^si rw i^r \' r-mrimtrv'/mrrarr^wri ^^1,

immmmmHmmmmmmmtKfiKmmmsmimmmismmo.

mmmmmmmmmmmmm

QXM#lcXoMrv^H^f

GIFT OF

R. L. Linscott

COLLEGE SERIES OF GREEK AUTHORS

KDITED rXDER THE SUPERVISION OF

JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE and THOMAS DAY SEYMOUR, EditorsCHARLES BURTON GUUCK, Associate Editor

THE ATTICA OFPAUSANIAS

EDITED BY

MITCHELL CARKOLL, Ph.D.

Professor of Classical Philology in The George Washington University

GINN & COMPANYBOSTON • NEW YORK • CHICAGO • LONDON

Entered at Stationeus' Hall

Copyright, 1907, p.y

John Williams White, Thomas Day Seymoir, andCharles Burton Gulick

ALL rights reserved

GINN & COMPANY • PRO-PRIETORS boston • U.S.A.

r /i

! 7 '/

TOTHE MEMORY

OFTHOMAS DAY SEYMOUR

Digitized by tine Internet Archive

in 2007 witin funding from

IVIicrosoft Corporation

littp://www.arcliive.org/details/atticaofpausaniaOOpausiala

X

PA

A3Ihf P7

PREFACE

The text adopted in this volume is that of the Hitzig-Bkiemuer

edition of Pausanias (Berlin, 1896), with certain changes in typog-

raphy and punctuation to conform to the style of the series in

which it appears. The Hitzig text presents a careful revision of

the Schubart text and critical apparatus (which had not been cor-

rected for forty years) in the light of new studies and discoveries

up to 1896. The later text of Spiro (Teubner, 1903) differs from

that of Hitzig only in minor details. As the present work is pri-

marily archaeological in its purpose, textual criticism is avoided,

and the reader is referred to the Hitzig-Bluemner edition for details

in these matters.

In the preparation of the Introduction, Notes, and Excursuses,

the editor is conscious of his indebtedness to the Hitzig-Bluemner

commentary and to the monumental work of Frazer (Pausanias's

Description of Greece, translated with a Commentary, in six vol-

umes. London, 1898). So thoroughly have these scholars done

their work that in the preparation of a college edition they may

be relied on for an accurate summary of the literature on the

Attica up to the time of the publication of their works, and the

chief task of the editor is to appraise the matter they present in

the light of later contributions, to bring the discussions up to

date, and to select what is essential to meet the needs of students.

On account of the size and cost of these two important works,

they are not readily accessible to any but specialists. This empha-

sizes the need of a more compact edition of the Attica— the most

important of the ten books of Pausanias's Description of Greece

— one which gives the text and presents concisely in the way of

V

407*^61

vi PREFACE

commentary the results of modern scholarship concerning Athenian

and Attic topography. Owing to the nature of the subject-matter,

the commentary is mainly archaeological, but grammatical and

stylistic peculiarities have not been neglected. The more important

topics, wliicli could not be adequately treated in the Notes, are

considered at some length in a series of Excursuses. The Topical

Outline of the Attica enables the student to follow the somewhat

tortuous course of the author. The Select Bibliography in the

Appendix presents the more important titles under appropriate

heads.

Up to this time Pausanias has been seldom read in our colleges

and universities, on the theory that strictly classical authors are

better suited to the class-room. The increasing interest, however,

in archaeological studies,— much of it being due, in America, to

the work of the American School at Athens— has encouraged the

feeling that Greek students should have some knowledge of the

topography and monuments of ancient Athens. This knowledge

is most readily acquired by the study of the Attica of Pausanias,

and it is hoped that this book may quicken the student's interest

in the intellectual and artistic aspects of Greek life.

In conclusion, the editor desires to express his hearty acknowl-

edgments to the beloved and lamented Professor Seymour, who

read a part of the proofs in the closing months of his fruitful life

and made many important suggestions ; to Professor Dorpfeld for

introducing him to the study of Athenian topography and for per-

mission to use the plans liere reproduced ; to Professor D'Ooge,

Professor Bates, and Dr. Newcomer for reading portions of the

subject-matter in proof, with many pertinent observations ; and,

above all, to Professor Gulick, whose editorial acumen and sym-

pathetic criticism have contributed largely to the preparation of the

work.Mitchell Carroll

The George Washington University

CONTENTS

Introductiox

Pausanias thk Pkkieoktk

Scope and Character of Pausanias 's WorkDate of the Periegesis

Pausanias, His Life and WorkAim and Method of the Periegesis .

Style of Pausanias ....Pausanias's Use of Previous Writers

Topographical Outline of the Attica

Text and Notes .....Appendix A. Manuscripts

B. Editions ....C. Translations

D. Selected List of Works Bearing on Pausanias

E. Selected List of AVorks on Athens and Attica

Excursuses eater Athens- 1. Harbors and Fortifications of (jr

2. The Agora of Athens .

3. The Enneacrunus and its Neighborliood

4. The Theseum

5. The 01ymi)ieum

6. The Theatre of Dionysus .

7. The Acropolis

8. The Propylaea .

9. The Temple of Athena Nike

10. The Parthenon .

11. The Erechtheum

12. The Old Athena Temple

Table of Abbreviations

Index ....

Page

1

1

2

4

5

7

8

12

27

210

217

218

218

210

228

235

242

252

25(5

259

205

270

274

275

280

280

290

292

INTRODUCTION

PAUSANIAS THE PERIEGETE

1. Scape and c/iaracfer of Pausanias's work.— Aldus ISfanutivis

begins his preface to the editio princeps of Pausaiiias's Deacripthm

of Greece^ which appeared in 1516, by characterizing it as an " opas

antiquae raraeque eniditlonis thesauros co7itmens." And invahiable

it is because of its subject-matter, since it reveals to us numerous

details, not only concerning " the city of the violet crown," but also

about the other most celebrated sites of ancient Greece, when its

monuments still retained some of the freshness and splendor of the

older time.

The IIcpiT/yTyo-is Trj<: 'EXAaSos has come down to us in ten books.

The work is a detailed account of the sites ordinarily visited and

the objects ordinarily seen by the traveler in making an extensive

tour of Greece. As the writer is sui)})osed to be coming from over

the Aegean Sea to the Greek mainland, his account begins with

Sunium, the promontory of Attica. Thence he i)roceeds to Athens,

liook I is devoted to the description of Athens and Attica. FromAttica the traveler journeys southward by way of Megaris (also

treated in Book I) and the Isthmus to Corinth and the Argolid

(described in Book II). His Peloponnesian tour follows much the

same route which travelers of our day usually take, embracing Laconia

(Book III), Messenia (Book IV), Elis (Books V, VI), Achaea (Book

VII) and Arcadia (Book VIII). Then follows a second tour to the

principal cities of Central Greece, starting from Athens in the same

manner as modern travelers would journey. Here the wi-iter's chief

attention is absorlxid ))y Thebes in Boeotia (P)Ook IX) and by I)el})hi

in the district of Phocis (Book X). The regions of ^Vestern and

Northern Greece, which had played no ])rominent i)art in the art

and civilization of Hellas, Pausanias leaves out of consideration.

1

2 THP: ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

The territory chiefly described gives its name to the various books.

Thus the first book has the title 'Attikoi and includes Megaris ; the

second the title KopLvOiaKa, and embraces, in addition to Corinth,

Argos, Mycenae, Tiryns, and Ei)idaurus ; the third AaKwvLKa, the

fourth M^a-a-rjviaKd, the fifth and sixth (which describe Olympia)

'KXwLKd, the seventh 'AxaUd, the eighth 'Ap/caStKa. The description

of Central Greece is contained in the ninth book called BotwrtKa, and

in the tenth, the <E>(OKtKa, which is devoted almost exclusively to

Delphi. Topographical directions are not always exact;

yet, by

mentioning in order the names of denies, of places, and of monu-

ments, Pausanias throws much light on the geography and topog-

raphy of ancient Greece.

2. Date of the Periegesi^. — Pausanias made his sojourn in Greece

in the second century of our era, in the days of Hadrian and the

Antonines. His date is fixed by 5, 1, 2, where he states that 217

years have elapsed since the restoration of Corinth. As this well-

known event occurred in 43 b.c, the passage shows that the author

was writing Book V in 174 a.d. Other intimations as to his date

harmonize with this evidence. Thus, for example, in 5, 21, 15

images set up in 125 A.r>. are spoken of as specimens of the art

of his day ; and 1, 5, 5 and 8, 9, 7 indicate that the writer was a

contemporary of the emperor Hadrian. The latest historical event

mentioned by him as occurring in his time (10, 34, 5) is the incur-

sion of the Costobocs into Greece, which took place probably between

166 and 180 a.d.^

Every discussion about the date of the separate books, especially

of the Attica, must take as its starting-point 174 a.d., just mentioned

as the only fixed date and the date of I)Ook V. Pausanias (7, 20, 6)

tells us that Book I was finished before Herodes Atticus built the

Odeum at Athens, erected in honor of his wife Begilla, who appears

to have died in 160 or 161 A.r>. The Odeum was doubtless built not

long after Eegilla's death, and therefore 160-161 a.d. constitutes

the terminus ante quern of Book I. A reference to Herodes Atticus

probably gives us also the terminus post quern, for according to

1, 19, 6, the stadium of Athens had already been rebuilt by him

1 See below, pp. 3-4.

INTRODUCTION 3

before 143 a.d. or a little earlier. Book I has, therefore, as its

limits 143-100 a.d.

There are numerous indications that the Attira was written and

published l^efore the rest of the work. For instance, we have the

writer's statement (7, 20, G) that the Odeum is not mentioned in

his work on Attica, because his description of Athens was finished

l)efore Herodes began to build. Further, in 8, 5, 1 he corrects a

view which he had adopted in Book I (c. 41, 2) regarding the king-

ship of Achaea at the time of the attempted i-eturn of the Heraclidae

to Peloponnesus. A third argument is that in subsequent books

he makes additions to certain statements in l^ook I. Compare, for

example, 5, 11, G with 1, 15, 3, accounts of the painting of the

Battle of Marathon.^ In one case he supersedes the account of the

Gallic invasion in 1, 3, 5ff. by the fuller narrative in 10, 19, 5 ft"., as

if the first had proved inadequate. There also occur remarks in the

later books which seem to have been occasioned by current criticisms

of the Attica already published, as, for example, in 3, 11, 1 in refer-

ence to the plan of the book ; in 4, 24, 3 in regard to digressions

;

cf. 8, 7, 4-8 ; 9, 30, 3 ; 9, 24, 3.

We must, accordingly, presuppose an interval of a few years lie-

tween the publication of Book I and that of later books. Book II

was probably written after 1G5 a.d., as the statement is made that

the temple of Asclepius at Smyrna had already been founded (2,

26, 9), w^hich according to other testimony was still unfinished in

165 A.D. A study of referencses which the author makes to various

parts of his work shows that the books were written in the order in

which they stand.^ AVe have already a fixed date for Book V, 174 a.d.

Hence Books II-IV must date lietween 165 and 174 a.d. Book A' II I,

which refers to the German victories of Marcus Aurelius (8, 43, 6),

must have teen written after 166, when the war broke out, and mayhave been written in or after 176, when the emjieror celebrated his

triumph. Book X, with the allusion to the Costolxx' invasion, was

1 Cf. also 5, 12, 4 with 1, 21, 3 ; 2, 30, 2, and 3, 15, 7, with 1, 22, 4 ; 6, 20,

14 with 1, 24, 3 ; 10, 21, 5 with 1, 3, 2.

2 Thus e.g. 2, 19, 8 ; 21, 4 ; 23, ; 32, 3 show that the First Book was written

before the Second, etc. See Frazer, Paiisanias, I, Introduction, xvii n. 5.

4 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

written between 166 and 180, probably after 176. Thus Books

VI-X may date between 174 and 180 a.d. The composition of the

Description of Greece, therefore, extended over a period of not less

than fourteen years (160-174 a.d.) and probably occupied a much

longer period.

3. Pausanias, Jiis life and work.— Though the work itself is so

voluminous, our knowledge of the author is limited almost to his

mere name. The book gives us his date, and some insight into his

personality, but as to the author's family, birthplace, citizenship,

and pursuits in life we are left in almost total ignorance. An occa-

sional allusion, however, conveys some intimation. If we inquire,

for example, whence he came, he gives us a hint in 5, 13, 7, IIcAoTros

Se Kat TavTaXov t^s Trap' rjfuv cvoiKr^Tcws (TrifJi.ua en koI es Tohc XtiireTai

ktX., where it is suggested that his native land was the territory

about Moi;nt Sipylus in Lydia, and mention is made in what follows

of natural features and monuments pertaining to this region. This

statement is strengthened by many passages in which he recurs to

the scenery and legends of Lydia.^ We conclude, therefore, that he

was a Lydian by birth ; but whether he was a native of Magnesia,

the important city at the northern foot of JVIount Sipylus, or of Thy-

atira, or of some less known town, is not to be ascertained.

Late Greek writers mention two other authors of the same name,

with whom our Pausanias is sometimes confused. Philostratus (Vit.

Soph. 11, 13) s})eaks of a sophist named Pausanias, much esteemed

in his time, who was a pupil of Herodes Atticus and teacher of

Aspasius. So far as his date is concerned, we might readily identify

him with the author of the Description of Greece. But the sophist

came from Caesarea in Cappadocia, not from Lydia, and Suidas men-

tions Prohlematci by him, and a book on syntax, but no Feriegesis.

One can hardly conceive of our author with his crabbed style occu-

pying the lectureship of eloquence at Athens. Hence the identity of

the traveler and the sophist is altogether improbable.

Nor can he with any greater degree of probability be identified with

the historian Pausanias, who wrote, among other works, a history of

Antioch, and who is mentioned as o o-oc^toraros xpovoypa^to'i. The

1 Cf. 1, 21, 3 ; 24, 8 ; 2, 22, -S ; 5, 18, 7 ; (5, 22, 1 ; 7, 24, 13 ; 8, 2, 7 ; 17, 3.

IXTRODUCTIOX 6

historian was born at Antioch in Syria, not in Lydia. Steplianus of

Byzantium cites the works of the two men, the KriVis 'Avrio;(ctas and

the Uepi.rjyr}(Ti<:, under the simple name Pausanias, but this proves

nothing more than that in the fifth century the two writers of this

name were not readily distingviished. We must therefore rest con-

tent with the knowledge tliat our author lived and traveled in the

second century, and was born near Mount Sipylus in Asia Minor.

4. Aim and viethod of the Ferlegeshi. — That Pausanias has

given to the world a work of unique value is manifest to any one

who notes its contents. We have here a book rich in antiquarian,

mythological, historical, and artistic lore, and the very nature of

the subject-matter arouses the question what was the author's aim

in preparing his work. The answer is nowhere clearly given by him.

He begins his book without a preface ; he concludes without an ej)i-

logue. Probably his Avork was left unfinished and no opportunity

was given to revise it; probably, while it served its purpose, the

author felt there was no need of explanatory remarks. Hence the

answer to our question is largely a matter of inference ; but we can,

at any rate, gather from utterances here and there what Avas the

aiithor's general purpose, and how his method develo])ed as his grasp

of the subject increased.

Thus, he tells us in 1, 2G, 4 tliat it is his purpose to describe the

whole of Greece, as he had the Acropolis, Act Se /xe a<f)iKeardaL tov \6-

yov irpocrw, vavTa 6)u.otws CTre^iovTa to. 'KXXrjVLKo.. Again, after he has

concluded his account of Athens and Attica he adds (1, o9, 3) : tol-

avTa Kara yvwfirjv rrjv ifxrjv A$r}vatOL<; •yvwpt/u.wTaTa ^v Iv re Adyots naX

otfop-qfiaaLV. airiKpLvt Sc ttTro twv iroXXtiiv i$ o.p^<; 6 \6yo<; /xoi to. es avyypa-

<j>r]v avrJKovTa. Later, as a preface to his description of Sparta, he

refers to this statement, and outlines his aim and method more defi-

nitely (.3, 11, 1) : o 8£ iv Trj crvyypa<f>rj poi Trj 'ArdtSi eirav6p6o}pa iytvero,

p.ri TO. TrdvTa pt e<^e^^9, ra Sc pakiara d^ui pvyprji i-mXe^dpevov Att avTwv

elprjKtvui, SrjXiocro) Br] irpb rov Xoyov tov €? STrapTiaras. ipoi yap ii oip)(rj<:

rfdiXfja-ev o Xdyos ctTro noXXutv koi ovk ol^imv d<f>rjyTJ(rf.(D<;, a eKuaroL irupd

(T<f>i(TL Xeyoucriv, drroKpivai ra d^LoXoytaraTa. w? ovv cv fiefSovXevpcio^

OVK co-Tiv oTTOV Trapa^rj(ropai.^

1 See also 2, 13, 3 ; 6, 1, 2 ; 10, 32, 1.

6 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

From these passages and from a study of the contents of the work

it becomes clear that "Pausanias intended to describe all the most

notable objects and to narrate all the most memorable traditions

which he found existing or current in the Greece of his own time." ^

This was a vast undertaking, especially so in the case of Attica,

the first country he undertook to describe. Here he was bewildered

by an embarrassment of riches before he had definitely decided on

a method of treating the data he had at hand. Hence the author's

method is not so clearly defined in the first as in the later books.

Beginning with Book II, he regularly prefaces his account of every

important city with a historical sketch and follows strictly tlie

topographical order of description. Bi;t in the case of the Attica

there is no historical introduction whatever ; though the topograph-

ical order is in the main observed in describing Athens, it is not fol-

lowed in his treatment of the rest of Attica. At times tlie course of

description is confused, as when he interrupts his account of the Attic

denies to describe the mountains of Attica (cf. 1, 32, 1 and 1, 35, 1 ff.).

Again, he mentions fewer notable objects in proportion to the total

number in Athens than he does in any other important centre of

Greece, and his accounts of notable monuments in Athens are shorter

than those in the remaining books. Contrast, for example, his de-

scription of Athens with that of Olympia, the former embracing only

thirty chapters of one book, or seventy Teubner pages, while to the

latter is devoted the larger part of two books, being forty chapters

or one hundred and ten Teubner pages. Temples and statues in the

whole of Athens, however, were far more nmnerous and imposing

than in Olympia. The explanation of the defects of the Attica is,

of course, that the author was finding himself in his new work, and

had not altogether arrived at a definite plan.

The topographical method already adopted in the description of

Athens reveals the author's purpose in preparing the work. Thus,

he begins by describing the harbors of Athens, and the objects of

interest on the roads leading from the harbors to the city. He next

enters the principal gate and proceeds by a broad avenue to the

Agora, which he treats in great detail. Thence he traverses the

1 Frazer, I, Introduction, xxiii.

INTRODUCTION 7

territory east of the Acropolis, known as the City of Hadrian. Adescription of the sonthern slope of the Acropolis iinally brings him

to its principal entrance, and, having entered, he devotes to the

objects of interest in the sacred precinct the niaxinuun of attention.

He concludes his account of Athens by describing the suburbs of

the city. Let us compare this description with the description of

Athens in I^aedeker's Greece. The" writer of this work gives first

a historical sketch of the city. He then describes it in several sec-

tions : a, From the Koyal Palace round the south side of the Acroi>

olis ; I), The Acropolis ; e, From the Palace through the Town to the

Theseum— the Hill of the Nymphs, Pnyx, and Museum ; </, Modern

Quarters of the Town ; e, Walks near Athens.

Similarity of treatment shows that we have in Pausanias the

prototype of Baedeker and Murray. The second century was an

age of travel, like our own, and many needed systematic direction to

help them on the way. The public-house system of the country

was poor, but private hospitality, as in the earlier days, made some

amends. Accordingly, the description of inns and other acconnnotla-

tions which Dionysus in the Frogs feels to te such a desideratum

and which our Murray or Baedeker oifers in great detail, is wanting

;

but in other respects the likeness lietween the ancient and the mod-

ern cicerone holds. Book I was meant primarily to be a guide-book

for the Greek visitor to Athens and Attica, just as the whole vol-

ume was a guide-book for the generally frequented parts of Hellas,

with special reference to works of art, like the modern Burckhardt.

To gratify the intellectual curiosity of his readers, Pausanias tills

his volume with mythical, antiquarian, and historical lore, and he

doubtless felt that his work would be serviceable to the historian as

well as the traveler. Yet his main purpose was, without doubt, to

provide a guide-book for visitors to the historic sites of Greece.

5. Style of Pausanias.— The literary style displayed in the book

before us is due partly to the nature of the subject-matter, partly

to the character of the author as reflected in his work. Pa\isanias

is revealed as an unimaginative man, but one deeply interested in

antiquarian lore, who set out on his travels with the purpose of

"doing" Greece and of giving others the benefit of his reading and

8 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

observation, and who kept at it with heroic persistence. He permitted

no curious legend to escape him, and gathered information from every

source. He carefully studied his predecessors in historical prose,

especially Thucydides and Herodotus, and laboriously sought to

cultivate a good style. But he falls hopelessly short of the vigor-

ous expression of the former, and the sweetness and lucidity of the

latter. There is a sense of strain about his style. As Frazer so

well puts it, "The sentences are devoid of rhythm and harmony.

They do not march, but hobble and shamble and shuffle along. At

the end of one of them the reader is not let down easily by a grace-

ful cadence, a dying fall ; he is tripped up suddenly and left sprawl-

ing, till he can pull himself together, take breath, and grapple with

the next." ^

Frazer thinks that these defects in Pausanias's style may perhaps

be best explained by I^oeckh's ^ hypothesis that Pausanias modeled

his style on tliat of his countryman Hegesias of Magnesia, a leader

of the Asian school of rhetoric. Hegesias aimed at variety of phrase,

which often avoided monotony at the cost of simplicity and clearness,

and led him into a jerky yet mincing style. Pausanias's indirect

mode of statement often leads him in like manner to ambiguity,

the chief defect of his style.

6. Pausanias's vse ofjireiHous writers.— It is not essential to our

purpose to enter fully into the discussion of Pausanias's trustwoi'-

thiness and his use of previous writers, as Frazer has treated the sub-

ject most exhaustively and liappily and has sjitisfactorily met all

the more serious criticdsms.

Scaliger characterized Pausanias as being " omniuvi Graecvlorum

mendachsimum." In recent times his trustworthiness and literary

independence have been energetically called in question by von

AVilamowitz-Moellendorf (Hermes, XII, 346 ff.), but Pausanias found

a vigorous champion against Wilamowitz in R. Schoell (Hermes,

XIII, 482 ff.). Wilamowitz's charges, however, were followed up

and exhaustively extended by A. Kalkmann (Pausanias der Perieget,

^ Frazer, I, Introduction, Ixix. The reader will greatly profit by close study

of this excellent critique.

2 " De Pausaniae Stilo Asiano," Gesamm. Kl. ^chr. IV, 208-212.

IXTRODUCTION 9

Berlin 1886), who argued that Pausanias had traveled and seen

very little in Greece, but had compiled the bidk of his work froui

the manuals of earlier writers and had added only a few hasty jot-

tings of his own to give his descriptions a convincing atmosphere.

He found his chief source, according to Kalkmann and Wilamowitz,

in Polemon of Ilium, who lived in the second century b.c. Tlie

charges of Kalkmann, which were a severe impeachment of Pausa-

nias's moral character, as well as his literary ability, were suc-

cessfully refuted by W. Gurlitt (Ueher Pausan'unt, Graz 1890) and

R, Heberdey (Die Reisen des Pausanias, Wien 1894).^ Kalkmannhimself substantially retracts his earlier views by admitting that

Pausanias saw with his own eyes all the objects that especially

interested him {Arch. Anz. 1895, 12). Frazer, finally, disposes

conclusively of the theory that Pausanias stole everything from

Polemon. His inquiry, in which he draws the important distinction

between the historical and the descriptive portions in Pausanias's

work, is here simimarized.

In regard to the historical passages he shows that Pausanias drew

his accounts of the mythical and heroic ages largely from the poets

;

that Herodotus is the historian most freqiiently cited by him ; that,

notwithstanding there is only one direct reference to Thucydides

(6, 19, 5) and one to Xenophon (1, 3, 4), he probably used these

authors in several places where he does not mention their names.

He also refers to numerous other historians, and cites several local

histories, notably the histories of Attica by Androtion (G, 7, 6

;

10, 8, 1) and by Clitodemus (10, 15, 5). He also made extensive use

of inscriptions, consulted writers on art, and got information from

local guides.

Regarding next the descriptive or topographical jiassages, Frazer

considers whether Pausanias derived his knowledge from observation,

from books, or from both. The author himself gives no fidl or direct

answer to these questions. He neither professes to have seen every-

thing he describes, nor does he acknowledge having borrowed any of

his descriptions from previous writers, whom he barely alludes to

1 With Gurlitt cf. Lolling/Cott. Gel. Anz. 1890, G27 ff., Weil. IJerl. Philol.

Woch. 1890, 1101 ff., and Wachsmuth in Pauly-Wissowa, Suppl. I, 200 ff.

10 THE ATTICA OF TAUSAXIAS

and never mentions by name. Yet lie affirms that he saw personally

certain things he describes ; and to have seen certain things implies

that he saw others. There are descriptions which Pansanias mayhave taken from books, bnt there is no description extant so like in

form and snbstance to what Pansanias has written that one can say

he copied from it. Frazer considers in detail a nnmber of passages

which, others have thought, bear traces of having been derived either

Avholly or in part from written documents rather than from jjcrsonal

observation, and concludes that in none are the indications so clear

as to amount to a proof of borrowing.

Prazer discusses in considerable detail the predecessors whomPansanias ought to have consulted, namely Pseudo-Dicaearchus the

Messenian, Diodorus of Athens, Heliodorus, and Polemon, whose

writings are known through extant fragments. Of Polemon we have

more than one hundred fragments. These Frazer takes up one by

one and draws a minute comparison with Pansanias. He concdndes

that not one fragment supports the theory that Pansanias copied

from Polemon, nor do they justify us even in supposing that he

was acquainted with the writings of his learned predecessor. Even

more true is this of his relation to the other antiquarians.

Another theory of Kalkmann's that obtained some vogue was that

our author did not describe Greece as it was in his own time, but as

it was a century or two earlier, when his alleged sources were com-

posed. This theory is more susceptible of verification, namely by prov-

ing that certain things Pansanias speaks of as existing had ceased

to exist before his time. Kalkmann, for example, thus attacks the

description of the Piraeus. It had been burnt in 8(3 n.c. and was in a

ruined condition when seen by Strabo ; how then could Pausanias's

account of its temples and colonnades apply to his own time ? Frazer,

in re})ly, shows what great changes were possible in two hundred

years, and how the Piraeus had regained prosperity under beneficent

Roman emperors. He also gives numerous jn-oofs, from existing

monuments and otherwise, that Pansanias described Greece as it

was in his own age.

AVe may say, then, that at present a conservatively just view has

succeeded the bitter outcry against our author's alleged uutrustwoi-

thiness. Paiisanias cannot be regarded as an indei)endent creative

INTRODUCTION 11

s})int, originating a great work for the l)enefit of mankiiul. He is

rather a true chikl of his time, a plodding collector, somewhat

superficial and credulous, with a i)ropensity for the archaic and tlic

mystical, but withal an intelligent and inquisitive traveler who ram-

bled through land and city and carefully noted what to him a j)pearetl

worth seeing and recording. The extant monuments prove that his

description of Athens is founded primarily on personal observation.

He did not neglect his predecessors and got together historical and

mythological material out of handbooks. He also consulted, as did

Herodotus, loc^al priests and guides in his eager search for informa-

tion. As a result, he has handed down to modern times a readable

and instructive description of travel, that })resents a fairly coherent

picture of ancient Athens, and a work indispensable to the traveler

and investigator.

TOPOGRAPHICAL OUTLINE

I. Maritime Athens (11— 2 3).

II. a. Coast from Suniuin to Piraeus.

. Suniuin.

Laurium.

Isle of Patroclus.

1 2-3. h. Piraeus.

Precinct of Athena and Zeus.

Shipslieds.

Tomb of Themistocles.

Long Colonnade— Statues of Zeus and Demus.

Agora : upper and lower.

Shrine of Aphrodite.

1 4. ('. Munychia.

Temple of Munycliian Artemis,

d. Phalerum.

Shrine of Demeter.

Temple of Athena Sciras.

Temples of Zeus.

Altars of gods called Unknown.

Altars of heroes.

Altars of children of Theseus.

Altar of Phalerus.

Altar of Androgeos.

1 5. e. Cape Colias.

Image of Coliad Aphrodite,

Images of Genetyllides.

2 1. f. Road from Phalerum to Athens.

Temple and Image of Hera.

Tombs of Antiope and Molpadia— within the city.

g. Koad from the Piraeus to Athens.

Long Walls.

Tombs : Menander, Euripides.

Monument : warrior beside a horse.

12

INTRODUCTION 13

II. The Agora and its Neighborhood (2 4— 18 3).

a. From the Dipylum to the Market-Place.

2 4. The Pompeiuni.

Temple of Demeter.

Group of Poseidon and Polybotes.

Colonnades bordering the Dromos.

Bronze statues (Trpo avrwv).

2 5. Shrines of gods, gymnasium of Ilermes, and house of Pii-

lytion, sacred to Dionysus.

Dedication of Eubulides— images of Athena Paeoiiia, Zeus,

and others.

Chamber with clay images {fjura Sc to tov Aioi/ixrovi Tf'/Aevos).

h. The Market-Place : from Royal Colonnade to Enneacrunus.

3 1. Royal Colonnade (irpwrrj iv Se^ia).

3 2. Statues : Conon, Timotheus, Evagoras (TrXifTLov)

.

Zeus Eleutherius (ivravda).

3 8. Stoa oTTia-Oiv (P^leutherius).

3 4. Euphranor's painting.

Temple of Apollo the Paternal.

Statue of the god, by Euphranor (irXTjcriov iv t<Z vaw).

Statues of Apollo by Leochares and Calamis {irpo tov vew).

3 •>. Metroum (Mi/rpos deu)v iepov).

Image by Phidias.

Buleuterium of the 500 (TrXrjaLov).

Zeus Bulaeus, a $6avov.

Apollo of Pisias.

iv ai'Tw < Demus of Lyson.

Thesmothetae of Protogenes.

Callippus of Olbiades.

4. Digression on the Galatae.

5 1—0. Tholus (tot) ftovkcvTrjpLov TrXrjcriov)

Statues of Eponymi (avwripu)).

5 5-8 1. Digression on Attains and Ptolemy.

8 2-3. Images (/acto. tos ctKovas tc3v cttcdvv/xwv) , including

Amphiaraus.

Eirene and Plutus.

Lycurgus.

Callias.

Demosthenes.

14 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

9 1-3.

9 4.

9 5-10.

