atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere (1)
DESCRIPTION
If you have a question kindly Comment here :) thanks !! :DTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere (1)](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b8ed714a795997018b459e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Hydrosphere and Lithosphere
![Page 2: Atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere (1)](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b8ed714a795997018b459e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Earth System (4 physical systems)
• Atmosphere– Layer of gases that surround Earth. Allows you to
breathe and protects earth.
• Lithosphere – Surface of the planet that forms the continents
and the ocean floor.
![Page 3: Atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere (1)](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b8ed714a795997018b459e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Earth System (4 physical systems)
• Hydrosphere– All the water on Earth (ocean, ice, and water
vapor in the atmosphere)
• Biosphere– Part of Earth where life exists.
![Page 4: Atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere (1)](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b8ed714a795997018b459e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Lithosphere
Hydrosphere Atmosphere
Biosphere
OCEANOGRAPHY
GEOLOGYMETEOROLOGY
ASTRONOMY
![Page 5: Atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere (1)](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b8ed714a795997018b459e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Ocean, Continents, and Atmosphere Formation
• All formed because of one major source:
![Page 6: Atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere (1)](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b8ed714a795997018b459e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
THE EARTH’S HYDROSPHERE• The Earth’s liquid water constitutes the
hydrosphere. • The vast majority of Earth’s water is in the oceans
(salt water), with smaller, but geologically important, quantities of fresh water in lakes, rivers, and ground water.
• the total mass of Earth’s water is about 300 times the mass of the atmosphere.
• Without water, which facilitates the formation of carbonate rock, the atmospheric content of CO2 would be far higher than it is.
![Page 7: Atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere (1)](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b8ed714a795997018b459e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Distribution of Water on Earth
![Page 8: Atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere (1)](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b8ed714a795997018b459e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The Hydrologic Cycle
![Page 9: Atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere (1)](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b8ed714a795997018b459e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Echo Sounders for Measuring Ocean Depths and Floor Profiles
![Page 10: Atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere (1)](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b8ed714a795997018b459e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere (1)](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b8ed714a795997018b459e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Ocean Facts
•The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the four main oceans •The Atlantic Ocean is the busiest. Many ships cross the Atlantic, carrying cargo between the Americas, Africa, and Europe •The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and coldest •The average temperature of all oceans is about 39 degrees F (3.8 degrees C)
![Page 12: Atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere (1)](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b8ed714a795997018b459e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
•Oceans are always moving•Tides change twice a day, all over the world, as the oceans rise and fall along the shoreline. Scientists think this is caused by the pull of the sun and moon on our earth•Coral Reefs are vast, rocky areas located in shallow, tropical waters. They are like the tropical rain forest of the ocean! The greatest variety of plant and animal life in the ocean live there. Coral reefs are formed from the bodies of small sea creatures called polyps•The world's oceans contain nearly 20 million tons of gold
![Page 13: Atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere (1)](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b8ed714a795997018b459e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The World’s Ocean Floors
![Page 14: Atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere (1)](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b8ed714a795997018b459e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Production of Tsunami Waves by Earthquakes
![Page 15: Atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere (1)](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b8ed714a795997018b459e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
“Black Smoker” Under-Sea Volcanic Activity
• Under-sea volcanic activity gives rise to high-temperature plumes of water, containing particles of igneous rock that give rise to the appearance of black smoke.
• The boiling point of water under the high pressures on the ocean floor can be considerably higher than at the surface; hence the temperatures of the volcanic plumes can be much higher as well.
• It has been discovered that some species of animal life thrive on the environment of these “black smokers”, including their very high temperatures.
![Page 16: Atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere (1)](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b8ed714a795997018b459e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
THE EARTH’S LITHOSPHERE
![Page 17: Atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere (1)](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b8ed714a795997018b459e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
• Inner Core – 1200 km made of solid Fe, Ni.
• Outer Core – 2250 km made of liquid Fe, Ni.
• Mantle – 2900 km made of dense rocks.
• Crust – 5 – 40 km made of solid lighter rocks.
Lithosphere (Crust and MOHO) – 100km thick.
MOHO = Mohorovicic Discontinuity
![Page 18: Atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere (1)](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b8ed714a795997018b459e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere (1)](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b8ed714a795997018b459e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Lithosphere and the solid earth: the solid earth lies beneath the atmosphere and the oceans and composes 29% of the earth's surface. It is divided into several distinct units or layers:
– lithosphere or crust: two (2) types of crust: oceanic and continental with basic differencesOceanicOceanic crust is thinner, denser, and usually darker in
colorContinentalContinental crust is lighter in weight, less dense, light in
color, and tends to float over oceanic crust– mantle: beneath the crust; houses molten rock material
called magma– outer core: composed of liquid iron and nickel; very dense
material– inner core: composed of solid iron and nickel; extremely
dense material
![Page 20: Atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere (1)](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b8ed714a795997018b459e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The Crust• This is where we live!
• The Earth’s crust is made of:
Continental Crust
- thick (10-70km)- buoyant (less dense than oceanic crust) - mostly old
Oceanic Crust
- thin (~7 km)- dense (sinks under continental crust)- young
![Page 21: Atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere (1)](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b8ed714a795997018b459e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The seven continents:
1. Asia 2. Africa 3. North America 4. South America 5. Antarctica 6. Europe 7. Australia