atlas of formability - dtic

AD-A268 324

Atlas of Formability

Hastelloy C-22

... . . . 1993

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1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Lesve blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED30 Spt, 992 Final, 6/30/92 - 9/30/92

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE AtaSfFomblt FUNDING NUMBERS

Hastelloy C-22 C-N00140-88-C-iRC21

6. AUTHOR(S)Prabir ChaudhuryDan Zhao

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADORESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATIONJREPORT NUMBER

National Center for Excellence in MetalworkingTechnology (NCEMT)1450 Scalp AvenueJohnstown, PA 15904

9. SPONSORING/ MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/ MONITORINGAGENCY REPORT NUMBER

Naval Industrial Resources Support ActivityBuilding 75-2, Naval BasePhiladelphia, PA 19112-5078

111. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)

in this investigation, flow. ber'avior of Hastclloy C-22 wasstudied Dy conducting compression test~s at various temperaturesand strain rates. Constitutive relations were determined tram theflow behavior, and a dynamic material modeling for this alloy wasperformed. Thus, the optimum process~ng condition in terms of-temperature and strain rate was determined. Microstructural changeEduring high temperature deformation were also characterized to aidprocess design engineers to select processing conditions in termsof resulting microstructure.

14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGESHastelloy C-22, Deformation Processing, 65

High Temperature DeformationProcessing Map, 16.PRIE COISMetalworking

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ATLAS OF FORMABILITY

HASTELLOY C-22

by

Prabir K. Chaudhury and Dan Zhao

National Center for Excellence in Metalworking Technology1450 Scalp Avenue

Johnstown, PA 15904

for

Naval Industrial Resource Support ActivityBuilding 75-2, Naval Base

Philadelphia, PA 19112-5078

September 30, 1992

The views, opinions, and/or findings contained in this report are those of the authors andshould not be construed as an official Department of the Navy position, policy, ordecision, unless so designated by other documentation

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction . . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. .. . . . . .. .. .. . . .. .. . 1

Experimental Procedure ... ........................... I

R esults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I

Sum m ary . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . 64

Implenmentation of Data Provided by the Atlas of Formability ...... .. 64

DriC QUALITY INSPE7TED 3

ZA aession For

NTIS GRA&ID PTIC TABST#,Unannournc edST #A, AUTH USNAVIRSA (MR PLONSKY 8/443-6684) Ju•.f tca.torL.PER TELFCON, 17 AUG 93 CB __

Avallabil ity Codes

JAvail and/or* a •- d -- '-'--

LIST OF TABLE

Table 1. List of figures, testing conditions and microstructural observationsfor Hastelloy C-22 ...... ................................ 2

ii

Hastelloy C-22

Introduction

Hastelloys are noted for their relatively high strength in corrosive environments at.hightemperatures. The C-22 is a versatile nickel-Chromium-molydenum-tungsten alloy with improvedresistance to both uniform and localized corrosion. The C-22 also exhibits superior weldabilityand is used as overalloy filler wire and weld overlay consumables to improve resistance tocorrosion. In this investigation, flow behavior of Hastelloy C-22 was studied by conductingcompression tests at various temperatures and strain rates. Constitutive relations weredetermined from the flow behavior, and a dynamic material modeling for this alloy wasperformed. Thus, the optimum processing condition in terms of temperature and strain rate wasdetermined. Microstructural changes during high temperature deformation were alsocharacterized to aid process design engineers to select processing conditions in terms of resultingmicrostructure.

Experimental Procedure

The material used in this investigation was Hastelloy C-22 wrought bars in annealedcondition. The composition (in wt%) is as follows

C Co Cr Fe Mn Mo Ni P S V W Si

.003 2.02 21.0 4.2 .26 13.3 BAL .008 .002 .13 3.1 .027

The typical microstructure of the as-received material consists of a uniform equiaxed grainwith an average size of 96 pm (ASTM 3.5) as shown in Figure 1. Cylindrical compression testspecimens with a diameter of 12.7 mm and a height of 15.9 mm were machined from the bars.Isothermal compression testing was conducted on an MTS testing machine under vacuumenvironment. The test matrix was as follows:

Temperature, C (F): 950 (1742), 1000 (1832), 1050 (1922), 1100 (2012), 1125 (2057), 1150(2102), and 1200 (2192);

Strain rate, s-1: 0.001, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5 and 20.

