asymmetric transmission of linearly polarized light through dynamic … · asymmetric transmission...

Asymmetric transmission of linearlypolarized light through dynamicchiral metamaterials in a frequencyregime of gigahertz–terahertz

Zafer OzerFurkan DincerMuharrem KaraaslanOguzhan Akgol

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Asymmetric transmission of linearly polarized lightthrough dynamic chiral metamaterials in a frequencyregime of gigahertz–terahertz

Zafer Ozer,a,b,* Furkan Dincer,b,c Muharrem Karaaslan,b,d and Oguzhan Akgolb,daMersin University, Vocational School of Mersin, Mezitli, Mersin 33335, TurkeybMustafa Kemal University, MTMs and Photonics Research Group, Hatay 31200, TurkeycMustafa Kemal University, Department of Computer Engineering, Iskenderun, Hatay 31200, TurkeydMustafa Kemal University, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Iskenderun, Hatay 31200, Turkey

Abstract. In a lossy media, anisotropic chiral metamaterial (MTM) structures with normal incidence asymmetrictransmission of linearly polarized electromagnetic (EM) waves are investigated and analyzed in both microwaveand terahertz frequency regimes. The proposed lossy structures are used to perform dynamic polarization rota-tion and consist of square-shaped resonators with gaps on both sides of dielectric substrates with a certaindegree of rotation. Asymmetric transmission of a linearly polarized EM wave through the chiral MTMs is realizedby experimental and numerical studies. The dynamic structures are adjustable via various parameters to betuned for any desired frequency regimes. From the obtained results, the suggested structure can be usedto design new polarization control devices for desired frequency regimes. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under aCreative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the originalpublication, including its DOI. [DOI: 10.1117/1.OE.53.7.075109]

Keywords: metamaterials; chirality; terahertz; tunability.

Paper 140453 received Mar. 20, 2014; revised manuscript received May 24, 2014; accepted for publication Jun. 10, 2014; publishedonline Jul. 31, 2014.

1 IntroductionApproximately 40 years ago, the curiosity of a Russian sci-entist, Veselago, began the negative index metamaterials(MTMs) process.1 Thirty years later (around the 1990s), aBritish scientist, Sir John Pendry, presented a proposal whichsoon gained concreteness.2

MTM structures that may be produced by some artificialmethods do not exist in nature. The good features of thesestructures are the negative index of refraction and the factthat a wave and energy in the moving axis have oppositedirections. One of the most interesting features of MTMsthat attracts the researchers is that these artificially manufac-tured structures can provide the opportunity to obtain a neg-ative refractive index. The pioneering study in this area wastheoretically proposed by Pendry.2

The presence of these materials was demonstrated andwas experimentally manufactured by Shelby et al.3 Theirwork consists of a copper wire and a split-ring resonator sys-tem. Dielectric photonic crystals were then investigated byOzbay et al. for the first time.4

Application of MTMs in the terahertz (THz) range hasrecently gained great importance.5–11 THz MTMs are thenew class of artificial composite materials under develop-ment that work in the THz frequency regime. Generally,the THz frequency range used in the research of materialsis defined in the frequency spectrum from 0.1 to 10 THz.

MTMs are a promising new concept to be used in thedesign and development of many new technological areassuch as electronics, microwave, optical circuits, antennaminiaturization, antenna design, and so on. Working in

the THz frequency range leads us to develop useful devicesto be used in security screening, medical imaging, wirelesscommunication systems, nondestructive evaluation, anddevelopment of the applications of chemical identification.

Chirality is a very important concept of MTMs for whicha negative refractive index can be obtained around the res-onance point through both the right- and left-hand circularlypolarized waves for different transmission values.12

In this study, we theoretically and experimentally exam-ined and analyzed the asymmetric transmission phenomenonfor linearly polarized electromagnetic (EM) waves in bothmicrowave and THz frequency regimes. The asymmetriccharacteristics of the chiral MTMs are investigated andevaluated in detail. The proposed dynamic structures thatprovide asymmetric transmission can easily be scaled downfor any desired frequency range in order to fit any desiredapplication.

