ati flash cards 05, medications affecting the nervous system
DESCRIPTION
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Medications Affecting the Nervous System
(Classifications)
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Muscarinic agonists (parasympathomimetic) Bethanechol
Muscarinic antagonists Atropine
Ganglionic-stimulating agents Nicotine
Cholinesterase inhibitors (ChE) Physostigmine or neostigmine
Neuromuscular-blocking agents Tubocurarine
Adrenergic agonists (sympathomimetic) Epinephrine
Adrenergic antagonists block α & β receptors.
Prazosin α adrenergic antagonist
Propanolol β adrenergic antagonist
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NicotinicN Receptors
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Release of epinephrine from adrenal medulla
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NicotinicM Receptors
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Located at neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle
Causes skeletal muscle contraction
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Muscarinic Receptors
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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secretions from lungs, stomach, intestines, sweat glands
in HR
Smooth muscle contraction in bronchi and GI tract
Miosis (sphincter contraction) and accommodation (ciliary contraction)
Voiding due to contraction of detrusor muscle and relaxation of trigone and sphincter muscles
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Alpha1 Receptors
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Mydriasis d/t radial muscle contraction
Veins and arterioles are activated to constrict
peripheral resistance, blood pressure
Male sex organs are activated to promote ejaculation
Contraction of prostatic capsule, trigone, and sphincter muscles
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Dopamine Receptors
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Dilates blood vessels in the kidneys
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Beta1 Receptors
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Predominant receptor found on the heart
HR, Contraction Force, Conduction through AV node
lipolysis
Release of Renin by the kidneys
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Beta2 Receptors
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Dilates bronchi
Relaxes uterine smooth muscle
Vasodilation of arterioles in heart, lungs, and skeletal muscle
Slightly peripheral resistance
glycogenolysis in the liver and muscles
Skeletal muscle contraction
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Medications Affecting the Nervous System
(General Points)
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Adaptive changes within brain with prolonged exposure therapeutic effect side effects Tolerance, physical dependence Do not stop abruptly
Highly variable individual response to mediations
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Parkinson’s Disease
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Treatment uses two main classes:
Meds that activate dopamine receptors (directly or indirectly)
Meds that block acetylcholine receptors
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Seizure Disorders
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Δ types of seizures respond to Δ medications
Usually require life-long management
Meds must be discontinued slowly over 6 weeks to several months
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Schizophrenia
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Clinical course includes semi-remission punctuated by acute exacerbations
Positive symptoms (Agitation, delusions) Conventional antipsychotic Thorazine Atypical antipsychotic Clozapine
Negative symptoms (Social withdrawal, poor self-care) Atypical antipsychotic Clozapine
Cognitive symptoms (Difficulties with memory and learning)
Initial doses are high and given throughout day; maintenance doses given at bedtime.
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Depression
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Symptom relief can take 1-3 weeks and possibly 2-3 months Three main groups:
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Monamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
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Bipolar Disorder
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Typically managed with mood stabilizers. Antipsychotics and antidepressants may be used during acute episodes of mania or depression.
Lithium
Valproic acid (Depakote)
Carbamazepine (Tegretol)
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Cholinesterase Inhibitors
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Expected Action: Proto: Neostigmine, Physostigmine
Prevents ACh degradation transmission of nerve impulses by [ACh]Therapeutic Uses: muscle strength by [ACh] at neuromuscular junction in myasthenia gravis Reversal of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents (tubocurarine)
Adverse Effects: Excessive muscarinic stimulation: GI motility & secretions, bradycardia,
urinary urgency (side effect can be treated with atropine) Cholinergic crisis: Above plus resp. depression from neuromuscular blockade.
