athanasopoulou Κρυφό Σχολειό_gr

7/29/2019 Athanasopoulou _gr

1/25

: , . . , , 2008, 233-267

:

*

,

,

. (, ,

, /)

, -

, , . ,

-

, ,

, (

) .

ABSTRACT

The main purpose of this paper is to examine how the writers of the history schoolbooks

designated to the Greek pupils of Gymnasium and Lyceum (the second level of the Greek

educational system) have dealt with a controversial historical issue, such as the potential

existence of schools for the Greeks submitted under the Turkish rule, especially during

the first period of the Ottoman rein (approximately from the mid of the 15th century to

the end of the 16th century). The scarce of evidence during this period has given ground

to the theory, or even better to the construction of a myth, the myth of Kryfo Scholeio

(i.e. of hidden Greek schools at night, because of the Turkish oppression). According to

the historical documentation, this myth, whose origin must be sought to the years near to

the Greek Revolution, has been created by the illuminated scholars of the Greek

Enlightenment Movement in order to serve certain ideological needs of the time (in few

words: to create a national identity among the fighters of independence), but it has been

imprinted to the Neohellenic national conscience so deeply, that we can trace it even to

the schoolbooks of our time. The paper aims to show this survival through a

comparative content analysis of two exemplary schoolbooks, one for the Gymnasium and

one for the Lyceum; it aims, also, to propose other keys of teaching this issue at school as

a way-out of the strict ideological (i.e. nationalistic) frame of the practice in use towards a

more adequate to the New Didactics of History approach.

* . ;

, (, 15 2007). ,.


2/25

,

,

,

, ,

,

[.. 2006].1

,

, (

, ), , ,

. ,

, ,

,

.

, ,

,

, , ,

2

(

, ),

,

,

,

,

(

,

), , , /

.

, (

) ,

,

, ,

,

. ,

(, )

, ,

, , ,

1 , , ( 2007), ().2 2006-07 ,

, , , .

2


3/25

, ,

.

-, ,

( )

,

, ,

, ,

.

, ,

,

(,

)

[ .. 2006]

( ),

( ), , , ,

-,

,

-.

, ,

, ,

[ .. 2006],

, ,

,

,

[Burke 2003], ,

, .3

, ()

(),

, ,

(: )

3 , , , , . , ,

.

(. 12), -, ..,, , -, ,, []

[] [] . , ,

(. 12

. 17), () , , , , .

3


4/25

(, , ,

..),

.4

, , ,

().5

,

, , [. - 2003 . 2003]

[ 2003, 2006 2006 Mattozzi 2006 ..]

, , ,

,

, ,

(..

),

, ,

.

,

, , ,

. (137-142)

.

,

,

(, , ,

), .

(137).

, ,

4. , , . 44-45, 120-

121, 124-125 72, 82, 110 . , ,

, , .5. 15, 23, 31, 32, 49, 56, 58, 75, 97, 98.

.

(. 13): [ ] , , . (, , ) , []. -, ,

, , , , - .

4


5/25

,

, .

(136-137), ,

,

,

: , ()

( ; ;

; ; ...),

,

(-/).

, , ,

, .

. : , ()

, ,

(,

),

, ,

: ,

. , , , ,

: ,

, ,

, (, )

.6, ,

,

,

,

[. 2007].

,

(--

).

6

,

(2006-07), , , , , :., , (, )

, : (, , ).

5


6/25

,7

[ 2007].

,

, ,

(11-21),

(13),

(..), , []

(18),

. ,

,

.

, , ,

, ,

,

.

(. .. . 1, . 25 1, . 23),8

(.. . 2, . 27

1-, . 26),9

7 , ( )

, . 2007, .8, - , ,

, 18. () , :

1750,

, , . , , , , , (,

).9 ( ), -

, -(: ), , ,

: .. 1 , 1 , , -., , , (67-68),

. , /

, : - - .

6


7/25

(.. .

1, . 32 1, . 30)10.

,

,

- - , /

(. .. . 3, . 32).