Load and stroke data from the tests were acquired by a computer and later converted totrue stress-true strain curves. Immediately after the compression test, the specimens werequenched with forced helium gas in order to retain the deformed microstructure. Longitudinaland transverse sections of the specimens were examined using optical microscope. Thephotomicrographs presented were taken from the center of the longitudinal section of thespecimens.

Results

Table I is a list of the figures, test conditions and the observed microstructures. The truestress-true strain flow curves with the corresponding deformed microstructure are shown inFigure 2 to Figure 57. True stress versus strain rate was plotted in log-log scale in Figure 58 at atrue strain of 0.55. The slope of the plot gives the strain rate sensitivity m, which is not constantover the range of strain rate tested. Log stress vs. l/T at the same true strain is shown in Figure69. A processing map at this strain was developed for the Hastelloy C-22 alloy and is shown inFigure 60. The optimum processing conditions from the map can be obtained by selecting thetemperature and strain rate combination which provides the maximum efficiency in the stableregion. This condition is approximately 1050 C and 0.001 s-1 for this material.

Table 1. List of figures, testing conditions and microstructural observations for Hastelloy C-22

Figure Temperature Strain Rate Microstructure PageNo C(F) S-1 Optical Microscopy No

1 As received - Uniform large equiaxed grains of -961am 4(ASTM 3.50) with some twvinning

2 950(1742) 0.001 Elongated deformed grains with -10% 5necklacing. Slip bands and twinning are present.

3 950(1742) 0.01 64 950(1742) 0.05 Elongated deformed grains with -2% necklacing, 7

slip bands and twinning are present.(twvinsshowed a large degree of deformation)

5 950(1742) 0.10 Same as above, but the twin boundaries show the 8presence of necklacing.

6 950(1742) 0.50 97 950(1742) 1.0 Elongated grains with -10 % of small 10

recrystallized grains. Some necklacing at thetwin boundaries and slip bands are present.

8 950(1742) 5.0 119 950(1742) 20.0 Elongated grains with -15 % of small 12

r.zcrystallized grains (-9 gm). Some necklacingaround the elongated grains and twin boundaries.Slip bands are also present.

10 1000(1832) 0.001 Elongated grains with -20 % of recrystallized 13grains (-25 min). Some recrystallization at thetwin boundaries. Slip bands are not present.

11 1000(1832) 0.01 Elongated grains with -15 % of recrystallized 14grains. Some of the new grains show twinning.Slip bands and extensive necklacing at twin and-grain boundaries are present.

12 1000(1832) 0.05 Same as above, but a higher proportion of 15recrstallization is observed.

13 1000(1832) 0.10 1614 1000(1832) 0.50 1715 1000(1832) 1.0 Elongated grains and -32% of equiaxed 18

recrystallized grains. Slip bands are present andrecrystallization at twin boundaries is alsoobserved.

16 1000(1832) 5.0 1917 1000(1832) 20.0 Some elongated grains and a large proportion of 20

equiaxed recrystallized grains, some slip bandsare also present.

18 1050(1922) 0.001 -98% of equiaxed recrystallized grains, some of 21,,, __ them show the presence of twinning.

19 1050(1922) 0.01 2220 1050(1922) 0.05 Some elongated deformed grains and equiaxed 23

recrystallized grains (-80%) with the presence oftwinning.

21 1050(1922) 0.1 2422 1050(1922) 0.5 .... 25

2

23 1050(1922) 1 Some elongated deformed grains and equiaxed 26recrystallized grains (-75%) with the presence oftwinning.

24 1050(1922) 5 2725 1050(1922) 20 Some elongated deformed grains and equiaxed 28

recrystallized grains (-65%) with the presence oftwinning.

26 1100(2012) 0.001 Equiaxed recrystallized grains with an average 29grain size of 25 pm. Grain size is not uniform.

27 1100(2012) 0.01 Same as above 3028 1100(2012) 0.05 3129 1100(2012) 0.1 Equiaxed recrystallized grains with a duplex 32

size, average grain size 18 pm. A smallproportion of large equiaxed grains (2-5%) witha size of -70pm. Twinning of the new grains ispresent.

30 1100(2012) 0.5 3331 1100(2012) 1 Equiaxed recrystallized grains with a duplex 34

size. A small proportion of large equiaxed grains(-2%). Twinning of the new grains is present.

