asuka and nara periods

8/11/2019 Asuka and Nara Periods

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Asuka and Nara periods

Iron helmet and armor with gilt bronze decoration,Kofun era,5th century.Tokyo NationalMuseum.

Following theBattle of HakusukinoeagainstTangChinaandSillain 663 AD that led to a

Japanese retreat from Korean affairs, Japan underwent widespread reform. One of the most

important was that of theTaika Reform,issued by Prince Naka no e (Emperor Tenji)in 646AD. This edict allowed the Japanese aristocracy to adopt theTang dynastypolitical structure,bureaucracy,culture, religion, and philosophy.

[3]As part of theTaih Code,of 702 AD, and the

laterYr Code,[4]the population was required to report regularly for census, a precursor fornational conscription. With an understanding of how the population was distributed,Emperor

Mommuintroduced a law whereby 1 in 34 adult males was drafted into the national military.These soldiers were required to supply their own weapons, and in return were exempted from

duties and taxes.[3]

This was one of the first attempts by the Imperial government to form an

organized army modeled after the Chinese system. It was called "Gundan-Sei" () by laterhistorians and is believed to have been short-lived.

[citation needed]

The TaihCode classified most of the Imperial bureaucrats into 12 ranks, each divided into twosub-ranks, 1st rank being the highest adviser to the Emperor. Those of 6th rank and below werereferred to as "samurai" and dealt with day-to-day affairs. Although these "samurai" were

civilian public servants, the name is believed

[by whom?]

to have derived from this term. Militarymen, however, would not be referred to as "samurai" for many more centuries.[citation needed]

Heian period

In the earlyHeian period,the late 8th and early 9th centuries,Emperor Kammusought toconsolidate and expand his rule in northernHonsh,but the armies he sent to conquer therebelliousEmishipeople lacked motivation and discipline, and failed in their task.

[citation needed]
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Emperor Kammu introduced the title ofsei'i-taishgun() orShogun,and began torely on the powerful regional clans to conquer the Emishi. Skilled in mounted combat and

archery(kyd), these clan warriors became the Emperor's preferred tool for putting downrebellions.

[citation needed]Though this is the first known use of the "Shogun" title, it was a temporary

title, and was not imbued with political power until the 13th century. At this time (the 7th to 9th

century) the Imperial Court officials considered them merely a military section under the controlof the Imperial Court.

Ultimately, Emperor Kammu disbanded his army. From this time, the emperor's power gradually

declined. While the emperor was still the ruler, powerful clans aroundKyoto() assumedpositions as ministers, and their relatives bought positions as magistrates. To amass wealth andrepay their debts, magistrates often imposed heavy taxes, resulting in many farmers becoming

landless.[citation needed]

Samurai on horseback, wearing-yoroiarmour, carrying bow (yumi)and arrows in ayebiraquiver

Through protective agreements and political marriages, they accumulated, or gathered, political

power, eventually surpassing the traditional aristocracy.[citation needed]

Some clans were originally formed by farmers who had taken up arms to protect themselvesfrom the Imperial magistrates sent to govern their lands and collect taxes. These clans formed

alliances to protect themselves against more powerful clans, and by the mid-Heian period they

had adopted characteristicJapanese armorand weapons, and laid the foundations ofBushid,

their ethical code.[citation needed]
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After theGenpei warof the late 12th century, a clan leaderMinamoto no Yoritomoobtained the

right to appointshugoandjito,and was allowed to organize soldiers and police, and to collect a

certain amount of tax. Initially, their responsibility was restricted to arresting rebels andcollecting needed army provisions, and they were forbidden from interfering withKokushi

Governors, but their responsibility gradually expanded and thus the samurai-class appeared as

the political ruling power in Japan.Minamoto no Yoritomoopened theKamakura BakufuShogunate in 1192.

Kamakura Bakufu and the rise of samurai

Samurai-yoroiarmour,Kamakura period.Tokyo National Museum.

