atoms chemistry is the study of matter. atoms, elements, and compounds- chapter 6 atoms are the...

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Atoms Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6 Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in Biology Neutrons and protons are located at the center of the atom. Protons are positively charged particles. Neutrons are particles that have no charge. Electrons are negatively charged particles that are located outside the nucleus.

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Page 1: Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in

Atoms Chemistry is the study of matter.

Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6

Atoms are the building blocks of matter.

Section 1 Chemistry in Biology

Neutrons and protons are located at the center of the atom.

Protons are positively charged particles. Neutrons are particles that have no charge.

Electrons are negatively charged particles that are located outside the nucleus.

Page 2: Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in

Elements

Chemistry in Biology

An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by physical or chemical means.

There are over 100 known elements, 92 of which occur naturally.

Atoms, Elements, and Compounds

Section 1

Page 3: Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in

Isotopes

Chemistry in Biology

Isotopes - atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons and electrons but have a different number of neutrons.

Atoms, Elements, and Compounds

Section 1

Radioactive Isotopes When a nucleus breaks apart, it gives off

radiation that can be detected and used for many applications.

Page 4: Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in

Compounds

Chemistry in Biology

A pure substance formed when two or more different elements combine in a specific combination of elements.

Compounds cannot be broken down into simpler compounds or elements by physical means.

Atoms, Elements, and Compounds

Section 1

Page 5: Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in

Chemical Bonds

Chemistry in Biology

Covalent bonds

Chemical bond that forms when electrons are shared

A molecule is a compountin which the atoms are held together by covalent bonds.

Atoms, Elements, and Compounds

Section 1

Page 6: Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in

Ionic Bonds

Chemistry in Biology

Attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or groups of atoms. One element gives up an electron to the other.

Atoms, Elements, and Compounds

Section 1

Page 7: Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in

Reactants and Products A chemical reaction is the process by which atoms or

groups of atoms in substances are reorganized into different substances.

Chemical Reactions

Chemistry in BiologySection 1

Page 8: Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in

Chemical Equations

Chemistry in Biology

Reactants are the starting substances, on the left side of the arrow.

Products are the substances formed during the reaction, on the right side of the arrow.

Chemical Reactions

Section 2

Page 9: Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in

Glucose and oxygen react to form carbon dioxide and water.

The law of conservation of mass states matter cannot be created or destroyed.

Chemistry in Biology

Chemical Reactions

Section 2

Page 10: Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in

Chemistry in Biology

The activation energy is the minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction.

Energy of Reactions

Chemical Reactions

Section 2

Page 11: Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in

Chemistry in Biology

This reaction is exothermic and released heat energy.

The energy of the product is lower than the energy of the reactants.

Chemical Reactions

Section 2

Page 12: Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in

Chemistry in Biology

This reaction is endothermic and absorbed heat energy.

The energy of the products is higher than the energy of the reactants.

Chemical Reactions

Section 2

Page 13: Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in

Chemistry in Biology

A catalyst is a substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction.

Enzymes are biological catalysts.

It does not increase howmuch product is made and it does not get used up in the reaction.

Enzymes

Chemical Reactions

Section 2

Page 14: Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in

Chemistry in Biology

The reactants that bind to the enzyme are called substrates.

The specific location where a substrate binds on an enzyme is called the active site.

Chemical Reactions

Section 2

Page 15: Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in

Chemistry in Biology

Factors such as pH, temperature, and other substances affect enzyme activity.

Chemical Reactions

Section 2

The active site changes shape and forms the enzyme-substrate complex, which helps chemical bonds in the reactants to be broken and new bonds to form.

Page 16: Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in

Water’s Polarity

Water and Solutions

Chemistry in Biology

Molecules that have an unequal distribution of charges are called polar molecules.

Polarity is the property of having two opposite poles.

A hydrogen bond is a weak bond between a hydrogen and another element. Ex: water to water (let’s draw)

Section 3

Page 17: Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in

• Water’s unique properties:– Surface tension

– Adhesion

– Cohesion

– Evaporative cooling

– High specific heat capacity

– Universal solvent

Page 18: Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in

Chemistry in Biology

Homogenous Mixtures

A mixture that has a uniform composition throughout

A solvent is a substance in which another substance is dissolved.