2 Theoretical AnalysisChirality, one of the most interesting features that MTMshave, can be used to easily obtain a negative refractiveindex for various transmission values around any desired res-onance point compared to other procedures for both right andleft circularly polarized waves. Asymmetric transmissionproperties allow a certain difference between the polarizationstates when a wave is applied to opposite sides. In this study,for theoretical analysis, an incoming plane wave propagatingin the (þz) direction with a time dependence e−iwt of isconsidered12–16

Eiðr; tÞ ¼�ExEy

�eikz; (1)

*Address all correspondence to: Zafer Ozer, E-mail: [email protected]

Optical Engineering 075109-1 July 2014 • Vol. 53(7)

Optical Engineering 53(7), 075109 (July 2014)


http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.OE.53.7.075109http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.OE.53.7.075109http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.OE.53.7.075109http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.OE.53.7.075109http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.OE.53.7.075109http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.OE.53.7.075109

where the angular frequency is ω, the wave vector is k, andcomplex amplitudes Ex are and Ey. To understand the polari-zation conversion, a transmission (T) matrix expression fora given electric field can be applied as follows:

Etðr; tÞ ¼�TxTy

�eikz: (2)

This medium is assumed to be a dielectric medium thatis symmetrically embedded (e.g., vacuum). The T-matrixrelates the complex amplitudes of the incident field to thatof the transmitted field�TxTy

�¼

�Txx TxyTyx Tyy

��ExEy

�¼ T̂flin

�ExEy

�: (3)

The f and lin indices refer to the propagation in the forwarddirection and a special linear base with base vectors parallelto the coordinate axes, i.e., decomposing the field into x- andy-polarized light. Txx and Tyy are the transmitted waves inthe x- and y-directions, respectively. We calculate four linearand cross-polarization transmission coefficients, Txx, Tyx,Txy, and Tyy, to obtain the transmission coefficients ofcircularly polarized waves, i.e., Tþþ, T−þ, Tþ−, and T−−.Transmission coefficients of circularly polarized waveswere calculated from the linear copolarization measurementsusing the following equation:12–14

Tfcirc ¼�Tþþ Tþ−T−þ T−−

�and

Tbcirc ¼�Tþþ T−þTþ− T−−

�:

(4)

This can be obtained by a change of the basis vectors fromlinear and circular cases, resulting in

Tfcirc¼�Tþþ Tþ−T−þ T−−

�

¼12

�TxxþTyyþ iðTxy−TyxÞ Txx−Tyyþ iðTxyþTyxÞTxx−Tyy− iðTxyþTyxÞ TxxþTyy− iðTxy−TyxÞ

�:

(5)

The linearly and circularly polarized waves of the asym-metric transmission are commonly characterized by theparameter Δ. This parameter shows the difference betweentransmittances in the (þz) and (−z) directions. The asymmet-ric transmission parameter Δ is defined as

ΔðxÞlin ¼ jTyxj2 − jTxyj2 ¼ −ΔðyÞlin ; (6)

ΔðþÞcir ¼ jT−þj2 − jTþ−j2 ¼ −Δð−Þcirc; (7)

for linearly and circularly polarized waves, respectively.ΔðxÞlin ¼ 0 for asymmetric transmission structures, whereasΔðþÞcirc ≠ 0 for the same structures. The reason for the mirrorsymmetry in the propagation direction is that MTMsalways support the components of the transmission matrixTxy ¼ Tyx.12–16

However, some studies have shown that the mirrorsymmetry is getting lost in the propagation direction for

hybridizing MTM structures.5,17 In addition, the reason forthe chirality can be explained by the fact that MTM struc-tures that have a polarization conversion feature that thepolarization state of the wave will change when it propagatesthrough the structure. This case is called as optical activity ofchiral structures. Depending on the handedness of a material,the azimuth of the polarization plane rotates clockwise orcounter-clockwise when it passes through a chiral medium.This polarization conversion feature may lead to designpolarization sensitive devices in any desired frequency range.

3 Numerical and Experimental Setup and DesignWe numerically and experimentally investigated the asym-metric transmission properties of the proposed chiral MTMstructures. The designed structures have resonator-metallicparts placed on the front and the back side of the dielectricsubstrate in order to provide asymmetric transmission forlinearly polarized EM waves in both microwave and THzfrequency regions. Furthermore, the proposed structures canalso provide asymmetry by changing the parameters of thestructure such as the angle, gap, and width of the metallicstrips.

For a microwave frequency regime, FR4 is chosen asthe dielectric substrate and the metallic patterns are modeledas copper sheets with an electrical conductivity of 5.8001 ×107 S∕m and a thickness of 0.036 mm. The thickness, losstangent, and relative permittivity of FR4 are 1.6 mm, 0.02,and 4.2, respectively. Figure 1 shows the schematic diagramof the unit cell. The unit cell dimensions of the proposed res-onator are shown in Table 1.