11 1.

11-13.

14 1.

8 4-5. Shrine of Ares (t?}s tov ^rj/xocrOivov; tlK6vo<; TrXi/crt'ov).

'Two images of Aphrodite.

Image of Ares by Alcameues.

Image of Athena by Locrus of Paros.

Image of J]nyo by sons of Praxiteles.

Heracles, Theseus, Apollo, Calades, Pindar (nepl tov vadv).

Harmodius and Aristogiton (ou voppw Si)-

8 6. Theatre, called Odeum.

Statues of Egyptian kings (irpb ttjs etroSov).

Digression on the Ptolemies.

Philiji, Alexander, and Lysimachus statues (/xera 8e tous

AlyvTTTiovs}-

Digression on Lysimachus.

Statue of Pyrrhus.

Digression on Pyrrhus.

Dionysus and other images (es ... to ^AO^vrjcriv iaeXdovatv

'iltSctov)

.

P>nneacrunus (ttAj^o-iov) .

The Market-Place: from Enneacrunus to Prytaneum.

Temple of Demeter and Kore, and temple of Triptolemus (vwkp

T^v KprjvTjv)-

Image of Triptolemus.

Bronze bull.

Epimenides.

Temple of Eucleia (en aTrwrepw).

Temple of Hephaestus (vTrep tov Kepap-UKov kol (ttoclv . . .

ySao-t'Aeiov)

.

Statues of Athena and Hephaestus.

14 7. Temple of Aphrodite Urania (TrXrjacov).

15 1-4. Painted Colonnade.

Hermes Agoraeus (lowt Trpos Trjv aToav r}v HoikiAt^i/ ovopA-

^ovcriv)

.

Market gate (/cat -rrvXr] irXiqaiov)-

{Battle of Theseus and Amazons.

Capture of Troy.

Battle of oVfarathon.

( Solon (irpo piv rns o-roas)

.

Statues -! ^.T- jx > ' xLSeleucus (oAtyov o€ aTrwTepo)).

16 1-3. Digression on Seleucus.

14 1-4.

TTpO TOV

VaOl) TOVO(.

14 5.

14 6.

INTRODUCTIOX 15

17 1. An Agora, containing, besides other notahle objects.

Altar of I'ity CA6rjvaioi<; 8e iv rfj ayopa ktX-).

17 2. (Jyniiuisiuin of Ptolemy (t^s ayopa<; d7ri)(ovTL ov -rroXv).

Stone Ilerniae.

Bronze statue of Ptolemy.

Statue of Juba.

Statue of Chrysippus.

Shrine of Theseus (Trpos 8k tw yvfjivacTtw)

.

i

Fight of Athenians and Amazons.

Fight of Centaurs and Lapithae.

Theseus and Aniphitrite.

18 1. Shrine of the Dioscuri.

2. Precinct of Aglaurus (virep twv AuxxKovpwv to lepov).

3. Prytaneum (irX-rjcrLov)

.

Laws of Solon.

Image of Peace.

Image of Ilestia.

Statues: Autolycus, Miltiades, Themistocles.

III. 77ie Cif>/ of Ifadrhti (18 4—19 G).

18 4. Sera2H'iim (^ivrevOev iovaiv ets ra koltm Trj<; TrdAeojs).

Pact of I'heseus and Pirithous (oii iroppoi).

5. Temple of Ilithyia (TrXrpiov)

G. 7repL(3oXo<i of Olympian Zeus.

I'emple of Olympian Zeus.

Chryselephantine statue of Zeus within the temple.

Four statues of Hadrian, in front of the temple.

A bronze statue of each of the colonies.

A statue of Hadrian sent by each of the colonies.

Colossus of Hadrian, at the back of the temple.

7. An ancient bronze Zeus.

Temple of Cronus and Rhea.

Temenus of (ie Olymjua.

Statue of Isocrates on a pillar.

Statues of Persians liolding a bi'azen tripod.

8. Tlie tomb of Deucalion.

0. Digression : Other buildings of Hadrian in Athens.

19 1. Statue of Apollo Pythius (/xera 8c t6v vaov tov Aios rov ^OXvfjLTriov).

Another sanctuary of Apollo Delphinius.

16 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

2. The Gardens (KrJTrot).

Temple of Aphrodite (in the Gardens).

Statue of Aphrodite (^tov vaov TrXrjaLov).

3. Sanctuary of Heracles, called Cynosarges.

Altars of Heracles and of Hebe.

Altar of Alcmene and lolaus.

4. Lyceum.

Monument of Nisus (oTnaOev tov Avkuov).

5. Rivers of Athens.

Ilissus.

Eridanus.

6. Agrae (SiaySaai 8k t6v EiAto-crov).

Temple of Artemis Agrotera.

Stadium.

IV. IVie Street of Tripods and Southern Slope of Acropolis (20 1—22 3).

20 1. a. The Street of Tripods (68os airh tov UpvTavuov KaXovfxtvrj Tpi-

TToScs).

2. Temples of gods, one supporting Satyr of Praxiteles.

Satyr and Eros of Thymilus (cv tw vaiS tw ttXtjo-lov)-

3. b. Oldest sanctuary of Dionysus, containing two temples (tt/dos tw

dcOLTpii))

.

Statues of Dionysus in the temples, one called Eleuthereus,

the other made by Alcamenes.

Paintings in one of the temples.

4. c. Odeum of Pericles (TrXrjatov tov re lepov tov Atovucrou /cat tov ^ca-

Tpov KaTaaKtvaafixi).

20 -1-7. Digression : Sulla's Capture of Athens.

21 1-2. d. The Theatre of Dionysus.

Statues of tragic and comic poets.

3. e. Gilded head of Medusa (ctti . . . tov Nortov KaXov/xivov ret^ovs, o

Trjs d/cpoTToAcws i<s TO OtaTpov i(TTL T€Tpa/XfX.€VOv)-

f. Cave (Monument of Thrasyllus) (tv T17 Kopv<l)r} tov OcaTpov).

g. Tomb of Calos (Iovtwv . . . es Trjv aKpoiroXiv airo tov Oedrpov).

4-9. h. Sanctuary of Asclepius.

22 1-2. i. Temple of Themis (Mcto. . . . to Upov tov ^AcrKXrpnov)

.

Tomb of Hippolytus (irpo avTov).

INTRODUCTION 17

3. j. Aphrodite Pandemus and Peitho : images.

k. Sanctuary of Ge Kourotrophos.

/. Sanctuary of Derneter Chloe.

V. The Acropolis (22 4— 28 3).

22 4. a. Entrance to Acropolis (cs 3c Tqv aKpoTroXiv itrTiv laoSos /jlui).

fc. The Propylaea.

Figures of horsemen.

5. c. Temple of Nike Apteros.

Ilerouni of Aegeus.

6—7. d. Picture Gallery (cv apicmpa twv irpoirvXaLwv oIkjjpxl t^'"' ypac^as).

Rape of Palladium by Diomedes.

Odysseus with bow of Philoctetes.

Slaying of Aegisthus by Orestes.

Sacrifice of Polyxena.

Achilles in Skyros (?)

Odysseus and Nausicaa (?)

Alcibiades.

Perseus with head of Medusa.

Boy carrying water-pots.

Wrestler, by Timaenetus.

Portrait of Musaeus.

e. Hermes Propylaeus and the Graces, attril)nted to Socrates.

23 1-7. /. Between Propylaea and sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia.

Bronze statue of Leaena.

Image of Aphrodite, by Calamis.

Bronze statue of Diitrephes.

Image of Ilygieia.

Image of Athena Ilygieia.

Stone of Silenus.

Bronze boy with lustral basin, by Lycius.

Perseus, slaying Medusa, by IMyron.

g. Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia.

Image of Artemis Brauronia, by Praxiteles.

h. Between sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia and eastern end of

Parthenon.

Bronze copy of Wooden Horse.

Statues of Epicharinus, of Oenobius, of Hermolycus, of Phor-

niio (^Ta Tov lttttov)-

18 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

24 1-2. Athena striking Marsyas (ivravOa).

Theseus and the Minotaur (tovtwv irepav)-

Phrixus and the ram.

Heracles strangling the snakes (and other statues).

Athena springing from the head of Zeus.

Votive bull of the Areopagus.

24 3. i. A temple, possibly of Athena Ergane, containing a crTrovSai'oiv

8aifjiwv-

24 3-4. A statue by Cleoetas.

Statues of Conon and Timotheus.

Procne and Itys, an offering of Alcamenes.

Athena and Poseidon.

Image of Zeus, by Leochares.

Image of Zeus Polieus.

24 5-7. J. The Parthenon.

The pediments— birth of Athena— contest of Athena and

Poseidon.

Chryselephantine image of Athena.

Statue of Emperor Hadrian (ivravOa . . . /xovov).

Statue of Iphicrates (xara rrjv tao8ov).

24 8. k. Between Parthenon and South Wall (tt^os . . . tw T€t)(a tw

VOTtCu)

.

Bronze Apollo Parnopius, by Phidias (tov vaov . . . irepav).

Statues of Pericles and Xanthippus (on opposite sides, ere-

pdiOi).

Statue of Anacreon.

Statues of lo and Callisto, by Dinomenes.

25 1-2. L Votive Groups of Attains, at the South Wall (tt/sos . . . tw

Ttl^^ei TW VOTtO)).

25 2— 26 3. Digression : Olympiodorus.

26 i. m. Between the South Wall and the Erechtheum.

Statue of Olympiodorus.

Bronze image of Artemis Leucophryene (t^s • • • ukovo^

TrXrjiriov Trj<; 'OXvfj.moBwpov').

Seated image of Athena, by Endoeus.

26 5. n. The Erechtheum (oiKrjfia 'Y,pi^6aov KaXovfievov)

.

Altar of Zeus Hyj^atus (irpo . • . t^s icroSov).

Altars of Poseidon with Erechtheus, of Butes, of He-

phaestus (icrtXOowTL).

INTRODUCTION 19

Paintings of the Butadae (eVi twv rorj^wi/).

6. The old Athena image.

The hinip of Calliniachus.

27 1. o. Athena Polias Temple (iv tw va<Z t^s IloAiaSos).

A wooden Hermes, offering of Cecrops.

A chariot, the work of Daedalus.

The breastplate of Masistius.

The dagger of Mardonius.

2. /). A temple of Pandrosus (to) va^ . . . rrys 'AOrjva^ . . . awex^s).

8. Y- Dvvelling of Arrephoric Maidens.

27 4. r. Between the Erechtheum and the Propylaea (27 1 — 28 2).

Small figure of Lysimache (Trpos . . . tw vaw ti^s 'AOrjva^).

5. Statues of Erechtheus and Eumolpus. .

6. Statues of Tolmides and his prophet.

Old images of Athena injured by fire.

7. A representation of a boar-hunt.

Fight of Heracles and Cycnus.

9. Bronze stafue of Theseus lifting the stone.

Theseus and the ^larathouian bull.

28 1. Bronze statue of Cylon.

2. Bronze image of Athena, from tlie spoils at Marathon.

Bronze chariot, from the spoils of Boeotians and Chalcidians.

Statue of Pericles.

Statue of Athena Lemnia.

28 3. s. The Acropolis Wall.

VI. Western Slope of the AcfopoJis, tind the Areopo'/iis (28 4— 29 1).

28 4. a. The Clepsydra (»caTa/3a(Ti . . . ovk i<; Tr]v koltw ttoXiv, dA.A' oaov

VTTO TO. TrpoTT'vXaui, TTTfyr] T£ voaTO<;).

h. Sanctuary of Apollo in a cave (^TrXrjcrtov).

r. Cave of Pan.

o. d. The Areopagus.

Altar of Athena Areia.

6. Stones of Insolence and Sliamelessness.

Sanctuary of Semnae (TrXrja-tov)

.

Statues of Pluto, IIernu\s, and Ge.

7. Monument of Oedipus.

28 8-11. Digression : The Athenian law courts.

29 1. Panathenaic Ship (toC 'Apetou irdyov trX-rjcriov).

20 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

VII. Road from Athens to the Academ// Siihuvb (29 2—30 4) (e^w

TToAcws).

29 2. a. Sanctuaries of gods.

Precinct of Artemis, with wooden images of Ariste and

Kalliste.

A small temple of Dionysus Eleuthereus.

3. 6. The street of Tombs.

Thrasybuliis.

Pericles, Chabrias, Phorniio.

4-14. Monuments to Athenians who fell in battle.

15. Conon and Tiniotheus.

Zeno and Chrysippus.

Nicias, the animal-painter.

Harmodius and Aristogiton.

Ephialtes.

16. Lycurgus.

30 1. c. The Academy.

Altar of Eros (jrpo • Trj<; iaoBov Trj<; €s ^AKa8r]fiLav).

2. Altar of Prometheus ('Ev 'AKa8r;/u,i'a).

Altar of the Muses ('Ev 'AKaBrjfJiia)-

Altar of Hermes ('Ev ^AKaBrj/xia).

Altar of Athene and Heracles ('Ev 'AKa8»;/xia)

.

Sacred olive trees.

3. Tomb of Plato (ow iroppw).

4. Tower of Timon.

d. Colonus Hippius.

Altar of Poseidon Hippius and Athena Hippia.

Hero-chapel of Theseus and Pirithous.

Hero-chapel of Oedipus and Adrastus.

VIII. The Demes of Attica (31 — 33).

31 1. a. Halimus.

Sanctuary of Thesmophorian Demeter, and Kore.

At Zoster on the sea, an altar of Athena.

b. Apollo, Artemis, and Leto.

c. Prospalta.

Sanctuary of Kore and Demeter.

d. Anagyrus.

Sanctuary of the Mother of the Gods.

INTRODUCTION 21

e. Cephale.

The Dioscuri.

31 2. /. Prasiae.

Temple of Apollo.

Monument of Erisichthon.

31 ;5.(J.

Lamptrae.

Monument of Cranaus.

//. Potamoi.

Tomb of Ion, son of Xuthes.

31 4. /. Phlya.

Altars of Aj;»ollo, Artemis, Dionysus, the Ismenid Xymphs,

and Ge.

In another temple, altars of Demeter, Zeus. Athena, Kore,

and the Semnae,

j. Myrrhinus.

Wooden image of Colaenis.

31 5. I:. Athmonia.

Sanctuary of Artemis.

31 0. /. Acharnae.

Sanctuaries of Apollo Agyieus and Heracles.

Altar of Athena Hygieia.

32 3-7. 7n. Marathon.

Tumulus of Athenians.

Tumulus of Plataeans and slaves.

Monument of Miltiades.

Trophy of white stone.

Fountain Macaria.

Marsh.

Mountain of Pan.

33 1. n. Brauron.

Ancient wooden image of Artemis.

33 2-8. o. Rhamnus.

Sanctuary of Nemesis, with image nuide by I'hidias.

IX. Oroi'us (34).

34 1. a. The deme of Oropus.

2-0. h. The Sanctuary of Amphiaraus.

Temple, with image.

Altar, dedicated to various deities.

Fountain of Amphiaraus.

22 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

X. The Monntd'ms and Islands of Attica (32 1-2, 35 — 36 2).

32 l-:2. a. Mountains.

Pentelicus, with image of Atliena.

liyniettiis, with image of Zeus and altars of Zeus and

Apollo.

Parnes, with bronze image and altars of Zeus.

Anchesmus, with image of Zeus.

35 1— 36 -2. h. Islands.

Patroclus.

Ilelene.

Salamis, with tem]>le of Ajax and sanctuaries of Artemis

and of Cychreus.

Psyttalia, with wooden images of Pan.

XT. The Sacred Way from Athens to Meusls (36 3— 38 7).

36 o-<j. Monument of Anthemocritus.

Tomb of Molottus.

Monument of Cephisodorns.

37 1-7. (Jrave of lleliodorus Ilalis.

Grave of Themistocles, son of Poliarchus.

Graves of family of Acestius.

Temenos of the hero Lacius and the deme Laoiadae.

jNIonnment of Nicocles, the lyre-player.

Altar of Zephyrns.

Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore.

Tomb of Phytalus.

Monnment of Theodorus (^Trplv 8iu/3r;vai tuv Ki^^utov).

Statues of Mnesimache.

Ancient altars of Zeus JMeilichius (BiufSaai Sc ror Kyjcfyiaov).

Graves of Theodectes and Mnesitheus.

Small temple of Cyamites.

Monument of a Uhodian.

Monument to Pythionice by Ilarjialus.

Sanctuary with images of Demeter and Kore, Athena

and Apollo.

Temple of A})hrodite.

38 1-5. The Rheitoi.

Ileroum of Ilijipothoon.

Heroum of Zarex.

INTRODUCTION 23

XTI. Elrusis and its NeUjhhorhood (38 6-9).

38 0-7. a. Eleusis : the Sacred I'recinct.

Temple of Triptoleiuus.

Temple of Artemis Propylaea.

Temple of Poseidon Pater.

Altar of Triptolemus.

38 8-9. h. Road from Eleusis to Eleutherae.

Temple and image of Dionysus.

Cave of Antiope.

Walls of Eleutherae.

39 1-3. c. Road from Eleusis to ]VIegara.

Well, called AnthiumSanctuary of Metanira.

Graves of Seven against Thebes.

Monument of Alope.

Palaestra of Cercyon.

XIII. Megam (39 4— 44).

39 4-0. Mythical History of Megara.

40 1. Fountain of Theagenes (ev rfj TrdXei).

2-3. An ancient Sanctuary (t^s . . . Kprjvrj^ . . . ov iroppoi).

Bronze images of Artemis Soteira.

Statues of Roman emi)erors.

Images of the Twelve (Jods.

4-5. Temenos of Zeus.

Temple called Olympieum.

(jold and ivory image of Zeus, not completed.

Bronze beak of a trireme.

6. The Acropolis, called Caria.

Temple of Dionysus Nyctelius.

Sanctuary of Artemis Epistrophia.

Oracle of Nyx.

Temple of Zeus Conius.

Images of Asclepius and Ilygieia.

The Megaron of Denu'ter.

41 1. The Tomb of Alcmciu' (cV . . . rrys d/</307roXews kutiovctiv . . .

irX-qcriov Toi) OXv/xTricibv)

.

Rhous.

Monument of Ilyllus (ttXt/ctiov) .

24 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

41 3. Temple of Isis (oi iroppw . . . tov''Y\Xov /i.vr;/x«.Tos)

.

Temple of Apollo and Artemis (Trap' avrov)-

3-6. Digression : Who killed the lion of Cithaeron?

7. The Ileroum of Pandion (ck tovtov . . . tov Upov KaTiovai).

Monument of Hippolyte (ttXyjctlov) .

8-9. Grave of Tereus (ov iroppw).

42 1. The Acropolis, named after Alcathous (aWrj MtyapttDv aK/joTroAts

airo 'AXKaOov to ovofjua. t^ovaa).

Monument of Megareus (c? avrrjv . . . rrjv aKpovoXiv aviovaLV . . .

iv Se^itt).

Hearth of gods called Prodomeis,

2-3. Stone of Apollo (n^s • . . ia-Ttas eyyw?).

4. Buleuterium.

Temple of Athena (iirl Trj Kopvf^rj Trj<i aKpoTroAews).

Gold-and-ivory image of Athena.

Sanctuary of Athena Nike.

Sanctuary of Aiantis.

42 5. Old Temple of Apollo.

6. Sanctuary of Uemeter Thesmophoros.

Monument of Callipolis (/cartowi . . . tvT(.vdev).

7. Alonument of Tno (Kara . . . ttjv es to irpvTavtxov o86v)-

43 1. Heroum of Iphigenia.

2. The Prytaneum.

Graves of Euippus and Ischepolis ('Ev ... to! Hpuramaj).

The rock Anacletlira (Tr\r]<riov)

3. Gi-aves in the city of Megara.

Of those killed in Persian Wars.

A tomb of heroes, called Aesymnium.

4. The Heroum of Alcathou.';.

Tomb of Pyrgo, his first wife.

Tomb of Iphinoe, his daughter.

5. The Sanctuary of Dionysus.

Grave of Astycratea and Manto (irapa. . . . t^v (.crc^ov ttjv es to

Atovixr60v)

.

A wooden image of Dionysus.

A Satyr by Praxiteles.

Image of Dionysus, dedicated by Euchenor.

43 6. Temple of Aphrodite (Mera . . . tov Aiovwov to Upov).

Ivory image of Aphrodite, surnamed Praxis.

INTRODUCTION 25

Peitho and Paregoros, works of Praxiteles.

Eros, Iliiueros, and Pothos of Scopas.

Sanctuary of 'J'yche (ttAi^o-iov) .

Image, by Praxiteles.

Temple adjacent, containing .

Pluses and a bronze Zeus, by Lysippus.

43 7-8. The Grave of Coroebus (iv nj Mcyapewv uyopa).

Figure of Coroebus killing Poine.

44 1. The Grave of Orsippus (ttXtjo-iov) .

Sanctuary of Tutelary Apollo ( 'E/c . . . tt/? uyopa? Kariovcn rr/s

oSov Trj<s YiiOiias KaXovfjLevr)<i) •

Image of Apollo.

Images of Artemis, Latona, and others, the Latona and her

children by Praxiteles.

The Old Gymnasium (^rrXrja-iov irvXCtv KaXovfxiviov Ni'/xe^uSwv).

Stone of Apollo Carinus.

Sanctuary of the Ilithyiae.

44 3. The Port called Nisaea.

Sanctuary of Mak)phorian Demeter.

The Acropolis of Nisaea.

The tomb of Lelex, beside the sea.

The Island of Minoa.

44 4-5. The mountainous district of Alegara.

Pagae.

Rock shot at by the Medes.

Bronze image of Artemis Soteira.

Ileroum of Aegialeus.

Aegosthena.

Sanctuary of Melampus.

SnuiU figure of a num on a stele.

Erenea.

Tomb of Autonoe.

44 6-14. Road from jNIegara to Corinth.

(iraves, among others, of Telephanes.

Tomb of Car.

The Moluriau Rock.

Temple of Zeus, the Hurler (i-Trl . . . tov upov<; Tij d/cpu).

Images of Aiihniditc. Apollo, and Pan.

Tomb of Eurystheus.

Boundaries of Meiiaris and Corinth.

ATTIKACh.l

1 T179 yjTTeipov Trjf; 'EkX7)VLKrj<; /caret pij(Tov<; ra? Kv/cXa8a9 1

Koi TreXayo"; to Alyalov aKpa %ovulop irpoKeiTai yrj<; Trj<;

'ATTtK'^9- /cat Xifiijp T€ TTapairXevcravTL ttjv aKpav iari Kat

vao<; 'Adr]i>a<; Xovi^tctSo? eVt Kopv(f)fj Trj<; a/cpa?. ttXcovtl 8e

5 e? TO Trpocrct) Aavpuov re icTLv^ ev0a ttotc ^Kdy)vaioi<; iqv

1. Sun(um-;-Lauriuin— Thelslmul

of Patrodus— The Piraeus — Muny-

chia— Phalenun.

2. aKpa Sovviov : Cape Sunium, the

southeast promontory of Attica, is a

rugged headland of crystalline rock,

rising two hundi'ed feet above the sea.

Tlie earliest mention of Sunium is in

Od.7, 278, where it is said that the pilot

of Menelaus was struck down by Apol-

lo's shafts as the ship was passing

the sacred headland of Sunium. The

woods mentioned by Soph. Aj. 1217 ff.

as covering the promontory have dis-

appeared. The ancient fortification

wall (of. Time. 8, 4), with a circuit of

over half a mile, may still be traced.

— 3. irapair\ev<ravT», : dative of ref-

erence with verbs of motion, a favor-

ite construction with the historians.

Cf. Thuc. 1, 24 'EiriSafivSi i<rTt 7r6Xts

iv 5e|i$ iairXiovTi. rhv 'Uviov KiXirov.

2, 96 ; Hdt. 1, 51 ; 1, 181 ; G, 33 ; Xen.

Anab. 3, 2, 22 ; <>, 4, 1 ; Cyr. 8, 20

;

etc.— 4. vaos 'A0T)vd$ SovvidSos : upon

the highest point of the pi-omontory

stand the ruins of a Doric peripteral

temple, with six columns to front

and rear and thirteen on the sides;

nine columns on the southern side and

two on the northern are still standing.

The stylobate measures 102 x 44 feet.

The date, according to Dr. Diirpfeld,

is somewhat later than the so-called

Theseum. This temple has been usu-

ally identified as the temple of Athena.

But Poseidon also was worshiped at

Sunium (Xovvidpare, Ar. Eq. 5(50, cf.

Av. 808) ; and an inscription found in

the temple a few years ago, contain-

ing a psephisma-to be set up in the

temple of Poseidon, proves that this

temple really belongs to Poseidon. The

foundations of the Athena temple have

been identified. See A.M.XXIV(1890),

340; Berl. Philol. Woch. XIX (1890),

1087. — 5. Aavpiov . . . dp-yvpow \i.i-

raXXa : the hills of Laurium cover prac-

tically the whole of that part of the

Attic peninsula south of a line drawn

from Thoricus to Anaphlystus, a dis-

trict extending about eleven miles north

and south and five miles east and west.

The exact period in which the art of

nu'iiing was introduced into Attica is

unknown. Xen. de Vect. 4, 2 implies

27

28 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

dpyvpov fxeraXXa, Kai vrjcro<; eprjfJiO'? ov jxeydXy] HarpoKKov

Kokovpiivri • Tei^o<i yap (OKoSofxijcraTo eV avrfj koI -^dpaKa

i^dXeTO IIctrpoKXo?, 69 TpLtjpeaLv eVeVXet vavap)(o<; Alyv-

TTTtat?, d? nroXe/xato? 6 YlTokep,aiov tov Adyov TLfxcopelp

10 €(TTeikev 'AdiqvaLOL'?, ore cr(^icnv 'AuTiyoi^o<; 6 ArjfxyjTpLov

(TTpaTta re auro? icr/Be/BXrjKO)!; etfiOeLpe rrjv '^^dtpav koI vav-

(tIp djjLa CK 6aXd(Tcrr]<; Kareipyev.

'O 8e ITetpatev? Srjixo<; fxev rjv Ik irakaiov, vpoTepov Se 2

irplv 17 SefXL(rTOKXrj<; ^Adiqvaioi^ rjp^^v eiTiveiov ovk '^p- 4>a-

la Xr)pop Se— ravTTi yap iXd^icTTOP dne^ei Trjq iroXeoJS 17

ddXaaaa— tovto a(f>i(TLP iirLpeiop rjv, Kai MepeaO^a (f>a(Tlp

avToOep rai? vavcrtp e'9 TpoCav dpa^Orjpai Ka\ tovtov rrpo-

repop %y]crea SatcroPTa MtVw StVa? tt^? 'AvSpoyeco TeXevrrj^.

that it was very remote, while at his

time tlie mines were less productive

than formerly (Mem. 3, G, 12). In Stra-

bo's time they were almost exhausted

(9, p. 399), and Diodorus (5, 37) says that

in his day great sums were expended

in mining here, but without adequate

return. Pausanias speaks as if opera-

tions had ceased entirely in the sec-

ond century. More than two thousand

of the ancient shafts have been located.

At present a French company and a

Greek company are seeking to resinelt

the old slag and extract lead from the

ore. Very little silver remains.— G. vfj-

«ros . . . IlaTpoKXov : this island lies

three miles west of Cape Sunium, and

is now known as Gaidaronisi or Ass's

Island. A wall of rough stone, possi-

bly that built by Patroclus, occupies

the northeast corner ; the ancient desig-

nation, as the palisade {xdpa^, Strabo,

9, p. 098) of Patroclus, has given to

the coast territory adjacent the name of

Charaka. The incident mentioned took

place in the so-called Chremonidean

War (2G8-2G3 h.c). Cf. 1, 7, 3 ; 3, 6, 4.

See Wachsmuth, Stadt Athen, I, G27.

13. ncipaievs 8fj|ios, kt\. : the Pi-

raeus consists of a rocky peninsula

extending seaward from the Attic main-

land two and one third miles from

northeast to southwest, composed of

two masses each about one and one-

fourth miles wide united by a low and

narrow isthmus. The soutliwest mass,

known as Acte in ancient times, is 187

feet in height ; the northeast, mass, 280

feet at its highest point, is the hill of

Munychia. In 493-492 jt.c. Themisto-

cles began the fortification of Piraeus

;

about 448 the Long Walls were com-

pleted ; in 440 the seaport town was

laid out on a uniform plan by Ilippoda-

mus of Miletus ; in 404 the Lacedae-

monians destroyed the Long Walls and

the Piraeus fortifications; during 394-

391 the fortifications were restored,

chiefly under Conon ; in 86 Sulla razed

the fortifications, wliich were never

THE riUAElS 29

Ch. 1, 3

0€ixLcrTOKXrj<; he cu? '^p^e— xot? re yap TrXeovcnv eVtrr^Seto-

20 T€po<; 6 Iletpatev? i(f)aiueT6 ol TrpoKelcrdai Kai Xt^eVa? Tp€L<s

avd* kvos ^X^^^ ^^^ ^aXrjpol— tovto (T(f>L(TLP eTrtveiov eivai

KaTecTKevdcraTO • Kai v€.oi<; koli e? epe ^crav oIkol /cat TTpo<;

Tft> peyicTTO) Xipevi Td(f>o<s SeptaTOKkeov^;. <f>acrl yap perape-

XrjaaL tojv es SepLorroKXea *A6-qvaioL<; /cat wg ol irpocnJKou-

25 res TO, ocTTa Kopicraiev e/c Mayin^crta? d^'eXovr€9 • <^aiv6vTai

8e ot TTatSe? ot ^epicTTOKXeovs Koi KareXdovres kol ypa(f)r)v

C9 TOi' JlapdevMva di'a0evT€<;, iufj

^epicTTOKXrj^ icm yeypap-

pevos. dea<5 Se d^iov ro)v eV Ilet/Datet pdXLCTTa 'A0'r]vd<; iaTL 3

/cat Atos repeuos • ^aX/cou ^e/^ dptj^orepa to, dydXpara, e^et

rebuilt.— 22. vtws . . . oIkoi: the ship- relatives maintained that his bones had

sheds were regarded as one of the

glories of Athens. Isocr. 7, 66 says

they were built at a cost of 1000 tal-

ents, and were sold by the Thirty for

three talents. Dem. 22, 76 cites them

along with the Propylaea and the Par-

thenon. Lysias deplores the destruc-

tion of the dockyards (12, 00) and of

the shipsheds (30, 22) at the hands of

the tyrants. From 347 n.o. to 322

B.C. the Athenians engaged in rebuild-

ing docks and shipsheds (C.I. A. II,

270), and erected an arsenal, largely

through the efforts of Lycurgus. Con-

siderable remains of the ancient ship-

sheds are still to be seen in the harbors

of Zea and Munychia.— 23. Td<|>os 0€-

|ii(rTOK\^o\)s : cf. Plut. Them. 32, whoquotes Diodorus the Periegete's descri p-

tion of Themistocles's grave from his

work Ilepi fimjixdTwv. Traditioo places

the site of the tomb on the shore of the

Acte peninsula near the modern light-

house, to the south of the approach to

the Great Harbor. Thuc. 1, 138 says

there was a monument of Themistocles

in the agora of Magnesia, but that his

been conveyed to Attic soil. — <j>a<rC

:

note change of construction and espe-

cially use of opt. after (^acrl. Cf. Madvig,

Advers. Crit. I, 704. On this frequent

variation note the use of (paal and other

expressions (a) with inf. and following

ws or oTt -I- opt., as e.g. 1, 2, 3; 10, 3;

(6) with inf. and following w'j or 6ti +ind.ofhist. tense, 1,10,4; 34,2; (c) also

in 1, 20, 3, where after ws + opt. there

is first inf. , then loss of dependence on

28. 'AOrivas . • . Kai Atos t€(i.«vos :

this joint precinct of Zeus and Athena

is mentioned in other ancient writ-

ers. SeeS.Q. CXI, 78. It is likely that

the two deities were worshiped in com-

mon and that there were two statues

with one sacred precinct. Cf. Lye. c.

