atmospheric windows
TRANSCRIPT
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Remote SensingBIT MESRA,RANCHI
preeti tiwarimgi/10004/16
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Outline
• Electromagnetic Radiation• Blackbody Radiation• Atmospheric Windows• Instrument Parameters• Remote Sensing Architectures
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EM Radiation
• Photon wavelength, frequency and energy c
hE h = 6.626 x 10-34 J sec
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EM Radiation• Communications• Microwaves: 1 mm to 1 m wavelength. The
microwaves are further divided into different frequency (wavelength) bands: (1 GHz = 109 Hz) – P band: 0.3 - 1 GHz (30 - 100 cm) – L band: 1 - 2 GHz (15 - 30 cm) – S band: 2 - 4 GHz (7.5 - 15 cm) – C band: 4 - 8 GHz (3.8 - 7.5 cm) – X band: 8 - 12.5 GHz (2.4 - 3.8 cm) – Ku band: 12.5 - 18 GHz (1.7 - 2.4 cm) – K band: 18 - 26.5 GHz (1.1 - 1.7 cm) – Ka band: 26.5 - 40 GHz (0.75 - 1.1 cm) – V band: 50 – 75 GHz– W band: 75 – 111 GHz
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EM Radiation
• Heat energy is the KE of random motion of the particles in matter
• Temperature is the measure of heat energy concentrated in a substance
• Random motion results in COLLISIONS• COLLISIONS cause changes in the
internal energy of the molecules• Internal energy modes relax to ground
state by giving off photons (EM Radiation)
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Blackbody Radiation• An ideal thermal emitter
– Transforms heat energy into radiant energy at the maximum rate allowed (Thermodynamics)
– Any real material at the same temperature can not emit at a rate in excess of a blackbody
• An ideal thermal absorber
• Planck’s formula1
51 1
2
T
c
ecM C1 = 3.74 x 10-16 Wm2 = 2hc2
C2 = 1.44 x 10-2 mK = hc/k
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Blackbody Radiation• Wien’s
Displacement Law– Defines
wavelength in a blackbody at which the maximum energy is emitted
TmKx
m
310898.2
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Blackbody Radiation
• Stefan-Boltzmann Law– Relates the power emitted
by a body to that body’s temperature
44ambsfc TTq
= 5.669 x 10-8 Wm-2K-4
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Other Than Blackbody Radiation
• Emissivity– Ratio of the spectral
energy radiated by a material to that of a blackbody at the same temperature
– Can depend on• Wavelength• Temperature• Phase (solid/liquid)
44ambsfc TTq
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Atmospheric Windows
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Atmospheric Windows
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Atmospheric Windows
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Atmospheric WindowM13 ObservationsRotational Transitions in CO
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Window Transmission
Glass Quartz
Sapphire
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Instrument ParametersTelescopes: Microwave, Radio, IR, Vis, UV, XRay, Gamma Ray
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Instrument Parameters
ionMagnificatRr
hf
g
d
f – focal lengthh – altituderd – radius of detector arrayRg – ½ Swath Width
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Instrument Parameters• Focal Length
Refractive System Reflective System
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Instrument Parameters
• F-Stop or F-Number
DfF #
D - Aperture
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Instrument Parameters
• A telescope's spatial (or angular) resolution refers to how well it can distinguish between two objects in space which are separated by a small angular distance.
• The closer two objects can be while still seen as two separate objects, the higher the spatial resolution of the telescope.
• The spatial resolution of a telescope affects how well details can be seen in an image. – A telescope with higher spatial resolution
creates clearer and more detailed images.
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Instrument Parameters• Diffraction Limited
Resolution– Rayleigh diffraction
criteria– Angular distance from
maximum brightness at the center of the image to the first dark interference ring Dr
22.1
DhhX r 44.22
h can be replaced by slantrange for off Nadir obs.
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Instrument Parameters
Aberration
Coma
Stigmatism
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Instrument Parameters
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Instrument Parameters
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Instrument Parameters
• Silicon Imager Spectral Response
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Instrument Parameters
• IR Detectors
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Remote Sensing Architectures
Global Ocean Temperatures
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Remote Sensing Architectures
Mie scattering (small particles)Rayleigh Scattering (large particles)
PassiveActive
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Remote Sensing Architectures
Cosmic Background Explorer
SPOT Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
What is the driver for the remote sensing architecture?
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Remote Sensing Architectures
Landsat 7•a panchromatic band with 15m spatial resolution •on-board, full aperture, 5% absolute radiometric calibration •a thermal IR channel with 60m spatial resolution •an on-board data recorder
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Remote Sensing Architectures
Chicago
Baghdad
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Remote Sensing Architectures
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Remote Sensing Architecture
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Remote Sensing Architectures
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Diffuse – Rough Surface Specular – Smooth Surface
Maxwell Model
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Remote Sensing Architectures
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Remote Sensing Architectures
• Space Radar– Mauna Loa Volcano
• Rift Zones (Orange)• Smooth Lava Flows (Red)
– Pahoehoe Flows
• Rough Lava Flows (Yellow/White)
– A’a Flows
– Obtained by sensing different Radar bands
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Space Radar Systems
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Remote Sensing Architectures
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Remote Sensing Architectures
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Remote Sensing Architectures
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Remote Sensing Architectures
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Remote Sensing Architectures
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Remote Sensing Architectures
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Remote Sensing Architectures• LIDAR
– Light Detection and Ranging
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Remote Sensing Architectures
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Remote Sensing Architectures
• Pushbroom Sensor
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