Originally the emperor and nobility employed these warriors. In time, they amassed enough

manpower, resources and political backing in the form of alliances with one another, to establishthe first samurai-dominated government. As the power of these regional clans grew, their chief

was typically a distant relative of the emperor and a lesser member of either theFujiwara,

Minamoto,orTairaclans. Though originally sent to provincial areas for a fixed four-year term asa magistrate, the toryodeclined to return to the capital when their terms ended, and their sons

inherited their positions and continued to lead the clans in putting down rebellions throughout

Japan during the middle- and later-Heian period. Because of their rising military and economic

power, the warriors ultimately became a new force in the politics of the court. Their involvementin theHgenin the late Heian period consolidated their power, and finally pitted the rivalMinamotoandTairaclans against each other in theHeiji Rebellionof 1160.

The winner,Taira no Kiyomori,became an imperial advisor, and was the first warrior to attain

such a position. He eventually seized control of the central government, establishing the first

samurai-dominated government and relegating the emperor to figurehead status. However, the

Taira clan was still very conservative when compared to its eventual successor, the Minamoto,
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and instead of expanding or strengthening its military might, the clan had its women marry

emperors and exercise control through the emperor.

The Taira and the Minamoto clashed again in 1180, beginning theGempei War,which ended in

1185. Samurai fought at the navalbattle of Dan-no-ura,at the Shimonoseki Strait which

separates Honshu and Kyushu in 1185. The victoriousMinamoto no Yoritomoestablished thesuperiority of the samurai over the aristocracy. In 1190 he visited Kyoto and in 1192 became

Sei'i-taishgun,establishing the Kamakura Shogunate, orKamakura Bakufu. Instead of rulingfrom Kyoto, he set up the Shogunate inKamakura,near his base of power. "Bakufu" means "tentgovernment", taken from the encampments the soldiers would live in, in accordance with the

Bakufu's status as a military government.[5]

Over time, powerful samurai clans became warrior nobility, or "buke", who were only nominally

under the court aristocracy. When the samurai began to adopt aristocratic pastimes like

calligraphy,poetry and music, some court aristocrats in turn began to adopt samurai customs.

Despite machinations and brief periods of rule by emperors, real power was then in the hands of

the Shogun and the samurai.

Ashikaga Shogunate

The Samurai Suenaga facing Mongols, during theMongol invasions of Japan.Mko Shrai

Ekotoba(), circa 1293

Various samurai clans struggled for power during theKamakuraandAshikaga Shogunates.Zen

Buddhismspread among the samurai in the 13th century and helped to shape their standards ofconduct, particularly overcoming fear of death and killing, but among the general populace,Pure

Land Buddhismwas favored.

In 1274, the Mongol-foundedYuan dynastyinChinasent a force of some 40,000 men and 900ships to invade Japan in northernKysh.Japan mustered a mere 10,000 samurai to meet thisthreat. The invading army was harassed by major thunderstorms throughout theinvasion,which

aided the defenders by inflicting heavy casualties. The Yuan army was eventually recalled andthe invasion was called off. The Mongol invaders used smallbombs,which was likely the first

appearance of bombs andgunpowderin Japan.
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The Japanese defenders recognized the possibility of a renewed invasion, and began construction

of agreat stone barrieraroundHakata Bayin 1276. Completed in 1277, this wall stretched for 20

kilometers around the border of the bay. This would later serve as a strong defensive pointagainst the Mongols. The Mongols attempted to settle matters in a diplomatic way from 1275 to

1279, but every envoy sent to Japan was executed. This set the stage for one of the most famous

engagements in Japanese history.

In 1281, a Yuan army of 140,000 men with 5,000 ships was mustered for another invasion ofJapan. Northern Kysh was defended by a Japanese army of 40,000 men. The Mongol armywas still on its ships preparing for the landing operation when a typhoon hit north Kysh island.The casualties and damage inflicted by the typhoon, followed by the Japanese defense of the

Hakata Bay barrier, resulted in the Mongols again recalling their armies.
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asuka and nara periods

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