Leocr. 17 t6 iepbv toD Atos roO aicrijpos

Kai ttJs 'AOrivcii rrjs ffwreipas. This was

tlie principal sanctuary of the Piraeus.

In the precinct were colonnades with

paintings and .statues in the open air

(Strabo, 0, p. 30()). The site has not

been definitely determined.— 20. d-ydX-

fiara : the two bronze statues of Athena

30 THE ATTICA OF TAUSANIASCli. 1, 3

30 Se 6 jJL€v (TKTJTTTpov Kol NiKiqi', Tj 8e 'A6y]i>a Sopv. evTavda

Keoiadevrjv, 6? 'A$r]vaiOL<^ kol rot? iracriv l^W'qaiv yjyovixe-

vos Ma/c€8d^'a9 ev re Botwrot? iKpoLTrjcre p^o.^rj kol avdi'i e^o)

SeppoTTv\(x)v KOL yStacrctjaevo? e? AdpLau /careKXetcre ttju airav-

TLKpv Trjs Oltt)^, tovtov top Aeoia-Oivrjv kol Tov<i vratSa?

35 eypaxpev 'Ap/cecrtXao?. ecrrt Se ttJ? crroct? T179 paKpa<;,

ev6a KadearrjKei' dyopa to2^ eVt Bakdacnqs— /cat yap rois

dnwTepo) tov \Lpevo<; icrrlv irepa— T17? 8e eVl 6akd(T(T7]<i

crroa? o-mcrdev iardcn Zeu? /cat Ai^/u,©?, Aeco^dpov^; epyov.

and Zeus were renowned. That of

Athena was the work of Cephisodotus

or Cephisodorus. See Pliny, 34, 74,

Cephisodorus Minervam mira-

bilem in portu Atheniensium.Furtwangler defends the Mss. reading

Cephisodorus which is adopted in the

Teubner and Jex-Blake editions. There

is no known Greek sculptor of this

name, while there were two by nameCephisodotus. The date usually as-

signed is 394-391 B.C.; if the latter

name is accepted, the work must be

attributed to the elder Cephisodotus;

soOverbeck, Murray, Milchhoefer, and

Wachsmuth.— 35. ttjs o-rods ttjs |ia-

Kpds: the Long Colonnade was prob-

ably one of the five mentioned Schol.

Ar. Pac. 145, to the effect that in the

harbor of Cantharus were " the docks,

then the sanctuary of Aphrodite, then

five colonnades round about the har-

bor" (S.Q. CXII). An inscription of

Roman date quoted '£</>. 'Apx- 1884,

p. 170, mentions these in the same

order. This stoa is doubtless iden-

tical with that described Thuc. 8, 90

as the largest colonnade, and as im-

mediately adjoining the promontory of

Eetionia. If so, it stood on the north

side of the harbor, extending westward

to where the town wall of Piraeus

crossed the shallow bight over to

Eetionia. It is probably identical with

the often mentioned o-rod dX0iTi7rwXis

(S.Q. CXVII, 55). The four other

colonnades doubtless ran southward

in a line along the eastern shore of

the harbor, together forming the pub-

lic mart or emporium. — 36. d-yopd . . .

dircoT^pw TOV \(|jL€vos : this was the agora

of Ilippodamus, which occupied a spa-

cious square, large enough for troops

to muster in (Andoc. 1, 45). The road

from Athens led into this square, and

another wide avenue led from it up to

the shrine of Artemis on Munychia

(Xen. Hell. 2, 4, lift'.). The house of the

admiral Timotheuswas near(Ps.-Dem.

49, 22). The site was probably the

level ground to the east of the great

harbor, where is located the modern

Karaiskaki Square. Named after the

architect who laid out the city, it con-

stituted in ancient times the principal

market of Piraeus.— 38. Zevs Kal Afi-

(Aos, Atwxdpous cp-yov : for other works

of Leochares, cf. 1, 3, 4; 24, 4; 5, 20,

10. Leochares (c. 350 b.c.) was one of

the sculptors engaged with Scopas in

MUXYCniA 31

Ch. 1, 4

7rpo9 8e Trj daXdaarf Kopoju (oKoS6fjir)cr€i> 'At^poStri^? lepov.,

40 TpLijp€L<; AaKehaLfxovLiop KaTepya(Tdp.evo<; irepl KpiSov Tr)u

iv TTj KapLKfj ^eppovrjCTO). Ki'iStot yap TLfxaxxLv 'A(^/3o8jr

TTji^ fidiXLcrTa, /cat a(f)LcrLU ecmv lepd j'qq deov- to fxev yo.p

dp^aLOTOTOv Ao)pLTiho<;, /xera 8e to 'AKpaia?, vearraTov 8e

iqv KuLoiav ol ttoXXoi, Kt't8tot 8e avTot KaXovcrtf F^vTrXoLav.

45 *E<jTt 8e Kat aXXog 'Adr)paLOL<; 6 fxev eVl Moui/u^ta Xifxr^v 4

Kttt Movi^u^tag ^'aos 'A/3Te)u(,8o9, 6 8e eVt ^aXi^pw, Kadd

Kol TrpoTepov eiprjTat puoi, Kat Trpo<; avTW H^tjp.iqTpo<^ lepov.

embellishing the mausoleum of Hali-

cariiassus (Pliny, 30, 30); he is the au-

thor of the original of the \'atican

group of Ganymede and the eagle

(Pliny, 34, 70). The personification of

the Demus was a popular ))iottf in Greek

art. Pausanias mentions in Athens a

statue of Demus by Lyson (1, 3, o), and

a painting of Demus by Euphranor (1,

3, 3). Parrhasius painted a celebrated

picture of the Athenians, portraying

their tickle character (Pliny, 35, 09).

Other cities likewi.se were personified

in art, as e.g. the Antioch of the Vati-

can.— 39. 'A<j>po8(TTis Up<Sv : the tem-

ple of Aphrodite, erected by Conon

after his naval victory off Cnidos (394

H.c. ), lay somewhere between the docks

and the colonnades (cf. Schol. Ar. Pac.

145). 'I'hi.s would place it to the south-

east of the harbor, most probably on

the promontory where the custom-

house now stands. Another .shrine of

Aphrodite, dedicated by Themistocles,

was probably situated at the northern

extremity of Eetionia(.see S.Q. CVI).

—

41. 'A4>po8iTT)v: Aphrodite is called Aw-

prT(jasthegodde.ssof fruitfulness in veg-

etation (cf. ^eldwpos, -qiriddojpos, evKapiro's;

FurtwJingler in Koscher, 1, 398) ; 'AKpaia

as Goddess of the Height (cf.2, 32, 0),

also a surname of Athena, Hera, and

Artemis (Hesych. s.v. ' AKpia); V.lirXoia,

in that she grants prosperous voyages to

mariners. This latter was probably her

surname at Piraeus (C.I.A. II, 1200).

45. 6 )ji€V€irl Movvvx't?' ^i'K''n^ on the

various harbors of Athens, see Ex-

cursus I. — 4(5. Movvvx^tts vaos 'ApT«-

|iiSos : the temple was situated on the

top of the hill above the Hippodamian

agora (Xen. Hell. 2, 4, 11) but its exact

site is not determined. Here Artemis

was worshiped as a moon and har-

bor goddess. On the cult see Preller-

Kobert, Gr. Myth. I, 302 ff., S.Q. CVII,

22. Pausanias fails to mention two

Greek theatres on the peninsula of

Piraeus, one on the western slope of

the hill of Munychia, about half way

up the hill ; the other to the west of

the harbor of Zea. The former is the

older and is mentioned Thuc. 8, 93,

1; Ly.s. 13, 32 ; and Xen. Hell. 2, 4, 32.

The latter was built during the second

century n.c. (C.I.A. II, 984). It was

excavated by the Greek Archaeological

Society in 1880. Parts of the stage-

building, orchestra, and auditorium

are in good condition.— 47. A^|iT]Tpos

32 THE ATTICA OF PAUSAXIAS

Ch. 1, 5

ivTavBa koI %KLpdbo<; 'A6r)va<i ^'ao9 ecrrt Kal Ato? dncoTepco,

^(ofxol 8e 0€(t)v re opofia^ofJiepcDi' ^Kyvijidjoiv Kal rfpojoiv koX

50 iraiScDU TO)v ©r^creoj? /cat ^aXrjpov • tovtov ydp top (i>aXr}pou

'AdyjvaloL TrXevaai fxeTa 'laaovos (f)aaLP i<s KdX^of?. ecm Se

Kal 'Avhpoyeo) ySw/ios roO MiVoj, KaXetrat, 8e 'Hy9a;o9- 'Ai^Spo-

yeo) he ovTa laacriv ol? icrriv einpie\e<; rd ey^iopia crac^ecrre-

pov dWoiv eTTLO'TacrdaL. dire^ei ok crraStovs eiKocriv aKpa

55 KwXta? • 69 Ta.vTrjv <^6apevT0^ tov vavTLKOv tov Myjhwp Ka-

TrfveyKC-v 6 kXvScov rd vavdyua. KcoXidSos 8e iariv ivravda

Upov : this shrine is one of the uaoi ijul-

KavToi, mentioned (10, 35, 2) as burnt

by the Persians and left in ruins for

all lime by the Greeks as perpetual

memorials of their hatred of the bar-

barians. See Lye. c. Leocr. 81 and

W. N. Bates, Harv. Stud. CI. Phil. XII,

320ff.— 48. 2Kipd8os'A0T)vasva6s: this

temple was said to have been founded by

a soothsayer from Dodona named Sci-

rus (1, 36, 4). See Milchh. S.Q. CXIX,

50. In A.M. I, 126, Lolling derives the

surname from <rKipp6s, and connects it

with the rocks and their white color.

See also Preller-Robert, Griech. Myth.

1, 204, and Robert, Hermes, XX, 349.—

49. 'A-yvwo-T«v : Pausanias's language

leaves it uncertain whether there was

one altar to Unknown Gods or several,

and whether, if several, each was dedi-

cated to Unknown God or Gods. At

Olympia was an 'AyvwcrTuv 6fGiv ^wjxbs

(5, 14, 8). The apostle Paul mentions

an altar at Athens with the inscription

ArNfiSTfi eEO (Acts 17, 23). Oecu-

menius (quoted iu Lomeier, de veterum

gentilium lustrationibus, p. 32) says the

full inscription seen by Paul was :" To

the gods of Asia and Europe and Libya,

to the Unknown and Strange God."

Tertullian (ad nationes, 2, 9) mentions

an altar at Athens dedicated to Un-

known Gods. Philostratus (Vit. Apol-

lon. 6, 3, 5) speaks of altars of UnknownGods at Athens. Lucian makes one of

his characters swear by the UnknownGod at Athens (Philop. 9). Diog. Laert.

1, 10, 110, gives an explanation of the

presence of such altars at Athens. Cf.

Rendel Harris, "The Cretans Always

Liars," Expositor, October, 1906.

—

P(i>|iol . . . T)pwwv : probably of Nausi-

thous the steersman and Phaeax the

lookout man of Theseus' ship on his

voyage to Crete. They had shrines at

Phalerum beside the sanctuary of Sci-

rus. See Plut. Thes. 17. — 50. <l>a\T)p6v

. . . irXsvorai ^ctoL *Id<rovos : Phalerus

is also mentioned (ApoU. Rhod. 1, 96)

as a participator in the Argonautic

expedition.

52. 'AvSp6-y€(i> pb>|i,6s : see 1, 27, 10.

— 54. aKpa KuXids : on the probable

site of Cape Colias, see Excursus I. —56. KuXidSos . . . 'A4>po5£TT]s a-yaX.(j.a :

on Coliad Aphrodite and her cult, see

Roscher, Lex. s.v. Kolias, and Schol.

Ar. Nub. .52, where a temple of the

goddess is mentioned and various ex-

planations are given of the term Coliad.

The priest of this deity had a seat in the

theatre of Dionysus (C.I. A. Ill, 339).

CAl'E COLIAS 33

Ch.

'A^/3o8iTi7S ayaXfxa koI ^€^'erv\Xt^e9 opofxaS^oixevai deai-

hoKOi Se Kol ^(oKaevaL rots iu IcDvla deoi<;, ds KaXovort Veppat-

SaSj eivaiTal<; inl KwXtaot ras avrag.— ecrrt 8e Kara Trjp ohov

60 tt)i^ €9 ^A.drjva<; Ik ^aky)pov pao<; H/aa? ovre dvpa^ e)(0)v ovre

6po(f>ou • MaphovLOP (f)a(TLV avrov ifXTrprjaai top Toj^pvov.

TO Se aya\/xa to vvv Srj, Kada Xeyovcnv, 'AX/ca/xeV ou9 iaTtv

epyov • ovK av tovto ye 6 Mrjhoq elrj XeXio^rjfxevos.

2 '^(reXdoPTojp Se €9 ttjp ttoXlv icnXv *AvTLOTTr}^ p,vrj[Jia 'A/xa- i

^6uo<;. TavTTjv tyjv 'AvTLonrjv IltVSapog fiev (f)r)cnp viro II et-

pidov /cat (t^yjcrecos dpTraaOrjpai, TpoL^rjVLCp Se Hyta rotctSe e?

avTr)u TreTToirjTaf HpaKXea SefXLCTKvpav iroXiopKovvTa tt^p

5 eVt ^epfxcohoPTL iXelv jxr) SvvacrdaL, ©Tycreco? Se ipacrdelaav

— 57. rtvfTuXXiSes 6vo|ia56(j.€vai 9tai:

the Geiietyllides are to be distinguished

from Aphrodite as birth-goddesses in

her service, Aphrodite herself having at

times this title. According to Hesych.

8.V. TevervWU, Genetyllis resembled

Hecate, and dogs were sacrificed to her.

See S.Q. s.v. ; Usener, Gotternanien,

124. — 59. Kard TTjv 686v Tt)v €s 'AB^vtts

Ik 4>aXTipov: I'ausanias lirst traverses

the route from Phalerum to Athens and

describes monuments at the entrance

of the city (1, 2, 1); he then traverses

the route from Piraeus to Athens (1, 2,

2-3), and enters finally from this ap-

proach.— 00. vaos'Hpas: mentioned

(10, 35, 2) as one of the vaoi ijfxiKavTot.

Pausanias leaves the reader his choice

of one of two inferences : (1) if the in-

jury to the temple was inflicted by the

Persians, the image was not the workof Alcamenes; (2) if the image was

made by Alcamenes, the injury to the

shrine was not inflicted by the Persians.

The author manifestly inclines to the

former inference.

2. The Amazon Antiojye— Walls of

Greater Athens — Court Poets— The

Dipylum— Temples, Colonnades, and

Statues from Gate to Agora — Attic

Kings.

1. €<r€X66vTwv . . . 'AvTioiriis fivii(ia

'Ap.(46vos: the statement implies that

this tomb was just within the city

wall of Athens. Plut. Thes. 27 defines

the site more exactly, irapa. rb F^s

'OXvfjLTrias lepbv. This sanctuary lay

(Paus. 1, 18, 7) in the region of the

Olympieum, but outside the i^eribolus-

wall. Jlehce the gate through which

the Phalerum road led into Athens

was doubtless not far from the Olym-

pieum. Now the tomb of Antiope was

in all probability identical with the

tomb of the Amazon mentioned by Ps.-

Plato (Axioch. 304 d-3()5 a) as being

near the Itonian gate. Hence it follows

that the gate approached by the Phale-

rum road was the Itonian, and this lay

near the Olympieum. See Plut. Thes.

20 ff. on the relations between Theseus

and Antiope.

34 THE ATTICA OF PAUSAXIASCli.2, 2

'

Aptl67T7]v— (TTpaTevcraL yap afxa 'Hpa/cXet kol (^rjcrea—TTapahovvai to ^copiov. rdoe fiev Hytag ireTToiriKev • 'AOrj-

valoi he (f)a(riv, eVet re rjXBov 'A/xa^ot'e?, 'KvTioTrrjv fxep

VTTO MoA.7ra8ia? To^evdrjpat, MoXTTaSiav 8e aiToOaveiv viro

10 0i7crea>9- kol [xprjixd iari koI MoXTraSta? 'AdrjuaioL';-

'AvLovTCDU 8e e/c Ileipaicoq epeiTna tcop tel^mv icrriv d 2

Koj^coj/ varepov rrj^ 77/309 KvlSm vavp.a)(ia<^ dvecTTrjae- rd

yap ©e^tcrroKiXeov? jxerd rrju dua^^coprjcrip oiKohop.iqBevTa

TTjv Mt^Sojz^ eVt rrj<; dp^rj<; KadypeOr) TOiv rpidKovTa ovofxa-'

15 [^ofxepcov. elal 8e rctc^ot /caret r^9^' 6801/ yvwyat/xajrarot Mei^ai^-

Spov rov AtoTret^ov? /cat fivrjixa Evpt7rt8ou /cei^di^ • reOaivTai

8e FjvpLTTiSrjq iv Ma/ce8ot'ta napd top ^aanXea i.\Ocop ^Ap^i-

Xaop, 6 8e ot roD OapdTov Tpono^— 77oXXot9 ydp ecTTip elprj-

IX€P0<;— e^era> KaOd Xeyovcrt. crvprjcrap 8e dpa /cat rdre 3

20 rot? /SacriXevcrL TroirjTai Kat irpoTepop ert /cat IToXv/cparet

Xdixov TvpappovPTL 'AvaKpecop Traprjp Kat e? Svpa/cowcrag

77"po9 lepcopa Alcr)(vXo<i Kat Xip-copiSr]^ icTTdXrjcrap ALOPvaico

11. tpefiria Twv T€i\wv : on the Long Trar/jts 5 'EXXdSos 'EXXds, A(?^j'at • TrXei-

Walls, see Excursus I. — 15. raL<\>oi . . . era 5^ Mo6crais

MtvavSpou . . . Kal \i.vf{\i.a. EvpiiriSou K€- Tcp\j/as e'/c iroWCiv Kal top twaivov exei-

vov: the epitaph on Menauder's touib.pj.g ^^^j.^ g^^g ^^^^^ ^,,i,g ^^-^^^^ i^„gpi.

is preserved Anthol. Pal. 7, 370:^^^i,,^. entertained by King Archelaus

BaKxv Kal MoOffrjai fxeixr]\6ra rbv Aw- of Macedon, Euripides was accidentally

Treidovs, torn in pieces by his hunting dogs. SeeK€Kpoirid-r]v vtt' ifioi, ^eive, M^vavopov l)i,)d. 13, 103; Biog. Gr., pp. 136, 140.

«X'^' Cf. Sotades ap. Stob. Flor. 98, Anth.iu ivvpi T7)v 6\ly7)v OS rx" ^-6'"^'• d S^

7, 51, and AUinson, Lucian,p.xiv. This^^•'""^po"

story bears all the ear-marks of myth.Si^vai, 5,7«s eu Acbs v naKdpu>,.

^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^ .^,^ embellishment of roads

The inscription on Euripides' cenotapli in ancient times, see Curtius, Ges. Abh.

is said to have been composed by Tliu- I, 74 ff. — 19. I^^^tw KaOd \i-^ova-i

:

cydides or by Timotheus the musician. a similar formula occurs 8, 38, 7. Cf.

It is found Anthol. Pal. 7, 45: Hdt. 1, 140; 2, 28.

Mv^/JLa ixiv'EWai dnaa Evpiiridov dcrria 20. rots Pao-iXtC<n, iroiiiTaC : Pausa-

5' iVx" iiias here mentions a number of popu-

yrj 'SlaKedwu i] yap de^aro ripp.a fiiov. lar instances of poets who sojourned

TYRANTS AND POETS 35

Ch.2, 3

8e, 6<s vcTTcpou eTvpoippyjcreu ip XtKeXta, <l>tXo^ei'09 irapyju

Koi *AvTLy6v(o MaKehovcov dp^ovTL ' Avrayopa^ PoSto? Kat

25 SoXcu? '^Aparos. 'HcrtoSo? 8e /cat Op,iqpo<i rj avyyeveadat

^adikevcriv r^Tv^crav rj Kat. e/cdi^re? cokiycoprjcrav^ 6 jxkv

aypoiKia koi okvw irXdurj^;, 'Op.rjpo<; Se aTToSi^jLir^cras eVt

jxaKpoTaTou Kat 7171^ oxfyekeLau ttju e? ^/aif/jtara Trapd roiu

hvvaroiv varepav Oep^evo^ Trj<s Trapd rot? ttoXXoi? 80^179, eVet

30 Kat 'Ofxyjpo) TreTTOLr]fM€ua icmu 'AXkiVw ivapeivai A-qjxohoKov

Kat to? 'Ayajxefxpcju KaraXetVot rti^a Trapd ry yvvaLKt ttoit]-

Ty)v.— ecrrt 8e Td(f)o<; ov TToppco ro)v TTvkoiv, eVt^T^/xa e^Mv

(TTpaTKirrriv lttttco TrapearrjKOTa' ovTiva p-cv, ovk olSa, Tipa-

^LT€Xr]<; 8e Kat top lttttop kol top (TTpaTidrryjp eTToirjaep.

at the courts of kings and tyrants. It

is strange that be passes over Pindar

and Bacchylides. On Anacreon's so-

journ with Polycrates, see Hdt. 3, 121;

Strabo, 14, p. 038. Aeschylus was at

the court of Hiero between 471 and

409; see Vita Aesch., and Christ, Ber.

d. bayr. Ak. 1888, 371 ff. On Simoni-

des' sojourn with Ilitro, see Xen. Iliero,

Ps. -Plato, Ep. 2, 311 A, etc. On the so-

journ of Antagoras and Aratus with

Antigonus Gonatas in 276 u.c, see

Biogr. Gr., ed. Westermann, pp. 53-01

;

Athen. 8, p. 340 ; Suseraihl, Alex. Lit.

I, 380. On Demodocus see Od. 0, 44;

V, 28.— 32. Td4>os . • . ^"rriOtiiAa t\o)v : it

has been conjectured tliat this monu-ment of a rider is identical with the

shrine of the hero Chalcodon mentioned

by Plutarch (Thes. 20) as being near the

Piraeus gate at Athens.— ov iroppw twv

irvXwv : it is a much-disputed question

by what gate Pausanias enters the city.

There were four gates to the nortii and

northwest of Athens available for trav-

elers from the Piraeus ; two within the

Long Walls,— one in the saddle be-

tween the Museum and Pnyx hills, the

other between the Pnyx and Nymphae-um hills; a third, called the Piraeus

gate, just beyond the Nymphaeum hill;

and the fourth the great gate of the

city further north, known as the Dipy-

lum. Just as the roads leading from

the first two gates converged within

the walls, so the roads leading from

the last two converged at a short dis-

tance from the city. We have noticed

that Pausanias was approaching the

city by the road to the north of the

Long Walls ; hence he could have en-

tered by the Piraeus gate or the Dipy-

lum. It is generally accepted that

Pausanias chose the latter, since the

Dipylum was the principal gate of

Athens (cf. Livy 31, 24); and the road

to the Dipylum was a regular means

of approach from the Piraeus to the

agora ; though somewhat longer, it was

more level and more convenient than

the lower road, and led through the

principal avenue to the chief part of

36 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCli. 2, 4

35 ^EaekdoPTcov he es Tr)v ttoXlp oiKohoixrj^xa e? irapacrKevTJv 4

eVrt Tcov TTo^iTTOiv, ds TT€yjTT0V(TL Ttts ^ikv Oiva TTav ero<^, ret?

8e Koi ^povov StaXetTTOi/re?. Kat 7r\ricriov va6<; icrri Aijixr)-

Tpo<;, dydXjxaTa 8e avTij re Kat 17 Trat? Kat 8aSa e^wi'

"laK^o? • yeypaiTTai 8e cttI tw rot^w ypdjxixa<JLv 'ArrtKot?

the city (cf. Folyb. 16, 25 ; Lucian,

Navig. 17, 46 ; Dial. Meretr. 4, 2, etc.);

and finally because the monuments

Pausanias proceeds to describe doubt-

less were along the avenue from the

Dipylum to the agora. For a descrip-

tion of the extant remains of the Dipy-

lum, see Excursus I.

35. otKoSoixTi^jLacsirapao-KcvTiv . . . t«v

iro(XTrwv: this was doubtless the building

elsewhere designated lIo/U7re?ov (Dem.

34, 39; C.I. A. II, 834 o, 2, a; Poll. 9,

45; Diog. Laert. 6, 22),used as a deposi-

tory of the properties for the various

processions, especially the Panathenaic,

that started from this point. The build-

ing was embellished with paintings and

statues, including a portrait of Isocra-

tes (Vit. X Or. 4, p. 839 k), and a bronze

statue of Socrates by Lysippus (Diog.

Laert. 2, 5, 43). The site has been

recognized in the foundations of a

large quadrangular building, divided

into three aisles, situated southwest of

the Dipylum, inside the city wall.

—

37. voos . . A'^fi.TiTpos : this temple is

most probably identical with the 'la/c-

xetov, in the neighborhood of which a

grandson of the great Aristides (Plut.

Aristid. 27) made his living by inter-

preting dreams, and where the dream-

interpreters regularly resorted (Alclphr.

3, 59). Its location near the Dipylum

accords with the fact that through this

gate passed the sacred processions to

Eleusis. Cf. Schol. Ar. Kan. 402;

Ilesych. s.v. dyopds. — 38. d-ydXnaTa

. . . npa^iT€'Xo«s : these statues of De-

meter, Persephone, and lacchus are

mentioned by Clem. Alex. Protrept. 4,

62, p. 52, ed. Ritter, and the lacchus

by Cicero (Verr. 4, 60), though neither

mentions Praxiteles. The statement

that the inscription on the wall was in

"Attic characters" signifies that they

were inscribed in the Attic alphabet

of the fifth century before the archon-

ship of Eucleides (403-402 n.c.) whenthe old Attic alphabet was officially

abolished in favor of the Ionic alphabet

of twenty-four letters. Two explana-

tions have been given of the statement

that an inscription referring to the

works of Praxiteles, whose acme could

hardly have been prior to 365, should

be in characters abolished in 403 n.c:

one being the hypothesis of the Elder

Praxiteles, advocated chiefly by Eurt-

wangler, the other that of Kohler, whofinds the solution in the fact that the

inscription was carved, not as usual on

the base of the statue but on the wall,

and was accordingly not inscribed by

the artist. The old Attic alphabet,

Kohler says, was revived in Hadrian's

time and was used particularly for

inscriptions and the like. He thinks

that these statues may well be those

dedicated by the physician Mnesitheus

(Pans. 1, 37, 4), who was contem-

porary with the comic poet Alexis,

a younger contemporary of Praxiteles.

POSEIDON AND POLYBOTES 37

Ch. 2, 5

40 e/aya elvaL Upa^LTeXov;. tov vaov Se ov iroppcj IToo'etScoi'

i(TTLv i(f)' LTTTTOV, Sopv d(^t€t§ CTTt yijavTa Hokv^ciynqv, e? 6v

Ka>ot9 6 p,v6o<; 6 irepi Trj<; aKpa<; e)^€t Trj<; XeXcovrj^- to 8e

CTrtypa/M/xa to €(^' f]ix(t)p ttjv eiKova aXXoj StScofrt /cat ou

riocretSaJi't. crroat 8e etcrtv d-Tro rw^' ttvKwv e? rot' Kepafxei-

45 Kov Kttt ei/cweg 7r/3o avTa>v ^j^aX/cat Kat yvvaiKOiv koX avhpwv,

6(T0L<; TL vnrjp-^ev [wi/ rt? \dy09] e? So^av. 17 8e erepa ro)v

(TToojv €)(ei fiev lepa Beiov, c^ei Se yvpivdaiov 'Epfxov KaXov-

p.€vov ecTTL 8e iv avry TIov\vtlo}vo<; oiKia, KaO^ tjv Trapa

Cf. A.M. IX (1884), p. 78 ff.— 40. Ho- and gentle descent from the higher

o-€i8wv . . , l<j>' I'inrov kt\. : an inci-

dent of the Battle of the Gods and

Giants, related by Strabo (10, \^. 480)

and by Apollodorus (1, G, 2) to the ef-

fect that Poseidon with his trident had

rent a piece from the island of Cos,

and hurled it at the giant Tolybotes,

burying him under it and forming the

island of Nisyrus off Cos. The com-

bat is frequently represented on vase-

paintings and other minor works of

art. Pausanias mentions that the in-

scription had been altered. This was

a connnon practice under the Empire,

so that what had been the image

{iyoKiia) of a god or hero might be-

come the portrait statue (elK^v) of a

man. — 44. o-roal . . . diro tmv -jtuXwv :

Ilimerius (.3, 12) describes the proces-

sion of the Sacred Ship in the Panathe-

naic festival as follows: 'Apx""*' M^"

ev6{i% iK UvXuv, olop tK rivov evSiov Xi/jl^-

voi, TTJi d.vayuyrjs r} vavs. KivrjOflcra 8i

iKfWev rjde, Kaddwep Kard tivos aKV/jLam-ov

0a\d(T(rT]S, 5id n^aov tov ApSfiov KOfxi^erat,

OS eiiBvTev^s re Kai Xetos Kara^aivwu &vu0fv

ffX/ffi ras CKaT^puOtv oi/rcj} TrapareTafi^vas

ffTods, ^(p (Sv dyopd^ov(Tiv ' Adrjvaioi re Kal

01 Xoiirol. I understand Ilimerius' state-

ment that the street "makes a straiijfht

ground " as referring to the slope from

the Agora to the gate. This removes

Frazer's difficulty in identifying the

street described by Ilimerius as being

the one described by Pausanias. Fromthe two authors alike we learn that the

entire avenue was lined with colon-

nades ; Ilimerius refers to the buildings

used for merchandise and the like ; Pau-

sanias, only to those devoted to sacred

purposes, which were doubtless outnum-bered by the secular buildings.— 45. cl-

k6vcs irpo avTwv x<>^Kai Kal -yvvaiKMy

Kttl dvSpwv kt\. : Gurlitt (p. 205) argues

that the custom of lining a street be-

fore the colonnades with .statues of

illustrious men and women belongs to

the Hellenistic Age, but Curtius (Stadt-

gesch. p. 178) shows that the custom

arose in early times and flourished

chiefly under Pericles. Such monu-

ments to the benefactors of the state

were placed in prominent places, espe-

cially on this parade street, that the

visitor on the very threshold of the

city might recognize that Atliens was

the centre of the higher life of Hellas.