32 1100(2012) 5 3533 1100(2012) 20 Equiaxed recrystallized grains.with a relatively 36

uniform grain size (-19 pim).34 1125(2057) 0.001 Large equiaxed recrystallized grains, some show 37

twinning35 1125(2057) 0.01 3836 1125(2057) 0.05 Same as above, but smaller grain size. 3937 1125(2057) 0.1 4038 1125(2057) 0.5 4139 1125(2057) 1 Same as above 4240 1125(2057) 5 4341 1125(2057) 20 Same as above 4442 1150(2102) 0.001 Large equiaxed recrystallized grains with a size 45

range. The larger grains show the presence of asubstructure. Twinning is also evident.

43 1150(2102) 0.01 Large equiaxed recrystallized grains with 46extensive twinning. There is also a small

proportion of larger grains.44 1150(2102) 0.05 4745 1150(2102) 0.1 Equiaxed recrystallized grains showing some 48

twinning_.46 1150(2102) 0.5 4947 1150(2102) 1 Same as above 5048 1150(2102) "5 5149 1150(2102) 20 Same as above, but smaller grain size 5250 1200(2192) 0.001 Equiaxed recrystallized grains with an average 53

51_ 1200(2192)_ 0.01_ grain size of 80 prm. Twinning is also present. 5451' 1200(2192) 0.01 ____________________ 54

52 1200(2192) 0.05 Large equiaxed recrystallized grains with an 55average grain size of 43 gm. Twinning is alsopresent in the microstructure.

3

53 1200(2192) 0.1 Same as above, but with smaller grain size.--------- 5.654 1200(2192) 0.5- Same as above 5755 1200(2192) 1 ____________________ 5856 1200(2192) 5 ____________________ 5957 1200(2192) 20 Same as above 60

.. . . . . . .N.. .. ......... .. ~. .........

Figure I.. As-received microstructure of Hastelloy C-22.

4

Hastelloy C-22 950C 0.001o -1210 . ..

170

a_0 130

0 900)

•- 50

lot

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

II

Figure 2. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of thecompressed sample cut through the compression axis, 950 C and 0.001 s-

5

f

l astelloy C-22 950C 0.01 S-1

250U.,

Ct3

4 150

50

,- , I , I I I I , I ,

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

Figure 3. True stress-true strain curve, 950 C and 0.01 s1.

6

Hastelloy C-22 950 C 0.05s-1

4100

-'320

ci, 240

0 160

80

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

Figure 4. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of thecompressed sample cut through the compression axis, 950 C and 0. 05 s-

7

Hastelloy C-22 95o c o,1 s-I480 . ..

400

- 320

f 240

( 160

80

00.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

Figure 5. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of thecompressed sample cut through the compression axis, 950 C and 0. 1 s-1 .

8

Hastelloy C-22 9s5C o.5s 1-520 ...

4200

320M

"220

•- 120

20

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

Figure 6. True stress-true strain curve, 950 C and 0.5 s-1.

9

Hastelloy 0-22 9-50 C .s

500

z,400

CD)

S200

100

00. 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

Figure 7. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of thecompressed sample cut through the compression axis, 950 C and I s-1 .

10

Hastelloy C-22 950c 5.0s-l

560

480

400

(s 320

O 240(I)

•- 160

80

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

Figure 8. True stress-true strain curve, 950 C and 5 s1.

11

Hastelloy C-22 5o0C 20.0 s-,800 .

700

"--" 600

S53500

CO)(~400

300

I- 200

100

0 0.70.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.

True Strain

Figure 9. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of thecompressed sample cut through the compression axis, 950 C and 20 s-1.

12

Hastelloy C-22 1000C 0.001s-150

.128

o 106

40

1,84

I.M.

113

Hastelloy C-22 1000 C 0.015s-1250

200

150

U). 100

50)

50

0 .0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7True Strain

... .... ..-

Hastelloy C-22 10oooc o.05s-1320

"240

S 160L.

U)

I- 80

0 I I I

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain


15

-I. .

Hastelloy 0-22 1000oc 0.1 t-1350

300

250

'~200

taa

-- 150

0~ 0.0 0. 02 o. 0. 05 0. 07

Tre tri

507

0Z ............

0.0 0~~~.....1 .2.. .4 05 0. .

Tr;:e itxi

Figure 13. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of thecompressed sample cut through the compression axis, 1000 C and 0. 1 s-1

16

Hastelloy C-22 0oooc o.5s-l450

400

,__ 3500a 300

cn 250

•- 200

•D 15073

100

50

0 I I I I0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain


17

*-0

Hastelloy C-22 1000oc 1.05- 1

500 .

