Introduction to ThermodynamicsConservation of EnergyFirst Law of Thermodynamics = energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted between different forms

Example: Glucose + Oxygen CO2 + H2O + energy + heat

Transfer of energy from glucose to cell energy releases heat.In bioreactors, potential energy exists in bonds holding atoms togetherTotal energy is unchanged, Just transferred

EntropyThe Heat TaxConversion of energy between forms is inefficient: Usually, some energy is lost as heatThe fewer energy conversion, the better

Entropy = S = driving force of spontaneous reactions = disorder or randomProbability (likelihood): there are many ways for objects/molecules to be disordered, but only a few to be orderedNature proceeds towards the most likely state= state with greatest level of electron stabilityc) This is the purpose of bonding. Expansion of a Gas

Atoms and thermodynamicsEnergy in the living world is a result of atomic bonding.Bond examples:CovalentIonicHydrogenPeptidePolypeptideWhat happens when a bond is created?Energy is trapped via the electrons in that bond.What happens when a bond is broken?Energy is released and transferred elsewhereHeat is also a product

Basics of moleculesThe bigger the molecule the more potential energy it hasExample: Water vs. Carbs vs. Fats

Atomic basicsThe most consistent atoms in biology will be CHONAs these atoms bond with each other and others their neutral state changes Recall that the atomic number on the PTE tells you how many protons BUT ALSO how many electrons in that neutral state.8 positive protons + 8 negative electrons = a charge of 0

Atoms natural state also changes with environmental impacts and time.Ions when an atom loses or gains electrons from original state and ends up with a + or charge.

IsotopesWhen an atoms normal amount of neutrons changes. This is usually reflected in saying the element and then its atomic mass.Example normal carbon is Carbon 12 or C-12 but a common isotope of Carbon is called Carbon 14 or C-14

How to record an atoms information