48. IIovXvtCwvos olKCa: the Atheni-

ans of ''certain note" who profaned

the mysteries in the house of Pulytion

407261

38 tup: ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh. 2, 5

Trjv iv 'EXeucrtvt Spacrai TeXerrjv ^AdrjvaCojp (fyaalv ov tov<;

50 d(f>ap€crTdTov^ • eV ifxov oe dveiro ALOPvcro). Aiovvcrov oe

TOVTOv KaXovcTL MeXnofxepov ivl Xoyoi rotoiSe e'^' ottolco irep

^KiToXXoiva M.ov(Tr]yeTr]u. ivTavOd icmp 'A6r]ud<; ayaXfxa

riatcuvta? /cat Ato? /cat ^vr)ixo(rvvy]^ /cat Movcrcui^, 'AttoXXwi'

T€ dvdOiqjxa /cat epyov Fjv/3ovXlSov, /cat SaLjxcop twv afxcfH

55 Atoi^ucroi/ A/cparo?- Trpocroj-rrov icrriv ol piovov ipMKoSoprjpe-

vov TM Toi)(Oi. perd 8e to tou Atot'uo'ov re/xei^d? idTiv OLKrjpa

dydXpara e^ov e/c TTiqXov, ySacrtXeu? 'A0r]i^aLO)v ^Ap(f)iKTvoju

were doubtless Alcibiades and his com-

panions. Andoc. 1, 12, 14, and Isoc.

10, G, also assert that the impious cere-

monies took place in the house of Puly-

tion. Plato (Eryx. 394 o, 400 h) speaks

of the magnificence of the mansion.

Thuc. G, 28 states that the accused

parodied the Eleusinian mysteries. The

house was confiscated by the state and

dedicated to Dionysus Melpomenus. —50. Aiovva-ov . . . MjXirojtevov : Diony-

sus the Minstrel is referred to in vari-

ous inscriptions (see S.Q. XXVIII, 1).

It is thought that this T^ixevos is iden-

tical with the rifievos jQ)v irepl tov Ai6-

vvaov rexvLTuv, mentioned Athen. 5,

p. 212, the principal sanctuary of the

company of theatrical artists, from

whose number the priest of this deity

was chosen (C.I. A. Ill, 274, 278). The

other priest of this Dionysus was

chosen from the family of the Euni-

dae. Each had a reserved seat in-

scribed for him in the theatre of

Dionysus.— 52. 'AOrjvas aYaXjia naiw-

v£as . . . tp-yov Eipov\£5ov : the text

leaves it uncertain whether Pausanias

means to say that the whole group of

statues or only the statue of Apollo was

made and dedicated by Eubulides. In

1837 there was made in this territory

an important find of a pedestal of

great blocks of poros ; also of a colos-

sal marble head of a woman, a torso

of a female statue, two male portrait

heads of Roman date, and a large

block of Hymettus marble with this

inscription: [Ei)/3oi;Xt57?s Eujxe'pos Kpoj-

TTidris iTroi7](r€v (C.I. A. II, 1045). In

1874 a colossal female head of Pen-

telic marble, probably an Athena, was

discovered in the same place. Author-

ities are divided on the question of re-

garding this find as the monumentmentioned by Pausanias, but we must

incline to the opinion that these frag-

ments are parts of a great composite

statue, made and dedicated by Eubu-

lides. — 54. SaCfjLwv Tciv d)x4>l Aiovvo-cv

"AKparos : Acratus, one of the attend-

ant sprites of Dionysus, was the dae-

mon of unmixed wine. To this daemon

l^icaeopolis (Ar. Ach. 1229) gulped

down the "Amystis," — "the deep,

long, breathless draught." — 50. to

TOV Alovvo-ov Tejievos : usually regarded

as identical with the house of Pulytion,

mentioned as dedicated to Dionysus.

— o(!KT]^a d-yaXfiaTa f\ov (k irT]\ov kt\. :

Curtius (Ges. Abh. I, 40) recognizes

AMPIIICTYOX 39

Ch.2, C

dWov<; re deov<; ecrTLOJv /cat Aiovvaov. ivTavOa koX Ylrjyacro^

idTiv 'EXev^epev?, 09 ^KBi)vaioi<i rov Seov icnjyaye • crvveire-

60 Xdf3eTO he ol to iv AeX<^or? jxavrelop dvayivrjcrav rr)v inl

'l/ca/atov TTore iTTihrjixLav tov Oeov. Trjv oe ^aaikeiav ^Afxcju-

KTvuiv e(T\€v ovT(o<g.'

Aktolov keyovcTLP iv Trj vvv AttlkjJ

ySacrtXeucrat irpwrov • d-rrodavovTO^; Se *AKTaLov KcKpoxjj ckSc-

^erat tyjv dp^-qv Ovyarpl ctvvolkwv AKTaiov, /cat ol yivovrai

65 0vyaT€pe<; fxev "Eparj /cat "AyXavpo<; /cat Tldi>hpo(To<;, vlo<; Se

^Epvq-i^6(x)u • ovTO^ ovK cySacrtXevcrei/ \\.0'r]pat(op, dXXct 01 tov

TraTpo<; l^oivTO^; TeXevTrjcrau avve/Br], Kat ttjp dp^-qv Tr)v Ke-

KpoTTOi; Kpavao^; e'^eSe^aro, 'AOrjvaLcov Swa/xet Trpov^cov.

Kpava^ Se 0vyaT€pa<; Koi aXXa? /cat 'Ar^tSa yeveadai

70 \4yov(Tiv diTO TavT'T)'; ovofxdi^ovcnv 'Arrt/CT^i^ tt)^ ^wpav,

npoTepop Ka\ovfJL€pr]v 'A/crataz^. Kpai^ao) oe 'AjxtfiLKTrjcov

eTTai/acrxa?, OvyaTepa o/xw? e)(aji^ avTov, Travel ttJ? dp^rjf;-

/cat avTO§ vcTTepov vno ^Ept^Ooviov Kat TOiv avveTravacrTavTwv

Kttl "A-yXavpos Kal IldvSpoo-os: see 1,18,

2, and note. ''A7Xai'pos is in inscriptions

tlie original and better attested form.

See C.I.G. 7716, 7718 ; C.I. A. Ill, 372.

in the group of Ainphictyon a portrayal

of the admission of Dionysus into the

community of Attic deities. The wine-

god was introduced from Eleutherae

into Athens by Pegasus the priest

(Schol. Ar. Ach. 243). Amphictyon

is said to have learned from Dionysus

the art of mixing water witli wine

(Athen. 2, ij. 38c).— 60. lirriKap(ov:

cf. 1, 33, 8, and note.

01. TtJV 8c . . . 'A|l<j)l,KTVCOV €CrX€V ov-

Tws : with the rest of chapter cf. Apol-

lodorus 3, 14. The only difference

between the two accounts is that Apol-

lodorus makes Cecrops, not Actaeus,

the first king of Attica, who married

Aglaurus, daughter of Actaeus. Ac-

cording to Steph. Byz. s.v. 'Akttj, Attica

was originally called 'Akti^ after Ac-

taeus ; so too Strabo, 9, p. 397, where

the king is called Actaeon.— 65. "Ep<rri

'X-ypav\os is found in the text of Eur.,

Apollod., and Steph. Byz. See Prel-

ler-Robert I, 200, note 2 ; Usener, (iilt-

ternamen, 136. — 66. 'Epvo-CxOcov : see

1, 18, 5 ; 1, 31, 12.— 69. Kal aXXas Kal

ArOiSa : according to Apollod. 3, 14, 5,

the otlier daughters were Cranae and

Cranaechme. After the third daughter

Atthis, Cranaus named the land Atlliis

or Attike. See Strabo, 9, 397: ' Aktiktiv

niv yap OLTrb 'AKTaiwvb^ (pa<riv, ' AT0i8a 8^

Kal ' ArTiKrjv dirb AtOlSos rrji Kpavaov. —71. 'Afi<J>iKTvwv . . . xiiro 'EpixOovCou

. . . tKiri-iTTei : according to Isocr.

Panath. 126 the childless Cecrops sur-

rendered to F,iichtli()iiius the kingdom

of Attica.— 73. <rvv«-irava<rTdvTwv: tliis

40 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCli. 3, 1

iKTTLTTTeL TTaTepa 8e 'Ept^^ot'tw Xeyovacv dvOpcoircop fxev ov-

75 heva elvai, yovea<^ Se Yi^aidTov /cat Vrjv.

3 To Se ^o)piov 6 Kepa/xetKO? to fxep 6Vo/xa rj^et diro rjpcjo^ 1

Kepdi^ov, Aiovvaov re elvat /cat 'AptaSi^r^? /cat tovtov \eyo-

jxevov Trpcorr] Se icmv Iv Se^ta KaXovixevrj crTod /Sacrt-

Xeto9, eif^a KaBit^ei ^acnXevq eviavcriav dp^oiv dp)(r}v Ka-

5 Xovfieurjv jSacnXeiai^. TavTrjf; enecTTL roj Kepdjxa) Trj<? (TTod<;

dydXjxara OTrTrjq yrj<i, d(f>Lei<^ ^-qaevq e? ddXaaaav ^Kcpcofa

and avTeire^yecrav (4, 7, 7) are the only

instances in Pausanias of a verb com-

pounded with three prepositions. See

Aug. Grosspietsch, Bresl. riiilol. Abh.

VII, 5, pp. 11, 39, 68.

3. The Ceramicus— Stoa Basileius

—Stoa Eleutherius— Statues and Paint-

ings— Temple of Paternal Apollo—Metroum— Buleuteriuin.

1. To Si x.a>p(ov 6 KcpafxeiKos : what

Pausanias here styles Ceramicus was

not the whole deme bearing that namebut only the spot (xcopiov) Ceramicus,

i.e. tlie Agora. The deme Ceramicus

derived its name dwb ryjs Kepa^MKrjs ri-

X^V^ 1^0,^ '''0^ G^fiv Kepdfxu) tipI Tjpwi

(Harpocr. s.v. KepapieXs; cf. Suidas and

Photius s.v. KepafiLs). It consisted of

two parts : (a) the Outer Ceramicus

extending from the Dipylum toward

the Academy and including the state

cemetery called Ceramicus /car' i^oxvf

(see Ar. Aves, 395, Thuc. G, 57, Plato

Parm. 127 b, etc.), and (b) the Inner

Ceramicus, which probably extended

from the Dipylum to tlie Acropolis

and embraced the whole of the Agora

(see S.Q. LXX, 42; Wachs. I, 152; II,

258). It is impossible to determine

absolutely the limits of the deme, or

to define precisely the use of the term

at different periods. With this pas-

sage begins Pausanias's itinerary of

the market-place. See Excursus II.—2. KEpd|Aov : the prevalence of Diony-

siac worship led to the invention of an

eponymous hero for the Ceramicus—Ceramus, son of Dionysus and Ari-

adne. — 3. o-Tod Pao-^Xcios : as Pausa-

nias is entering the market-place from

the northwest, the Royal Colonnade in

all probability stood on the west side

of the market-place at the foot of the

Theseum hill. The building served as

the office of the archon king, and at

times as the meeting-place of the Coun-

cil of the Areopagus (Dem. in Aristog.,

776). Dr. Diirpfeld writes me under

date of Jan. 19, 1908, that the excava-

tions of the Greeks on the east slope of

the Theseum hill have laid bare a build-

ing with an apse, possibly the Royal

Colonnade. The building formerly

identified by Dcirpfeld (A.M. XXI,102 ff. ; XXII, 225 ff.) as the Royal Col-

onnade he now thinks did not bekmgto the market, but was the last building

before the "Ceramicus" of Pausani-

as. Only thus can the new building

be the "first to the right." — 6. d^dX-

|j.aTa oirriis -ytjs • • • 0ii<r6iis . • • 2k£-

puva kt\. : similar groups of terra cotta

THE ROYAL COLONNADE 41

Cb. 3, 2

Kal (f>€povcra Hjxepa KecfyaKou, 6v KoXkiaTov yepofiepov (f)a-

(Tiv VTTO 'Hjxepa^ epaadeicriqf; dpTracrdrjvaL /cat ol TratSa

yevecrdai ^aiOovra, . . . /cat <^uA.a/ca i.TToi-qcre tov vaov.

10 Tavra dXXoL re /cat 'HtrtoSos eip'r]Kev iv eneaL rot? e? ra?

yvj/atKa?. irX-qcriov Se ti^9 (TToa? Ko^'cot' eaTrjKC Kal Tt/xo^eo? 2

have been found elsewhere, and they

seem to have been the usual ornament

for the apexes of gables. This sug-

gests that the colonnade terminated in

gables, and that the two groups, one

of Theseus hurling Sciron into the sea,

the other of Hemera with Cephalus,

occupied the apexes. On the subject of

the first group, see 1, 44, 8. The death

of Sciron, the mythical robber, was

depicted on vases, and is the subject

of one of the metopes of the so-called

Theseum at Athens. — 7. 'Hfic'pa Kt-

<)>aXov : the story of the fair youth

Cephalus, ravished by the goddess of

day (Ilemera) or of the morning (Eos,

Aurora) is frequently touched on in

classical authors. Apollodorus (8, 14,

3) and Ovid (Met. 7, 700 ff.) give the

story at length ; Hesiod (Theog. 98G ff.

)

and Hyginus (Fab. 189) more briefly.

The subject is frequently depicted on

vases, representing the goddess pursu-

ing her favorite or carrying him in her

arms. The latter was probably the

attitude portrayed on the roof of the

colonnade, as well as in the relief on

the Amyclaean throne (3, 11, 2).

—

8. ol iraiSa ^cv^cOai ^a^Oovra : the

usual legend makes Ilelios the father

of Phaethon ; but Pausanias follows

Hesiod (Theog. 980 ff.) in naming

Cephalus as his father. The former

version is followed by Eur. Frag. 775

(Poet. Seen. Gr., ed. Dindorf), Plato

(Tim. 22c), Lucian (Dial. deor. 25),

Ovid (Met. 1, 751 ff.), etc., and by Pau-

sanias himself elsewhere (1, 4, 1 ; 2,

3, 2). In most of these authors the

mother of Phaethon is not Hemera,

but Clymene, a daughter of Ocean us.

Phaethon, "the shining one," is usu-

ally interpreted as the morning star,

or the sun itself. — 10. 'HaCoSos . . . €v

lirc(ri Tois ^s tos "yvvalKas : this poemof Hesiod's, which is not extant, is

referred to by Pausanias in 1, 43. 1;

3, 24, 10 ; 9, 31, 5. In the la.st pas-

sage Pausanias mentions a doubt as to

the authenticity of the poem. It is

not certain what is the relation of this

poem to the Great Eoeae (2, 2, 3) or to

the Catalogue of Women, works as-

cribed to Hesiod. See Christ, Gr. Litt.*

p. 101; Rh. Mus., N.F., XXXIX(1884), 501-5(>5.

11. irXtj<rlov 8( rtis o-rods Kovwv :

Isocr. 9, 57 says that statues of Co-

non and Evagoras were set up beside

the image of Zeus Soter. Pausanias'

statement accords with this, for Zeus

Soter is the same as Zeus Eleutherius.

See Ilarpocr., Ilesych., and Suid.,

s.v. 'EXei-^^ptoj Zei/s. These statues are

also referred to in Dem. 20, 70 ; Aesch.

3,243; Nepos, Timoth. 2; etc. Conon,

Timotheus, and Evagoras are very

properly grouped as being the three

heroes of the melancholy struggle of

Athens with Sparta at the close of the

fifth and the beginning of the fourtli

centurie.«. See Isocr. Evag. 35 ff.

;

42 THE 7VTTICA OF PAUSANIAS

Ch.3, 3

V109 K6vo)i>o<; Kai /SacrtXev? KvirpCcov Evaydpa?, 09 /cat

rets rpti^pet? ra? <l>oti't(T(Ta's enpa^e irapa ySacrtXew? 'A/ara-

^ep^ov hoOrjvai Kdvoji^t • enpa^e 8e w? 'A^Tyi/ato? /cat to

15 oLpeKaOeu e/c SaXa/Ati^o?, eVet Kat yeveaXoywj' e? rrpoyovov^;

di^e/BaLPe TevKpov /cat Kti^v^ov dvyarepa. iuravOa e(TTr]Ke

Zev? 6vop.al^6pievo<^ 'EXev^epto? Kat ySacrtXev? 'ASptai'd?, e?

aXXot"? T€ a)^' rjp^ev evepy€(TLa<? Kat e? ri^i^ TToXtv fidkLcrTa

dTToSeL^djxevoq Tr)v ^KdrfvaLOiv. trroa Se oinadev w/coSd/xi^rat 3

20 'ypa(f)d<; e^ovcra Beovq tov'^ SwSeKa Ka\ovjxei>ov^ • eVt Se rw

Antidosis, 101 , 1 39. It is probable tliat

the statues of Conon and Evagoras

were set up soon after the battle of

Cnidus (394 n.c.) and that of Tinio-

theus was added soon after the peace

of Callias in 371. — 14. to aviKadtv:

of. 2, 18, 7 ; 37, 3 ; 3, 2, 2 ; 25, 10

;

4, 3, 4 and G ; 5, 25, 12. So Hdt. 1,

170; tA dv^KaOev, 6, 35; 7, 221; with-

out article, 5, ()5, etc. aviKadev in re-

lations of time, as seen above, is used

regularly of ancestry or origin. Some-

times yivo'i is added adverbially, e.g.

Hdt. 5, 55, 7^1'os eorres to. av^Kadev Te(pv-

paioi.— 10. tvTavOa e'<rTt]K€ Zevs ovo|Aa-

56(jL£vos'E\«v9€pios: we learn from Isocr.

9, 57, and Ilesych. s.v. 'E\ev6^pios Zei^s

that this image was also called Zeus So-

ter. According to Ilarpocr. s.v. 'EXeu-

6ipioi Zeus, the orator Hyperides derived

the name from the inference that the

colonnade in the rear had been built by

freedmen, but Didymus gave the muchmore satisfactory reason that both

statue and colonnade were founded to

commemorate the deliverance from the

Persians.— 17. Pao-iXsvs 'A5piav6s . . .

r\p\tv : Hadrian received countless

honors at the hands of the Athenians,

as we shall see later. He was wor-

shiped at Athens under the title of

Eleutherius (Liberator), and probably

this worship was performed at an altar

before this statue. The juxtaposition

of Hadrian Eleutherius and Zeus Eleu-

therius is noteworthy, as they also

divided honors in the Olympieum and

el.sewhere. In the theatre a seat was

reserved for the priest of Hadrian the

Liberator (C.I. A. Ill, 253).

19. (TTod 8c oiriaOcv wKoSojjLt^Tai

:

though I'ausanias does not here men-

tion its name, the colonnade was knownas the Stoa Eleutherius, or Colonnade

of Zeus of Freedom, from the image of

the god (see 10, 21, ; Xen. Oecon. 7,

1; Plat. Eryx. 392 a; id. Theages,

121.\, etc.). Pausanias indicates that

the two colonnades, the Basileius and

the Eleutherius, were adjacent, and

other writers speak of them as beside

each other, Trop' dW'^Xas. See Ilar-

pocr. and Snid. s.v. ^ao-iXeios (XTod.

This is doubtless the colonnade referred

to, Ar. Eccl. 08G, as being beside the

Royal Colonnade, and we should locate

it, therefore, west of the Agora and to

the south of the Poyal Colonnade. —20. -ypac{>ds i'xovora Oeovs toiis SwScko

KaXovfj.€vovs : Pausanias later mentions

THESEUS 43

TOL^o) T(p TTipav BT^crev? €0"Tt yeypafjifxepo^; /cat ArjfxoKpa-

TLa re /cat Aiy/Ao?. Sr/Xot Se t^ ypa(^y) Srjaea etvat roi^ /cara-

(TTTJcravTa *\d'qvaioi<; i^ taov TToXiTevecrOai • Ke^ioprjKe he

(fyyjp^y]kul aXXw? e? tov? ttoXXou? cJ? &r]a€v<; Trapahoiq to.

25 TrpdyfjLara tco St^'/xo* /cat cJ? e^ eKeivov SrjfxoKpaTOVfjLeuoL

htap-eivaiev, irpXv rj UeLO'LO'TpaTos irvpapvyjaeu eVai^acrra?.

Xeyerat /xei' 8^ /cat aXXa ov/c dXrjOrj irapd rot? ttoXXoi? ota

l(TTopia<; dviqKOOLf; ov<tl /cat oTTOcra tjkovov €vdv<; e'/c Traihoju ev

re ^op6l<; /cat T/aayojStat? 77to"Ta riyovp.kvoi<^, Xeyerat Se /cat e?

SO Toi/ (&r)(rea, 69 avrd? re e'/SacrtXevcre /cat varepov M€vecr0€(D<^

Te\€VTT](TavTO<; /cat e? reToipTyjv ol B-r/o'etSat yeveai/ SLejxetpav

two other paintings in this colonnade

— the Cavalry Battle and the Theseus

— and adds: raOra^ rds ypaipai Ei}-

<t>pdva>p typafev 'AOrjualois (4). We in-

fer from Pausanias's account that the

Twelve Gods and the Theseus adorned

the side walls, the Cavalry Battle the

long back wall, of the colonnade.

Pliny, N.II. 35, 12!), mentions together

these three works of Euphranor. These

paintings were justly celebrated. Plu-

tarch (de glor. Ath. 2) says that the

Cavalry Battle was painted with muchenergy and fire ; Lucian (Imag. 7) ad-

mired Hera's hair, and Valerius Maxi-

nms (8, 11) preferred the Poseidon

to the Zeus, in the painting of the

Twelve Gods. Euphranor was at his

acme about 300 b. c. He attained great

reputation as painter, sculptor, and

writer on art (see Pliny, N. H. 34, 50;

35, 128 ff., etc.).— 21. 0T|«r€tis . . . Kal

AT])LOKpaTCa t£ Kal ATifu>s : as to repre-

sentations in art of the Demus, "the

John Bull of Athens " (Frere), see note

on 1, 1, 3. I'liny (25, 00 and 137) men-tions personifications of the Demus

in paintings by Parrhasius and by Aris-

tolaus. An Athene Demokratia is cited

C.I. A. Ill, 105; and accordingtoC.I.A.

II, 470, 1. 02, there was a statue of

Demokratia at Athens, at which pub-

lic decrees were sometimes exposed.

— .31 . 6S TtToLpTTjv 01 0T](rci8ai. ycvcdv

Sicfjicivav ap\ovTes : Theseus is repre-

sented as the founder of democracj^

also by Isocr. 12, 120, Ps.-Dem. 50,

75, Plut. Thes. 25, etc. Aristotle (Resp.

Ath. 41), on the contrary, states that

the monarciiical form of government

under Theseus declined but little (fii-

Kpbv irapeyK\ivov(Ta ttjs /3acrtXi/c-^s). In

fact, the political synoikismos was the

only practical result of Tlie-seus's re-

forms (Thuc. 2, 15). Theseus was .sup-

planted by Menestheus, but after the

latter was slain at Troy the sons of

Theseus regained the kingdom of

Athens (1, 17, 5; Plut. Thes. 31-35)

and held it for three generations, The-

seus' son Demophon, his grandson

Oxyntes, and his great-grand.son 'I'liy-

moetes, being successively kings. See

Plut. Thes. 28, Diud. 4, 02, Pans. 2, 18,

44 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh. 3, 4

ap^ovTe<;. el 8e /xot yeveaXoyelu rjpecTKe, /cat tov<; aTTO

MeXdvdov IBa(TL\ev(TavTa<; e? KXelSlkop top AlaijxiSov koL

TOVTOv<; av a7T'r]pL9[xr](TdfJLr]u.

35 'KpTavdd icTTL yeypaixyuivov Kai to irepl 'M.avTiveiav 'Adrj-

vaidiv epyov ot ^orjdyj(roi>Te<; AaKeSat/xo^'tol9 iTTep,^Br)(Tav.

avveypa\\fav 8e dWot re /cat a€.vo(^oiv tov iravTa Trokejxou,

KaTakrj\\iiv re ri^? KaS/xeta? /cat to Trratcr/jta Aa/ceSat/xovtoji^

TO eV Aeu/crpoi? /cat ws e? YiekoTTovviqaov iae/SaXov Botwrot

40 /cat TYjv crv/x/xa^tai' Aa/ceSatjao^'tot9 7171^ Trap' ^AOiqvaioiv ekOov-

aav • iv Se Ty ypacjyrj t(ov LTnrecov eVrt ixd^-q, ivfj

yvcopifxco-

TOTOi rpvXo? T€ 6 'Bevo(f)(oi>To<; if rot? 'A0r]paiOL<; /cat /caret

Tir)!^ tTTTTOi' Ti^t' BotojTtat' 'ETTa/xet^wt'Sa? 6 0i7/3ato?. ravra?

ra? ypa(f)d<; ^vcfypdvcop eypa^ev 'A^T^i^atots /cat ttXyjctlop

19, etc.—32. Tovs diro MtXavOou Pao-iXev-

o-avras esKXeCSiKov: Pausanias qualifies

this statement in 4, 5, 10, by remarking

that "at first the people only stripped

the descendants of Melanthus, the Me-

dontids, as they were called, of most

of their power, and transformed them

from kings into responsible magis-

trates ; but afterwards they also fixed

on ten years as the term of their magis-

tracy." The Theseid was followed by

a new foreign dynasty, inaugurated by

Melanthus, a Messenian king, who was

forced to retire from Messenia after

the Dorian migration, according to

tradition, and, coming to Attica, dis-

placed Thymoetes, the last of the

Theseids (see 2, 18, 9 ; Ildt. 5, 05, etc.).

41. €v Se TTJ 7pa4>f) . . . FpvXos . . .

'Eiran€ivwv8as 6 0t]Paios : Pausanias's

account of the painting is inconsistent

with the statements of others in regard

to the battle of Mantinea, and either

he or the painter is at fault. Diodo-

rus (15, 87) states that Epaminondas

received his death-wound while fight-

ing among the infantry, whereas Gry-

lus was a member of the cavalry (Diog.

Laert. 2, G, 54), andPausanias describes

a cavalry engagement. Then there is

much dispute as to the slayer of Epa-

minondas. Pausanias (8, 11, 5) says

the Mantineans maintain that he was

slain by Machaerion, a Mantinean, the

Spartans by Machaerion, a Spartan;

but Plutarch (Ages. 35) asserts it was

a Laconian, Anticrates, who struck the

blow. Pausanias (8, 11, G), however,

argues for the Athenian tradition and

says that the Mantineans gave Grylus

a public burial and set up a monument

to him on the spot, while the name of

Machaerion has never received any

special marks of honor from either

Spartans or Mantineans.— 44. irXtio-Cov

iiroi^irev iv t£ vaS tov AiroXXwva

IlaTpSov: the site of the temple of

Apollo was doubtless on the west side

of the market-place just to the south

of the Stoa Eleutherius. The jSivixhs tov

APOLLO PATROOS 46Ch.3, 5

45 €iToir)(T€v iv T(o t'aw tou 'AnoXkcoua Uarp^op i'niK\y)(Tiv irpo

8e Tov pect) Tov fiev Aeco^^ayar;?, ou 8e KaXovatv 'AXe^iKaKou

Ka\a/xt9 eTTOLirjo'e. to he ovojxa rw 6eco yeueaOat \4yovcrLv

OTL TTjV XoLfKOOT] Cr(f)L(TL VOCTOV OfJLOV T(p Yle\oTrOVin)(TLO)P TTO-

Xefxco TTiel^ovcrav Kara fxauTevfxa enavcrep e/c AeX(f)(i)u.

50 'Ilt/coSo/xT/rat Se kol Mr^rpo? 6eu)u Upop, -^p <I>etSta9

'KwbWwvos iv tt) ayopq. (Ps.-Plut. vit. X belong) seems to date from the fifth

Oi". p. 843 b) stood presumably before

this temple; Apollo was probably

styled Paternal {llarpi^os) as being the

mythical father of Ion, the founder of

the Ionian race. Apollo Patroos was

identical with the Pythian Apollo

(Dem. 18, 141, p. 274 ; Aristid. Or. 13,

vol. I, 181, ed. Dindorf). His priest is

mentioned in inscriptions (C.I.A. Ill,

687, 720 a, p. 501) and had a seat re-

served in the Dionysiac theatre (C.I.A.

III, 279). Nothing definite is knownas to the type of Euphranor's Apollo

statue.— 45. irpo 8* tov vtw tov pitv Acco-

Xdptis: Winter (A. Jb. VII, 104), and

other archaeologists, derive the Apollo

Belvedere from this image made by

Leochares. Yet there are in all three

Apollo statues of Leochares known,

so that any relation of the Belvedere

to this Apollo image, about which weknow absolutely nothing, is entirely

uncertain. See Overbeck, Kunstmytii.

IV, 07. — 4G. ov &€ KaXowiv 'AXcliKa-

Kov KdXa)iis (Kolr\<ri : 'AXe^t/ca/cos ='AK^ertos (0, 24, G) = 'ETrt/cot/ptos, 8, 41, 7.

Conze (Beitr. z. Gesch. d. gr. Plastik,

19) has conjectured that the so-called

" Apollo on the Omphalo.';." found in

the theatre of Dionysus, is a copy of

this statue of Apollo made by Calamis.

This conjecture has led to much discus-

sion. The statue (to which, however,

the Omphalos has been shown not to

century, and to be a copy of a famous

statue, as several other copies are ex-

tant and the type is preserved on coins.

But tliere is no proof that it is even an

Apollo ; Waldstein thinks it is a pugi-

list. For the bibliography of this ques-

tion, see Frazer, II, 06. Pausanias's

associating this statue with the great

plague of 430-429 is hardly po.ssible, as

it conflicts with the recognized date of

Calamis (500-400 b.c).