Contraindications/Precautions: Pregnancy (C) CI in obstruction of GI/GU systems / caution with seizures, asthma, bradycardia,
hypotension, peptic ulcer diseaseInteractions: Tubocurarine – Neostigmine reverses blockade Atropine – counteracts Succinylcholine - neuromuscular blockade
Education: Wear medic-alert bracelet
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Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Expected Action:Proto: Nondepolarizing: tubocurarine, pancuronium
Depolarizing: succinylcholine
Block ACh at neuromuscular junction – don’t cross blood-brain barrierTherapeutic Uses: Control spontaneous respiration in ventilated pts. Adjuncts to general anesthesia Diagnose myasthenia gravis Succinylcholine for: electroconvulsive therapy, intubation, endoscopy
Adverse Effects: Hypotension from histamine release & ganglionic blockade Respiratory arrest Bradycardia, dysrhythmiasSuccinylcholine: Low pseudocholinesterase activity apnea Malignant hyperthermia (dantrolene) Pain Hyperkalemia
Contraindications/Precautions: Pregnancy (C) SCh: CI for hyperkalemia (trauma, burns)
Interactions: General anesthetics Aminoglycosides/tetracyclines - NM blockade Neostigmine/ChE inhibitors: η nondepolarizing / η depolarizing
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Dopaminergics(Anti-Parkinson’s)
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Expected Action: Proto: Levodopa, carbidopa, Sinemet
Levodopa taken up and converted to dopamine. Carbidopa augments levodopa by preventing conversion to dopamine in intestine and periphery ([DA] in CNS).
Therapeutic Uses: Symptomatic relief from dyskinesiasAdverse Effects: Dyskinesias Discoloration of sweat & urine Nausea / drowsiness Orthostatic hypotension Psychosis (clozapine) Activation of malignant melanoma
Contraindications/Precautions: !! ĉ cardiac or psychiatric disorders CI ĉ melanoma 2 weeks from MAOI Pregnancy (C)
Interactions: Proteins interfere with absorption and transport Conventional antipsychotics (haldol, compazine) η Pyridoxine
η MAOI hypertension
Carbidopa, dopamine agonists, anticholinergics, COMT inhibitors and dopamine releasers therapeutic effects.
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COMT
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Catechol O-Methyltransferase
Deactivates catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, epinephrine, serotonin, histamine, etc)
Found in post-synaptic cell membranes of adrenergic neurons where it degrades norepinephrine.
Also found in gut
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Dopamine Agonists(Anti-Parkinson’s)
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Expected Action: Proto: Pramipexole, ropinirole, bromocryptine
Act directly on dopamine receptorsTherapeutic Uses: Monotherapy early / combined with levodopa in later stages
Adverse Effects: Orthostatic hypotension Psychosis Sleep attacks Daytime sleepiness Dyskinesias Nausea
Contraindications/Precautions: Pregnancy (C) Caution ĉ liver & kidney impairment
Interactions: Levodopa: Can motor-control fluctuations permitting lower dose Levodopa: Also risk of orthostatic hypotension and dyskinesias
Education:
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Centrally Acting Anticholinergics
(Anti-Parkinson’s)
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Expected Action: Proto: Benztropine (Cogentin), trihexyphenidyl (Artane)
Block ACh at muscarinic receptors which helps maintain ACh, dopamine balanceAdverse Effects: Nausea (take ĉ food) Atropine-like effects (dry mouth, blurred vision, mydriasis, constipation) Antihistamine effects (sedation, drowsiness)
Contraindications/Precautions: CI in narrow-angle glaucoma
Interactions:
Education:
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Antiviral(Anti-Parkinson’s)
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Expected Action: Proto: Amantadine
Stimulate dopamine release, prevent dopamine reuptake, and may block cholinergic and glutamate receptors
Therapeutic Uses: Parkinson’s DiseaseAdverse Effects: CNS Effects Discoloration of skin (temporary) Atropine-like effects
Contraindications/Precautions:
Interactions:
Education:
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Antiepileptic Medications(Medication List)
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Barbiturates phenobarbital (Luminal) Hydantoins phenytoin (Dilantin) Benzodiazepines diazepam (Valium) ..................................................................................................
Lorazepam (Ativan) ..................................................................................................
Carbamazepine (Tegretol) ..................................................................................................
Ethosuximide (Zarontin) ..................................................................................................
