parthenope a fish with a star

a harp

12Victoria a star with a branch of laurel

13Egeria a buckler

14Irene a dove carrying an olive-branch in its mouth and a star on its head


15Eunomia a heart with a star on top

16Psyche a butterfly's wing and a star

17Thetis a dolphin and a star

18Melpomene a dagger over a star

19Fortuna a star over a wheel

26Proserpina a pomegranate with a star inside it

28Bellona Bellona's whip and spear

29Amphitrite a shell

35Leukothea an ancient lighthouse

37Fides a Latin cross, in fact showing broadened and rounded endings

Symbols for zodiac constellations and signsThe zodiac symbols have several astronomical interpretations. Depending on context, a zodiac symbol may denote aconstellation, a sign, or a point on the ecliptic plane.Lists of astronomical phenomena published by almanacs sometimes included conjunctions of stars and planets or theMoon; rather than print the full name of the star, a Greek letter and the symbol for the constellation of the star wassometimes used instead. In modern academic usage, all the constellations, including the twelve of the zodiac, havededicated three-letter abbreviations.In astronomy, a sign was a unit of arc measurement, now obsolete, equal to 30 degrees. Ecliptic longitude was thusmeasured in signs, degrees, minutes, and seconds. The sign component of this measurement was expressed eitherwith a number from 0 to 11[7] or with the corresponding zodiac symbol.The zodiac symbols are also sometimes used to represent points on the ecliptic, each symbol representing the "firstpoint" of each sign. Thus, is the vernal equinox, is the summer solstice, etc.

ZodiacName IAU

abbreviationSigns Degrees Symbol Translation Unicode


Aries Ari 0 0 ram U+2648(dec 9800)

Taurus Tau 1 30 bull U+2649(dec 9801)

Gemini Gem 2 60 twins U+264A(dec 9802)

Cancer Cnc 3 90 crab U+264B(dec 9803)

Leo Leo 4 120 lion U+264C(dec 9804)

Virgo Vir 5 150 virgin U+264D(dec 9805)

Libra Lib 6 180 scales U+264E(dec 9806)


Scorpius Sco 7 210 scorpion U+264F(dec 9807)

Sagittarius Sgr 8 240 archer U+2650(dec 9808)

Capricornus Cap 9 270 sea-goat U+2651(dec 9809)

Aquarius Aqr 10 300 waterbearer U+2652(dec 9810)

Pisces Psc 11 330 fish U+2653(dec 9811)

Other symbolsSymbols for aspects and nodes appear in medieval texts, although medieval and modern usage of the node symbolsdiffer; formerly stood for the descending node, and for the ascending node. In describing the Keplerianelements of an orbit, is sometimes used to denote the ecliptic longitude of the ascending node, although it is morecommon to use (capital omega), which was originally a typographical substitute for the old symbol.The symbols for aspects first appear in Byzantine codices. Of the symbols for the five Ptolemaic aspects, only thethree displayed herefor conjunction, opposition, and quadratureare used in astronomy.Symbols for a comet () and a star ( ) have been used in published astronomical observations of comets. In tablesof these observations, stood for the comet being discussed and for the star of comparison relative to whichmeasurements of the comet's position were made.

Other symbols

Name Symbol Unicodecodepoint

Unicodedisplay

ascending node U+260A(dec 9738)

descending node U+260B(dec 9739)

conjunction U+260C(dec 9740)

opposition U+260D(dec 9741)

quadrature U+25A1(dec 9633)

comet U+2604(dec 9732)

star U+2605(dec 9733)


References[1] Johann Franz Encke, Berliner Astronomisches Jahrbuch fr 1853, Berlin 1850, p. VIII[2] http:/ / www. unicode. org/ charts/ PDF/ U2600. pdf[3][3] The Unicode Consortium[4] http:/ / www. unicode. org/ charts/ PDF/ U1F300. pdf[5] http:/ / www. chineseetymology. org/ CharacterEtymology. aspx?submitButton1=Etymology& characterInput=%E6%97%A5[6] von Zach, Franz Xaver (1802). Monatliche correspondenz zur befrderung der erd- und himmels-kunde, Volume 6 (http:/ / books. google.

com/ books?id=nR04AAAAMAAJ& pg=PA95). pp. 95-96.[7] The 1834 edition of the Nautical Almanac and Astronomical Ephemeris abandoned the use of numerical signs (among other innovations);

compare the representation of (ecliptic) longitude in the editions for the years 1834 (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=Bf8NAAAAQAAJ& pg=PA4) and 1833 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=3fMNAAAAQAAJ& pg=PA2).