50. 'ni.KoS6|XT]Tai, h( Kttl MtiTpos 6€o>v

Upov, 11V ^eiSias clp-ydo-aro : the sanc-

tuary of Khea, the Mother of the Gods,

was usually called Metroum (see Pol-

lux, 3, 11; Bekk. Anec. I, 280, 6).

Pausanias now proceeds to describe

three buildings which he speaks of as

near each other, the Metroum, the

Buleuterium or Council House, and

the Tholus or Kotunda. Hence the

site of one, if determined, fixes that

of tiie three. The Metroum appears

to have stood to the south of the

market about the northwest foot of

the slope of the Areopagus. For Pau-

sanias later speaks of the statues of

the Eponymi as being higher up

{avwTipu}) ; and Arrian (3, 16, 8), men-

tioning the statues of the Tyranni-

cides, says they were in the Cerami-

cus on the regular road up to the

Acropolis, ju.st opposite the Metroum.

Dorpfeld's excavations show that the

46 THE ATTICA OF PAUSAXIASCh. 3,

elpydcraTo, kol irXricriov tcou irevTaKocrioiv Kokovixdvoiv ^ov-

XevTijpLov, dt /SovXevovcTLP eviavrov 'A^r^vatot? • BovXaiov

8s eV avTM KelraL ^oavov Alo^ kol ^AttoXXcov re^vy] 11 et-

cTLOv KOL ArJixo<; epyov Avcrwro?. tov<; ok decrjxoBeT(x<i

55 eypaxjje llpcoToyevrj^ KavvLO<;, 'OX/3taST79 8e KdWiTTTTOv,

regular road from tlie Agora to the

Acropolis wound round the west

shoulder of the Areopagus, proceeded

southeast between the Areopagus and

the Pnyx, and then ascended the west-

ern slope of the Acroijolis, thus avoid-

ing the steep ascent to the east of the

Areopagus. See A.M. XVI (1891),

444 ff.; XVII (1802), 00 ff.; Harrison,

Ancient Athens, pp. 38 ff. There is

no indication that the Metrouin was

ever a temple. Pausanias calls it a

sanctuary {iepov) , Pliny a shrine (d e 1 u -

brum, .30, 17). It was apparently a

sacred precinct with an open-air altar,

as Aeschinos (see Timarch. 84) de-

scribes a runaway slave as coining into

the Agora and seating himself on the

altar of the Mother of the Gods. The

Metroum was later the repository of

the public archives (Din. 1, 8(5 ; Lye.

c. Leocr. CO).— 51. irXriCTCov twv irevTa-

KOfrLoiv Ka\ov(j.ev(ov PovXfVTTJpiov : the

Buleuterium or Council House of the

Five Hundred seems to have been built

within the precincts of the Metroum(see Aeschin. 3, 187; Ps.-Plut. vit. x Or.

p. 842 !;). It probably contained images

of both Zeus Bulaeus and Athena Bu-

laea (see Antiphon, 0, 45). We read of

the sacred hearth of the Council House

(Aeschin. 2, 45 ; Andoc. 1, 42, etc.), of

the platform for the speaker (AntiiDhon,

0, 40), of the benches for the presidents

(Lys. 13, 37), and of the railing bar-

ring off the public from the members

(Ar. Eq. 040 ff. ; Xen. Hell. 2, 3, 5).

Here too were set up various public

documents engraved on stone or metal,

as e.g. the laws of Solon (see Harp,

and Suid. s.v. 6 Kdrcodev vSfios) and the

list of the ephebi (Arist. Resp. Ath.

53). — 53. ^oavov: derived from ^^w,

"to scrape, smooth, polisli," may be

applied to an image made of either

wood, stone, or ivory (see Ilesych. s.v.

^oava; Etymol. Magn. s.y.^dafov, p.Gll,

1. 12 ff.). Strabo applies the word to

the gold-and-ivory Zeus at Olympia (8,

p. 353), to the gold-and-ivory Hera of

Polyclitus (8, p. 372), to the marble

statue of Nemesis at Ilhanmus (0, p.

300), etc. Luciaii uses the term of

images in bronze and silver (Alex. 18;

id. de dea Syria, 30). The term is,

however, more properly restricted to

images of wood (see Clem. Alex.

Protrep. 4, 40, p. 40, ed. Potter, and

Servius on Verg. Aen. 2, 225; 4, 50);

and Pausaniq,s appears to use it always

in this restricted sense, and confines it

to the wooden image of a deity. —AiroXXwv Te'xvT] Ileio-iou : nothing fur-

ther is known of Pisias. — 54. Atifjios

€p70v Avo-wvos : see Pliny (34, 01) who

speaks of Lyson as one of the sculptors

who made statues of athletes, armed

men, hunters, and persons sacrificing.

— Tovs Si 6£<r(xo6«Tas e^ypail/e Tlpotroyi-

vr]s Kavvios : on the Thesmothetae, see

Arist. Resp. Ath. 3 and 50-01. They

were the six archons ranking below

THE GAULS 47

Ch. 4. 1

'EXXctSa raXarwi^ eV/3oXr^V.

4 Ot 8e FaXarat ovToi ve^xovrai T7J<; Evp(oiTr}<; to. ia)(aTa 1

i-rrl OaXdaar) TroXXfj koI e? to. irepara ov ttXwi/xw, Trape^erat

Se a/x7^a>Tt^' Kat pa^iav koI Biqpia ovokv ioLKora rot? eV

daXdo'CTr) rrj XoLrrrj • /cat a<picn hid T179 ^wpa? /act Trora/xo?

5 'Hyotoat'd?, €^' w Ta9 Ovyarepa^ rci? 'HXiov oSvpeadai vopi-

t^ovcTi TO Trepl tov ^aedovra top dSeX(f)ou Trd6o<;. oxfje 8e

TTore aurov9 KoXeiadai FaXara? i^€ULKr]crei> • KeXrot yap

Kara re (rcf)d^ to dp')(alov /cat rrapd rot? aXXot? aivopdt^ovTO.

cTvXXeyelcra Se cr^tcrt crrparta rpeTrerat 717^' eVt 'loj^iou, /cat

reirards the river as fabulous. Tliethe archon chief, the king, and the pol-

emarch. Wachoinuth, II, 320, thinks

that the allusion is to portraits of illus-

trious individual Thesmothetae. Pro-

togenes, a contemporary of Apelles,

was one of the most celebrated artists of

antiquity ; he took enormous pains with

his work and was remarkable for tech-

nical skill rather than for great expres-

sion. Cf. Pliny, 35, 81-83 ; 87 ; 101-

106; Overbeck,S.Q. 1907-1936; Brunn,

Gesch. d. Gr. Kiinstler, II, 233-243.—55. 'OXPidSr^s 8* KaWiirirov : on Cal-

lippus cf. 1, 4, 2 ; 10, 20, 5. The date of

the irruption of the Gauls into Greece

(10, 23, 14) was 279 b.c. Of Olbiades

nothing further is known.

4. Digression : — The (imds— Tlicir

irruption into Greece and retreat into

Asia— The Peryamencs.

2. tirl OaXao-o-T) itoXXtj . . . 'HpiSavos:

the great .sea meant is the Atlantic

Ocean in the neighborhood of the

Arctic Circle (cf. 33, 4 ; 35, 5). Pau-

sanias seems to have regarded the Eri-

danus (cf. 5, 14, 3 and 5, 12, 7) as

an actual river that flowed into the

northern ocean, but Horodolus (3, 15)

Rhone and the Po were the two rivers

from time to time identified with the

Eridanus (.see Pliny, 37, 32), but amberis not found at the mouth of eitlier

river. On the legend of the daughters

of Helios bewailing the fate of their

brother Phaethon beside the river Eii-

danus, cf. I'>ur. Hipp. 735 ff. ; Apoll.

Khod. 4, 590 ff.; Ovid, Met. 2, 3-10 ff.,

etc. — 7. ToXdros . . . KtXroC : the

people we know as Celts were knownto the ancients under three name.s

viz. Celts (KeXrot, Celtae), Galatiana

(VaXdrac), and Gauls (Galli). Cf.

Procop. de aedif. 4, 5, ^k KeXrois— o?

Tavvv TdWoi Ka\ovvTai, Appian, Ilanii.

4, ^s Tr]v Ke'KTtKr]v rijv vvv Xeyofxh'tjv Ya-

Xariav. Also Caesar (de H. G. 1, 1),

qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nos-

tra Galli appellantur. — 4|€v£kt]-

<r€v: in impersonal sense; already so

ii.sed ill Thuc. 1, 3, 2 ; frequent in Paii-

sanias, e.g. 2, 29. 3 ; 3, 20, 6 ; 4. 6,

1 ; 34, 5 ; 6, 22, 10 ; 7, 17 : 22, 4 ; 8. 5,

7; 2.3, 3; 47, 1 ; 9. .34, 10; 10. 1, l._9. o-Tparitt Tp^irtrai ttjv tir\ 'lovCow

KrX. : Tausanias (U), 19-23) narrates at

48 THE ATTICA OF PAUSAXIASCh.4, 2

10 TO re 'iXXvpucop idpo<? kol ttolv ocrov a^pt yiaKeoovoiv ojKet

Kol MaKe8o^'a<^ avTov<; dvacrTaTov; i-rroirjcre ^ecraaXiav re

ineSpafJie. koI w? iyyv<^ SepfMOTrvXcou eyivovTo, iuravOa ol

TToWol TOiV '^jWiqVMV €9 Tr^V €.(j)OOOV TjCTlJ^a^OV T(i)V ^ap^Or

pcov, are vno 'AXe^di'Spov jxeydX(o<; kol 'i^LXimrov KaKOiOev-

15 T€<? Trporepov KadelXe 8e kol 'AvTLnaTpoq /cat KdacravSpos

xxTTepov TO "^EiXXriuLKOP, cJCTTe €Ka(TTOL ol' dcrBeveiav ovoev

alcr^pov evoixit^ov direlvaL to Kara a(f)d<^ ttJ? l3or]0eLa<^.

'AdrjvaioL Se fxdXLCTTa fxev tmv 'EXXtjucou aTreipTJKeaau jxrJKeL 2

tov Ma/ceSovtKov TToXefxov /cat TrpocnTTatovTe^ ra TroXXd iv

20 rat? yLta^at<?, efteVat Se oyaoj? (opfirjuTo eg ra? ^epp,oTTvXa<;

crvv Tol<? iOeXovcri twv EiXXijvcou, iXop-euoL cr(f)L(TL tov KaX-

XiTTTTOv TovTov rjyelcrOaL. KaTaXa^ovTe^ Sefj

aTevorraTov rjv,

Trj<; ecroSov tt]^ is Trjv 'EXXdSa elpyop tov<; ^ap/3dpov<;-

dvevp6vTe<; Se ol KeXrot Trjv aTpairov rjv kol Mi^'Sot? ttotc

25 K(f)idXTrjs rjyyjcraTo 6 Tpa^tfto? /cat ^lacrafxevoi ^oiKecov tov<;

TETayixeuov; in avrfj XavOdvovcri tov^ EXX^yi^a? vnep^aXou-

re? Ti^t' OiTrjv. evda 817 7rX.etcrTov Trapia^ovTo aurov? 'A0r]- 3

vatot TOt9 EXXi^crtv d^tov?, dficjiOTepajdei' cos iKVKXcodriaav

greater length the irruption of the Gauls the Lacedaemonians; and in 7, (5, 7,

into Greece. The fact that he gives two it Is said of the Peloponnesians in gen-

detailed accounts of the same events is eral that they did not take part in the

an argument that portions of the work expedition to Thermopylae, because

were published separately. Cf. 7, 20, 0, tliey imagined they could keep off the

and Introduction, p. 3. — 13. Tjo-vxa- Galatians by building a wall across the

Xfiv: frequently used as the antonym Isthmus. — 14. (Afya\«s : a noteworthy

of TToXefieiv. Cf. 1, 13, 1 and 6, 25, 3

;

instance of hyperbaton. Pausanias

2, 16, 5 ; 3, 9, 2 ; 7, 6 ; 4, 11, 8. Here fancied that he attained a certain ele-

Pausanias states as the ground of the gance of expression by unusual word-

hesitation of most of the Greeks the order. Cf. § 3 vav^lv inr6 re 6ir\wv

exhaustion caused by their wars with ^apelais Kal dvdpQv, § 4 ra iroXia-tJ.aTa

the Macedonians ; to the contrary, he eXeii' ^i* oi;5ew ra Xoiwa woiiia-dfievoi, 3,

says in 4, 28, 3, that the Messenians, 9, 6 fj-erd ye rbv a^p^ov Kal wpSrepov

and in 8, 6, 3, that the Arcadians, held en iirl S^i^^as Aapdov Kal iirl Ad-qvas

back through fear of an incursion by arpaThv.

THE (JAULS 49

Ch. 4, 5

dfxvvojxevoL Toil's fiap/Sdpovq • ol Se a(f)LaLv iirl tcou vewu

30 fxaKicTTa eTaXaLircopovu are tov koXttov tov KapnaKov rtX-

jtxaro? 7rpo9 rats Bep/aovruXat? 6vto<; • aiTiov Se ipLOi hoKeiv

TO vhcjp TavTTj TO Oepfxov iKpeop e? Trjv ddXacraav. fjiei^oua

ovv el)(ov ovTOL TTOvov • dvaXa(36uTe^ yap inl to. KaTacrTpat-

jxara tov<s E\Xr]pa<; vavalu vuo re ottXcov /Sa/aetat? koI

35 dvhpcjv i^idt^ovTO /caret tov tttjXov TrXelu. ovtol p.kv hr) 4

TOV<i YXXr)va<i Tponov top elprjpievou ccrco^ov, ol Se FaXarat

HvXcjv re iuTo<; rjcrav kol ra TToXiafxaTa iXelv eV ov^eul to.

Xoiwd TTOiy](Tdp,evoi AeX(f>ov<; kol ret ^pripiaTa tov 6eov hiap-

TTctcrat fidXiCTTa el^op ctttovStJv. /cat (T<^Lcnv avToi re AeX^ot

40 /cat ^(tiKewv dvTeTd^diqcrav ol ra? TToXet? irepX tov Uapvacr-

(Tov oLKOvvTe^j d(f)LKeTo 8e /cat Svi>apL<; AItojXmv to yap

AItcoXlkop irpoei^ev dKfxrj veoTrjTO'i tov -)(p6vov tovtov. oj?

Se e'? ^et/oas (Twrjecrav, ivTavOa Kepavvoi re icpepovTO e'9

Tov<i FaXaras Kat dTroppayelcrai vrerpat rov Flapvao'a'ou,

45 heCixaTd re dvSpe^ i(f)LcrTavTo OTrXtrat rot? fiap^dpoL<;- tov-

TOiv Toix; pev e^ 'Twep^opicov Xeyovaiv iXOuv, 'Tnepo^^ov

/cat 'ApdSoKov, TOV Se TptTOv Uvppov elvau tov 'A^tXXeco? •

ivayC^ovcn Se 0,770 TavTrj<; AeXcfiol TTJq avppa^^Cas Tivppo),

npoTepov e)(^ovT€S are dvhpo<; iroXepiov Kat ro pvrjpa iv

60 drt/xTa. FaXarwi/ Se ot ttoXXoi j'avo'ti' e? ri^t* 'Acriav oia/Sdv- 5

re? ra irapadaXdcrcrLa aurrj? iXer)XdTOvv )(p6v(i) Se vaTepov

OL Ylepyapov e^oz^re?, irdXai Se TevOpaviav KaXovpevqv, . . . e'?

TavTTjv FaXctra? e'Xaui^ovcrtv 0,770 ^aXctcrcn^?. ovtol pev Srj

52. n^p-ya|iov . . . irdXai Be TcuOpa- know from other sources that Teuthra-

v(av KaXovfjivqv : cf. 1, 11,2, U^pya/xos nia was entirely distinct. See Xen.

5^ 5ia/3d5 ^s tt)v 'Afflav ' Apeiov Swaartv- Hell. .3, 1, (5 ; Strabo, 12, p. 571 ; 13, p.

ovTo. iv rri Tfv6paviq. KTelvei fiovofxaxr,- 015; and Con ze, "Teuthrania," A.M.

ffavra ol irepl rijs dpxv^, xai rrj 7r6Xei to XII (1887), 140-1(50. — €S TavTT)V Fa-

6vopLa (dc^K€ TO vvv ott' avTov. I'ausanias Xdras ^Xavvovo-iv diro Oa\d<ro-Tjs : ef.

apparently reg,arded I'erganius and 1, 8, 1 ; 1, 2.'), 2. Atiahis. jjiinyeof I'er-

Teuthrania as the same town, but we ganuis, defeated tlie (Jauls in a great

50 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh.4, G

Trjv eKTO's Xayyapiov )^a>pau ecr^ou AyKvpav noXLif ikopref;

55 ^pvyoiv, rjv Mt8a? 6 TopScov npoTepov atKiaev— ayKvpa 8e,

rjv 6 Mt8a9 avevpev, rjv ert Kat e? e/xe ev Upco Ato? /cat

KpyjuTj MlSov KaXovfJLevrj • ravTiqv oivco Kepdaau Mihav cfiacrlv

iirl Tr)u Orjpav tov Seikiqvov— TavTqv re 817 T'qv AyKvpav

elkov Koi HecrcTLVovuTa vtto to oyoo? . . . Trjv "AyStaTii', evda

60 /cat TOV"

Atttjv Te9d(f)9aL Xiyovcri. YiepyaynrivoZs 8e ecrxt ^xev G

cr/cuXa diro TakaTcov, ecrrt 8e ypatfyrj to epyov to Trpo? FaXa-

ra? e)(Ovcra. -/^'z^ ^^ vep^ovTai ol Ilepya[JLr)voi, Ka/^eipcou lepdv

(ftaaiv eluat to dp^alov avTol 8e 'A/3Ka8e9 edeXovariv eivai

TO)v Ojxov TrfXeffia) hia^avTo^v e? ttjv ^Acriav. TToXefxoiv 8e tmv

65 ju.ei' dWoiv, el 817 Tiva^ eTToXefjirjcrap, ovk e? aVaira? Ke^Mprf-

Kev Tj <^T7/>tT7 T/)ta Se yvcoptfjLCJTaTa i^eipyacTai cr^tcrt, t"^"? re

'Ao"ta9 dp^y] Trj<^ koltco /cat t^ FaXarw^' (xtt avrrj? dva^(i)pr\(TL<^

KOI TO e? rou? crvi^ ^Aya^iep^vovi Tr]\€<j)ov ToXfxrjfxa, OTe EkXr]-

v€^ d,fxapT6pTe<i 'IXlov to TreSiou iXerjXaTovu to Mvcrto^' 0J9 yrju

70 TpojaSa. eTTctvetjat 8e e? ttjv dp^i^v oBev i^ef^iqv tov Xoyov.

5 Tov l3ovXevT7]pLOV tmv irevTaKoaioiv irXricriov ^6Xo<; icTL 1

KaXovjJievr], Koi dvovcri re evTavOa 01 TrpvTavei^ Kai Tiva /cat

battle at the springs of the Caicus 68. to ts tovs o-vv'A-yajAtyvovi Tt)\€-

river, and after the victory assumed <j)ov T6XfXT]p,a kt\. : cf. 9, 5, 14. This

the title of king, reigning as Atta- event is described in tlie epitome of

lus I, King of Pergamus. Tiie exact Apollodorus (epitoma Vaticana ex

date of the victory is uncertain. Nie- Apollodori Bibliotiieca, ed. U. Wag-buhr gives it as 2.']0-229 n.c; Droys- ner, Leipzig, 1891, p. 63; Apollodorus,

sen, between 238 and 235 ; Koepp, ed. R. Wagner, p. 193). On the com-

Rh. Mus., N.F., Xh (1885), 114 ff., ing of Telephus into Asia, see Strabo,

in 240. —57. Kp^vi] MCSov KaXoufxtvr)

:

12, p. 572; 13, p. 615; Diod. 4, 33;

cf. Xen. Anab. 1, 2, 13, who locates Paus. 8, 4, 9; 48, 7; 54, 6; 9, 31, 2.

the fountain of Midas at Thymbrion 5. The Tholus — The Eponymi —by the wayside

; the Macedonians, ac- Hadrian as a Patron.

cording to Hdt. 3. 38, affirm that Sile- 1. Tov PouXtvTtipCou . . . irXiio-Cov

nus was caught in Macedonia in the OdXos to-rl KaXovji^vr] : e6\os signiiied

gardens of Midas; Bion (Athen. 2, originally any round building with a

p. 45 c) places it at Inna, between Pae- roof of cupola form; here it is used espe-

onia and the land of the Maedi. cially of the building where the sacred

THE TEX TRIBES 51

rii.5, '-•

dpyvpov Tre7roLr]fX€ua icmu dyaX/xara ov fxeydXa. dvoiTeptu

8e d.vhpidvTe<; ecTTTjKacni' t^/dojwi/, a<^' mu \\.6y)vaioL<i vcrrepou

5 TO, ovofxara ea^ou at <f}vXai- ocrTi<i 8e KaTearyjcTaTo Se'^a

dpTL T€crcrdpo)v (f>vXd<; eivai Kal fxeredeTO (r(f)icn ra ovofxara

dpTL Tcop dp^aicjjv, 'H/aoSdrw /cat ravrd Icttiv elprjfxeva. rwp

8e incopvixajp— KaXovcn yap ovtcj (T(f)d<;— ecrrt jjlcp 'Itttto-

06(ov YloaeiSwvos /cat 'AXotttj^ Ovyarpof; KepKv6vo<;, ecrrt Se

10 'Ai'Tto^o? T(x)v TTaihojv T(t)v 'H/3a/cXeov9, ye^'d/u.e^'09 ck Mr^'Sa?

'H/aa/cXet r^9 <I>uXai'T09, /cat rpvro^ Atag 6 TeXa/xwi/o?, eV Se

lire was kept burning on the hearth of the eponymous heroes"; liere was

and where the presiding officers of the

Council of Five Hundred dined togetlier

daily at the public expense, and offered

sacrifices and libations (Arist. Resp.

Ath. 43; Dem. 19, 190). Another

name for the building, Skias or " um-

brella," is the official designation in in-

scriptions (C.I. A. Ill, 1048; 1051, 1.22).

The chairman (epislates) of the pry-

tanes, who kept the keys of the sanctu-

aries containing public treasures and

records, was compelled to remain in the

Tholus during his twenty-four hours

of office, along with colleagues, chosen

by himself (Arist. Rep. Ath. 44). Soc-

rates here received a commission from

the Thirty Tyrants to go to Salamis and

arrest one Leon (Plat. Apol. 32 c, i>);

here the standard weights and measures

were kept (C.I. A. II, 470, 1. 37 ff.). Cf.

Wachsnmth, Stadt Athen, II, 315-

320. — 3. dvwT^po) Se dvSpidvTCS €<rT^-

Kao-iv T)p<d(i>v : the site of this group of

statues was doubtless on the slope of

the Areopagus above {avwripw) and

not far away from the Buleuterium

and Tholus. Aristotle (Resp. Ath. 5.'>)

says that the bronze tablet with the

list of ephcbi was set up " in front of

the Council House beside the statues

po.sted the list of men drawn for mili-

tary service (Ar. I'ac. 1183). Copies

of proposed laws were here posted for

public inspection (Dem. 20,94 ; 24,23).

So too the names of men who deserved

well of the state (Isoc. 18, 01 ; C.I. A.

II, 569), and likewise the names of

traitors (Isoc. 5, 38). It was a high

distinction to have one's statue erected

near the Eponymi (Lucian, Anach.

17). Cf. Wachsmuth. Stadt Athen,

II, 387-390. — 5. oVtis 8c KareoTTJ-

o-ttTO 8€Ka dvrl T€<ro-dp<i)v <{>v\ds kt\. :

cf. Hdt. 5, 00, 09. In 1, 29, I'ausa-

nias names Cleisthenes as the founder

of the new tribal division. There were

originally four Attic tribes called Ge-

leontes, Iloplites, Aegicoreis, and Ar-

gadeis. Clei.sthenes abolished these

and redivided the population into ten

tribes. The date (Arist. Resp. Ath. 21

)

was in the archonship of Isagoras, 508-

507 n.c. The ten new tribes, in their

official order, were named as follows :

Erechtheis, Aegeis, Tandionis, Leon-

tis, Acamantis, Oeneis, Cecropis, Hip-

pothontis, Aiantis and Antiochis. Cf.

Mommsen, Philologus. XLVII (1889),

449-480; W. S. Ferguson, Cornell

Studies, VII (1898).

52 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS011.5,3

'AOrjvaLcou Aeojg • Sovvai 8e iirl aoiTiqpia Xeyerat KOLufj ra9

6vyaT€pa<; tov 6eov ^prjcravTo^. 'Epe^^^ev? re' ianv ev rot?

eTTwi^u/xot?, 09 ivLKiqcrev 'EXevcnvLov? H^^XV '^^^ '^^^ rjyov-

15 fxeuou oLTTeKTeivev 'IfXfxdpaSov tov EvixoXttov Atyev? re ecrrt

/cai Oti^ei)? ^aI'Sto^'09 vlos v60o<5 /cat rcot' ©T^crea)? TratSwt'

'A/cct^a?. Ke/cporra Se /cat Ilai'Oto^'a— etSo^' yap /cat rovrcot' 3

eV Tot? eTTO}vvp.oi<i et/coi^a?— ov/c otoa ov? ayovdiv iv TLjxfj•

irp6Tep6<; re yap rjp^^. KeKpoxjj, 6s tyjv 'AKratov BvyaTepa

20 ecr^e, Kat vcTTcpo^, os Si^ Kat fjieTutKrjcrev e? EuySotaz^, 'Epe-

^$€0)^ utos ToG Ilat'Stovos TOV 'FjpL^^BovLov. Kat S17 /cat Ilai^-

Stftji^ i^aaikevaev o re 'EpL^Ooptov /cat 6 KeKpoTTO? rou

SevTepov TovTov MT^rtoi^tSat r^s dp^rjs e^eXavvovcn, Kat ot

(jyvyovTL e's Meyapa— BvyaTepa yap el)(e IluXa rou /SacnXev-

25 crai/Tog eV Meyctpot?— crvveKTrLTrTovcnv ol TratSeg. Kat nai^-

Stoi'a jLtei' avrou Xeyerat vocryjaavTa aTToOaveZv, Kat ot Trpo?

daXd(Tcrrj fxvrjixd icTTiv iv Trj MeyaptSt eV 'Adrjvdq AldvCa^

12. AcwsktX. : the legend is to the ef- Pausanias nowhere alludes to it. See

feet that once when Athens was afflicted Curtius, Ges. Abh. I, 4()r).

with famine and the Delphic oracle de- 19. irporcpos . . . qple K€Kpo<|/ . . .

clared a human sacrifice the only rem- Kal vo-repos: Cleisthenes,in naming one

edy, Leos, son of Orpheus, voluntarily of his tribes after Cecrops, doubtless

surrendered for sacrifice his three had in mind the first Cecrops, re-

daughters, Eubule, Praxithea, and The- puted to be earth-born, half man and

ope; according to another version the half serpent (Ps.-])em. 9, 30), not his

maidens of their own free will offered double, Cecrops II, said to be eldest son

themselves as victims. Tlie sacrifice and successor of Erechtheus (Paus. 7, .

was effectual, the famine left the land, 1, 2), who was "a mere genealogical

and the Athenians ever after worshiped stop-gap" (Frazer).— 21. IlavSCwvcPa-

tlie heroic maidens in a shrine in the <r(\eu<r«v /crX. : cf. ApoU. 3, 14,6-8; 15,

Agora, called the Leocorium. This 5. Pandion I was the son of Erichtho-

became one of the famous places of nius, whom be succeeded, and a Naiad,

Athens (Strabo, 9, p. 396); beside it Praxithea; he married Zeuxippe andfell Hipparchus when assassinated was father of Procne and Philomela,

(Time. 1, 20; 6, 57). It is frequently and of Erechtheus and Butes. Pan-mentioned by ancient writers (Milchh. dion II was the son of Cecrops II andS.Q. S.V.). Hence it is strange that Metiadusa; he succeeded liis father, was

ATTIC KINCS 53

Ch.5, 5

KaXovfxepo) (XKOTreXco- oi 8e TratSe? /cartao'i re e/c to>v Meya- 4

poiv iKJBaXovTe^ Mi^riot'toa?, Kal rrju ap^-qv tiov ^\6y)vai(ov

30 Aiyeu? TTp€(Tl3vTaT0<; oiv eicr^e. Bvyarepa^ 8e ou cru^' ayaOco

oaLfxopL eOpexjjev 6 Uauhtcoi', ovhe ot Tificopol TratSe? ciTr' avTwv

i\eL(f)dr](rav ' Kairoi Swa/xew? ye ett'e/ca 77/369 toi/ Hpa/ca to

/c^Sos iiroLTJaaTO. dW ouSet? iT6po<; 1(ttlv avOpotTTO) Trapa-

^rjvai TO KaOrJKov €k tov Oeov- \4yovcriv (o<; Trjpev^; (tvpol-

35 K(t)u UpoKPTj ^iXofJiyjXap xjcr^vvev^ ov Kara vojjlov Spacra?

TOV FXXt]uo)V, Kat TO croiyaa ert kco^rjcrdixevo^; Trj TratSt yjya-

yev €9 dvdyKrjv St/079 ra? yvi/at/ca?. IlavStoi^t 8e Kal aXXo?

avSpid^; ianv ev aKpoirokei dea<i d^Lo<;.

OtSe fiep eiaiv ^K6r)vaioi^ eTrcovvfioL to)v dp^aioiv • vaTepov 5

40 8e Kat diro TW^'Se cfivXd^ e^ovcriv, 'ArraXou rov Mucrov Kat

IlroXe/Ltatou rov AtyuTrrtov Kat Kar' e'/xe 1^817 /SacrtXew?

'A8/3tai'oi) rrj? re e'9 ro ^etoi^ TLfirj^; eVt TrXetcrroi' iXdovTo^ koI

T(ov dp^^ojxevojv e'9 evhaLfxovcav to. fieytaTa eKdaToi<i Trapa-

<T^op,evov. Kat e'? ^ei^ TToXefiov ovheva CKovcrtog KareVri^,

45 'E^patov? 8e roi*? vTrep Svpojv e'^etpwcraTo diroaTduTa^; •

expelled, and took refuge in Megara. sanias fails to mention two new tribes,

Ps.-Dem. (9, 28) regarded Pandion I established in 307-300 11. c. in honor of

as the eponymous hero. Demetrius and Antigonus (Pint. Deni.