11

(. . 3, . 37).12 ,

, ,

--

( - -), , ,

--

.13

,

. , , , ,

,

:

10 .

, - , , ( ,

).11, ( ),

, - , : -- ; , , . , , ., (31).

( ) -- ( ) .

, , ,

.12

(1830) ,

, , ( - , , ). , , : () , ,, , , ;13,

(15-18), (-).

7


8/25

, , ,

. ( )

.

,

() , (, ,

).

, ,

,

,

,

[.

2007, ]. ,

, ,

(

), , ,

, ,

( ). :

. ( ,

)

,

,

,

, .

,

, ,

().

, ,

(),

,

( )

,

.

;

, 21

2004, ,

, ,

, -

, , , , ..,14

.

14.

2003 1999 .. 2005.

8


9/25

, ,

, ,

. , ,

.

, , ,

,

,

,

, .

.

& (

) , ,

. , ,

, .

, -

(: ) ,

,

, , , ,

-.

,

,15:

- , ,

[.. 2003],

565-1815,16

15 ( ):

: .. 1981, 347 2006, 137-138 1991,116-119 2007. : .. 2001, 235, 287-288 ..2002, 256-259 .. 2003, (141), 166-168, 199 .. 1985, (55) .. 2007. : .. 1986, 156-158 .. 2006, 38-40, 125-127 .. 1988, 67-72 .. 2006, 22-23.16 . VI 1453-1648,

5. (135-143) . 199

9


10/25

[ 2007 ..

2007], 18-19,

, ,

.17, ,

,18

, salto mortale, , ,

,

21, 19

- , , ,

,.20, ,

[ 1991]

[.. 2002].21

, ,

,

.

- . , (166-168).17 , , 1789-1909[ .. 1985]. . :

(55 ), () (1669) 1821 [ ], .18

. www.pi-schools.gr/programs/depps - ( ) www.ypepth.gr/docs/prog_spoud_lyk_2001_2.doc .

, () , .19

,

-- (-)

, ,

( -

).20 [ 2006], .

. 137-138 , [ .. 1981, 347], [ .. 2003, 199] , , (), , , , .21, , 2006-07 2007 , --

2002-03 .. 2003., , .

10
http://www.pi-schools.gr/programs/deppshttp://www.ypepth.gr/docs/prog_spoud_lyk_2001_2.dochttp://www.ypepth.gr/docs/prog_spoud_lyk_2001_2.dochttp://www.pi-schools.gr/programs/depps


11/25

-

(

).

< >

. []

,

, .

,

16 . ,

, ,

, . []

,

,

, , []

16, []

[] []

.

. []

[].

, ,

,

[].

< >

15

, 16 17

. (1453-1572)

.

[]

.

1480-1572 .

/ .

[] .

1480 1530

. , ,,

.

.

. []

. (1572-1700)

[] [] , 1572-1595 [] , ,

. [] ,

.

(1620-

1638) []. :

, (1627),

. []

: ,

(1638) . []

17,

,

. [] 18 ,

,

.

1991, 116-119 .. 2002, 256-259

11


12/25

, ,

,

, ,

, ,

(,

, , ..), .

-

, :

.

[= 1450-1550] ,

, ,

, :

,

-, (

: ). --,

,

,

, , ,

-, ,

.

, , ,

[] ,

,

, , ,

,

( , , ),22

(117)

,

16 17,

.23

22

() , , 16 [ 1550 ..], , . , ,

, [ ] , , , . , (

).23 ( 1991, 117) 17. ( ),

(; ; ;) [], (.. , , ..)

12


13/25

. , ,

24

,

( )

, ,

(, , ,

, , ).

.

16 ,

, ,

,

.

., ,

(, , , ,

, ),

,

.

2006, 68-69. , , , (, 69).24

(. , 19-24, . , 25-32), (. ) 80 , , . ()

, , ().

13


14/25

,

,

,

, .

,

,

, ,

,

.