Article Sources and Contributors 9

Article Sources and ContributorsAstronomical symbols Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=570777637 Contributors: 100110100, 200cake, Adamlink, Addihockey10, Anaraug, Angusmclellan, Anjouli,AnonMoos, Ant, AnthonyUK, Ask123, Asteron, AxlRocks, Ayelie, Belovedfreak, Bgwhite, Black Falcon, Bob, Bryan Derksen, Bulbabean, Buster79, Captainktainer, ChristTrekker, Ckatz,Comosay95, Crystallina, D.H, Dbachmann, Demilio, Denelson83, DenisMoskowitz, Donarreiskoffer, DopefishJustin, Download, E Pluribus Anthony, Editor at Large, EqualMusic, Ernsts,ExplicitImplicity, Faigl.ladislav, Faz90, Fibonacci, Freikorp, GPHemsley, GVP Webmaster, Gazibara, Gerbrant, Gorobay, Helixer, Hunnjazal, Hut 8.5, IdLoveOne, Intgr, JDspeeder1, JSacharuk,JamesFox, Jeff02, Jespinos, Jor, Karl432, Kilom691, Kowloonese, Kwamikagami, Kwekubo, Lexicon, LittleOldMe, M4gnum0n, Materialscientist, Max98, MessengerCrow13, Mike s, Monedula,Morwen, Mu301, Murriemir, Mysdaao, Narayanese, Niteowlneils, Oracle of Truth, Panarjedde, PatPeter, Phil in the 818, Pinky sl, RJHall, RP88, RPlunk2853, RVJ, RandomCritic, RichFarmbrough, Rjwilmsi, Robert Horning, Run!, Rursus, Ryulong, Sarang, Silence, SimonP, Skumarla, Smjg, Something14, Sonjaaa, Spoon!, Starwiz, Stephenb, StuartBrady, Subversive.sound,TFCforever, TeaDrinker, The Anome, The Tom, Thnidu, Travlr23, Urhixidur, Vanished user, W559, Wiccablade, Wikky Horse, WinstonSmith, Wmahan, Wwagner, ZanderSchubert, Zandperl,Zeusnoos, 186 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsImage:Astronomical symbols in 1833 Nautical Almanac.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Astronomical_symbols_in_1833_Nautical_Almanac.png License: PublicDomain Contributors: the Board of AdmiraltyFile:Bezeichnung der Himmelskrper Encke 1850.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bezeichnung_der_Himmelskrper_Encke_1850.png License: Public DomainContributors: Cathy Richards, Jahobr, Karl432, LotseImage:Old symbol for sun.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Old_symbol_for_sun.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: selfImage:Sun symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sun_symbol.svg License: unknown Contributors: Andrea Coppola, AnonMoos, Aquantrum, Artem Karimov,Bobcats, Bvs-aca, Don-vip, Er Komandante, Fibonacci, Juiced lemon, Liftarn, Luccas, MAXXX-309, Melian, Nagy, Roomba, Rursus, Samuel Grant, Sarang, Sergey Liverko, WolfgangRieger,Wst, 17 anonymous editsImage:Sun with face.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sun_with_face.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: selfImage:Moon symbol crescent.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Moon_symbol_crescent.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: LexiconImage:First quarter moon with face.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:First_quarter_moon_with_face.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: selfImage:Full moon symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Full_moon_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: selfImage:Full moon with face.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Full_moon_with_face.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: selfImage:Moon symbol decrescent.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Moon_symbol_decrescent.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: LexiconImage:Last quarter moon with face.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Last_quarter_moon_with_face.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: selfImage:New moon symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:New_moon_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: selfImage:New moon with face.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:New_moon_with_face.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: selfImage:Uranus symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Uranus_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: LexiconImage:Uranus's astrological symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Uranus's_astrological_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: LexiconImage:Neptune symbol alternate.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Neptune_symbol_alternate.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: W559Image:Mercury symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mercury_symbol.svg License: unknown Contributors: Aquantrum, Badseed, Basilicofresco, CathyRichards, Don-vip, Herbythyme, Lexicon, Mrcht, Rursus, Ruslik0, Sarang, Sergey Liverko, Stanmar, Starwiz, Urhixidur, WolfgangRieger, 6 anonymous editsImage:Venus symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Venus_symbol.svg License: unknown Contributors: Kyle the hackerImage:Earth symbol alternate.