On the other hand, for a THz frequency regime, the pro-posed resonators on the top and bottom layers are separatedby a Quartz (fused) dielectric substrate which is selected asthe substrate with the thickness of 450 μm. The loss tangentand relative permittivity of the Quartz are 0.0004 and 3.75,respectively. The metallic structures on the top and bottomlayers of the substrate are chosen as silver sheets with anelectrical conductivity of 6.3 × 107 S∕m and a thickness of0.2 μm. The reason for this is that silver is a soft, white,lustrous transition metal, and possesses extremely low resis-tivity. The unit cell dimensions of the proposed resonator forthis frequency range are also shown in Table 1.

A commercial full wave EM solver (CST MicrowaveStudio, Darmstadt, Germany) based on a finite integration

Fig. 1 The suggested chiral metamaterial (MTM) structure.


Ozer et al.: Asymmetric transmission of linearly polarized light through dynamic chiral metamaterials. . .


technique has been used for numerical studies. Unit cell andopen add space boundary conditions are used in both giga-hertz (GHz) and THz regions. For determining the reflectionand transmission properties of the proposed structure, thenumerical simulations have been implemented in bothGHz and THz ranges. Transmission matrices of the proposedchiral MTMs are calculated from Eq. (8). Txx and Tyy re-present copolarized transmissions, and Txy and Tyx definecross-polarized transmissions. These values are obtainedby Tij ¼ Eoutj ∕Eini , relating the incident (Eini ) and transmitted(Eoutj ) waves, for example, Txy ¼ Eouty ∕Einx , where Einx is theincident x-polarized electric field and Eouty is the transmitted y-polarized electric field. The transmitted wave of the electricfield can be written as Eoutðr; tÞ ¼ jEoutx j cos ðkz − ωtÞ,jEouty j cos ðkz − ωtþ ϕÞ for both copolarized and cross-polarized transmissions. Transmission matrices can befound by using the following equation:18–20

�Tþþ Tþ−T−þ T−−

�

¼ 12

�TxxþTyyþ iðTxy −TyxÞ Txx −Tyyþ iðTxyþTyxÞTxx −Tyy − iðTxyþTyxÞ TxxþTyy − iðTxy −TyxÞ

�;

(8)

where the first symbol represents the polarization of thetransmitted field and the second one indicates the incidentone. A similar equation can also be used for the reflectioncoefficients (Rþþ, R−þ, Rþ− and R−−). Afterward, thenumerical simulations are analyzed to determine the reflec-tion and transmission properties of the proposed structure inthe microwave frequency regime. The experimental meas-urement setup consists of a vector network analyzer (VNA)and two horn antennas. First, a free space measurement with-out the chiral structure is carried out and this measurement isused as the calibration data for VNA. Second, the structure isthen inserted into the experimental measurement setup andtransmission measurements are performed. The distancebetween the horn antennas and chiral slab is kept sufficientlylarge to eliminate near field effects. The VNA measuresmicrowaves in the range of 1 to 6 GHz. Simulation andexperimental results are evaluated and compared. Obtainedresults show that the numerical values of the sample are ingood agreement with the measured ones.

4 Numerical and Experimental ResultsFor investigating the frequency responses of the proposedchiral MTMs, a CWS structure has been designed andfabricated in the microwave frequency regime with respectto the plane waves propagating along the (þz) and (−z)

Table 1 Unit cell dimensions of the proposed resonator (Fig. 1).

ParametersMicrowave frequency

regimeTerahertz frequency

regime

l1 40 mm 900 μm

l2 24 mm 600 μm

l3 20 mm 500 μm

g 2 mm 40 μm

d 1.6 mm 450 μm

Angle 15 deg 15 deg

Fig. 2 Measured-simulated transmission spectra of the four matrix elements (Txx , Txy , Tyx , Tyy ) ofthe slab for propagations in þz (f ) and (b) directions in GHz. Inset: picture of the fabricated sample.




directions. Figures 2 (numerical and experimental results inGHz) and 3 (numerical results in THz) show the results of thefour transmission matrix elements (Txx, Txy, Tyx, Tyy) of theslab for propagations in the (þz) and (−z) directions, respec-tively. One can see from these figures that the numericalresults verify the measurement results.