,

,

: 1480-1572

(

, ,

), :

, .

, :

- , , , ,

[ ]

;

- :

(1638) , ,

1627;

- : ,

,

;25

- ,

, , ,

, , 17 ,

, , , , 18

, ,

(

,

25 :

;

, ;

14


15/25

, ,

).

, ,

.

(, ). ,

(-) (

),

:

,

,

, , .

, (),

. ,

: ,

(

1480-1530

), ,

:

,

,

.

(, , )

, ,

( 16).

, ,26

.

, (

) (

)

Charles

Tuckermann 19 [ 1999, 36-37].27

26 , ,

[.. 1988]:

(67). [ .. 1981] (347): , , , . , , (fabula nuda) [ 2006, 137-138]

[.. 2006, 22-23].27

(Charles Tuckermann, , . , 1877): [= ],

, ,


16/25

,

. , ,

( ).

, ,

,

: , , -,

,

,

(

: . . 24),

(),

, , ( ),

, , /

.28

, , (

Michael Apple) ,

,

,

,

.29

, ,

.

, ,

,

.

[]

> []. [], , , , . (), ., , .28, , / . ,

(. . 16, 20), , .29 1999, 70.

, Apple, . 2006, 124.

16


17/25

; : , ,

,

,

, ,

, , , .

, , ,

(

).

, ,

, -

,

, ,

.

, (

: .. 1974 1976

1985 1999 1974 1867 1991

..), .

, ,

,

,

.

: .

, . (

), .

, ,

, ,

,

, , ,

-

.

,

: .

,

(

, , 16

[1550-1600]) . ,

16, ,

, , : .

17


18/25

( 1450-1550/1600): , ,

, ,

, (. 1999,

48-49) . ( 1600-1800):

[ : 1571],

, :

: /, /, , .

, ,

, ,

(

,

16).30

, ,

, , -

. , ,

, , ,

,

(16-17.), (18.)

( 18. ).

,, , ,

, . ,

,

,31

, ,

(Principe),

30

, , ( ) , 16-17, , . , -

( ), ().

Gunnar Hering [],1620-1638 (Hering 1992).31, , (),

, .

18


19/25

[] ,

. , ,

-- (

, 1774), ,

,

, , , ()

o-.

, , ,

-

, ,

(, ,

-) ,

,

, -

[= : , ,

] , , , ,

.

,

.

, ,

,

32, :

i. , ,

, : ()

, ,

() ,

(.. Crusius, )

,

(,

)

, , 16

, 33 ()

32.

, i, ii, , . ,, ,

.33

. : () , () , (, , ) ---, , , , , .. (),

, 16-

, , .

19


20/25

(),

( 1999 2003 2003-04

2006, 119-135).

ii. ,

-- , , , ,

. , ,

19 ,34

, ,

(, , ),

(, ),

() (),

,

(.. ,

, ), / , 20,

(),35

,

.

,

, , ,

. (2006, 123-124 . 1985, 1985-86,

1996), ,

,

, ,

, ,

,

, ,

, .36

34 , : ,, , , , , , , ,

.35

(1999, 64) ,

: . [= ],

. : , , . ,1905.36

, , , 19 ., , , , , , , , , , .

, , , , , - , -

20


21/25

, , ,

() ,

,

. , ,

,37

:

, ,

, -

... [. 2003].

, ,

. ,

( )

[ 2007, 51-52].

, ,

, , , ,

/ ,

,

(

)

.

: 2007-08

, , .

,

, : .. Gellner 1992 2002, Hobsbawm 1994 2000, Hobsbawm Ranger 2004, Smith 2000, 1997, 2004, 2001 2006, 2005 2007, 2000, 2007 ..37

1999 2006,124-132. , ,

(, , / , , )

,, . .

21


22/25

.//..

[]

, , (1986). . .

: .... ( 1996) []

, , , ,

(2006).. ., ....

, , (1986). .

. : .... ( 2004)[]

, , ,

, (2006). . .

: ...., , (1988). . .