A solute is the substance that is dissolved in the solvent.

Water and Solutions

Section 3

Page 19: Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in

Chemistry in Biology

Heterogeneous Mixtures

In a heterogeneous mixture, the components remain distinct.

Let’s draw

Water and Solutions

Section 3

Page 20: Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in

Chemistry in Biology

Substances that release hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water are called acids.

Substances that release hydroxide ions (OH–) when dissolved in water are called bases.

Let’s draw

Acids and Bases

Water and Solutions

Section 3

Page 21: Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in

Chemistry in Biology

The measure of concentration of H+ in a solution is called pH.

Let’s draw

Acidic solutions have pH values lower than 7. Basic solutions have pH values higher than 7.

pH and Buffers

Water and Solutions

Section 3

Page 22: Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in

Chemistry in Biology

Buffers are mixtures that can react with acids or bases to keep the pH within a particular range.

Water and Solutions

Section 3

Page 23: Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in

Organic Chemistry

The element carbon is a component of almost all biological molecules.

The Building Blocks of Life

Chemistry in BiologySection 4

Page 24: Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in

Carbon has four electrons in its outermost energy level.

One carbon atom can form four covalent bonds with other atoms.

Chemistry in Biology

Carbon compounds can be in the shape of straight chains, branched chains, and rings.

Let’s draw

The Building Blocks of Life

Section 4

Page 25: Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in

Macromolecules

Chemistry in Biology

Carbon atoms can be joined to form carbon molecules.

Macromolecules are large molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together.

Polymers are molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds linked together by a series of covalent bonds.

The Building Blocks of Life

Section 4

Page 26: Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in

Making and Breaking Polymers

• Dehydration reaction – a reaction that removes a molecule of water in order to build a polymer.

• Hydrolysis – (essentially the reverse of dehydration reaction) the bond between two monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule.

Page 27: Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in

Let’s drawDehydration and Hydrolysis

Page 28: Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in

Chemistry in Biology

Carbohydrates Compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and

oxygen in a ratio of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom—(CH2O)n

Let’s draw

The Building Blocks of Life

Section 4

Page 29: Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in

Chemistry in Biology

Two monosaccharides joined together form a disaccharide.

Longer carbohydrate molecules are called polysaccharides.

The Building Blocks of Life

Section 4

Page 30: Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in

Chemistry in Biology

Lipids

Molecules made mostly of carbon and hydrogen and oxygen

A triglyceride is a fat if it is solid at room temperature and an oil if it is liquid at room temperature.

Let’s draw

The Building Blocks of Life

Section 4

Page 31: Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in

Chemistry in Biology

Lipids that are saturated fats – have only single bonds between the carbon atoms.

Lipids that are unsaturated - have at least one double bond between carbon atoms.

Fats with more than one double bond in the tail are called polyunsaturated fats.

The Building Blocks of Life

Section 4

Page 32: Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in

Let’s draw Sat. and Unsat.

Page 33: Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in

Chemistry in Biology

Proteins

Monomer - amino acids

Amino acids are small compounds that are made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and sometimes sulfur.

Let’s draw

The Building Blocks of Life

Section 4

Page 34: Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in

• When two amino acids are bonded together through dehydration reaction, a peptide bond is formed.

Page 35: Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in

Chemistry in Biology

Primary structure - The number and the order in which the amino acids are joined.

Secondary structure - Folded into a unique three-dimensional shape, such as a helix or a pleat.

The Building Blocks of Life

Section 4

Page 36: Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in

• Tertiary structure – the overall, 3 Dimensional shape of a polypeptide.

• Quaternary structure – Bonding interaction with other polypeptide.

Page 38: Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in
Page 39: Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in
Page 40: Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in

Quaternary Structure

Page 41: Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in

Chemistry in Biology

Nucleic acids are complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information.

Nucleotides – the monomer that builds Nucleic acids. Let’s draw

The Building Blocks of Life

Section 4