400

-30

U) 2300:,

100,

00.L. .2 03 04 0. . .

Tru Stai

CA 200 ............

Figure 15. ~~~True stestuStan uv n notrcal in rgahfo h etroh

compressed sample cut through the compression axis, 1000 C and 1 s-1

Hastelloy C-22 1000 C 5.0o-1

550 ....

450

" 350

2 50U)

Ut)

0 250

50S I . I . I , , I

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

Figure 16. True stress-true strain curve, 1000 C and 5 s-1

1

19

Hast_1Iloy 0-22 1000 C 20.0 s-I

550

430

con 310

U)

W2 190

70

0.0 0 .1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

Figure 17. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of thecompressed sample cut through the compression axis, 1000 C and 20 s-.

20

1 Hastelloy C-22 1050c C .001 S-1

400

200

0.0) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

... .....

.A-4W

Figure 18. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of thecompressed sample cut through the compression axis, 1050 C and 0.001 s-1.

21

Hastelloy C-22 1O5OC o0.0 s-1

200

1 60

120Cf)C5,

) 480

I--

40

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

Figure 19. True stress-true strain curve, 1050 C and 0.01 s-1 .

22

;.,- .. b,

Hostelloy C-22 1050C 0.05s-1275

215

13-

Cn 1 55

S95

35

, I I J I , I I

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

Figure 20. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of thecompressed sample cut through the compression axis, 1050 C and 0.05 s-1 .

23

Hastelloy C-22 105oC 0.1

2300

"--'.,c 2,30 •---'' •-----

Ue 160

20S 90

I--

20

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain


24

Hastelloy C-22 1o5oc o.5s-1

375 . ..

305

•s 235Uf)

165

F- 95

25

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain


25

HastelloyOC-22 1050 C 1.0s-I400

320

*- 240CO

-4-0 C) 160

80

0 .0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

4j'4

Figure 23. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of thecompressed sample cut through the compression axis, 1050 C and 1 S-1.

26

Hastelloy C-22 1050C 5.os-1450....

3700

"• 290

CnL. 210

•.- 130I--

50

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7True Strain

Figure 24. True stress-true strain curve, 1050 C and 5 s 1 .

27

Hastelloy C-22_ 1050C 20.0s~-1

600

S450

300

150

00.0) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

AA

20U

Figure 25. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of thecompressed sample cut through the compression axis, 1050 C and 20 s;-.

28

Hastelloy C-22 110ooc o.oo00 1

90

U)

• 30

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

S20 um

Figure 26. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of thecompressed sample cut through the compression axis, 1100 C and 0.001 s-1.

29

'I

Hastelloy 0-22 1100c 0.01s-1150

120

4i-

3- 0

0.

30,

0 I IAV

0.0 0. 0. 03 04 .5 .6 0.

4- 4

Figure 27. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of thecompressed sample cut through the compression axis, 1 100 C and 0.0 1 s-.

30

Hastelloy C-22 1 o 0.053-1

200 .

1 60

0 120

0 80

40of

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0-4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain


31

EH

Hastelloy C-22 110ooc o.1 s-250

200

"150- 1 50V..3en

S 100

50

0 , I I , I * I I , I ,

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

20.urn

Figure 29. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of thecompressed sample cut through the compression axis, 1100 C and 0. 1 s".

32

f

Hastelloy C-22 11ooc300

250

0o_ 200

qn 150

100

50

, I • I .

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7True Strain

Figure 30. True stress-true strain curve, 1 100 C and 0.5 s- 1.

33

V . .

Hastelloy C-22 1100c 10-.350 P

.- , 267

0~

U)

100

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

.. .. ... .

4t. 4

.......................................... .$'.. . ..b .. 20u

34'

Hastelloy C-22 1 0looC 5.os-

400

•-' 3000

(nC13-

S200

F_ 100

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

Figure 32. True stress-true strain curve, 1100 C and 5 s-I.

I

1 3

- . .

Hasteiioy C-22 I 100C 20-03-1

370

S 290

CI)

4)a

.- 130

50

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

....- ... ... .....

Figure 33. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of thecompressed sample cut through the compression axis, 1 100 C and 20 s-.

J 36

Hastelloy C-22 1125C 0.001s

q, 40

L.

I- 20

00.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

1 .0. ........