: .... ( 1995)

, , , ,

(2006). . . :

.... []

, (2006). .

. : . []

, , , (1981).

(146.. 1453 ..) . :

.... ( 2002) []

, , (2006).

. : ....

, . (1991). . :

.... []

, , . (2007).

. : ....

, , , (2001).

565-1815.

.: .... []

, . , . , . (2002). .

.: .... []

, , , (2003).

565-1815.

. : .... [

, . ]

22


23/25

, . , . , . (1985).

(1789-1909)..: ....( 2002) []

, , , (2007).

( 1815 ).

. :

....

(-) . ... 303 & 304/ . /13-3-2003

... 1196/ 26-8-2003. http://www.pi-schools.gr/programs/depps/

9deppsaps_Istoria

.

http://www.ypepth.gr/docs/prog_spoud_lyk_2001_2.doc

./

[]

, (1974). . , 11.

: , 306-328.

, (21999). . . : (

. 1997).

, . (2003). . ,

. , 11, 345-356.

, , , (2003).

; : . / Psychology

and Education (

), 1, 273-288.

, [= Anderson, Benedict Richard O Gorman] (1997).

.

, . . : .

Burke, Peter (2003). . , .

. . : .

, . (1985).

. , 1, 62-75.

, . (1985-86). .

, 2, 31-39.

, (2007). . , 30

2007, 59.

, . (1976). .

. : .

, . . (41985).. : (. 1977).

Gellner, Ernest (1992). , . . :

.

23
http://www.pi-schools.gr/programs/depps/http://www.ypepth.gr/docs/prog_spoud_lyk_2001_2.dochttp://www.biblionet.gr/srh/showauthor.asp?personsid=15475http://www.biblionet.gr/srh/showbook.asp?bookid=15045http://www.biblionet.gr/srh/showbook.asp?bookid=15045http://www.biblionet.gr/srh/showbook.asp?bookid=15045http://www.biblionet.gr/srh/showauthor.asp?personsid=15474http://www.biblionet.gr/srh/showauthor.asp?personsid=15474http://www.biblionet.gr/srh/showauthor.asp?personsid=15474http://www.biblionet.gr/srh/showcom.asp?comid=%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B7http://www.biblionet.gr/srh/showcom.asp?comid=%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B7http://www.biblionet.gr/srh/showauthor.asp?personsid=15474http://www.biblionet.gr/srh/showbook.asp?bookid=15045http://www.biblionet.gr/srh/showauthor.asp?personsid=15475http://www.ypepth.gr/docs/prog_spoud_lyk_2001_2.dochttp://www.pi-schools.gr/programs/depps/


24/25

Gellner, Ernest (2002). E. , , .

. : .

Hering, Gunnar (1992). , 1620-1638,

. . : .

Hobsbawm, Eric (1994). 1780 . ,

, . . . , .

Hobsbawm, Eric (2000). 21. .

: .

Hobsbawm, Eric Ranger, Terence [.] (2004). , .

, : .

, . (2004). . ,

, : .

, . (1999). .

, . . : ....

, (2003). , , .

. :

.

, , (2005). .

. . . . : .

, (32006). .

.

: ().

, [. ] (2006).

21. : ., , (2007).

:

. .

, (1996). . , 18,

9-21.

, (2001). . .

: .

, (22006). .

. : ( .:

, 1992).

, (2005).

;: .

, (2007).;: .

, (22003). .

. : (.

2002).

Mattozzi, Ivo (2006). , .

. . :

.

24


25/25

, (1999).

: .

: .

, (2007).

;

. , 1, 140-155.

, . (1867).

(1453 ..)

() . .

, (1974).

. , 10. :

, 92-113.

, (2000). . ,

, . : .

Smith, Anthony (2000). , . . : .

, (2003-04). : , . cd-rom

. ./Historein, 4.

, , (2007). .

: .

, . (2007). . , 1

2007, 51-52.

, (1991).

. : .

athanasopoulou Κρυφό Σχολειό_gr

Documents