The resulting numerical and experimental magnitudes ofTxx, Txy, Tyx, and Tyy are shown in Figs. 2 and 3, in order.The obtained results show asymmetric transmission for lin-ear polarization in the resonance frequencies which may beacquired when the propagation direction is the same. Thisinequality confirms the presence of a circular dichroismTþ− ≠ T−þ.

For the microwave frequency regime, the copolariza-tion parameter of the transmission coefficient Txx reachesits maximum value of 0.86 at the resonance frequency off ¼ 5.99 GHz. With this regard, the simulation and exper-imental results show that Txx and Tyy are almost equal toeach other. Cross-polarization parameters of the transmis-sions Txy and Tyx reach a maximum value of approximately0.38 at the resonance frequency of f ¼ 4.43 GHz.

For the THz frequency regime, the copolarization param-eter of transmission coefficient Txx reaches its maximumvalue of around 0.86 at the resonance frequency off ¼ 0.595 THz. In this regard, the simulation and experi-mental results show that Txx and Tyy are almost equal. Inaddition, cross-polarization parameters of the transmissionsTxy and Tyx reach to a maximum value of approximately0.41 at the resonance frequency of f ¼ 0.583 THz.

For both linear and circular polarizations, the asymmetrictransmission parameter, Δ, is calculated and normalizedusing theoretical analysis via Eqs. (6) and (7), as shownin Fig. 4. It can be seen that the suggested model exhibitsasymmetric transmission at two different resonance frequen-cies, 0.583 THz and 0.587 THz, for linear polarization. Nosignificant change is observed in (Δ ≈ 0) for the circularpolarization.

For the next investigation, we numerically retrieved thecircular dichroism, theta degree, and chirality values ofthe proposed chiral MTM with constitutive relations. First,

the circular dichroism is retrieved and realized, which can bedefined as the differences between RCP and LCP waves oftwo polarizations propagating through the medium as shownin Fig. 5. The circular dichroism is theoretically character-ized by the ellipticity18–20

η ¼ 12sin−1

�jTþþj2 − jT−−j2jTþþj2 þ jT−−j2

�: (9)

Second, optical activity is retrieved and realized whichcould rotate the polarization plane of a linearly polarizedwave propagating through, as shown in Fig. 5. A linearlypolarized plane wave will rotate when it passes through achiral medium. This rotation is called optical activity andis characterized by the polarization azimuth rotation angleof an elliptically polarized wave. The azimuth rotation is cal-culated by the copolar and crosspolar transmission data18–20

θ ¼ 12δ ¼ 1

2½argðTþþÞ − argðT−−Þ�: (10)

It can be seen that ellipticity reaches its maximum at theresonance frequencies of 0.583 THz and 0.587 THz, respec-tively. This means that a linearly polarized wave is weaklydistorted and circular polarization is observed at these

Fig. 3 Simulated transmission spectra of T -matrix elements (Txx , Txy , Tyx and Tyy ) of the slab forpropagations of (þz) (forward) and (−z) (backward) directions in THz.

Fig. 4 Numerical results of asymmetric transmission, Δ parameter,for linear and circular polarizations.




resonance frequencies. Maximum azimuth rotation for theproposed structure is realized at the resonance frequency of0.583 THz. This is much larger than the one observed at thesecond resonance frequency of 0.587 THz.

We realized a retrieval procedure to calculate the chiralityparameters of chiral MTMs by using Eq. (9). Simulatedchirality values calculated from copolar and crosspolar trans-mission data for the proposed structure between 0.58 and0.6 THz are shown in Fig. 6 (Refs. 18–20).

ReðκÞ ¼ ϕþ − ϕ− þ 2mπ2k0d

(11)

ImðκÞ ¼ ln jT−j − ln jTþj2k0d

(12)

The proposed structure does not show chiral MTM char-acteristics between 0.592 THz and 0.594 THz. The chiralityvalue is extremely low and near zero, but the structure showsa very large chirality value at the resonance frequencies of0.583 THz and 0.587 THz.

Furthermore, the effects of the changes in the dimensionsof the proposed resonator on the chirality are realized andevaluated. Obtained numerical results are shown in Fig. 7.The proposed geometry consists of a square-shaped resona-tor with gaps in the unit cell on one side and the rotated(15 deg) version of the same geometry on the other side.We have selected this shape because it is very simple, flex-ible, and easy to manufacture, which will allow us to adjustthe structure easily by simply tuning the geometrical dimen-sions in order to work in any desired frequency regime. Thisproperty provides a shiftable frequency band and large chi-rality. The length of the wire (l2) is increased from 595 um to650 um and the resonator at the back is rotated from 15 degto 30 deg for parametric examination. It can be seen from theparametric study that the suggested structure has reconfigur-able chirality values. In addition, the best value for the angleof the back resonator is found to be 15 deg. Therefore, thisvalue is used in the design for the asymmetric transmissioncalculations.