34. Tr]p€vs owvoiKoiv IIpoKV]] ^\Xo- 10) — the Demetrias and the Anligo-

(I'^Xav x|<rxwv€v : see 1,41, 8ff. ; 10,4, 8. nis. They were later abolished, prob-

The myth of Tereus transformed into ably in 201 is.c. (Ferguson, The Priests

a hoopoe, and of Procne and Philomela, of Asklepios, p. 143). It is generally

who became a nightingale and a swal- accepted that the tribe Ptolemais was

low, is familiar from the Birds of Aris- named after Ptolemy I'hiladelphus be-

tophanes. Cf. Apoll. 3, 14, 8 ; Eustath. tween 285 and 247 b.c, the limits of

on Od. T, 518, p. 1875. According to his reign ; but Beloch (Fleckh. Jrb.

later writers, however, it was Procne XXX, 481 ff.) argues that the Ptole-

who became a swallow, and Philomela niais was instituted after 220 n.c. in

a nightingale, whereas Tereus was honor of Ptolemy Euergetes. The tribe

transformed into a hawk. So Verg. Attalis was created in 200 n.c, when

Georg. 4, 15, 511 ; Ov. Met. 0,424-475; Attains I visited Athens (Polyb. 10,

Hyg. Fab. 45. 25; Pau.s. 1, 8, 1, etc.). Tlie tribe

40. 4{>vXds . . . 'Att6lKov kt\. : Pan- lladrianis is mentioned frequently in

54 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh. C, 1

oTTocra he decov lepa ra fxcp wKohoyLTjaev i^ dp)(y]<;, tol 8e

/cat i'rreKocrixrjcrei' dvadijixacn kol Karao'/cevatg, Koi hcupeal

as TToXecrti/ eScoKev 'EXX.^7^'tot, rag 8e /cat tw^' ^ap^dpcov

rots Serjdelcni', ecmv ol irduTa yeypap.p.eva 'Adijuycnv iu

50 Tw KOLvco Tcop deoiv tepw.

6 To, 8e 69 ArraXot' /cat Urokepiaiov i^Xt/cta re 7)1/ dp^aio- 1

repa, oj? jLt-]^ fxepeiv eri ttjv (fiTJixrjv avTOiv, Kat ol avyyevo-

fxevoL rot? fiaaiXevcnv inl avyypa(f)fj tmv epycov /cat irporepov

ert 'qfjLeXyjdrjcrav tovtcov eveKd fxoL /cat ra rwi'Se eTTrjXOe

6 Si^XotJcrat epya re ondla errpa^ap /cat w? e? rov? irarepas

avTOiv TTepic^d)py](jev AlyvTTTOV /cat 7^ Mvcrwv /cat rwi^ irpocroi-

KO)V dp^Tj.

YlTokefxalov Ma/ceSdp'e? ^tXtTTTTou TratSa etvat tov 'Ajxvv- 2

Tov, Xoyo) 8e Adyov vofxC^ovcn- Tr)v ydp ol fJLr]T€pa e^ovaav

10 eV yacrrpl SoBrjvau yvvoLKa vtto ^lXlttttov Adyco. IlroXejaatoi^

Se XeyovcTLv dXXa re ei^ ttJ 'Acrta XajXTrpd diroSei^acrdaL /cat

'AXe^dvhpo) KLvhvi>ov ^vp,^dvTO^ iv 'O^vSpct/cat? fidXicTTd ol

roiv eraipcov dpJvvai. TeXevTiqaavTO<^ Se ^AXe^dvhpov rot? e?

inscriptions (C.I. A. Ill, 81-83, 1113, |dv8pb> . . . d|xvvai, : this statement is

1114, 1120, 1121). expressly denied by Arrian (Anab. 6,

6. Pausanias interrupts his itinerary 11, 3-8), who says that the incident

to recount at considerable length (6, 1

—

occurred not in the territory of the

7, 3) the history of the first two Ptole- Oxydracians, but at the city of an inde-

mies; 8, 1 is similarly devoted to Atta- pendent Indian tribe called the Malli

;

lus; then, after the itinerary is resumed so Plut. Alex. 63. lie also asserts that

(8, 2-6), the mention of the statue of there is no truth in the statement that

Ptolemaeus Fhilometor occasions a brief on this occasion Ptolemy won the title •

digression on his history (0, 1-3). of Soter, as Ptolemy himself in his pub-

4. jjiot . . . lirfjXOe 8ri\wo-ai : "it oc- lished memoirs denied being present at

curred to me" — a favorite phrase of the action. According to Q. Curtius,

Pausanias. Cf. 1, 12, 2; 29,10; 2,16, 9, 5, 21, the false statement origin-

3 ;r,, 4, 6 ; 7, 10, 6 ; 26, 3 ; 8, 17, 4. ated with Clitarchus and Timagenes.

9. «)(^ovo-av «v -yao-TpC : used by Pan- — 13. tois €s'Apu8aiov . . . o-yovoriv dp-

sanias more frequently than k6€iv; e.g. \i\v dvTKrrds : cf. Justin, 13, 2, 11 ff.,

2, 22, 6; '26, 4; 28,5; 3.3,9; 4.9.8; who gives the speech Ptolemy made

33,3; 8,24,2; 36,2; 53,1.-12. •A\€- on this occasion.

HISTORY OF PTOLKMY I 55

Ch. 6, 5

*Apt.haLOv TOP ^tXCmTov Trfv iracrav ayovcriv dp)(r)v dvTL(TTa<;

15 avTo<; fxaXicTTa iyevero e? ra? ySacrtXeta? atTto? rd eOvq

vefi7)07]i>aL. avTos 8e e? AiyvTrTou Sta^o,? KXeofxevyjv re 3

diT€KT€Lvep, ou (TaTpaTT€veLP AlyvnTov KaTearrjaev 'We^av-

hpo<;, Uep^LKica vopit^oyv evvovv kol Sl avro ov tticttov avTw.

/cat lAaKehovoiv tov<; ra^^eWa? tov *AXe^duhpov veKpov e?

20 Atya? KOfjiL^eLv dveireKrev avrco irapaSovvat • kol tov jxeu

pofxa) Tip MaKeSovcov eOairrev iv MejxcfyeL, ola Se iin(TTdixeuo<;

7roX€fxij(TovTaIIephLKKav AtyvrrTov eI^e^' eV (f)vXaKf). riepSt/c-

/ca? 8e €9 /xei/ to ev7TpeiT€<; rrj? o'T/aareta? iinjyeTO 'A/DtSatot'

To^' <I>tXt7T7rov /cat TratSa 'AXe^a^'Spo^' e'/c 'Voi^dviq'; T'fj<; 'O^vdp-

25 TOV yeyoi'ora /cat 'AXe^at'Spou, rw 8e €py(i) IlToXep,aiov eVe-

^ovXevev dcfyeXecrdat ry)v iv AlyvTTTO) ^acriXeiav • i^o)a6ei<;

8e AtyvTrTOf /cat ra e? iroXefxov €Tl ou^ 6/>tot6>9 6avp.at,6r

p.evo<;, Stay8€^\i7/xeVo9 8e /cat aXXw? €<? tou? MaKe8oi^a9,

diriOavev vtto twv (TOip,aro(\)vXdKOiv. YlToXe^xalov 8e avTiKa 4

30 e? TO, Trpdyfiara 6 YlepSiKKOv 6dvaTO<i inecTTrjcre • koL tovto

fxev Xvpov<; /cat ^oivLKiqv etXe, tovto 8e iKireaovTa vtto^

Avti-

yovov Koi (f)evyovTa vrreSe^aTO ^iXevKOv tov^

Avtio^ov, koX

avT09 TTapecTKevd^eTO oj? dp.vvovp.evo'; \\vTiyovov. /cat Kao"-

cravhpov tov ^AvTiirdTpov /cat AvcTLjxa^ov ftaaiXevovTa iv

35 %paKrj p.eTa(T^eiv eireKxe tov iToXejxov^ (f)vyr)v Xeyojv ttjv %e-

XevKov KOL TOV 'AvTLyovov (f)ol3€p6v (r(f)icnv elvai Trdatv av^iq-

OevTa. ^AvTLyovo^ 8e Teioj? fxev '^v iv TrapaaKevfj iroXepiOv 5

19. TOV*AX«|dv8powv€Kp6v rafter hav- phus, but Diod. 18, 28, and Strabo,

ing been biouglit with nuich pomp from 17, p. 794, date it under Lagus. Here,

Babylon to Memphis, the remains of up to the Christian era, the body re-

Alexander were finally brought to Alex- posed in a crystal cofiin whii-ii replaced

andria and laid in a magnificent tomb, the golden one that had been stolen,

where funeral games were celebrated Nothing is known of its final disap-

in his honor and he was afterwards pearance.

worshiped as a hero. Paus. 1, 7, 1, 35. <})vyTiv X^-yuv . . .€tvai: the same

says this was under Ptolemy Philadel- construction in 1, 32, (i.

56 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh. 6, 6

Kol Tov KLvhvvov ov TTavTOLTTacnv iOdppei • eTret Se eg Al^vtjv

invdero (TTpaTevetv YlToXefialou d(f)€(rTr)K6T(ov Kvprjvaioju,

40 avTLKa %vpov<^ koX ^oivLKa<^ eikev i^ iTnSpofxrjs, irapahov^s

8e Arjfjir)TpL(t> T(o TratSt, rfkiKiav [xev veco (jypovelv Se TJhrj

SoKovvTi, Kara^aivei iirl top 'FXkijcnroi'Tov. irpiv Se tj Sta-

fiyjvaL TTokiv rjyev ottlo'co rr)v cTTpaTidv, ArjiMTJTpLOv olkovcov

VTTO YlToXefxaLov p^d^r) KeKpaTrjadaL i^rjprjTpio<^ Se ovre

45 TTavTdiradiv i^eKTTrjKei TiToXepaico Trj's ^(i)pa% Kai rtvag TOiv

AlyvirTioiv \o^'qcra<; ^i4<^Beipev ov ttoXXov?. tote Se yjKovra

'Avriyovov ov^ vTTopeLva<; UroXepalo^ dve^oiprjcev e? Axyv-

TTTov. hieXOovTO^ Se TOV ^eipo)vo<i ArjpiJTpLo^ TrXeucra? e'g

Kvirpov MeveXaov craTpdTriqv UroXepaiov vavpa)(ia koX aWi^

50 avTov UroXepaiov eVtSta/Scti^ra eviKrja-e- ^vyovra Se avrov

e? AiyvTTTov ^Avriyov6<i re Kara yrjv /cat vavcriv a/xa irroXiop-

Ket /cat ArjpyJTpLO^;. TlToXepalo^; Se e'? Trai' d<^iK6pevo<i klv-

Swov SteVwo'ei^ o/xw? tt^i^ dp^y]v CTTparia re dvTLKadrjpevo^

iirl YlrjXovcTLO) /cat TpLijpecnv dpvvopevo^ apa Ik tov vora-

55 /iov. 'Ai^rtyoi^o? Se AiyviTTOv pev aiprja-eiv e/c twj^ napovTcov

ovSepiav ert et^ei' eXTrtSa, ArjpTJTpiov Se eVt 'PoStov? crrpa-

Ttct ttoXXtJ /cat vavcTLu ecrreiXev, (o<; et ot npocryeuoLTo rj vrjcro<;

6pprjTr]pL(p '^pijcrecrOaL 7rpo<; Tovq AtyuTrrtou? iXnCi^cov aXXa

avTOL re ot 'PdStot ToXpyjpaTa /cat i-mre^vTJaeL'; irapecr^ovTO

40. irapaSovsSeAiiiiriTpiwTSiraiSitcf. Cf. Diod. 20, 47-53; Plut. Dem. 15-

* Diod. 19, 80-84, riut. Dem. 5, etc., and 17, etc., and Droysen, II, 2, 125-

Droysen, Gesch. d. Hell. II, 2, 40 ff. 137.— 51. 'AvrC-yovos . . «iroXi6pK«i

Demetrius was at this time twenty-two Kal Ai]|i'<^Tpios kt\. : this successful ex-

years old. He gave battle to Ptolemy pedition against Egypt occurred in

at Gaza and was defeated in 312 n.c. 306 b.c. and the memorable siege of

48. Atiii^rpios irXtvo-as €s Kv-irpov Rhodes 305-304 r.c. The Rhodians

kt\.: not however in 311, after an in- gave Ptolemy the title Soter in recog-

terval of a year, but in 300 did Deine- nition of tlie assistance he gave them

trius sail to Cyprus, and not at sea but at this time. Cf. Diod. 20, 73-06;

in a land battle was this signal victory. Plut. Dem. 19-24; Droysen, II, 2,

Thus Pausanias makes two mistakes. 146-174.

HISTORY OF PTOLEMY I 57

Ch. C, 8

60 €9 Tovq TTokiopKovvTa^ KaL nToXe/Aalo? (T^iaiv e? ocrov Svud-

ixeajf; rJKe avpyjpaTO e? top TTokejxou. 'liPTiyouoq Se 'PdSou re 7

afxapTOJi' KaL AlyvrrTov irporepop, ov ttoXXco tovtcou vcnepov

avTiTOL^adOai Avcrt/xa^o) To\p,ri<Ta^ /cat Kacrcrai/Spo) re koX

rfj SeXevKov crrpaTLa, T179 Svi^ct/xew? a.TTcuXeo'e to ttoXv kol

05 auT09 airiOave TaXanrojprjaaf; /xctXtcrra rw ixrjKet tov 77/309

Fivfievr) TroXefxov. tcov he ^aaiXecov twv KadeXovTOjp \\pTi-

yovov avOCT1(1/7aTov Kptpco yevecrOai Kdcrcravhpov, 09 St' 'Ai^-

Tiyovov TYju MaKeSopcop dp^-qv dvaaoicrdpevo'i TToXefxtjcrcjv

rjXOev eir' dvhpa evepyeTrjv. dirodapovTO^ Se 'AvTi.y6vov 8

70 nToX€/>tato9 Svpoi'9 T€ avOi^ /Cat Kv7r/3ot' etXe, KaTTJyaye 8e

Kat Uvppov €9 TT^i^ SeaTTpcoTiha rjireipov KvpT]vr]<; Se ciTro-

(TTd(Tr]<; Ma'ya9 Bepe^'t/c^79 V109 riroXe/xatw rore avvoiKovcry)^

eret TreyotTrrw /xera tt)^ dTrdcrrao'ti' eiXe Kvpyjpyjv.— €t Se 6

TTroXe/xato9 ovto<; dXiqdel Xoyo) ^iXittttov tov 'Ajxvvtov 7rat9

75 -i^p-, to"T<y TO itnpavk^ e9 Ta9 'yvvat/ca9 /cara rot' iraTepa /ce-

KTr)p€PO<^, 69 EvpvSiKr) Trj ^AvTiirdTpov ctvuolkcop ovtcov ol

Tra'ihoiv Bepei/t/CT79 e'9 epcoTa yXOev, iqp 'AvTLTTaTpo<; KvpvhiKr)

(TvveTreixxpev e'9 AtyvTTToi^. TavTT79 T179 yvvaLKoq epaade\<;

Gl. 'AvrC-yovos . . . dvTiTd|a<r0ai Aw- ^v t^s olKlrjs 6 'Avdxapcts, Tcrrw aTro^a-

(ri|xdx<it To\|x^(ras : the reference here vdii'. I'aus. 1, 29, 14; 2, 35, 8; o, 27,

is to the iiioinentous battle fought at 7; 5, 12, .3; (i, l.'J, 10; 15, 7; 10,8.

—

Ipsus in Phrygia in 301 n.c. Antigo- 70. EupvSCKT] . . . BepeviKr]s kt\.: it is

nus was killed, his kingdom went to not known when Ptolemy's marriage

pieces, and the result of the battle was with Eurydice, daughter of Antipaier,

the four independent kingdoms of Gas- occurred. Berenice (Schol. Theocr. 17,

Sander in Macedonia, Lysimachus in 34) was a grand-niece of Antipater.

Thrace, Seleucus in Syria, and Ptol- Her children by her first husband, I'hi-

emy in Egypt. The kingdom of Ly- lip, were Magas and Antigone, the wife

simachus, after a brief existence, was of Pyrrhus (Pint. Pyrr. 4); her chil-

wiped out by the incursions of the dren by Ptolemy were Arsinoe, born

Gauls. Cf. Diod. 20, 112; 21, 1 ; Pint. not later than 310, and Ptolemy, born

Dem. 28 ff., etc., and Droysen, II, 2, probably in 309 or 308. Ptolemy Phila-

215-219. delphus ascended the throne in 285;

75. lo-Tw : cf. Herod. 4, 76, el wv TavTrjs Lagus lived until 283.

58 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

Ch. 7, 1

TratSa? i^ avTrj<; iiTOLyjcraTo, /cat w? ^u ol TrXyjcriov rj TeXevnj,

80 YlToXejxaLOP aTriXirrev AlyviTTov ^aaikeveiv, d(j) ov Ka\ 'Ad-q-

vaLOL<5 IcTTiv Tj (f)vXy], yeyovora e/c ^epevLKr)<; dXX' ovk eV

T17? ^AvTiTrdrpov OvyaTp6<;.

7 OuT09 6 riroXejaato? 'ApcrLv6r}<; d^e\(f)rj<; dix(f)OTepo)0ev ipa- 1

cr^ei? eyrjfxev avTijv, MaKcSoo'ti^ ovoa/xoj? ttolo)v vop.il,6p,eva,

AlyvrrTioi^ p,evToi (hv '^px^- oevrepa 8e doe\(f)oi' direKTeivev

'Apyalov i-m^ovkevovTa, a)<; Xeyerai, /cat rov 'AXe|'ai'8/3ou

5 vcKpov ovTo^ 6 Koaayayoiv r)v Ik Me)a<^too9 • direKTetve Se

Kal aX.Xov dheX(f>ov yeyovora i^ EvpvSt/cT)?, Kvirpiov; d<j)i-

(TTavTa ai(T06p,evo<;. Maya? Se do€\(f)o<; 6ixop.rjTpio<^ ITroXe-

jxaiov irapd li€peuLKr]<; Trj<^ fxrjTpo^ d^tw^et? iTTLTpoireveLV

J^vprjvrjv— iyeyopec oe e/c ^lXlttttov Trj JiepevLKy Ma/ceSdt'o?

10 /jteV, dXXco? Se dy^'wo'rou /cat ez^o? Toi) Syjfxov— rdre St)

ovro? 6 Mctyag d7ro(TTy](Ta<i YlToXefxaLov Kvpr)vaiov<; rjXavpep

in AiyvTTTOv. kcli ITroXejaato? piev rrjv iir/SoXrjv (f)pa^d- 2

p.evo<; vnepeuev eVtwra? K.vpr]vaCov^, Maya Se dvrayye'XXe-

rat /ca^' oSov dcftecTTrjKepat MappapiSa^- etcrt Se Al^vcov ol

15 MappapiBaL rotv vopdhoiv. /cat rdre ^ei' e'5 Kvpyjprjv dirrjX-

XdacreTO • TlToXep,aloi> Se dipp-qpevov OKOKeiv atrta rotdSe

eTre'cr^ev. rjuiKa Trapecr/cevd^ero iiriovTa dpvveaOat Mdyav,

^eVof? irnqyayero Kat aXXou? Kat TaXara? eg rerpa/ctcr^t-

Xtov9 • Toi^rov? Xa^cov iiri^ovXevovTa'^ Karaa^^lu AiyvirTov,

20 dvT^yaye a(f)d^ e? vrjorov eprfpov Stct roi) iroTapov. /cat ot p-e//

7. Ptolemy Philadelphus and Arsi- of her marriage with her full brother,

noe. Ptolemy Philadelphus, is not definitely

1. nToXejjiaios 'Ap(riv6T]s d8€\<)>fis known, but an Egyptian inscription

kt\. : Arsinoe was first married some shows they were already married 273-

time after the battle of Ipsus to Lysi- 272 h.c. Cf. A. AViedemann, Philol.

machus (Droysen, II, 2, 230). After XLVII (1889), 84. Pausanias' state-

the battle of Corupedion, in which ment that the marriage of brother and

Lysimachus fell, she married her half- sister was customary among the Egyp-

brother, Ptolemy Ceraunus. The date tians is confirmed by Diod. 1, 27, 1,

HISTORY OF PTOLEMY II 59

Ch. 8, 1

evravOa dircoXouTO vtto re dkXTJXcDu /cat tov Xtfiov Maya9 8e 3

1^817 yvvaxKa e)((ov ATra/xT^i^ Atrto^ou tov XeXevKov dvyarepa,

eiTiLcrep *Avtlo)(^ov Trapa^dvTa a? 6 TraTTjp ol SeXeu/co? inoLtj-

craTO (rvi>0TJKa<; 77/309 UToXefxalou iXavuecu in AiyviTTov.

25 (opixrjp,evov Se 'Avtl6)(ov cTTpaTevetv, IlroXe/xato? Sieirefjixpeu

€<; a7raPTa<i (hv rjpx^^ AvTioyo^, tol<; p,ev dcrdevecTTepoLq Xr)-

0"Ta9 KaraTpe^eiv r-qv yrjv, 0% 8e rjcrav SwaTcorepoL arpa-

TLO, KaTelpyev, wcrre KvTt6^(a ynqiroTe iyyeveaOai cttpareveLv

in AiyvTrTOv. ovto<; 6 nroXe/otato? /cat irpoTepov elp-qTal fxoL

30 tog vavTiKov ecTeiXev i<; rrju Adrjvaicop avixiJia)(Lav in 'Ai/ri-

yovov /cat Ma/ce8ot'a9 • dXXa yap dn avrov ovSev fxeya

iyevero €9 ao)Tripiav ^AOrjvaioLS. ol 8e ol nalSe^ iyevovTo i^

\\p(TLp6r)^, ov Trjq dSeX^^9, Avcnfid^ov 8e 0vyaTp6<;- rrju 8e

ol (TwoiKijcracrav dSeX^i^i^ KareXa^eu €tl nporepov dnodavelv

35 d7T"at8a, /cat vop,6<; iariv dn avTrjq 'ApcnpoLTy]^ Atyvvrrtotg.

8 'ATTatret 8€ 6 Xoyog hrjXaxraL /cat ret e? ''ArraXot' e)(ovTa, ort 1

/cat ot'TO? TOiv inajpTUfxajv iariv ^A6y]vaioL^. dvrjp MaKehwv

Philo Jud. de Special. Leg. Mang. ^KiXevaev 6 \6yos ; 1, ."0, 3, a-n-iKpivev 6

2, 303, etc. \6yoi. — rd Is "ArraXov t^ovTa : a fa-

34. a8€X({>T]v KaTcXa^cv . . . diroOavciv vorite phrase borrowed from Herodo-

&iraiSa: KOTAa/Sej/ dTTo^amc, a frequent tiis. Cf. 1, IL G; 20, 7; 32, 3, with

expression, e.g. 1, 29, G; 2, G, 3; 3, 10, Ildt. 2, 53; 3, 16, 82, 12G, etc. The

5; 9, 5, 14 ; 10, 1. The formula is Hero- fortunes of the Attalids were founded

dotean, cf. Ildt. 3, 118; G, 38. Simi- by Philetaerus, a eunuch of I5ilhynia,

larly, we find ij reXevrrj, rb xp^'^^i V who was left by Lysimaclius in charge

ireirpufiivri, as subject of KaroKaix^dvetv. of his treasuiy on the Acropolis of I'er-

So 1, 11, 4 ; 13, 5; 20, 7 ; 3, 13. Still gamus. Pliiletaerus later went over to

more frequently are such words sub- Seleucus when the latter defeated and

ject of iiriXafi^dveiv. Cf. 1, 9, 3; 2, 9, killed Lysimachus in 281 u.c, and

4; 20, G ; 22, 2 ; 30, 7 ; 34, 5. after the murder of Seleucus in 280 he

8. Attalus— Statues: Amphiaraus, .succeeded in continuing master of the

Eirene, Lycurgus, CaUia.% Demosthe- fortress and its treasures. When he

nes— Sunrtuarij of Ares with statius died in 203 he left liis nephew Kumenes

adjacent— Ilartuodius and Aristugitoa in po.ssession of Pergaiuus. Kumenes— The Odeum. was .succeeded in 241 h.c. by his cous-

1. 'AiraiTti 8c 6 Xo-yos : cf. G, 1, 2, in Attalus, wlio, after defeating the

60 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCli.8, 2

AoKt/xo? oVojOta, CTTpaT'r]yo<; ^XvTLyovov, AvcnjJid^a) TrapaSov?

vcrrepov avrov /cal to, '^pyjixara, ^ikeTaipov Ila(f)\ay6pa

5 e^X^^ evvov)(OP. ocra fxkv Srj ^ikeraipo} Treirpaypiiva is Tr)v

aTTOCTacriv eVrt ttjv diro A.v(rip,a^ov Kat w? %ekevKov eTrr)-

ydyeTO, ecrrat fxoL tcov e? AvcrLjxa-^ou TrapevdiJKy] • 6 8e Arra-

Xo9 'ArraXou yaei^ Trai? wt', dSeXc^tSoi)? Se ^LXeraipov, tt)v

dp^rjv Ev/xeVov? TrapaSdt'ro? ecr^ev dpexpLov. jxeyucTTOP oe

10 icTTLv ol T(ov epyoiv • FaXara? yap e? ri^i^ yrjv rju en Kai

vvv e^ovcriv dva(f)vyeiv r^vdyKaaev diro daXdcrar]'?.

Mera 8e ra? et/cdi^a? rwi/ iTrwvvpiwv icrnv dydX/jLara 9eci)v, 2

'AfXffyidpao'i /cat Yjlpyjvrj (f)epov(ra UXovtov TralSa. ivravda

Gauls, assiuTied the title of king and

reigned as Attains I.

13. 'A(i({>idpaos : Amphiaraus is one

of the tragic heroes of Greek mythol-

ogy. Cf. Od. 0, 243, V, 352 ; Aesch.

Sept. 587 ff. ; Eur. Supp. 925, etc.

He was one of the "Seven against

Thebes," the hero whom the earth

swallowed up with his four-horse char-

iot and the gods made immortal. The

place was afterwards called Harma,

i.e. the chariot, and is one of the fa-

mous sites of Gi'eece, on the road from

Potniae to Thebes (Pans. 1, 34; 0, 8,

3). Consult, on thecult of Amphiaraus,

Harrison, Ancient Athens, pp. G2-(55.

— EtpV]VT) ({>€pov(ra IIXovtov iralSa

:

this group was by Cephisodotus (9, 0,

2), the father or elder brother of the

great Praxiteles. It was probably set

up after Timotheus's great victory at

Leucas and the conclusion of peace

between Athens and Sparta in 374 li.c,

as from that date Peace (Eip-ovrj) was

worshiped as a goddess (Isoc. 15,

109; Nepos, Timoth. 2). It is nowgenerally accepted that the so-called

Leucothea group in the Glyptothek at

Munich is a copy of this work of

Cephisodotus. It repi'esents a womanclad in a long robe, bearing on her left

arm a little naked boy. There are

frequent copies of the group on Attic

coins. Cf. Inihoof-Gardner, Numisni.

Connn. on Pans. p. 147, and plates.

— evravOa AvKOvp-yos t€ Ketrai x*^"Kovs : according to Ps.-Plut. vit. x Or.

p. 852 a, a bronze statue to Lycurgus,

the finance minister and orator, was

set up if dyopq., in recognition of his

services to the state, by a decree of Stra-

tocles passed 307-30G b.c. Two frag-

ments of an inscription containing the

decree have been found. See Harrison,

Ancient Athens, pp. 70-72, who also

tells of the fragments of the pedestal

found in 1888, with the inscription :

AvKoOpyos AvK^dippovos Bo[uTd5r;s. Ly-

curgus deserved well of his country

for his public works as well as for

his financial administration. He com-

pleted the Dionysiac theatre, leveled

and walled in the Panathenaic sta-

dium, and built the gynniasium of the

STATUE OF DEMOSTIIKNES Gl

Ch. 8, 3

KvKovpyo^ T€ KCtTat ^aXKOv? 6 AvK6(f)pouo<; /cat KaXXtag, 09

15 Trpos ^kpTa^ep^rfv tov "Bdp^ov t6l<^ EXX-qo'Li', w? 'AdijpaLojp

ol TToXXol Xeyovaiv, errpa^e ttju elpTJvrju- ecm 8e Kat Ar)fxo-

(T6evr}<i, ov is KaXavpeiav 'AdrjualoL rrju irpo TpoL^y]i>o<;

VTjcrov rjvdyKacrav diro^ajprjaaL, Se^djxepoL 8e varepov Stw-

KOVCTLv avdis fxerd rrju iv Aa/ita irXiqyrjv. Arjixocr0€vr]<; he cJs -i

20 TO hevTcpop €(f)vye, irepaiovTai koX Tore e? tj^v KaXavpeCav,

eu6a Sr] ttiojv <j)d.pp.aKov iTeXevTqcTe- (f)vydSa re KXXrjva

fiopov TovTov 'AvTLirdTpcp /cat MaKcSdcrti^ ovk dvTjyayep ^Ap-

^ta?. 6 Se 'Ayo^ta? ovToq (^3ov/3tos cui' epyov rjpaTo dvoaiov •

ocroi MaKeSocTLU enpa^av iuaurta irpiv rj rot? EXXTycrt to

25 TTTaZ(Tp.a (jo) iv BecrcraXtct yevicrdai, tovtov; rjyev 'Ap^ia?

Lyceum ; under his administration tlie

arsenal of rhiio was built, and all the

docksand arsenals were put in excellent

condition. — 14. KoXXias kt\. : Callias

was the reputed author of the so-called

Peace of Cimon which, according to a

tradition of the fourth century and

later, was concluded with Persia in

445 B.C., whereby Artaxerxes pledged

himself to send no warships into the

Aegean sea, and to forbid his troops to

approach within three days' march or

one day's ride of the sea. Cf. Dem. 10,

273; Diod. 12, 4; Plut. Cimon, 18,

etc. Herodotus (7, 151) testifies that

Callia-s was sent to Persia, but neither

he nor Thucydides mentions such a

treaty. It is intrinsically improbable

that it should have been made, and

if made it was repeatedly broken.

Isoc. 4, 118-120, is the first writer to

allude to it (c. 380 n.c). Theopompusconsidered a copy of the treaty extant in

the fourth century a forgery (Harp. s.v.

kTTiKoh ypafx/xaffiv). Even J'ausanias

speaks doubtfully about it. — IG. tern

Si Kttl AT]|j.0(r6€vT]s : this statue was

erected 280-279 r..c. on a decree moved

by Demochares, nephew of the orator

(Ps.-Plut.vit.xOr. pp. 847 o and 850< ).

The sculptor was Polyeuctus. The

statue was of bronze, and represented

the orator standing with his hands

locked in each other. The site was

TrXrjaiov toO vepicxoivlff/xaTO^ Kal rou

fiw/iwd Twv 8u>SfKa OeCbv. Pint. Dem. 31

says a large plane-tree stood near.