Valproic acid (Depakote) ..................................................................................................
Gabapentin (Neurontin) Other meds lamotrigine (Lamictal) ..................................................................................................
oxcarbazepine (Trileptal) ..................................................................................................
clonazepam (Klonopin)
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Barbiturate(Antiepileptic)
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Therapeutic Uses: Proto: Phenobarbital (Luminal)
Partial seizures and generalized tonic-clonic seizures Not effective against absence seizures
Adverse Effects: CNS effects: Adults as sedation and anxiety, kids as irritability and hyperactivity Toxicity: Nystagmus, ataxia, respiratory depression, pinpoint pupils
Contraindications/Precautions: Pregnancy (D) CI ĉ intermittent porphyria
Interactions:
Education:
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Hydantoins(Antiepileptic)
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Therapeutic Uses: Proto: Phenytoin (Dilantin)
Effective against all major forms except absence seizuresAdverse Effects: CNS effects Skin rash Teratogenic Gingival hyperplasia Cardiovascular Endocrine effects Vitamin D metabolism
Contraindications/Precautions: CI: sinus bradycardia, SA blocks, 2nd & 3rd degree AV blocks
Interactions: Oral contraceptives, warfarin, glucocorticoids: η of these EtOH, diazepam, cimetidine, valproic acid: phenytoin levels Carbamazepine, phenobarbital, chronic EtOH: phenytoin levels CNS depressants (e.g. barbiturates/EtOH): Additive effects with concurrent use
Education: Use IV route for status epilepticus Antidysrhythmics
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Carbamazepine(Antiepileptic)
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Therapeutic Uses: Proto: Tegretol
Partial seizures, tonic-clonic seizures, bipolar disorder, trigeminal neuralgiaAdverse Effects: Skin disorders Cognitive function is minimally affected but CNS effects can occur Blood dyscrasias Teratogenic Hypo-osmolarity ( ADH secretion)
Contraindications/Precautions: CI: marrow suppression / bleeding disorders
Interactions: Grapefruit juice: inhibits metabolism [carbamazepine] Phenytoin & phenobarbital: η carbamazepine Oral contraceptives and warfarin: Carbamazepine stimulates hepatic enzymes
which levels of these medicationsEducation:
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Ethosuximide(Antiepileptic)
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Therapeutic Uses: Proto: Zarontin
Indicated ONLY for absence seizuresAdverse Effects: GI effects (take ĉ food) CNS effects (fatigue, dizziness)
Contraindications/Precautions:
Interactions:
Education:
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Valproic Acid(Antiepileptic)
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Therapeutic Uses: Proto: Depakote
Partial, generalized, and absence seizures, bipolar disorder, and migrainesAdverse Effects: GI effects (take ĉ food) Hepatotoxicity Thrombocytopenia Pancreatitis as evidenced by nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain
Contraindications/Precautions: Avoid in children younger than 3 (hepatotoxicity) Liver disorders
Interactions: Phenytoin and phenobarbital: Concurrent use these medications
Education:
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Gabapentin(Antiepileptic)
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Therapeutic Uses: Proto: Neurontin
Single agent used for partial seizures Neuropathic pain Migraine prev.Adverse Effects: CNS effects (drowsiness, nystagmus)
Contraindications/Precautions:
Interactions:
Education:
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Benzodiazepines(Antiepileptic)
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Therapeutic Uses: Proto: Diazepam (Valium)
Used in status epilepticusAdverse Effects: Respiratory depression Anterograde amnesia Teratogenic
Contraindications/Precautions:
Interactions:
Education:
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Muscle Relaxants / Antispasmodics
(Medication List)
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants Diazepam (valium) Baclofen (Lioresal) Cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril) Metaxalone (Skelaxin)
Peripherally Acting Muscle Relaxants Dantrolene (Dantrium)
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Diazepam(Muscle Relaxant / Antispasmodic)
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Expected Action: Proto: Diazepam (Valium)
