atmo = vapor cirru = hairlike curls strat = layer cumul = heaped alto = high iso = equal
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Chapter 17 Atmosphere and Weather . Atmo = vapor Cirru = hairlike curls Strat = layer Cumul = heaped Alto = high Iso = equal Nimb = light (quick) Baro = weight Hygro = moist Meso = middle Trop = turn Therm = heat. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Atmo = vaporCirru = hairlike curlsStrat = layerCumul = heapedAlto = highIso = equalNimb = light (quick)Baro = weightHygro = moistMeso = middleTrop = turnTherm = heat
Chapter 17 Atmosphere and Weather
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Weather = constantly changing; refers to the state of the atmosphere at any given time and place.
Climate = weather patterns based on long periods of time; describes a place or region.
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Composition of the Atmosphere
Major Components:
• Nitrogen (78%)• Oxygen (21%)• Argon• Carbon Dioxide• All Others
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Composition of the Atmosphere
Variable Components:
• Water Vapor• Ozone• Pollution
Air Pollution http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a010000/a010012/Ozone Recovery http://www.amnh.org/sciencebulletins/
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Temperature and Altitude Pg 480 Fig 6
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How far does our atmosphere extend?
MoonEarth
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Types of Clouds
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Check Yourself!
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Height and Structure of the Atmosphere
Pressure:
Weight of air above.
Closer to Earth’s surface = more pressure.
Barometer = measures air pressure
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Wind Speed
Measured on the Beaufort Scale Relates wind speed
to its effects Wind chill factor
Anemometers
Sir Francis Beaufort
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Relative Humidity Hygrometer
Measures the amount of moisture in the air
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Meteorology Meteorologists
study weather How atmosphere
heats and cools How clouds form
and produce rain What makes wind
blow Composition of
atmosphere Cause of past and
present climates
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uYctRlQ0gOE&feature=related
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Temperature VariationsSeasons
Sun’s rays do not strike surface evenlySolstice vs. Equinox
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Earth-Sun Relationships
Earth’s Motions
• Rotation = spinning on its axis• Revolution = movement
around the sunSeasons are a result of the tilt of Earth’s axis remaining the same as the Earth revolves around the sun.
23.5o TiltRotation
Revolution
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Vernal Equinox Days begin getting longer.
Summer Solstice First official day of Summer.
Autumnal Equinox Days begin getting shorter.Winter Solstice First official day of Winter.
Vernal EquinoxMarch 21
Autumnal EquinoxSept 22
Summe
r Solstic
eJune 21
Winter SolsticeDec 21
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Vernal EquinoxMarch 21
Autumnal EquinoxSept 22
Summe
r Solstic
eJune 21
Winter SolsticeDec 21
Spring and Fall Equinox:All latitudes receive 12 hours of daylight.
DAYLIGHT
Summer Solstice:Northern latitudes receive 24 hours of daylight.Winter Solstice:Northern latitudes receive 24 hours of darkness.
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Radiation and Earth’s Atmosphere
100%
INCOMING RADIATION
19%4%
8% 17% 6%
46%
OUTGOING RADIATION
15%
6%
9%
7% 24%
40% 20%
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Earth Temperature
Solar radiation is absorbed from the sun during the day.
At night, heat from the day is released from the Earth.
Clear night skies Partly cloudy night skies Cloudy night skies
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Solar RadiationReflection = radiation is sent back to space.Scattering = radiation is broken into smaller rays and scattered.Absorption = radiation is absorbed and retained.
Reflection
Absorption
Scattering
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Earth Temperature
Solar radiation is absorbed from the sun during the day.
At night, heat from the day is released from the Earth.
Clear night skies Partly cloudy night skies Cloudy night skies
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Discovery Ed: The Greenhouse Effect [14:38]
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Greenhouse Effect Trapping of the
sun’s energy by the atmosphere
Caused by Greenhouse Gasses CO2, Methane,
CFCs Burning fossil
fuels Coal, oil, & natural
gas Global Warming!
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Causes of the Greenhouse Effect
DeforestationCFC’s Burnin
g Fossil Fuels
Industrial Pollution
Eventually we will have a “lid” on our planet!http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/quiz-global-warming/
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17.3 Temperature Controls
Factors Affecting Atmospheric Temperature:
• Latitude• Heating of Land and Water• Altitude• Geographic Position• Cloud Cover• Ocean Currents
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Temperatures also become cooler with altitude.
Normal Lapse Rate 1° every 160m
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Temperature InversionGround cools faster than air
Morning fog
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Temperature Scales Celsius:
0° - 100° Fahrenheit:
32 °- 212 ° Isolines:
connect points of equal value on maps
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Isotherms
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Isotherms
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Land, Water and Temperature…
Land heats and cools more rapidly than water.
Page 489 Fig 15
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Geographic Position and Temperature…
Windward locations are warmer than leeward locations.
Page 490 Fig 16
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Altitude and Temperature…
Higher altitudes are colder than lower altitudes.
Page 491 Fig 17
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Human Influence and Temperature…
Nat Geo Global Warming Shortshttp://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/science/index.html
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Cloud Cover, Albedo and Temperature…
Clouds reflect sunlight during the daytime and trap heat from the Earth at night.
Albedo = fraction of total radiation that is reflected.
Disc Ed: Clouds and Patterns of the Weather [21:00]
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World TemperaturesIsotherms = lines that connect points that have the same temperature.