II

Figure 34. True stress-true strain curve and an optical midcrograph from the center of thecompressed sample cut through the compression axis, 1125 C and 0.00 1 9-.

37

Hastelloy C-22 1125C 001 s-1

130

, 100

CL

m 70CndQi-i

:3 40I--

10, , , , , I . I I * I

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

Figure 35. True stress-true strain curve, 1125 C and 0.01 s=I.

3

, 38

S . - -

Hastelloy C-22 1125 C O.05as1200

160

M- 120

U) d

40

40

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

..... ..... ....

Figure 36. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of thecompressed sample cut through the compression axis, 1125 C and 0. 05 s-.

39

Hastelloy C-22 1125C 0.1 S-1200

1600,

120CI)

40

0.

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain


40

.'

Hastelloy C-22 1125 C 0.5s-1275 .

225

S 175

Co125

.- 75

25

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

Figure 38. True stress-true strain curve, 1125 C and 0.5 s-.

41

| . . . . . ..... .... . ... . ..... . . . .. -.... .... ....

Hastelloy C-22 1125C 0s300 .

240

h-180

3)120

60

60

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

0 UM

Figur 79 Tresrs-resri uv n notia irgahfo h etro hcopese sapl cu hoghtecmreso xi,12 adIS1

42A~

Hastelloy C-22 1125C 5.os-1375 .

295

S215

G) 135

55

, I I , I I , | , I ,

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

Figure 40. True stress-true strain curve, 1125 C and 5 s-1.

43

Hastelloy C-22 1125C 20-05-1450

~'330

0~

90

00 01 0.2 0.3 04 0.5 0. 0.7

True Strain

nw~~r.~

Figure4 1. Tue stess-tre strincreadaopiamcogphfmtecnerfte

coprssdsapl ctthouhth cmpesin xsI 25Can 2

Hastelloy C-22 1150C 0.0013s1

65

50 -5

20

g~25

jx-

54

Hastelloy C-22 1150C 0.015-1120

90 9

00

0~

.X4,

Figure 43. ~~ ~True stestuStan uv n notical icrgahfonh etroh

compressed sample cut through the compression axis, 1150 C and 0.0 1 s-.

46

Hastelloy C-22 115oc O.05$-1S~~1 60....

i-' 120

CoICI-

q,'l 80L.

•-- 40

0 f p

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain


47

Hastelloy C-22 1150C 0.1 -200

160

120

120

80

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

Figure 45. True stress-true strain curve, and an optical mnicrograph from the center of thecompressed sample cut through the compression axis, 1150 C and 0. 1 s-

48

. ...... ... .

Hastelloy C-22 115oc o. s-l250

,-- 190o0_

Cn 130

.4-,

01)

•_- 70

10

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain


I 4

.•4-

Hastelloy C-22 1150C 1.05-1.300

-~230

c~160Z75

20

0 .0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

Figure~~~~~~~~~~~~. 47 Tresrestuesri.crean.not.a.icorphfo.hecnero.h

Figue 4.comp sressedru sample cut v throughca mcrgap fo the comprsseo axf 110thnde

50

Hastelloy C-22 1150C 5.05-1350 .. ... '

250

COql)

-- 15060

I--

50

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

Figure 48. True stress-true strain curve, 1150 C and 5 s-1.

51

Hastelloy C-22 15C20.Qs- 1

450 I

370

S290

210

.- 130

50

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

A w

4 ',4

Figure 49. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of thecompressed sample cut through the compression axis, 1150 C and 20 s-.

52

Hastelloy C-22 1200C 0.001o -150...

35 35

20Qf)

-4-,,"• 2

5

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

20

Figur 50. True stress-tru stai cuv and, an- opia micrograph fro -t.he.- cente of: 't--..-..e

compresse: "d ,'•::. sample cut .-'th..: gh . ". ':p".o : 12:" C a .. 0 s:..

5. 3-... .

Figre.0..ruestrss-r. stai curve and:..• an opia m.l.; i crogr.aph- from: th-ene-o h

... I : . . .-- ;::.• :;:. .. .::

Hastelloy C-22 1200C 0.01 s- 1

85 ...

Sn 45

Cr)

• 25

5S I I , I , I I ,

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

Figure 51. True stress-true strain curve, 1200 C and 0.01 s- 1.

54

Hastelloy C-22 1200C 0.05s-14.0 .

110

C13

d> 50

20

0 .0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

. ..... ..