The well-known marble statue in the

Vatican is supposed to be a copy, with

some variations, of this statue. Cf. P.

Hartung, "Zur Statue des Dem.," Verb,

d. k. deutsch. In.stituts, XVHI (1903),

Heft 1, 25. The altar of the Twelve

Gods mentioned as near the statue,

though not noticed by Pausanias, was

an important spot, as distances were

reckoned from it. It was set up by

Pisistratus and enlarged by the de-

mocracy. Cf. Thuc. 6, 54, (5; Ildt. 2,

7; (i, 108; C.I.A. II, 1078, etc., and

Wachsnmth, Stadt Athen, II, 434-

430.

62 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh. 8, 4

^AvrnTOLTpoi hcocrovTa^ hiKrjv. ArjixocrOeveL jxkp rj irpo^ \\.dr]-

vaCovs dyav evvoLa e? tovto i)^(i>pr](Tev • ev Se (jlol XeXe'^^at

SoKCt av^pa d(^et8aj9 eKireaovTa is Tro\iTeiav koI incrTa rjyq-

adfxevov rd rov StJjxov ixtj-rroTe /caXw? reXevrrJcrat.

30 Trjs 8e Tov ArjixocrOeuovs etKOPOS ttXtjctiov ^Apew? Icttlv 4

lepov, evda dyaXfiaTa Svo jxev 'A(f)poSLTr]<; Ketrat, to Se tov

"Apecus eTToirjcrev ^K\Kap.ev'r)<;, ttjv 8e 'A0r]i>dv dprjp Hdpios,

oVojLia Se avrw Ao Kpos- iuTavda Kal 'Fjvvovs dyaXfxd eaTLv,

inoirjcrav Se ot vratSe? ol Upa^LTekovs' rrepl Se tov vaov

35 k(TTd(TLv 'HpaKXrjq kol Bi^creu? Kal'

AttoXXcov dvaSovjxevos

Taivia Trjv kojjltjv, dv^pidvTes Se KaXaS?^? 'AdrjpaLOLS, w?.

Xeyerat, vofxov; ypdxjjas, kol ITiVSapo? aXXa re evpojxevos

TTapd ^Adr]vai(x)v /cat tt^i^ eiKova, otl a(f)ds iTrrjveaev acrfxa

30. "Apews tcTTiv Upov : the shrine of

Ares is not elsewliere mentioned ex-

cept in inscriptions bearing on the cult

of Ares (cf. S.Q. XV, 23). The site is

not known with exactness. It probably

lay on the south side of the Agora,

along the nortli slope of the Areopagus.

Various sites have been conjectured,

but none convincingly. It was cer-

tainly not far {ov irbppw) from the stat-

ues of Harmodiusand Aristogiton, and

on, or adjacent to, the Areopagus. —31. TO Se TOV "Aptcos eiroirjo-ev *A\Ka-

)ji^vT)s : Furtwangler (Meisterw. pp.

121-128) argues that the Borghese

Ares, now in the Louvre, is a replica

of Alcaraenes's image of Ares. Since

there are numerous other copies of the

original of the Borghese statue, it

nmst have been a famous work, as that

of Alcamenes was bound to be. Cf.

Roscher, Lexicon, I, 489 ; Friederichs-

Wolters, Gips-Abgiisse, 1298. Pausa-

nias groups four statues within or near

the sanctuary of Ares— two images

of Aphrodite, an Athena of Locrus

of Paros, otherwise unknown, and a

statue of Enyo, by the sons of Praxi-

teles (cf. 8, 30, 10 ; 9, 12, 4).— 34. irepl

St TOV vaov £ffTd<riv 'HpaKXfjs kt\. :

round the temple Pausanias mentions

five statues, one a god, Apollo, two

heroes, Heracles and Theseus, and two

mortals, Calades and Pindar. Few par-

ticulars are given. Of Calades nothing

further is known. The poet Pindar

was represented Kad-fjuevos ev evdv/j.aTi

Kal Xvpa dtdSri/j,a ix^^ i^"-'- ^t''- ''''^^ 7"-

va.T(j}v dpeiKeyfi^uov pi^Xiop (Ps.-Aesch.

Epist. 4, 3). The date of the statue was

probably long after the poet's death,

as Isoc. 15, IGG does not allude to it in

reciting the honors heaped on Pindar

because of his eulogium of the city.

He had addressed Athens as " bright

and glorious Athens, pillar of Greece "

(Frag. 54, ed. Bergk). Cf. Wachs-

muth, Stadt Athen, II, 402, 407.

IIARMODIUS AM) ARISTOGITOX 63

Cli. 8, G

TTOLTJaa^;. ov noppco oe karacnv 'Apfjiohio^; kol 'ApicTTO- o

40 yeiTOiv ol KTeLuavTe<; iTTirap^ov • atria 8e i^rt? iyepero kol

TO epyov ovTiva rponov enpa^au, erepot? icrrlp elprjfxepa.

Titiv 8e avhpiavTOiv ol /xeV etcrt Kptrtov rd-^vq, tov<; 8e apj^ai-

ov? iuoLrjcrep 'AvTrjvojp- "Bep^ov 8e, w? erX-ei^ 'AOtjva^ ckXi-

TTOi^Twi' TO acTTv 'AdrjvaiojVj arrayayofxeuov /cat rovrov? are

45 Xafpvpa, kareTTeixxjjev vcrrepou 'Adr]uaLOL<; 'Ai^rto^o?.

Tou dedrpov 8e o KaXovcrt^' 'l2t8etoi/ dvhpLcii're'i rrpo rrjs 6

ea'd8ov f^acrikeoiv elcrlv JilyvTrrtcjv. 6v6p,ara p.ev ^rj Kara

rd avrd UroXep^aloL cr^tcrtt', dWr] Be iTTLK\7]cn<; dXXco /cat

yap ^iXoprjropa KaXovcrL /cat <E>tXa8eX(^oi/ erepov, rov 8e

50 Tov Adyov Sojrrjpa rrapa^ovroiv 'Vohioiv to ovopia. rwv 8e

oO. ov iroppb) 8c carrdo'iv 'ApiioSios

Kttl *Api<rTO'y€iTwv ktX. : it has been

already noticed tliat the famous group

of Harmodius and Aristogiton stood

about opposite the Metrouni, on the

way up to the Acropolis. Other evi-

dence is to the effect that they stood

in a conspicuous place used for festi-

vals known as the " orchestra " (Tim.

Lex. Plat, and Phot. Lex. s.v. opxi-

ffrpa). Ar. Lys. (iSo and P^ccles. 082

speak of them as being in the Agoia.

The "orchestra" was doubtless .some-

where off from the northwest slope of

the Areopagus, on the opposite side of

the road. The statues were of bronze,

fashioned by the sculptor Antenor

(Arrian, Anab. 3, 10, 7; 7, 19, 2, etc.)

shortly after the expulsion of Ilippias,

510 li.c. They were carried off by

Xerxes 480 b.c. and were finally sent

back to Athens by Alexander the Great

(Arr. Anab. 3, 16, 8 ; Pliny, N. H. 34,

70) or by Seleucus (Val. Max. 2, 10)

or by Antiochus (Pans. 1, 8, 5). In the

mean time, in 477 they were replaced

by a new group fashioned by Critius

and Isesiotes (I'ar. Chron. 1. 370 ; Lu-

cian, Philops. 18). After the restora-

tion of the Antenor statues, the two

groups stood side by side. The finest

reproduction of the group is the famous

pair of marble statues in the Naples

Museum. It is still a moot question

whether the Naples statues reproduce

the group of Antenor or that of Cri-

tius and Nesiotes. For the discussion

of this, see J'razer, II, 93-01).

4G. Tov Ocdrpov Sc 6 KaXovo'iv 'HiSci-

ov : this passage brings up three impor-

tant questions in Athenian topograph}'

— the number of Odeums in Athens,

the identification of the one here men-

tioned, and its site. Pausanias names

three,— (1) the above, also mentioned 1,

14, 1; (2) one built by Pericles, 1, 20, 4

;

and (3) the Odeum of Ilerodes Atticus,

7, 20, G. As the question of the iden-

tity and site of the structure here men-

tioned is involved with the considera-

tion of the objects and places mentioned

in c. 14, the discussion is reserved.

64 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh.O, 1

dk\(t)v 6 [xev <i>L\d^eX(f)6s idTiv ov koI irporepov fxviqfxiqv iv

TOL<; erroivvyiOLf; iTTOLr]crdixr]v, irXyjcriou oe ol /cat 'ApaLv6r]<;

9 Trjs dSe\(f)rj<; icmv elKcov. 6 Se ^iXofJirjTOjp /caXov/xei^o? 6ySoo<; i

jxev icTTiv dTr6yovo<^ YiTokepialov tov Adyov, ttju Se iTTLK\r)(TLv

€cr)(ev im ^Xevacr/xw. ov yap Tiva tcov /3acnXe(ov pii(Tiq0evTa

Icrfxev €9 Toaov^e vtto p,r]Tp6<;, ov TTpea^vrepov oVra twv

5 iraihoiv rj ixTJTrjp ovk eta KaXelv eVt rrjv dp^rjv, irporepov 8e

e? K^vnpov viro tov Trarpo? 7reix(f)6rjvai -rrpd^aaa- Trjq 8e is

TOV TratSa Trj KXeoTrarpa SvcrvoLa<i Xiyovaiv aXXa? re atrta?

/cat ort *AXi^avhpov tov veorrepov tcov iraihcov KaTTjKoov

ecreaOai [xdXXov T^XTTt^e. Kat Sta tovto iXecrdai /^acrtXea

10 'AXe^avhpov eireidev AlyviTTLOvs' ivavnovfjievov Se ol tov 2

TTXr]9ov<i, SevTepa e? Trjv Kvirpov eaTetXev 'AXe^avSpov, CTTpa-

Trjyov fxev T(o Xoyo), t(o oe epyca St' avTov IlroXe^aiw Oe-

Xovcra eivat <^o^epcoTepa. TeXo<^ oe /cararpwcracra ov? /xaXtcrra

rwi^ evvov^oiv ivojXLl^ev €vvov<5, iinjyeTo cr(f)d<? e? to ttX-^0o<;

15 C09 avTT^ re eVt/3ovXev^etcra vtto ITroXe/xatov /cat rov? evvov-

^ov9 Totavra utt' eKeivov Trad6vTa<;. ol Se 'AXe^avSpels

(jjpfxy](rav fxev (os diroKTevovvTe'; tov YiToXepLoiov, cos Se cr(f)ds

ecfidacrev ein^ds ved>s, 'AXe^avSpov rfKovra e/c l^virpov ttol-

ovvraL ^acrtXea. KXeondTpav Se irepLyjXdev rj Slkt) tyJs 3

9. Ptolemy Philometorandhismothcr M-qrpdcpiXos would rather meet Pausa-

Cleopatra— Statues of Philip, Alex,- nias's idea. But his explanation is a

under, and L]/sbnachiis — Lysimachus mistake, as ^iXo/xi^rwp was an official

and his Contest with the Thracians— title and could not be a nickname. —Ilieronynms of Cardia. 5. ovk cl'a . . . irpoTtpov Si . . . -irpd-

1. 6 8« 4>i\onifJTwp: Ptolemy X Soter ^acra: it is a frequent occurrence in

II riiilometor II, with the nickname Pausanias in coordinate clauses with

Lathyrus (Plut. Cor. 11) was the eld- fiiv— 5^, re— kuI, ovre— ovre, dre—est son of Ptolemy IX Euergetes II, etre, to have in the first clause the par-

and succeeded his father in the 208th ticiple, in the second the iinite verb;

year of the Lac;idae = 117-110 n.c. but to have the reverse of thi.s, as here,

lie reigned 117-108 and 89-81 n.c— is extremely rare. Cf. 1, 12, 1 ; 2, 18,

o. €-irl x^^^O'O'nS : added by Pausanias 3; 10, 1 (without ^^v); 3,3,3; 7, 10

;

to explain the surname '^iXofirjTwp. 7, 19, G ; 10, 32, 7.

HISTORY OF LYSIMACHUS 65

Ch.9, 5

20 JlToXefiaLOv <f)vyrj<; d-rrodauovcrap viro \\Xe^di'hpov, oV avrrj

ySactXeueti' enpa^ev AxyvTrrioiv. tov he epyov ^oypaOdvTO';

KoX 'AXe^dphpov (f)6^a) to)v ttoXltcop (f)evyopTo<i, ovtoj YIto-

Xe/ittto? KarrjXOe /cat to hevrepov ecr^ev AlyviTTOv koI

©T7/8atot9 eTToX4p,r)(T(.v diToaTdcn, TTapa.(TTy)(Tdp,evo<i Se eret

25 TpLT(p fierd Tr)u dwoaTaaiu iKdKcocrep, oj? py]Se viroixprjixa

XeK^Orjvai Hrj^aCoi,^ Trj<; irore evSaifxovLaq TrpoeXOovarjS e?

ToaovTOu cJ? vnep/SaXecrdaL ttXovto) tov^; 'EXX7yVw^' TroXv)(^prj-

ixdrov;, to re Upov to iv AeX^ot? koI 'Op^ofxeviov^. IlroXe-

fialov fiev ovu oXiyco tovtcju vdTepov eVeXa^e fxolpa rj

30 KadiJKOvcra- ^hO-qvaZoi he vn avTov Tra06vTe<; ev iroXXd re

Koi ovK a^La e^r)y7J(Te(o<; ^aX/covi' /cat avrov koI BepepLKrfv

dveOrjKav, 77 fxovr] yvqaia ol t(ou Traihcov rjv.

Mero. he tov<; AlyvirTLov^; <I>iXt'7r7ro9 re Kat 'AXe^avhpos 6 i

^lXlttttov KelvTai- tovtol<; fiei^ova virrfp^e ttoj? tj aXXov

35 irdpepya eivai Xoyov. toI<; fiep ovv dn AlyvirTov TLfxfj re

dXr]dei /cat evepyeTaL<; ovctl yeyovacnv at hfopeai, ^PtXimro)

he /cat 'AXe^dvhpo) /coXa/ceta ptaXXov is avTovs tov ttXtjOovs,

eVet Kat Avai^a^ov ovk evvoia toctovtop ojg e? ra irapovTa

^pri(TLp.ov vopiit^ovTes dvedy)Kav.

40 'O he Avaifxa^os ovtos yevos re rjv Ma/ceSoii/ /cat 'AX€^a^^ 5

Spou hopv(f)6po<;, OV ^AXe^avhpos ttotc vtt' opyrjs XeovTi ofxov

KaSeip^as is oiKiqyia KeKpaTrjKOTa evpe tov drjpCov Td re

ovv dXXa TJhr] StereXet davfxdl^ojv /cat Ma/ceSdi^oji/ ojxolcos toIs

dpioTTOis y)yev iv Tt/x^. TeXevTr^cravTos he 'AXe^dvhpov Wpa-

45 K(ov i^acriXevev 6 Avaipia^os t(ov npoaoiKcuv MaKehoauv,

ocrojv rjp^ev 'AXe^avhpos /cat ert irpoTepov ^lXittttos • elev

40. 'O Si AvirL^a\os ktX. : this story is based on an actual occurrence to the

is told at length by Justin, 15, 3, and effect that once, while hunting in vSyria,

referred to by Plut. Dem. 27, Pliny, Lysiinachus had killed single-handed a

N.H. 8, 54, etc. Q. Curtius, 8, 1, 17, gigantic lion; which, thought Curtius,

calls the story a fable, but thinks it might be the origin of Paiisanias' story.

66 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCli.O, fi

S' av ovTOL Tov ^paKLOV fxolpa ov fxeydXr). HpaKcou Se tmu

ndirrcDV ouSeVe? TrXetov? elcrl tcov dvdpwiroiv on fxyj KeXrot

77/309 dkko edvo<^ eV avTe^erdt^ovTi, koX 8ta tovto ovSet?

50 TTO) TTpoTcpo'; Bpct/ca? 'Pw/xatojt' KaTecrrpe^aTo d6p6ov<? •

'Pct>/xatot9 8e ^paKf] re ndcrd iaTiv inro^elpLoq, kol KeXrcov

6(Tov p.ev d')(pelov vojxii,ovcn Std re virep^dWov xj)v)^o<? kul

yijs (f)avX6Tr)Ta, e/<oucrtcos irapcoTrrai cr(f)Lcri, ret oe d^iOKT-qra

€)(ovcri KOL TovTOJV. TOTE he 6 AvcTijota^o? TTpcoTOL'? T(ou Tfepioi- r>

55 K(j}v iiToXefx-qcreu 'OSpvcrat?, Sevrepa Se eVt ApoixL)(aLTr]v koI

rera? iaTpdrevcrev • ola 8e dvhpdcn av^Ji^akMv ovk dTreupoL'?

TToXefxcov, dpidixw Se Kal ttoX-V viTep^e^XrjKoaiv, auros /xej/

e? TO €(T)(aTov eXOctiv Kivhvvov SLecfyvyeu, 6 Se' ol vrat? 'Aya-

6oKXrj<; (TV(TTpaTev6[xeuo<; tote irpwTOv vno tcjv Tetmu eaXw.

60 Avo"t)aa^o? Se /cat vcrrepov 7rpocr7TTai(ra<; /actual? Kal tt^i'

dXctxTLu TOV 7rai.So9 ov/c ei^ Trapepyo) TTOLO-ufxeuof; crvveOeTo

irpo^ ApofXi^^^aLTrju elprjviqv, Trj<; re dp)(rj<^ Trj<s avTov rd

irepav Icrrpov Trapei? rw Terr) /cat OvyaTepa (jvvoLKtaa<;

dvdyKTj TO irXeov • ol Se ovk 'AyaOoKXea, AvaLfia^ou Se

65 avTov dXoivai Xdyovatv, dvacrojOyjvai Se ^Aya6oKXeov<; ra

77/005 rot* T€Tr]v VTrkp avTOv irpd^avTo^. co? Se eiravriXOev,

'AyadoKXel Avadvhpav yvvaiKa rjydyeTO, YlToXefJiaLov re

TOV Adyov Kal EupvSiK'T^? oucra^'. Sie^rj Se kol vavcrlf eiri 7

T"^!^ ^Acriav koI tt^v dp^rfv tyjv ^AvTiyovov (TvyKaOelXe.

70 (TvvwKicre Se /cat 'Ec^ecrtwt' a^pt daXdo-crr}'? ttjv vvv ttoXlv,

68. 8u'Ptj . . . €-irl TTiv 'Ao-£av : in 302 tween 287 and 281 u.c. Cf. Droysen,!!,

15. c. Lysimachus entered into the alii- 2, 258, rem. 1. From Croe.sus to Alex-

ance with Cassander, Seleucus, and ander the Great the city had clustered

Ptolemy against Antigonus, and in about the temple of Artemis. Lysi-

301 took part in the momentous battle machus built the city on a new site

of Ipsus, in which Antigonus was over- nearer the mountains and by flooding

thrown. — 70. o-wukktc . . . 'E<|>€<rC(i>v the old city compelled the inhabitants

. . . TTiv vvv iroXiv : the refounding of of the former site to move into it. HeEphesus by Lysimachus took place be- called the new city Arsinoe after his

HISTORY OF LYSIMACHUS 67

ch.n, s

eVayayo/xet'O? e? avrrju Ae^eStov? re olKrjTopa<; koI KoXo-

(fycjvLOv^, ra? Se eKeivotv avekotv TroXet?, cJ? 4>otVtKa Idfjc^wu

TTOLTjTrjv KoXo(f)0}i'io)i' 6pr]prj(TaL ttju dXojaiv. 'Kpfjir)cndi>a^ Se

6 TO, iXeyela ypdxjja^ ovk€Tl ifxol hoKeiu Trepirjv • TrdvTO)^ ydp

75 TTOu Kai auTo? ai^ eVt aXovcri^ KoXo(^wi^t coSvparo. Aucrt-

fxa)(OS Se /cat e? iroXep-ov Trpo<i Uvppou KaTearrj top \iaKi-

Zov (fivXd^as 8e e^ 'HTretpou diTLOuTa, ola Sr} rd noXXd

eKeivo'; irrXavaTo, ttjv re aXXiqv iXe'qXdriqcreu "UneLpop koI

iirl Td<; 07]Ka<; rjXOe tcou ^aaiXeoiv. ra Se evTevOev ifxot icmv

80 ov TTLCTTd, ^lepdivvfJio^ Se e-ypaxjje KapSLavo^ Avcrifxa^^ov ra?

0TJKa<; TO)v veKpwu dpeXovra rd ocrrd iKplxjjac. 6 Se lepcopv-

/u,o9 0VT09 e)(et /aei' /cat aWco? So^a^' npo^ drrd'^deiav ypd\\tai

TO)v ^aatXecov ttXyju 'Aunyouov, tovto) Se ov StKaiw? X^P^~

t^eaOai • rd Se eVl rot? rd^oif; rwv ^WireipioTOiv TTavTdTTaaiv

85 efTTt (f)apepo<; lirripeia (Tvvdet<iy dpSpa MaKe^ova 07JKa<i ^'e-

Kpo)v dveXeiv. ^(opi^ Se 'qnCa'TaTO Sij irov koX Avcri/xa^o<? ov

Ilvp/aov (T(f)d<i TTpoyouov^ p.6vov dXXd koX ^AXe^dv^pov tov<s

avrou? TovTov<5 6uTa<i • kol ydp 'AXe^ai^Spo? 'HTretpwrTy? re

T^t' /cat T(ou AiaKLhcju rd Trpos ixr]Tp6<;, rj re vcTTepov Yivppov

(K) TT/ao? AvaCfia^ov crv/x/aa^ta 817X01 Kat TToXefxyjaaaLv aStaX-

Xa/croi/ ye ovSei^ tt/do? aXXr^Xou? yevdcrOai o'c^tcrt. rw Se 'lepco-

vvfio) TCt^a /xeV ttov Kat aXXa r^f e'9 Avcrifxay^ov iyKXrjfxaTa,

fJLeyKTTOu Se ort ttjv KapSiavcop ttoXlv dueXa}p Avcnjxd^eiav

dvT avTrj<i (OKLcrev eiri t<w tcr^/xw Trj<; B^aKta? ^eppovrjcrov.

wife, but the old name finally prevailed. took a prominent part in the politics

— 72. ^oCviKa: verse.s of the iambic of the age. In 320 n.c. he headed an

poet Phoenix are quoted by Athen. 8, enibassysentby I'3umenestoAntipater,

p. 359 E ; 10, p. 421 n ; 11, p. 495 d, k;

and in 319 an embassy from Antigonu.s

12, p. 530e. Cf. Susemihl, Gesch. d. to Eumenes. He lived certainly as late

gr. Lit. in d. Alex.-Zeit, I, 229. as 272 n.c, for he tells of the death of

80. 'Ifp<&w|ios . . . KapSiavos: Hie- Pyrrhus, which occurred in that year,

ronymus the Cardian composed a his- Lucian (Macrob. 22) says he reached

tory of Alexander's successors. He the age of 104. Su.-<emihl, I, 500 ff.

68 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh. 10, 1

10 Aucrt/Act^w 8e iirl fiev 'AptSatov ySacrtXevoi^ro? koI vcrrepov l

Y^aacrdvdpov koX tcjp TraiScov (faXia Ste/xetfe 7rpo9 Ma/ce-

S6ua<; • 7repLe\0ov(Trj<; 8e e's ArjfXTJTpiou top 'Avnyovov Trj<;

dp)(rjs, ivTavOa yjSr] Aucrtyxa^o? TToXeixTjaeadaL r)\7ni,eu utto

5 Ayjfx'qTpLov Koi auro? ap^etu rj^Cov TroXejjiov, TTarpcoov cVt-

(TToiixevos ov Ar^jaT^T/otoj vpocnrepL^dWecrOaL ideiy tl iSeXeiv.

Kol oifxa opoiu avTov irapekSovTa e? Ma/ceSoi^tai^ jxeTdiTefji-

TTTov VTTO *Ake^dvSpov Tov Kaacrdv^pov, (o<s Se d(f}LK€TO, avTov

re ^AXe^auSpou (fiovevcrai>Ta kol e^ovTa dvT iKeCvov tyjp

10 MaKehoPiov dp)(T]v. tovtojv eveKcx. AiqfxyjTpicp crviJi^aKoiv 7r/3o? 2

'Aix(f)LTr6keL Trap* 6\iyov ixkv rjXOev eKirecrelv SpdKr)<;, dfxv-

vavTo<; 8e ol Hvppov ttjv re ^paK-qv KaTecr)(^e kol vcrrepou

eTTTjp^e Necrrtw^' [/cat] MaKeS6i>o)u • to 8e ttoXv MaKeSovia^;

avTos Ilvppo<; /caret^e, hvvdjxet re rJKcov i^ ^Hneipov kol 77/309

15 Av(TLp,a^ov ev rw irapovTi e)(o)v eTriTrj^eiois- ArjfjirjTptov 8e

SiafidpToq 69 ri^t' Acriat' /cat SeXev/co) TroXefxovvTO<i, 6<tov p^ev

10. Contests of Lysimachus with De- 11. irap' oX.(-yov |xcv tjXOcv : cf. 1, 13,

metrius and Pyrrhus— Murder ofAga- 4, Trap' 6X170;' 6;uws ^ko;'ti. 1, 13, (5,

thocles by Arsinoe and its Consequences 6\iyov fiiv ^\0ev eXeTv . . . ri]v irdXiv.

in the Family of Lysimachus— His 2.7, \, ffua-fxos oXiyov ttjv irdXii' €wolr]aev

Death in the Struggle against Seleucus. dv5pu)f eprj/jiov. — d|ivvavTos 8^ ot IIvp-

2. T«v iraCSwv : the three sons of pow ktX. : in 288 n.c. a joint attack was

Cassander, king of Macedon, who sue- made on Demetrius by Lysimachus

ceeded him one after the other on the from the east and Pyrrhus from the

throne, were Philip, Antipater, and west. Demetrius's army deserted to

Alexander. — 3. irepitXOovo-r^s . . . Pyrrhus and he had to flee in dis-

dpxfjs : Demetrius son of Antigonus, guise. The conquerors then divided

who bore the surname PoHorcetes, or Macedonia between them, the lion's

the Besieger, because of the famous share falling to Pyrrlius. Cf. Phit.

siege of Rhodes, became master of I)em. 44 ; id. Pyrrhus, 11 ; Droysen,

Macedonia, October, 294. Alexander, 11,2,296-298. In 280 n.c. Demetrius

then king of Macedonia, had intended was defeated by Seleucus, and surren-

to assassinate Demetrius, but Deme- dered to him. He died in captivity,

trius anticipated him. Cf. Plut. Dem. Lysimachus compelled Pyrrhus to with-

30 ff. ; id. Pyrrhus, 6 ff. ; Justin, 16, 1

;

draw from Macedonia after he had held

Droysen, II, 2, 205 ff. it only seven months. Cf. Plut. Dem.

HISTORY OF LYSIMACIIUS 69

Ch. 10, 4

\p6vov avT€i)(€. TO, Ar)ixr]TpLOv, Ste/xe^,^'e^' rj Hvppov /cat Avat-

lxd)(ov crvixfjia\La yevofxeuov Se evrt SeXevKco Ar)fX7)TpLov Av-

(TLfJid^a) Kal Uvppo) hLeXvdrj tj c^tXta, /cat KaraaTavTOiv e?

20 TToXefxou Avcrt/Lta^o? AvTLyovo) re T(o ArjixrjTpiov /cat avrw

Ilvpp(p TTokeynrjcra^ iKpdT7)(Te irapa iroXv /cat Ma/ceSoi^tai/

ia)(€v, dva^(ji)py)(Tai Hvppou ^Laaoiixevo<; e? ttjv "Hneipop.

el(o0acrL he d.v9patTrot^ (fyvecrOai St' epcora vroXXat crvp-ffyopai. 3

AvcrLixa)(o<; yap -qXiKLo, re 17817 irpoiJKcov kol e? rov? TratSa?

25 avrd? re vop,it^6p,€vo^ evoaipnov /cat 'Aya^o/cXet iraihoiv ovroiv

e/c AvadvSpa<; 'Apaivorjv eyiqyiev dSeXcftrjv Avaduhpa^. rav-

T7)u Tr)v Apcnv6'Y)v (f)o^ovfx€vr]u ein rot? Tratcrt, /u.17 Avaijxd-

^ov TeXevnjcrai'TO'^ Itt 'Aya^o/cXet yeucovrai^ tovtcov eveKa

'Aya^o/cXet e-m^ovXevcrai Xeyerat. -^817 8e eypaxjjap /cat w?

30 'Aya^oKXeov? d(f)LKOLTO eg epcora rj 'ApaiPOT], diroTvy^d-

vovcra ok iirl tm . . . ySouXevcrat Xeyovcrti^ 'Aya^o/cXet Odvarov.

XeyovcTL 8e /cat w? Aucrt/xa^o? alcrOoiTo varepov to. ToXfxr}-

devTa VTTO Tr)<; yvi^at/co-?, etvat 8e ouSet' ert ot irXeov ripr)^oi-

fxei^o) (jiiXcop 69 TO ea^aTov. w? yap Si^ rore 6 Avcri/Lta^o? 4

35 at'eXeti' toi^ 'Aya^o/cXe'a ^Apaivorj TraprJKe, Avadvhpa irapd

XeXevKov e/c8tS/3ao"K€t row? re TratSa? a^a dyop.evq Kal tov<;

d8€X(f)OV<g Tov<i avrr)^, . . . ot TrepteXdou tovto e? nroXe/Ltatoj/

KaTa(f)evyov(TL. rourot? »€K8t8pao'Kovo't irapd XeXevKov /cat

49-52; id. Pyrrhus, 12; Droyseii, II, of Agathoclcs seems to liave been per-

2, 307-312. petrated in 284 or 283 r.v. Justin (17,

23. 81 cpcora iroXXal <rv|i.({>opa( : for 1, 4) says tliat Ai-sinoe poisoned liini

;

similar conunonplaces ui)on love, cf. 7, Strabo (13, 023) that Lysimaclms was

V,\ii, fj.^TecTTii'fpuTi Kal avdpwirwi'avyx^ai comjielied to slay liim because of do-

v6fxifxa Kal dvarp^xf/ai OeQv rifids, and 7, mestic troubles ; Memnon (Frag. Hist.

23, 3, where, says our author, if the Gr. Ill, 532, ed. Miiller) that Lysima-

waters of Selemnus actually bring for- chus, deceived by Arsinoe, first at-

getfulness of love, more precious than tempted to poison Agathocles, and then

great riches to mankind are the waters cast liim into prison, where Arsinoe's

of Selemnus.— 30. t) 'Apo-iviti . . . Pov- brother Ptolemy Ceraunus murdered

Xcvo-ai . .

