attachment revision booklet

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1 AS Psychology: Unit 1 PSYA1 (January exam) Revision Revision for Attachment Booklets 1 and 2 Attachment Dictionary Name.................................

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Page 1: Attachment revision booklet

1

AS Psychology: Unit 1 PSYA1 (January exam) Revision

Revision for Attachment Booklets 1 and 2

Attachment Dictionary

NNaammee..................................................................

Page 2: Attachment revision booklet

2

Explanations of Attachment

Attachment: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………

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You need to know two explanations of attachment

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(attachment is learned) (attachment is innate)

The Behavioural Explanation (Learning Theory) (AO1)

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Create a set of buzz words to help you remember the Behavioural Explanation.

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Page 3: Attachment revision booklet

3

Evaluation of the Behavioural Explanation (AO2)

(1)Learning theory can provide an adequate explanation of how attachments form.

Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................

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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

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Evaluation:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…

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(1)There is strong evidence from Psychological studies that suggests that

attachments that form between and infant and their primary caregiver or not based

on feeding.

Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................

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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

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Evaluation:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…

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(2)Evidence against Learning theory comes from Harlow’s research (1959).

Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................

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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

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Evaluation:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…

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However, can you think of any problems with Harlow’s research?

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Page 4: Attachment revision booklet

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(3)Further evidence against Learning theory comes from Lorenz’s theory of

imprinting.

Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................

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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

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Evaluation:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…

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The Evolutionary Perspective (Bowlby’s Theory) (AO1)

The Evolutionary Theory of Attachment

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Create a set of buzz words to help you remember the Evolutionary Explanation.

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Page 5: Attachment revision booklet

5

Evaluation of the Evolutionary Explanation (Bowlby’s Theory) (AO2)

(1)Lorenz’s imprinting study can be used as evidence to support Bowlby’s theory.

Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................

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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

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Evaluation:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…

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(2)Hazen and Shaver’s research can be used to support Bowlby’s theory.

Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................

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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

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Evaluation:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…

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(1)However, Howes et al (1994) provide evidence against Bowlby’s theory.

Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

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Evaluation:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…

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(2)The Evolutionary argument is a post-hoc assumption:

Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................

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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

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Evaluation:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…

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Page 6: Attachment revision booklet

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Differences between the Behavioural and Evolutionary Theories:

Behavioural Explanation:

‘Learning Theory’

W

H

E

R

E

A

S

Evolutionary Explanation: ‘Bowlby’s

Theory’

Types of Attachment: Individual Differences in Attachment

Research study into ‘individual differences in attachment’: (including the 4 key observations and findings (3 categories))

Aim:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

..…....................................................................................................................................

Procedure:…………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………

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Findings:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Conclusions:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Page 7: Attachment revision booklet

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Characteristic Behaviours of each ‘Attachment Type’:

Evaluation of the ‘Strange Situation’ Study (AO2)

(1)The Strange Situation provides a huge amount of detail very quickly.

Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................

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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

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Evaluation:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…

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(1)The study can be criticised for ethical issues.

Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................

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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

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Evaluation:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…

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ATTACHMENT

TYPE: BEHAVIOUR CATEGORY:

Separation Anxiety Stranger Anxiety Reunion Behaviour Willingness to Explore

Securely

Attached

Insecure-

Avoidant

Insecure-

Resistant

Page 8: Attachment revision booklet

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(2)Another criticism is that the classification system doesn’t fit all infants.

Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................

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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

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Evaluation:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…

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(3)Another weakness of the Strange Situation is that it lacks ecological validity.

Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................

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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

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Evaluation:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…

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Causes (or Influences) of Differences in Attachment Type:

What factors affect the type of attachment infants have with their primary

caregiver?

1. Sensitivity of the mother: …………………………………………………………………………………………..

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2. ‘Temperament hypothesis’: …………………………………………………………………………………………..

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Page 9: Attachment revision booklet

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Effects of Attachment Type:

How can early attachments shape behaviour in later life?

1. Behaviour at school: ……………………………………………………………………………..……………………..

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2. Adult romantic behaviour: …………………………………………………………………………………………..

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Cultural Variations in Attachment (AO1)

Research demonstrating Cross Cultural differences (................................)

Aim:.......................................................................................................................................

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Procedure:...........................................................................................................................

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Findings:...............................................................................................................................

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Conclusions:.........................................................................................................................

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Page 10: Attachment revision booklet

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Evaluation of Cross-cultural variations (AO2)

(1)The Strange Situation is easy to replicate cross-culturally.

Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................

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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

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Evaluation:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…

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(1)However, comparing cultures using the Strange Situation attachment

behaviour may be ethnocentric.

Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................

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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

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Evaluation:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…

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(2)Furthermore, Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg used the Strange Situation

technique which can be criticised as lacking ecological validity.

Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................

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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

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Evaluation:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…

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Page 11: Attachment revision booklet

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(3)

Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................

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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

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Evaluation:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…

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Disruption of Attachment

Are the effects of short term separation long lasting?

The Robertson’s and Bowlby’s Naturalistic Observation

(AO1)

Research study into disruption of attachment: Robertson and Bowlby (1952)

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The ‘PDD’ Model:

• ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Page 12: Attachment revision booklet

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Evaluation of Robertson’s and Bowlby’s Study (AO2):

(1)The study used a naturalistic observation which has high ecological validity.

Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................

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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

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Evaluation:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…

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(1)The research may suffer from observer bias.

Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................

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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

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Evaluation:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…

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(2)Disruption of attachment is more complex than Robertson and Bowlby suggested.

Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................

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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

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Evaluation:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…

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Page 13: Attachment revision booklet

13

As well as attachment type what other factors

affect a child’s response to disruption of attachment?

(1) Age of the child:.............................................................................................................

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(2) The sex of the child:.....................................................................................................

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Privation Are the effects of privation reversible?

Privation (definition): …………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Research into the effects of Privation: Hodges and Tizard (1989)

Aim:……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Procedure:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………

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Findings:……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Conclusions:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Page 14: Attachment revision booklet

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Evaluation of Hodges and Tizard’s Study (AO2)

(1)Support for Hodges and Tizard comes from the case study of Genie.

Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................

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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

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Evaluation:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…

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However, it may be that Genie was retarded meaning that she would have never

functioned ‘normally’ anyway.

(1)The study can be criticised for attrition.

Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................

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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

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Evaluation:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…

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(2)The Hodges and Tizard study can be criticised as there is contradictory

evidence.

Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

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Evaluation:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…

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However, ...........................................................................................................................................

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Page 15: Attachment revision booklet

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The Effects of Institutionalisation/ Privation

Definition Institutionalisation: ....................................................................................

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AO1 Poor Parenting

Evidence to support Poor Parenting (AO2)

Further research supports the idea that early institutionalisation can lead

to poor parenting.

Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................

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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

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Evaluation:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…

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AO1 Deprivation Dwarfism

Page 16: Attachment revision booklet

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Evidence to support Deprivation Dwarfism (AO2)

The case study of Genie supports the assumption of deprivation dwarfism.

Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................

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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

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Evaluation:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…

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However:

Research has suggested that the age at which privation is stopped can

effect later development.

Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................

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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

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Evaluation:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…

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AO1 Attachment Disorder

Page 17: Attachment revision booklet

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Evidence to support Attachment Disorder (AO2)

Hodges and Tizard’s (1989) longitudinal study supports the idea of

Attachment Disorder.

Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................

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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

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Evaluation:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…

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However:

Research has suggested that the quality of care at the institute can affect

future development.

Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................

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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

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Evaluation:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…

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Page 18: Attachment revision booklet

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Day Care

The effects of day care on social development

1. The impact of day care on aggression

Day care can increase aggression (AO1):

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Day care can reduce aggression (AO1):

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1. The impact of day

care on aggression

2. The impact of

day care on peer

relations

Page 19: Attachment revision booklet

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Evaluation of research into effects of day care on aggression

(AO2)

(1)Most research into the effects of day care on social development has high

ecological validity.

Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................

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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

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Evaluation:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…

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(1)The research into the effects of day care is contradictory.

Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................

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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

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…………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………….……

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Evaluation:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…

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(2)The impact of day care on social development is more complex than the research

suggests.

Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................

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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

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Evaluation:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…

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Page 20: Attachment revision booklet

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(3)A weakness is that most of the research into the effects of day care on social

development is correlational (e.g.___________________________________)

Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................

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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

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Evaluation:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…

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2. The impact of day care on peer relations

(AO1) Day care can lead to more advanced peer relations (more

sociability)

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(AO1) Day care can lead to less advanced peer relations (decrease in

sociability)

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Evaluation of research into effects of day care on peer relations

(A02)

(1)Most research into the effects of day care on social development has high

ecological validity.

Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................

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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

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(1)The research into the effects of day care is contradictory.

Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................

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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

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(2)The impact of day care on social development is more complex than the research

suggests.

Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................

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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

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(3)A weakness is that most of the research into the effects of day care on social

development is correlational (e.g.___________________________________)

Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................

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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

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Implications of research into attachment for childcare practices

What is meant by the term ‘implication’? __________________________

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Hospital admissions

Problems raised by research:

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Solutions to these problems:

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Adoption

Problems raised by research:

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Solutions to these problems:

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Implications of research into day care for childcare practices

Staff:Child ratios:

Problems raised by research:

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Solutions to these problems:

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High Turnover of Staff:

Problems raised by research:

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Solutions to these problems:

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Question Checkpoint

A psychologist conducted a research study to investigate the implications of

providing caregivers with training designed to increase their sensitivity.

Twenty caregivers were randomly assigned to the group receiving training to

increase their sensitivity. The remaining twenty, a control group, received no

such training.

The findings were that caregivers in receipt of sensitivity training were

rated as more sensitive than caregivers in the control group. For children

around the age of two, those in the care of the caregivers who received the

sensitivity training were more secure in their attachments than those who

were cared for by the control group. The researcher concluded the findings

were directly due to the sensitivity training.

(a)Which experimental design was used in this study? (1 mark)

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Term Definition/Explanation Adult romantic

relationships

Attachment

Attachment

disorder

Attrition

Behavioural

Explanation

(Learning Theory)

Behaviour at

school

Classical

Conditioning

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Cross-cultural

variations

Cupbaord Love

Theory (part of

the behavioural

explanation)

Day Care

Deprivation

dwarfism

Despair

Detachment

Evolutionary

Explanation

(Bowlby’s Theory)

Imprinting

Insecure-avoidant

Insecure-resistant

Institutionalisation

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Internal Working

Model (continuity

hypothesis)

Key worker

Longitudinal

research

Monotropy

Privation

Protest

Poor parenting

Post-hoc

assumption

Reunion Behaviour

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Secure

Attachment

Sensitivity of

mother

Separation

Anxiety

Social releasers

Strange Situation

Stranger Anxiety

Temperament

Hypothesis

Willingness to

explore (from a

secure base)