Acts in CNS to enhance GABA and produce sedation Acts in CNS to depress spasticity of muscles
Therapeutic Uses: Relief of spasticity d/t Cerebral Palsy or MS Anxiety & panic disorders EtOH withdrawal Insomnia Status epilepticus Anesthesia induction Relief of spasm d/t injury
Adverse Effects: CNS depression Physical dependence from long-term use
Contraindications/Precautions: Pregnancy (D) Caution ĉ impaired liver or renal function
Interactions: CNS depressants (EtOH, opioids, antihistamines, barbiturates): Additive CNS
depressive effects with concurrent use.Education:
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Centrally Acting(Muscle Relaxant / Antispasmodic)
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Expected Action: Proto: Baclofen, cyclobenzaprine, metaxalone
Acts in CNS to depress spasticity of musclesTherapeutic Uses: Relief of muscle spasm d/t injury Relief of spasticity r/t cerebral palsy or multiple sclerosis
Adverse Effects: CNS depression Physical dependence from long-term use Metaxalone: hepatotoxicity Baclofen: nausea, urinary retention, constipation
Contraindications/Precautions: Caution in patients with impaired liver or renal function. Baclofen: Pregnancy (C)
Interactions: CNS depressants (EtOH, opioids, antihistamines) – additive CNS depressant effects with concurrent use.
Education:
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Cue(Muscle Relaxant / Antispasmodic)
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Response
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Peripherally Acting(Muscle Relaxant / Antispasmodic)
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Expected Action: Name: Dantrolene (Dantrium)
Only peripherally acting muscle relaxant. Inhibits muscle contraction by preventing release of calcium in skeletal muscles.
Therapeutic Uses: Relief of spasticity d/t cerebral palsy or multiple sclerosis Treatment of malignant hyperthermia
Adverse Effects: CNS depression Hepatic toxicity
Contraindications/Precautions:
Pregnancy (C) Caution with impaired liver & renal function
Interactions: CNS depressants – additive effects
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Local Anesthetics
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Expected Action:Amide type: Lidocaine – Ester type: tetracaine,
procaine
pain by blocking local conduction of pain impulses
Adverse Effects: CNS excitation -- treat ĉ midazolam (Versed) or
diazepam Hypotension, bradycardia, heart block, cardiac arrest Allergic reactions (more likely ĉ esters) uterine contractility. Freely cross placenta
Spinal headache (lay flat for 12 hrs) Urinary retention (call after 8 hrs)
Contraindications/Precautions: CI in dysrhythmias and/or heart block Caution with liver/kidney dysfunction, heart failure, myasthenia gravis
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General Inhalation Anesthetics
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Expected Action:
Proto: Halothane (Fluothane), isoflurane (Forane), nitrous oxide
Loss of consciousness, loss of sensation, relaxation of muscles, amnesiaAdverse Effects: Hepatotoxicity Gastric aspiration Hypotension Respiratory & cardiovascular depression Malignant hyperthermia (d/c med, ice or ice saline infusion, dantrolene)
Interactions:
CNS depressants: Additive effect Opioids: constipation & urinary retention
Education: Succinylcholine – used as a muscle relaxant Encourage early ambulation Assist with lung expansion
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Intravenous Anesthetics(Key Points)
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Barbiturates: Thiopental (Pentothal) Ketamine (Ketalar)
Benzodiazepines: Diazepam (Valium), midazolam (Versed), lorazepam (Ativan)
Propofol (Diprivan)
Therapeutic Uses: Adjunct to inhalation anesthesia
Induction & maintenance of anesthesia Amnesia
Midazolam & an opioid result in conscious sedation
Ketamine can be used with children
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Intravenous Anesthetics(Effects and Interactions)
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Expected Action: Thiopental, Diazepam, Ketamine, Propofol, Midazolam
Adverse Effects: Respiratory and cardiovascular depression Propofol: Bacterial infection (use opened vial within 6 hrs) Ketamine: Psychologic reaction (premedicate with diazepam to risk)
Contraindications/Precautions: Ketamine should be avoided with psychiatric disorders
Interactions: CNS depressants and stimulants: Additive effects Opioid analgesics: Constipation and urinary retention
Education: Midazolam (Versed): inject over >2 minutes Propofol (Diprivan): inject into large vein; prep site with lidocaine.
