atomic structure - maine-endwell middle school structure.pdfatomic structure author: valued gateway...
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![Page 1: Atomic Structure - Maine-Endwell Middle School Structure.pdfAtomic Structure Author: Valued Gateway Client Created Date: 9/29/2014 11:11:16 AM](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022063008/5fbeaf4c142de246314f12ce/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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Atomic Structure
What is an atom?
The smallest particle of an
element that retains
properties of that element.
“Gedanken”
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Atomic Theory
Democritus vs. Dalton
•500 BC •1808 AD
•Pure
thought
•Observation
+ experiment
Matter is like “Legos.” It is not continuous! Weird.
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Dalton’s Atomic Theory
Elements composed of atoms
Atoms of element are identical*
Compounds: simple ratios of
atoms (H2O)
Chem reaction: rearrangement,
not creation, of atoms
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Atomic Size
A penny has 2.4 x 1022 Cu atoms= 24 000 000 000 000 000 000 000.
Vs.
Earth’s population of 6 x 109
= 6 000 000 000.
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Subatomic Particles
Atom comprised of 3 particles:
• electron e-
• proton p+
• neutron n
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ElectronJ. J. Thomson: 1897
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ProtonE. Goldstein: 1886
Atoms are neutral, so there must
be a + particle: proton (p+).
p+ is 1840x more massive than e-
p+e-
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NeutronJ. Chadwick: 1932
Neutron: neutral particle nearly
same mass as proton.
Why did it take so long to
discover the neutron?
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Mass Units
Mass p+= 1.673 x 10-24 g
Mass n = 1.675 x 10-24 g
Definition: “atomic mass unit”
1 amu = 1/12th mass of carbon
atom that contains 6 p+ & 6 n
~1.0
amu
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Subatomic Particles
ChargeMass
(g) (amu)
p+ +1 1.673 x 10-24 1
n 0 1.675 x 10-24 1
e- -1 9.11 x 10-28 1
1840
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Atomic StructureE. Rutherford: 1911
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E. Rutherford: 1911Expected Actual
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Conclusions:
Most of atom is empty space
Mass concentrated in nucleus
Nucleus is positively charged
E. Rutherford: 1911
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Nucleus:Small & Massive
e-
e-
e-p+
n
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Nucleus:Small & Massive
Analogy
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Gedanken
What keeps you
from falling through
a wall?
Electrons (on outside of atom)
determine chemical properties.
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Atoms of Different Elements
If all atoms have the same
subatomic particles, what makes
a carbon atom different from an
oxygen atom?
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Atomic Number: Z
Z = number of protons
Z determines element
Periodic Table
is arranged by Z
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Periodic Table
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Mass Number
Mass number = # p+ + # n
(in nucleus)
Recall: nearly
all mass of
an atom is in
the p+ and n.
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Atomic Symbols
N14mass number (#p+ + #n)
7atomic number (#p+)
# p+ = 7
# n = 14 – 7 = 7
# e- = 7 (atom is neutral)
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Atomic Symbols
Shorthand:
N14
7= Nitrogen-14
He4
2= He-4
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Atoms: First 4 Elements
H 1 1 1 1 0
He 2 4 2 2 2
Li 3 7 3 3 4
Be 4 9 4 4 5
Symbol At. # Mass# p+ e- n
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Atoms: You try!
Symbol At. # Mass # p+ e- n
7 7
9 10
39 19
59 27
C 8
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Isotopes
Atoms with same number of p+
(the same element) but different
number of n.
C12
6and C
14
6
6 n 8 n
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Isotopes
Neon-20 Neon-21 Neon-22
10 p+ 10 p+ 10 p+
10 n 11 n 12 n
10 e- 10 e- 10 e-
What are the same and different
for isotopes of an element?
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Atomic Mass
Why aren’t masses on
the Periodic Chart
whole numbers?
e.g. Chlorine mass listed as
35.453 amu
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Atomic Mass
Periodic Table lists weighted
average mass of naturally
existing isotopes.
e.g. Cl-35 abundance 75.8 %
Cl-37 abundance 24.2 %
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Calculating Atomic Mass
Cl-35: x 35.0 amu = 26.5 amu75.8%
100%
total = 35.5 amu
For each isotope take the fractional
abundance times mass. Then add.
Cl-37: x 37.0 amu = 9.0 amu24.2%
100%
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Atomic Mass: Try It
30
Calculate the atomic mass of
silicon give the following data:Isotope Abundance Mass(amu)
Si-28 92.2% 27.98
Si-29 4.7% 28.97
Si-30 3.1% 29.97
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Periodic Table
Mendeleev: mid-1800s
arranged known
elements by
properties and mass.
now arranged by Z
(Moseley, 1913)
http://www.wimp.com/thegenius/
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Periodic Table
Rows Periods
period numbers: 1, 2, 3 etc
Columns Groups or Families
group numbers: 1, 2, 3, etc.
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Periodic TableMetals & Nonmetals
Metals
•high luster
•high electrical conductivity
•ductile
•malleable
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Periodic Table
Nonmetals
•nonlustrous
•poor conductors of electricity
•brittle
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Periodic Table
Metalloids
B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, & Te
computer chips
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Periodic Table
Representative Elements
Transition Elements
Inner Transition Elements
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Periodic Table: Groups
Group 1. Alkali Metals
Group 2. Alkaline Earth Metals
Group 17. Halogens
Group 18. Noble or Inert Gases
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Diatomic Elements
“Have No Fat”
Hydrogen H2Fluorine F2
Oxygen O2
Nitrogen N2
Chlorine Cl2
Bromine Br2
Iodine I2
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States of the Elements
At STP:
which elements are liquids?
which elements are gases?
which elements are solids?
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Warm-up
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Name the subatomic particles
that make up the atom.
Where is each particle located
within the atom?
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Warm-up
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What were the four points of Dalton’s
atomic theory?
Fill in the chart:
Particle Mass Discoverer Location
Which particle is the most important in
chemistry?
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Warm-up: •Define atomic no. & mass no.•Fill in the chart.
Symbol At.
No.
Mass
No.
p+ e- n
8 8
16 17
48 22
Al 15
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Warm-up
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Lithium has two isotopes, Li-6 with a
mass of 6.02 amu that is 7.42%
abundant and Li-7 with a mass of
7.02 amu that is 92.58% abundant.
•Calculate the atomic mass of lithium.
Define atomic mass
and mass number.