Moreover, up- and down-shifts in the frequency responseof the chirality value can be achieved when the dimensions ofthe resonator vary in any desired range. This feature providesmechanical tunability and flexibility to obtain any desiredoptical activity. Furthermore, this design possesses a very

Fig. 5 Simulated circular dichroism (a) and theta degree (b) of the proposed chiral MTM.

Fig. 6 Simulated chirality values of the proposed chiral MTM.

Fig. 7 Parametric numerical study results for the chirality parameter for different angles and l2 (Fig. 1 andTable 1) wire length values.




strong and dynamic optical activity due to the features pre-viously mentioned.

Figures 8 and 9 show the electric field and surface currentdistributions which verify the characteristics of the resonan-ces of the proposed design. The electric field and surface cur-rent distributions are obtained and evaluated separately forthe proposed chiral MTM at the resonance frequencies of0.583 THz and 0.587 THz. It can be seen from the surfacecurrent distributions shown in Fig. 8 that there are paralleland antiparallel currents on the top and the bottom layersof the resonator. This means that the asymmetric resonanceis directly related to the antiparallel currents excited by themagnetic dipoles and the symmetric resonance mode is real-ized by the parallel currents excited by the electric field(Fig. 9). Moreover, the physical mechanism of the resonancemode for 0.583 THz is different than the one for 0.587 THz.

5 ConclusionIn conclusion, the proposed chiral MTM consisting of adielectric substrate and a square-shaped resonator withgaps are analyzed theoretically, experimentally, and numeri-cally for both microwave and THz frequency regimes. Inaddition, obtained numerical results are confirmed withour experimental results in GHz and with the simulatedresults in THz with very good agreement. For designingnovel devices in the THz frequency band, different frequencyregimes can be studied based on the proposed GHz study.

Numerical simulations showed that it is possible to adjustthe optical activity, for instance by actively controlling theangle of polarization of light via integrating semiconductorlayers into the chiral MTM design. Moreover, a tunabilityfeature of the proposed model provides an additional degreeof freedom for polarization control. In other words, the

tunable chiral MTM design enables applications such as anti-reflection coatings, new THz polarization rotators, polariza-tion control devices, security screening, medical imaging,nondestructive evaluation and the development of chemicalidentification applications, etc., in the THz-wave frequencyrange.

AcknowledgmentsThis work is supported by the Scientific and TechnologicalResearch Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) under ProjectNo. 113E290. One of the authors M. K. also acknowledgespartial support from the Turkish Academy of Sciences.Moreover, the help of Professor C. Sabah is greatly appre-ciated with respect to the installation of the experimentalsetup and authors would like to thank the editors and anony-mous reviewers for their suggestions to improve the paper.

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Zafer Ozer received his PhD degree from the Physics Department ofthe University of Cukurova, Adana, Turkey. He is now working inMustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey. His research interestsare photonics, EM waves, metamaterials, and waveguides.

Fig. 8 Surface current distribution of the structure at the resonancefrequencies.

Fig. 9 Electric field distribution of the structure at the resonantfrequencies.




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Furkan Dincer received the BSc and MSc degrees in electrical andelectronics engineering from Sutcu Imam and Yuzuncu YilUniversities, Turkey. He is now a PhD student in Mustafa KemalUniversity, Hatay, Turkey. His research interests are related to func-tional microwave structures and metamaterials.

Muharrem Karaaslan received his PhD degree from the PhysicsDepartment of the University of Cukurova, Adana, Turkey, in 2009.He is the coauthor of about 20 scientific contributions published injournals and conference proceedings. His research interests are

applications of metamaterials, analysis and synthesis of antennas,and waveguides.

Oguzhan Akgol received the BSc, MSc, and PhD degrees in elec-trical and electronics engineering from Inonu University, Turkey;Polytechnic University, Brooklyn, NY, USA; and University ofIllinois at Chicago, (UIC), Chicago, IL, USA, respectively. He isnow working in Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey. Hisresearch interests are EM scattering, antennas, and DNG materials.




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