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Antipsychotics - Conventional
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Expected
Action:
Proto: η: chlorpromazine (Thorazine), η: haloperidol (Haldol)Others: fluphenazine, molindone, perphenazine, thiothixene
Dopamine, acetylcholine, histamine, & norepinephrine receptors in brain and periphery are blocked. Symptom inhibition d/t dopamine2 blockade in brain.
Therapeutic Uses:
Delusional disorder Bipolar disorder
Tourette’s Syndrome Schizoaffective disorder Dementia Schizophrenia Huntington’s chorea
Adverse Effects: Agranulocytosis Sedation Photosensitivity Anticholinergic
effects Ortho
hypotension Neuroendocrine effects
Seizures Parkinsonism Sexual dysfunction Dysrhythmias
Dystonia Akathisia Tardive dyskinesia
Neuroleptic malignant syndromeInteractions:
Anticholinergics: η CNS depressants: Additive effects
Levodopa: Counteracts antipsychotics by stimulating dopamine receptors
Education: Consider depot
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Antipsychotics - Atypical
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Expected Action:
Proto: clozapine – Others: risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine
Action results from blocking serotonin and dopamine receptors (block other receptors, too) -- Pr developing EPS or tardive dyskinesia
Therapeutic Uses: Severe schizophrenia Psychosis induced by levodopa therapy
Adverse Effects: Agranulocytosis (WBC<3000/cc, Neu<1500/cc) Weight gain New onset diabetes Seizures Myocarditis (dyspnea, RR, lethargy, chest pain, palpitations)
Contraindications/Precautions:
Interactions: Immunosuppressive medications: Avoid
Education:
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Normal Lab Values
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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RBC=4.7-6.1 x 1012/L WBC = 5-10 x 109/L PLT = 150-400 x 109/L
PO2=75-100 mm Hg PCO2=34-45 mm Hg pH = 7.35-7.45
Hgb=14-18 g/dL Hct=42-52% PT=11-12.5 s PTT=60-70 s
Na+=135-145 mEq/L Cl-=100-108 mEq/L Ca2+=9-10.5 mEq/L
K+=3.5-5 mEq/L PO43-=3-4.5 mg/dL Mg2+=1.3-2.1 mEq/L
Prot=6-8 g/dL BUN=8-25 mg/dL
Alb=3.5-5 g/dL Osm=275-295 mOsm/kg Creatinine=0.6-1.5 mg/dL
Neu=55-70%(2,500-8,000)
Lym=20-40%(1,000-4,000)
Mon=2-8%(100-700)
Eos=1-4%(50-500)
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Cue
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Response
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Antidepressants – Tricyclic (TCA)
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Expected Action:Proto: amitriptyline (Elavil)
Others: imipramine (Tofranil), doxepin (Sinequan)
Block reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin in synaptic spaceTherapeutic Uses: Depression & bipolar disordersAdverse Effects: Orthostatic hypotension Sedation Anticholinergic effects Cardiac toxicity @ doses Toxicity evidenced by dysrhythmias, confusion, & agitation followed by
seizuresContraindications/Precautions: Pregnancy (C)Interactions: MAOIs hypertension Antihistamine & anticholinergicsadditive effects Epi/Norepi amounts of adrenergics because reuptake is blocked by TCA Ephedrine/amphetamine responses to these d/t uptake inhibition keeps
them from reaching site of action in nerve terminal EtOH, benzodiazepines, opioids, antihistamines Additive CNS depression
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Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Expected Action:
Proto: fluoxetine (Prozac) – Others: citalopram (Celexa), escitalopram (Lexapro), paroxetine (Paxil), sertraline (Zoloft)
Block reuptake of serotonin in synaptic spaceTherapeutic Uses: Major depression Panic disorders Bulimia OCD PTSD PMDD
Adverse Effects: Sexual dysfunction Weight gain Rash Withdrawal syndrome Sleepiness, faintness Hyponatremia Serotonin syndrome 2-72 hrs (confusion, anxiety, agitation, hallucinations)