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Earth_symbol_alternate.svg License: unknown Contributors: Achillu, Euku, Foroa, Galphi, Juicedlemon, Lexicon, Pilettes, Rursus, Samuel Grant, Sarang, StuartBrady, W!B:, 5 anonymous editsImage:Earth symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Earth_symbol.svg License: unknown Contributors: OsgoodeLawyerImage:Mars symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mars_symbol.svg License: unknown Contributors: Ahmadi, Aquantrum, Ariv photography, Cathy Richards,Chmee2, Don-vip, Fibonacci, Galphi, Herbythyme, Juiced lemon, Missionary, Rursus, Sarang, Savh, Sergey Liverko, Snow Blizzard, TFCforever, Tlusa, Urhixidur, W559, WolfgangRieger, 10anonymous editsImage:Jupiter symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jupiter_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: LexiconImage:Saturn symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Saturn_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: LexiconImage:Neptune symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Neptune_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Amit6Image:Simbolo di Vesta.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Simbolo_di_Vesta.svg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Original uploader wasKwamikagami at en.wikipediaImage:4 Vesta (2).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:4_Vesta_(2).svg License: Public Domain Contributors: meImage:Ceres symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ceres_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Aquantrum, Crei0, Galphi, Lexicon, Ramiy, Ruslik0,Sarang, Sarilho1, Urhixidur, 4 anonymous editsImage:Pluto symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pluto_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: LexiconImage:Pluto's astrological symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pluto's_astrological_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: LexiconImage:Pallas symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pallas_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Basilicofresco, Lexicon, Sarang, UrhixidurImage:Juno symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Juno_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Lexicon, Sarang, Urhixidur, 1 anonymous editsImage:3 Juno symbol alternate.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:3_Juno_symbol_alternate.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: meImage:5 Astraea Symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:5_Astraea_Symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:RmhermenImage:5 Astraea symbol alternate.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:5_Astraea_symbol_alternate.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Wilson, JohnImage:6 Hebe.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:6_Hebe.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: W559Image:6 Hebe Astronomical Symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:6_Hebe_Astronomical_Symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:RmhermenImage:7 Iris Astronomical Symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:7_Iris_Astronomical_Symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Editor at Large,Ruslik0, Urhixidur, WikiborgImage:8 Flora Astronomical Symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:8_Flora_Astronomical_Symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Editor at Large,UrhixidurImage:9 Metis symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:9_Metis_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: original is Benjamin Apthorp Gould, SVGversion is User:Bryan DerksenImage:10 Hygeia symbol alternate.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:10_Hygeia_symbol_alternate.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Hind, J. R.Image:10 Hygiea Astronomical Symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:10_Hygiea_Astronomical_Symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: This file byEditor at Large, original image by Adam CuerdenImage:11 Parthenope symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:11_Parthenope_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original png by Benjamin ApthorpGould, drawn as an SVG by Editor at LargeImage:11 Parthenope symbol alternate.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:11_Parthenope_symbol_alternate.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Wilson, John

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