Figure 52. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of thecompressed sample cut through the compression axis, 1200 C and 0.05 s-1 .

55

Hastelloy C-22 1200C 0.1 S-I150

~- 100

S 50

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

Figure 53. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of thecompressed sample cut through the compression axis, 1200 C and 0. 1 s-1.

56

Hostelloy C-22 1200C 0.5s r200

1 60

"120

40

0

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

Figure 54. True stress-true strain curve, 1200 C and 0.5 s-1 .

57- *.b --

Hastelloy C-22 1200 C 1.Os-1250 .

"200

150

(D

4-U) 100(5)

I--

50

0 , I , I , I , I , I , I

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

Figure 55. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of the1 compressed sample cut through the compression axis, 1200 C and I s-1.

58

-Y . . . ..'- - - - - - - - -

Hastelloy C-22 12o0C 5.o -l300 ...

240

0•

'•- 180

03 1 20

I-

60

0 jI I I I

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

Figure 56. True stress-true strain curve, 1200 C and 5 s- 1.

59

Hastelloy C- 1200C 20.05-350

270

C13 190

S110

30

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7True Strain

20LN

vow,

Figue 57 Tr / stes-tu stancre n notca irgap rmtecetroh

Figue 5. Tremsressedtampe sri cuthrveadonotuaghcorphfo the centersio ofis the nd2 s

60

3.0 ,Hastellk, C-22

2.6 - 0 0

C.') 0 UU)

0

-0 A

: Ch 2.20 V

0•& 950 CV a 1000 C

" 1050 C1. " 110 CY A 1125C"A v 1150CA 1 200 C

-. 3 -2 -1 0

Log Strain Rate (s-1)

Figure 58. Effect of strain rate on stress in log-log scale at a true strain of 0.55 for Hastelloy C-22.

61

-" " "L - -°r

2.9 1 1 i i i

A

2.6

AA ][

2.3 A

u) 2.0 0

o 3 0.001 s- 1

) 1.7 o 0.01 s-1S• 0.05s-1a 0.1 s-1

1.4 A6 0.5s- 1

V 1. Os-1• 5.0s-i

1 .1S I II I I I I I I I I

0.00082 0.00086 0.00090 0.0009', 0.00098 0.00102 0.00106

1/T (C)

Figure 59. Effect of temperature on stress at a true stral of 0.55 for Hastelloy C-22.

62

I

'Il-

0

4-P

CO,0 3.1. -2

.

90 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200

Temperature (0)

Figure 60. Processing map of Hastelloy C-22 at a true strain of 0.55.

63

Summary

Compression tests have been performed on Hastelloy C-22 over a wide range oftemperatures and strain rates. The experimental conditions used in this work are representative ofthose used in metalforming practices. From the stress-strain curves, the flow behavior wascharacterized and a processing map indicating the optimum processing condition was generated.This condition is approximately 1050 C and 0.001 s- .

The defoimed microstructures were characterized from the quenched specimens by opticalmicroscopy and are presented for selective testing conditions together with the stress-straincurves.

Implementation of Data Provided by the Atlas of Formability

The Atlas of Formability program provides ample data on.flow behavior of variousimportant engineering materials in the temperature and strain rate regime commonly used inmetalworking processes. The data are valuable in design and problem solving in metalworkingprocesses of advanced materials. Microstructural changes with temperature and strain rates arealso provided in the Bulletin, which helps the design engineer to select processing parametersleading to the desired microstructure.

The data can also be used to construct processing map using dynamic material modelingapproach to determine stable and unstable regions in terms of temperature and strain rate. Thetemperature and strain rate combination at the highest efficiency in the stable region provides theoptimum processing condition. This has been demonstrated in this Bulletin. In somemetalworking processes such as forging, the strain rate varies within the workpiece. An analysisof the process with finite element method (FEM) can ensure that the strain rates at the processingtemperature in the whole workpiece fall into the stable regions in the processing map.Furthermore, FEM analysis with the data from the Atlas of Formability can be coupled withfracture criteria to predict defect formation in metalworking processes.

Using the data provided by the Atlas of Formability, design of metalworking processes,dynamic material modeling, FEM analysis of metalworking processes, and defect prediction arecommon practice in Concurrent Technologies Corporation. Needs in solving problems related tometalworking processes can be directed to Dr. Prabir K. Chaudhury, Forming DepartmentManager of Concurrent Technologies Corporation, by calling (814) 269-2594.

64

atlas of formability - dtic

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