Contraindications/Precautions: Pregnancy (C) CI: MAOIs
Interactions: MAOIs risk of serotonin syndrome Warfarin warfarin levels TCA & Lithium levels of these NSAIDs & anticoagulants fluoxetine suppresses platelets bleeding risk
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Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors(MAOI)
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Expected Action:
Proto: phenelzine (Nardil) – Others: isocarboxazide
Block MAO in brain norepinephrine and serotonin available for impulsesTherapeutic Uses: Atypical depression OCD Bulimia nervosaAdverse Effects: Orthostatic hypotension CNS stimulation Hypertensive crisis from dietary tyramine (HR, BP): Induce vasodilation
with IV phentolamine (α-blocker) or sublingual nifedipine.Contraindications/Precautions: CI: SSRIs, pheochromocytoma, cardiovascular disease & renal insufficiency
Interactions: Indirect sympathomimetic release NE causing hypertensive
crisis TCA hypertensive crisis SSRIs serotonin syndrome
Antihypertensives additive hypotensive effect Meperidine hyperpyrexia
Tyramine-rich foods hypertensive crisis (aged cheese, salami, avocados, bananas, protein, & red wine)
Vasopressors (phenylethylamine, caffeine) hypertension
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Atypical Antidepressants
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Expected Action:
Proto: bupropion (Wellbutrin) – Others: mirtazapine (Remeron), venlafaxine (Effexor), reboxetine (Vestra), trazodone
Inhibit dopamine uptake
Therapeutic Uses: Depression Aid to quit smoking
Adverse Effects: Seizures
Headache, dry mouth, constipation, HR, restlessness, weight loss
Contraindications/Precautions: Pregnancy – B
CI: Seizure disorders, MAOIsInteractions: MAOIs (e.g. phenelzine) risk of toxicity
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Mood Stabilizers
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Expected Action:Proto: Lithium, mood-stabilizing anticonvulsants:
valproic acid (Depakote), carbamazepine (Tegretol)
Lithium causes serotonin receptor blockade Lithium use will evidence neuronal apathy and/or in neuronal growth.
Therapeutic Uses: Bipolar / alcoholism / bulimia / schizophreniaAdverse Effects: GI effects, usually transient (give ĉ milk) Tremors (give β-blocker like propanolol) Polyuria Renal toxicity Goiter/hypothyroidism Teratogenic
Contraindications/Precautions: Pregnancy - D lactation Caution ĉ renal dysfunction, heart disease, Na+ depletion & dehydration
Interactions: Diuretics Na+ lithium excretion toxicity NSAIDs renal absorption lithium toxicity (aspirin OK) Anticholinergics abdominal discomfort from urinary retention & polyuria
Education: Maintain adequate sodium intake and 8-12 glasses of H2O Plasma lithium levels must be monitored (> 1.5 mEq/L is toxic)
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Sedative-Hypnotics -- Benzodiazepines
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Expected Action:Proto: diazepam (Valium) – Others: alprazolam (Xanax),
lorazepam (Ativan), chlordiazepoxide (Librium)
Enhance the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)Therapeutic Uses: Anxiety Seizures Panic disorder Muscle spasms Anesthesia EtOH w/d Insomnia
Adverse Effects: CNS depression Anterograde amnesia Paradoxical response Respiratory depression Acute toxicity (treat oral ĉ charcoal, treat IV ĉ flumazenil)
Contraindications/Precautions: Teratogenic
Interactions: CNS depressants additive effects
Education:
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Sedative-HypnoticsNon-Benzodiazepine
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Expected Action:Proto: zolpidem (Ambien) – Others: zaleplon (Sonata),
eszopiclone (Lunesta) , trazodone (Desyrel)
Enhance action of GABA in CNS leading to prolonged sleep duration. They do not function as antianxiety, muscle relaxant, or antiepileptic agents.
Therapeutic Uses: Management of insomnia
Adverse Effects: Daytime sleepiness and lightheadedness
Contraindications/Precautions:
Interactions: CNS depressants additive effects Food absorption when taken with food
Education:
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Anxiolytic – Non-Barbiturate
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Expected Action: Proto: Buspirone (BuSpar)
Uncertain – it does bind to serotonin and dopamine receptors.Therapeutic Uses: Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Adverse Effects: CNS effects NO SEDATION
Contraindications/Precautions: Erythromycin, ketoconazole, and grapefruit juice effects of buspirone Does NOT potentiate CNS depressants
Interactions:
Education: Take with meals to prevent gastric irritation
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CNS Stimulants
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Expected Action:
Proto: methylphenidate (Ritalin) – Others: amphetamine, dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine), Adderall, caffeine
Release norepinephrine and dopamine and prevent their reuptake in CNS.Therapeutic Uses: ADHD Obesity NarcolepsyAdverse Effects: CNS stimulation Weight loss Cardiovascular effects (dysrhythmias, chest pain, BP)
Contraindications/Precautions: Caution: hyperthyroidism, heart disease, glaucoma, Hx of drug abuse, MAOIs
Interactions: MAOIs hypertensive crisis Caffeine CNS stimulant effects Phenytoin, warfarin, phenobarbital Inhibited metabolism of these levels OTC cold & decongestants CNS stimulant effects
Education:
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Drugs of AbuseAlcohol
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Withdrawal Symptoms Usually start within 12-72 hours / Persist 5-7 days Can be mild: nausea, anxiety, tremors Can be life-threatening: hallucinations, cramps, tremors, seizures, HR, BP,
TSupport Meds: Benzodiazepines (chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, lorazepam) DT and risk of
seizures, intensity of symptoms Adjuncts (carbamazepine, clonidine, propanolol) seizure, craving,
depress autonomic response (HR, BP, T)Maintenance Meds: Disulfiram (Antabuse) ĉ EtOH, aldehyde syndrome occurs (nausea, extreme
vomiting, hypotension) Can progress to respiratory and cardiac depression, seizures, and death.
Naltrexone (ReVia) Opioid antagonist that craving and pleasurable effects Acamprosate (Campral) unpleasant effects of abstinence (anxiety, etc)
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Drugs of AbuseOpioids
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Withdrawal Symptoms Self-limiting in 7-10 days Begins with sweating and rhinorrhea, progressing from tremors and irritability
to weakness, nausea, vomiting, muscle/bone pain, and spasticity. NOT life-threatening.
Detox Meds: Methadone substitution Prevents withdrawal syndrome.
Maintenance Meds: Methadone Long-term maintenance. Dependence is transferred to
methadone. Clonidine (Catapres) Control autonomic hyperactivity (nausea, vomiting) Buprenorphine (Subutex) Opioid agonist/antagonist Naloxone (Suboxone) Opioid agonist/antagonist
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Drugs of AbuseNicotine
N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Withdrawal Symptoms Abstinence syndrome is evidenced by irritability, nervousness, restlessness
Support Meds: Bupropion (Zyban) craving and symptoms of withdrawal. Nicotine Pharmaceutical replacement to alleviate symptoms
Education Chew gum over 30 minutes; avoid eating and drinking within 15 minutes of
gum Gum not recommended for use longer than 6 months Avoid use of all nicotine products while pregnant or breastfeeding.
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N203ATI (Unit 5)
Nervous System -
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Expected Action: Proto: vasopressin (Pitressin) — Others: desmopressin (DDAVP)
Promote H2O reabsorption in kidneys (desmopressin preferred)
Vasoconstriction due to smooth muscle contraction (vasopressin)
Therapeutic Uses: Diabetes insipidus Cardiac arrest
Adverse Effects: Overhydration (sleepiness, pounding headache)
Contraindications/Precautions: ♀ (X) Pregnancy
CAD or peripheral circulation (risk for gangrene)
Education: Monitor site carefully; extravasation can cause gangrene.