. 'A-yaGoKXti »(tX. : the murder him. See Droysen, II, 2, 321 ff.

70 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh. 10, 5

'AXe^avSpo? rjKo\ov0r]crev, vlo<; jxep Avcrt/xa^ov, yeyoi/o)? Se

40 e^ 'OSpucrtaSo? yui'at/co?. ovtol re ovi^ e? Ba^vXwi^a at'a-

^e^iqKOTe^; LKeTevov SeXevKou e? TToXcjaov tt/so? Avaiyia^ov

KaTacrTTJvaL- /cat ^tXeratpo? a/xa, o) ro, )(py]fiaTa eneTeTpa-

TTTo AvcTLixd^ov, Trj T€ 'Aya^oKXcov? reXevTrj ^aXcTroi? (fyepcov

/cat TO, napa rrj^ ^Apcrivoy)^ viroTTTa -qyovixevo'^ Karakajx^avei

45 Ti.4pyap,ov Trjv virep KacKov, vre/xi/za? Se KijpvKa rd re XP^"/xara Kat avTOv eStSov SeXev/cw. Avcrt/Aaxo? 8e raura iravTa 5

TTwOavopievo^ e(f)0r) Sta^a? eg Tr)i' 'Ao'ta^' /cat dp^a^ auro?

TToXefxov crvix/BaXdiu re SeXevKW irapd ttoXv re eKpaTyjdr) koI

avToq dnedaveu. 'AXe^az/Spog Se', 09 e'/c t"^? yvfat/co? 'OSpv-

oO (TtSo? eyeyoj'et ot, ttoXXo. AvcravSyaav TTapaLTr]crdfjL€vo<; di^at-

pelrat re /cat vcrrepou tovtcov eg Xeppourjcrou Kopii(Ta<; eda\\f€v,

evda en koI vvv ecrrtV ot (f)avepos o Td(f)o<; KapStag re fjcera^v

KcofiT]'; /cat IlaKTvr^g.

11 To. jLte^' ow Avaijxd^ov rotavra eyevero- 'Adr)vaLOL<; Se l

eiKOiv icTTL /cat IIvppov. otrog 6 Tlvyayoog 'AXe^avSpw 77po-

arJKev ovSei^, et yot^ ocra /cara yevo^- Ata/ct8ov yap roG

*A/3u/3/8ou Ilvp/aog 7^1/, 'OXv/A7rta8og Se 'AXe'i^ai'Spog r^Jg

5 l^eoTTToXejxov, NeoTrroXe/xw 8e /cat ^Apv/S/Ba iraTrjp tjv 'AX/ce-

rag 6 BapvTrof . 0,770 Se @apu7rov e'g Hu/apoi^ roi' 'A^tXXe'wg

48. (rv|iPaXwv t« SeXcvKw . . . d-ir^- named in c. 8, before the Odeum. —6av€v: Lysimachus was defeated and f). 'Apv^Pq.: Justin (7, G, 11 ; 8, G) says

killed in tlae battle of Corypediou in tliat Arybbas was expelled from his

281 B.C. Appian (Syr. G4) gives two kingdom and died in exile. According

accounts about the finding and care of to C.I. A. II, 115, he retired to Athens,

his body, one that it was found and where he was placed under public pro-

buried by Thorax, a Pharsalian, the tection. — G. Gapv-irov : Tharypas is

other the account here given by Pau- mentioned Thuc. 2, 80, G, as being still

sanias. a child (429 is.c.) under the guard ian-

11. Pyrrhus : his Statue and his ship of the regent Sabylinthus. lie was

Ancestry— The Kingdom of the Epi- educated at Athens and was the first

rotes— Pyrrhus'' s Campaigns. to introduce Greek laws and customs

2. ctKwv . . . IIvppov: this stood, in among his people (Justin, 17, .'3, 9-13;

all probability, among the statues Plut. Pyrrhus, 1).

HISTORY OF PYRRHUS 71

Ch. 11, 3

nepTe avhpwv koI SeVa elcri yeveaC- Trpajro? yap hrj ovroq

dXovcrr]<; 'iXtov ttju jxeu i<; Seorcrakiav VTrepelhev ava^uip-qcriv,

e? 8e Ty]v VLireipov Karapa? ivTavBa e/c twv 'EXeVov XP^"10 (Tfxcop u>Kr](Te. Kai ol Trat? c/c p,kv 'EpfXLOvr)*; iyepero ovSets,

e^- * ApSpoixd^r)<; 8e MoXo<Toro9 Koi HteXog kol pearraTO^; 6

IIepyap,os- iyepero Se koX 'EXeVw Kecrr/atJ'o? • Toin"a) yap

^Aphpo[Jioi)(y] (rvp(oK'r]cr€P dirodapopTo^; ip AeX^ot? IIvppou.

'EXeVov Se w? ereXeura MoXoo'(T&) tm Uvppov 7rapaS6pTo<i 2

15 Trjp dpx'^p Kearplpos fxep crvp toI<; iOekovaip ^HueLpcoTiop

TTjP vnep SvafiLP TTOTafiop ^atpap ecrxe, Ilepya/xog Se Sta-

)8a? 69 TT^r ^AaCap "Apeiop hvpacTevoPTa ip Trj TevOpapCa

KT€LP€L ixopoyia)(r^cyaPTd ol irept Trj<; dp)(rj<; /cat rfj ttoXcl to

opojxa eSo)K€ to pvp d(f)^ avTov • /cat ^ApSpofxd^r)^— -qKoXovOec

20 ydp ol— /cat pvp icTTip rjpMOP ip Trj vrdXet. IlteXo? 8e avTov

KaTCfxeLpep ip HTretpo), /cat e? irpoyopop tovtop dpe^aipe

Tlvppo<; T€ 6 AiaKiBov koi ol Trarepe?, dXX' ov/c e? MoXoo"-

(Top. Tjp 8e axP'' M^^ 'AX/cerou rov HapvTrov e<^' ei^t ySacrtXet 3

Kttt TO, 'H7ret/3ctJT&Jz/ • ol 8e 'AX/cerov 7rat8e9, w? acfacn crrafrta-

25 cracrt jxereho^ep in icry]<^ dp^eup, avToi re Trtorro)? €)(OPTef;

8te]u,eivai' e? dXXi^Xov? Kat vcrTepop ^AXe^dpSpov tov Neo-

TTToXifjiov Te\€xmj(TaPTo<; ip AevKapol<;, 'OXv/Lt7rtd8o9 8e Std

Toi' 'ApTLTrdTpov (f)6^op i7Tap€X6ov(Tr)<; €9 ^HTretpot', Ata/ct8i79

6 'Apu^ySov ret re dXXa 8teTeXet KaTTfJKoo<; ojp 'OXv/u,7rtd8t

30 /cat (TVPecTTpdTevcre TroXejXTJcrojp 'Apt8ataj Kat MaKe8oa'tt',

27. 'OXwiMTidSos . . . €-n-avcX.8ovio-T]s «s Philip Aridaeus the kin<x, attempted

"Hirtipov : straightway after the deutli to give battle, but her troops deserted

of Alexander, Olynipias, in obedience to Olympias. Both Philip and Eury-

to the wishes of her son, did not inter- dice and a large nuniberof Macedonian

fere with the plans of Antipater, but nobles were put to death by Olympian,

retired to Epirus to her brother's court. Hence her death at the hands of Cas-

She was restored to Macedonia in 317 sander was deemed a just retribution.

B.C. by the joint efforts of Polyspcrrliou Cf. Diod. 1!), 11, M) ; Justin, 14, 5;

and Aeacides. Eurydice, the wife of Droysen, TI, 1, 238 ff.

7^2 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh. 11, 4

ovK ideXovTcov eTrecrOai tcou ^HTreipajTcov. 'OXv/xTrtctSo? 8e w? 4

iireKpaTrjcrev dpoaia fiev e/ayacra/xeVr;? /cat e? roi/ 'AptSatov

Odvarop, ttoXXm Se ert dvocxLOiTepa e? dvhpa<^ Ma/ceSot'a?,

Kat Sto. ravra ov/c dvd^ia vcrrepov vvo KaacrdpSpov nadelv

35 uofjcLcrOeCar)'?, AlaKihrjv Kar' dp^ct? /x.ev ot;S' avTol Sta to

'OXv/LtTTtaSo? e^^o? eSe^oi^ro 'H7ret/9aJTat, evpofxevov Se dt'o.

^povov TTapd TovTCJv (Tvyyv(op.r]v Sevrepa r^vavriovTO Kcicr-

cra^'8/309 jLti^ KareXOeiv e? "HTretpor. yefofxeprjf; 8e <I>tXtV77ou

re dSeX(j)ov l^acradpSpov kol AlaKuSov p.d^'q^ iTpo<; Olpid-

40 8at9, AtaK•L8^7^' /xei' rpoiOivra KareXa/Be jxer ov ttoXv to

^pe(i)v • 'HTretpwTat 8e 'AX/cerav eVt f^acnXeia KareSe^avTO, 5

^Apv/S^ov fxev TTOiSa Koi d^eX(j)oi' AIuklSov irpeafivTepov,

aKparrj 8e dXXco<; Ovjxov /cat 8t' aL'Xo l^eXacrdivTa vtto tov

7raTp6<?. KOL Tore tjkcov e^e/xatVero evBv^ e? tov^ H7ret/3wra9,

45 e? o vvKTiop avTop re /cat rot"? TiatSa? i'rTavacrTdvTe<; €KT€l-

vav. dvoKTeLvapTe^ 8e rovTov Uvppou tov Ata/ct8ov /carct-

yovcriv • tjkovtl 8e evOv<; inecTTpdTeve Kdc^c^a^'8/^o<?, ^'ea) re

rfXiKLa ovTi /cat tt^i^ dp^r)u ov KaTecrKevacrfxevo) ySc/Satoj?.

IIu^po? 8e imovTOiv M.aKeh6voiv e? AtyvTrroi^ irapd Uto-

50 XefjLolov dva^aivei tov Adyov • /cat ot nroXe^Ltato? yvvoLKd

T eocoKev dSeXcfyrjv ojxoixrjTpiav tmv avTov rraiooiv kol cttoXw

KaTTjyayev AlyvnTcojv.

Ilvppo<; 8e ^acrtXevcra? Trpdrroi^ inedeTO 'FjXXtJvojv KopKv-

patot?, KeLfxevrjv re opojv ti^v vrjcrov irpo Trj<; avTov -^(opa<;

55 /cat dXXot? opixrjTTJptov i(f)^ avTov ovk iOeXcov elvat. p.eTd 8e

ctXovcrai^ KopKvpav ocra jxev AvcrL[xd)^(o TroXefxyjcra^; enaOe

Kol w? ^yjixiJTpLov eK^aXwv Ma/ceSo^'ta? i^p^ev e? o av^t?

i^eireaev vtto Avcrijxd^ov, rctSe yaev rou IIup^oi; ^eytcrra e?

iKeivov TOV Kaipov hehrjXoiKev rj^'q /xot to, e? Avatfia^ov

60 e^ovTa- 'PwjLtatot? 8e ovheva Tlvppov npoTepov noXefXTJ- 7

cravTa la-fxev 'EXXiqva. Ato/xr^Set /utei^ ydp /cat \\py€L(Dv rot?

HISTORY OF I'YHRIirs 73

Ch. 12, 1

(Tvp avTftj ovSefjLiav en yeveaOai tt/do? AiveCau Xeyerat yL(x^r)v •

^A0r]vaLOL<; Se aXXa re TroXXa iXTrCcracn koI 'iraXiai' Tracrau

KaradTpi^aadai to eV SvpaKovcrai'; TTTal(Tp,a e/x77oSwj/ eye-

65 veto fir] Kol 'PcjfiaLcov Xa^elu irelpav • \We^apSpo<; 8e 6

NeoTTToXe/xov, yei/ov^ re cut' IIvppw tou avTov /cat -qXiKLo.

7rp€(T^vT€po<;, OLTTodavoiv iv AevKapol<; e^drj irplu e? ^et/Da?

12 IkOelv 'PajfiaLOi^. ovrw ni;/D/309 ecrrtv 6 irpoiTO^ e/c T179 'EX- 1

Xa8o9 T^9 TTcpav ^lovCov Sta/8a? eVt 'Pw/Ltatov? • Ste^rj 8e

/cat 0UT09 iTTayayofjieucjj^ TapavTcvcov. tovtol<; yap Trpore-

pov €TL TTpo<; *Pw/u.atov9 (TvveL(TTT]KeL TToXe/oto? • dSwarot 8e

/caret crc^a? ot-rc? dt'rta'^^ett', TTpovTTap\ov(Tri<; p.kv e? avTov

evepyeaia^ ort ot irokepiovvTi tov trpo^ KopKvpav TTokep.ov

vavcrl (TvvijpavTO, ixaXicrra 8e ot TrpeV^et? rwi/ Tapai>TLvojv

dueneicrap tou Ilvppop, ttjv re 'iraXtat* 8t8d(T/coi're9 oj? ev8at-

fjLOVLa^ etVe/ca dtrt Trdcrrjq elr) Trj<; '\LX\dSo<; /cat oj? ou;^ 6cnoi>

10 avrw TrapaTreixxjjaL cr^df; (f)L\ov<; re /cat t/ceVa? eV ra> irapovTi

riKovTa^. Tavra XeyouToyv t(ou npecrfieoju purjixr) tov Ylvppov

Trj<i dXtoore&>9 ecryjXde Trj<; 'iXtov, Kat ot Kara ravrct rjXinl^e

03. 'A6T)va(ois . . . cXirCo-ao-i ... 1; Droysen, III, 1, 127 ff.— 4. dSvva-

'IroXCav irdcav KaTa<rTp€«|'<i'0'6ai : Pill- rot 8* Kara. ar<|>ds ovTts dvTi<r\€iv kt\. :

tarch (Alcib. 17) says that it was the tliis sentence presents a decidedly bad

dream of Alcibiades that the conquest case of anacolulhon. Tapayrivoi is nat-

of Sicily should be merely a step to- urally to be understood with dvrei, and

ward the conquest of Carthage, Africa, below one would naturally expect /xd-

Italy, and Peloponnesus. Again he Xura 8i oi Tapavrivoi 5ia tQv irp^j^ewv

tells us (Pericles, 20) that in the age av^ireiffav instead of oi irp^ffjiets tQv Ta-

of Pericles many Athenians looked pavrivoyv av^irnaav. On the ooordina-

forward to the conquest of Etruria and tion of the participle, Kpo'lnrapxovarii

Carthage. n^v, and the finite verb, fidXiffra 8i—12. Pyrrhiis^H War against the lio- dv^ireiffai', cf. c. 0, 1, note.— 0. 01 iro-

mans— Elephants and Ivory— War Xcixovvti, . . . ir6X€(i.ov . . . o-w^pavro :

against the CuUhaginians. 7r6Xe/uoi' here is object of TroXeyuoCi'Tt (cf.

1. IIvppos . . . €irl 'P«|ia£ows: Pvr- 1, 4, (i; 20, 14; 4, 10. 7). Pau.sanias

rhus's expedition to aid the Tarentines also uses dpaaOai wdXefiov, e.g. 8, 2, ;>

;

again.st the Romans occurred 2H0 n.c. 0, 10, but awdpaadai tivl is Tbv irSXenov

Cf. Plut. Pyrrhu.s, 13-10; Justin, IS, (1, 0, 0).

74 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCli. 12, 2

)(^(i}p'r](T€LP TroXeixovpTL • crTpareveiv yap eVt Tpcooju aTrot/cov?

'A^tXXeiw? (x)p d7^d'yo^'09. cJ? 8e ot ravra yjpecTKe— 8ie)u,eXXe 2

15 ya/3 eV ovhepl Sv ekoiro— aurt/ca vaC? re ivX^jpov fxaKpas

/cat TrXota crrpoyyuXa evTp€Tnt,ev ittttov^; koI dvSpas OTrXtra?

ayeiv. ecrrt Se dvSpdcn ^i^Xia ovk eTTi^avecriv e? crvyypa-

(fiTJi', e^ovTa eTriypafiixa epyoiv VTTOjxvrnxaTa elvai. ravra

iinXeyoixevco yioi jaaXtcrra ivrjXde OavjxdoraL Hvppov ToXy^av

20 T€, 7)1' ixa)(^6fJievo<; avro? [re] Trapei^ero, /cai r']^i' evn rot? det

[xeXXovcTLu dyaxTi irpovoiav • 69 Kat rore Trepatov/xevo? j/avcrtt'

e? 'iTaXta^* 'Poj/Aatov? eXeX-qOei /cat rjKOiv ovk evdv<; rjv cr^tcrt

(f)apep6<;, ytvojaeVr/? Se 'PcofMaicop irpo<; TapatrtVov? cru)a/3oXr^<?

Tore 8>) irpooTov e7rt<^atVerat ou^' rw arparco /cat Trap' iXniSa

25 (T(f)L(TL irpocnreo-coi', (o<? to et/co?, irdpa^ep. are Se dpLCTTa 3

eTTLO'Tdfxevo'; o5s ou/c d^td/xa^o? etr^ Trpd? 'Pw/aatov?, uape-

(TKevd^ero w? rovg eXe^avra^ inaffyTJcrMi' cr<^i(Tiv. eXe^avra?

Se 7rp(i)To<s jxev TOiv e/c ri7? EvpwTrr^? 'AXe'i^avSpo? eKTijcraTo

Il(t)pov /cat ri^v Swa/Att' KadeXoiv Tr]v ^XvZiov, diroBavovTO'i

30 Se 'AXe^cti/Spov /cat dXXot rwi^ ^acnXdcov koX TrXetcrroD? ecr^ev

'AvTLyouo<?, Hvppcp Se e/c ri^? fxd^r]<; eyeyovei rrj<; irpo^

Ar)ixT]Tpiov TO, Orjpia al^fxdXcoTa • Tore Se i.Tn^avevT(ov avTOiv

18. €pY(i>v v7rop.virjiJLaTa : tliis state- a number of eminent commanders,

nient lias occasioned nmcli conjecture, among them Pyrrluis, were recounted,

some writers taking it as referring to — tlvai: seems superfluous from the

memoirs of Pyrrlius, prepared prob- English point of view, but the Greek

ably by himself or under his orders. regularly uses this (to us) redundant

It is apparent that in the phrase av^pd- elvai with words of naming and calling.

ffiv OVK iiri(f)avi<nv is (Tvyypatpriv Pyrrhus Cf. 8, 31, 7,' HXtos iwuvvfiiav tx'^" cf^T-fip

is not meant; and that for a history reehai KaVHpaKXiji. See note on 1, 5, 1.

of Pyrrhus the general title epyuu vwo- — 23. 7ivo)i€vt]s . . . 'PufiaCwv irpos

/ifij/iara would not be cho.sen. It was, Topavrtvous o-v(APoXiis : Pyrrhus's first

doubtless, a general work of biography, battle with the Komans was fought near

perhaps like the Factorum et Dictorum Ileraclea in Lucania in 280 h.c. See

Memorabilium Libri IX of Valerius Pint. Pyrrhus, 10; .lustin, 18, l,etc.

;

Maxiuius, in which the exploits of Droysen, III, 1, 140 f.

HISTORY OF PYRRIIUS 75

Ch. 12, 5

helfxa eka^e 'Pw/xatov? aXXo rt koI ov ^(oa elvat voixCaavra^.

Ikef^avTa yoip, oaos jJ-eu e? epya /cat dvSpwv ^eipa?, elalu ^

35 e/c TTttXatov StjXol irdvref; etSore? • avrd 8e ra 6r)pia, irplv

Tf OLa^rjpat MaAceSoi/a? cttI ti^j^ 'Aaiav, ovhe ecopaKecrav

dp^r]v ttXtjp 'ivhcov re avTOiv koX Al^vcov kol 6(Tol TrXryctd-

^oypot TOVTOL<;. SryXot 8e Ofxrjpo^;, o<? ^acrikevcri Kkiva.^ fxev

KOL OLKLa<; rot? €vSaLfxopeaT€poL(; avTOiv eXet^avrt eTTOLTjae

40 KeKO(Tp.y)ix4va<;, OrjpCov Se eXe<^a^'To? fxvTJjxrjv ovhep.iav Ittoitj-

craro • Oeacrdixevo^ 8e tJ TreTTVcr/xeVo? efxvr}fJi6vev(T€i> dv ttoXv

ye vpoTepov efiol So/ceit' 17 ITvy/xataji^ re dvhpoiv /cat yepducov

ixd)(r}<;. Ilvppou 8e e? St/ceXtav avrr^yaye irpecr^eia Xvpa- 5

Kovcrioiv Kap^CTjSopLOL yap 8ta^a^'re9 ra? 'EXX'i7t't8a? roii/

45 TTokecjv liToiovv dvaaTdrov;, "q 8e ^v XoltttJ, %vpaKov(TaL<;

TTokLopKovvTe<; TTpocreKdOrjVTO. d to)v irpecr^eoiv Y\vppo<;

aKovoiv TdpavTa fieu eta /cat rov? ri^i/ aKTrju e^^ovra? 'Ira-

\ioiro)v, e'9 8e TT^i' SiKekiav 8ta^a9 Ka/D^T78oviov9 rji>dyKa-

(rev dTravacTTyjuai '^vpaKovcrwv. (f)pov7]aa<; 8e e'<^' auroj

50 Kap)(r]hovLCt)v, ot daXdaorrj^; twv Tore jSap/Bdpcov pdXLcrTa

et^o^' ifjL7reLpo)<; Tvptoi <I>otVt/ce9 to dp^alop ovte^^ tovtcdp

ivavTia iirripdr) uavixa^rjcraL rot? 'HTretpwrat? -^^pcojxevo^;,

ot p-rjoe aXovcri^? 'iXiov ddXacrcrav ol vroXXot prjSe dXalu

38. "0|ir]pos: see Od. 5, 72 ff. ; t, 55; fV' 'ii/ceaTOto podwv, avSpdcri Uvyfxaioiai

i/-, ino. Pausanias is right in liis state- (pdfov Kal Krjpa (pepovcxai. The war be-

ment that Homer nowhere mentions the tween tiie I'ygmies and the cranes is

elephant, althongh ivory is spoken of often mentioned in ancient writers as

several times.— 39. avrwv: pleonastic a martial episode of curious interest,

repetition of aprecedingsubject through Note e.specially Athen. 0, p. .'JiiOn; Ae-

the oblique cases of aiirSs is very fre- lian, Nat. Anim. 15, 20; Ovid, Met. (!,

quent; usually, as here, when the gen- 90 ff.; Pliny, N. II. 7. 2(>.

eral nature of the pieceding plural is 43. IIvppov 8t cs ZiKcXCav a':Ti\ya,yt :

(pialified by a following adjective, ("f. this occurred in the year 278. On this

1.7,2andr). — 42. nvY|ia(<ov tc dvSpMv expedition of Pyrrlius to Sicily, cf.

Kal-Ytpdv«vp.dxiis: cf. II. r. .'>-5 K\a777j Pint. I'yrrhus, 22 ff. ; Diod. 22, 7 ff.

;

yepdvuiv . . . a'l KXayy^ ral ye ir^TovTai Droysen III, 1, 1()2 ff. ; A. Holm,

76 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCli. 13, 1

-qTTLO-TavTo TTCt) ^prjcrOai. [xapTvpel 8e fiot /cat Ofjiijpov

55 eTTO? iv '08vcrcretct •

ot ovK caacTL OdXaacrav

dvepe^, ovSe 0* aXecrcri fxep.iyp.evov elOap €oov<tlv.

13 Tore Se 6 Uvppo^, cu? rfTTTJOr], rai? i/aucrtt' e? Tapai^ra ai^T;- l

ycTo rat? XotTrat? • ivravda rrpocreTTTaicre peyaXco<; Kat ttjv

dva)((opy]aLv— ov yap dpa^^el 'Pw/xatov? rfvicnaTO a^rjcrov-

ra?— TTopt^erat rpoTTOv tovtov. [oj? eiravrjKOiv ck ^t/ceXta?

5 rfTTy]Or],~\ Trpcorov SieTTepxpe ypdppaTa e? re tt^i^ Acrtav Kat

77^6? 'AvTLyovov, Tov<; pev arparidv tmv ^aacXecov, tov<; Se

-^pyjpaTa, ^AvTiyovov 8e /cat dp(f)6T€pa alTa>v difuKopevcov

8e Twi^ dyyeXcDi/, w? ot ypdppara dneSoOr), crvvayaywv Tov<i

iv reXet toju re e^ ^HireLpov /cat rajz^ TapavTLvcov, (bv pev el^e

10 r.a /8t/3Xta at'eytVwcr/cei^ ovSev, 6 8e 'Q^euv crvppa)(iav ekeyev

TO^v 8e /cat e? rou? 'Pco^aatov? t^X^c (fiijpr] MaKeSova^; /cat

aXXa ei^i^T7 TTepaiovaOai t(ov 'AcnavMv e? tt7i^ IIuppou /Sot;-

^etav • 'Poj/x-atot /xe^- St^ ravra d/coi;ovre<? rfcrv^al^ov, T[vppo<s

oe VTTO TTjv imovcrav irepaiovTai vvKTa Trpo? rd aKpa roiv

15 opcov a Kepavvta 6vopdl,ovcn.

Gesch. Sicil. II, 277ff. — 54. '0|iV|pov 3; 2,9,2; 10,5; 3,3,8; 8,51,8. Yet

«iros : see Oil. \, 122 ff. re now and then stands after the sub-

13. Fyrrhus leaves Italy— Conquers stantive. Cf. 10, 12, 5, es ^rfK6v re Kal

Antigonus— Makes expedition against is AeXcpovs. So 2, 7, 5; 19, 5; 9, 6, 4.

the Lacedaemonians— II is death at Ar- — 9. tSv jiiv . . . ohi: after a negative

gas— Similar end of the three Aeacids. sentence with /j-iv, tlie following clause

2. irpocr^irTaKrc iic^dXcos : at the bat- is frequently introduced after the man-

tle of Beneventuni in 275 n.c, whither ner of the poets and Herodotus witli

he had marclied to attack the Romans. 6 5^, as if a new subject were opposed

This expression, repeated 13, 6, is He- to that of the preceding sentence, while

rodotean. Cf. Hdt. 1, 16 ; 5, 62 ; 6, 95;

the contrast lies much more in the verb

7, 170, 210. 2, 161, vpoffixraicTe fieya- or object. Cf. Hdt. 1, 17, and Paus. 1,

\u3cttI. — 5. es T« TT)v 'Ao-iav Kal irpos 14, 5; 2, 13, 6 ; 3, 6, 8, etc. — 10. dvt-

'AvTi-yovov: cf. Justin, 25, 3, 1-4. The -yivwo-Kev: exceptionally used instead

positionof reafter the i)reposition isthe of the more u.sual exi\iye<Tdai. Cf. 1,

more frequent, e.g. 1,1,3; 1, 4, 1 and 19, 3 ; 22, 7 ; 37, 4, etc.

HISTORY OF PYRRIIUS 77

Ch. 13, 4

Mera 8e tt]u iv 'iraXtct TrXrjyrjv 0ivaTravcra<; T-qu SvuafXLU 2

Trpoelirep 'AvTiyopo) Trokefiou, aXXa re noiovfjievoq iyKXijfxaTa

Koi /xaXttrra tt}^ e<? 'iraXiap fiorjOeLa^ htafxapTLav. KpaTT]-

cra? 8e rifv re tStai' TrapacrKevr^v ^XvTLyovov /cat to Trap' aurw

20 FaXarait' ^eviKov ehioj^ev e? ra? cVl daXdcrcrr) ttoXcis, avro?

8e Ma/ceSot'ta? re T179 ai^co Kal ©ecrcraXaji^ eVe/cparT^cre. 817-

Xot 8e /xaXicrra ro p.eye6o<i Trj<^ fid^rj^ koI Trjp Uvppov plkyju,

(o<s irapd TToXv yevoiTO, ra dvaTeOevTa oirXa tmv KeXrwi/ eg

TO T^? ^KOrfva^ lepov Trj<; 'iTwj^ia? ^epcjp fxera^v /cat AapLcrrj<;

25 Kat TO eVtypa/Lt^a to ctt avrols

'

Tov9 0vp€ovq 6 MoXocro-09 'lTwi't8t hwpov 'Addpa 3

riuppo? aTTo Opaaeojp eKpefiaaep TaXardp,

TTOLPTa TOP ^ApTiyopov KadeXwp crrpaTOP. ov jxeya Oav^xa •

at^/xaTat Kat pvp /cat irdpos Ata/ct8at.

30 TovTOv^ fxep hrj ipTavOa, tw 8e eV AojScoptj Att Ma/ccSovwi'

dpedrjKCP avTOip Tag dcr77t8a?. eiriyeypaTTTai 8e /cat TavTats •

At8e ttot' 'Ao't8a yalap iiropOyjcrap iroXv^pvaop,

at8c /cat EXXacrtf 8ovXo(TVP'a^' eiropop.

PVP ok Ato9 I'aw TTOTt KLOpa<; 6p(f)apd /cetTat

35 Ttt? jxeyaXav^TJTO) cr/cvXa Ma/CT78oi^ta<;.

Iluppo^ 8e Ma/ce8oi^a? e's avrai' /x>) KaTaaTpexjfaaOaL Trap" oXi- 4

"yoi/ ofJL(o<; TjKOPTL iyepero KXedtpvfJiOf; atTtog, eTOLjxoTepo) /cat

aXXous oi^Tt kXdadaL tol ip ^epai. KXecopvixo<; 8e ovto-?. 6 top

18. KpaT^i<ros . . . TT|v T€ I8£av irapa- also in Aiithol. I'al. 0, 130. In the

<rK€VT]v 'AvTiYovow : see Plut. Pynhu.'^, Aiithol. note roO avroO, i.e. of Leoni-

26; Droysen, III, 1, 20, on this vie- das. Against this assij^nnieiit nothinfi:

tory of Pyrrhus over Antigonus and can be urged, ("f. Susemihl. II, 535,

his Gallic mercenaries (274 n.c.).

—

rem. 81. The second epigram, occiir-

23. TO dvaT«e€vTa oir\a : cf. Pint. Pyr- ring only in Pan.sanias. Siisemilil like-

rhus. 20 ; Diod. Exc. Vat. 1, 22, 3. In wise ascribes to Leonidas, but on in.suf-

bolh passages the first epigram is cited, ficient grounds.

78 THE ATTICA OF TAUSANIASCh. 13, 5

Hvppov OLTroXnrovTa to, MaKeSofoJV Treicras e? UeXoTTOPPiqcrov

40 iXOelp, Aa/ce8at/xd^'to? mv AaKeSai/xo^'tot? crTpaTou e? ttjv

\(t)pav TToXefXLOP eTTrjye 8t' alrCau rjv iyw tov yivov^ vcrrepov

rov KXeoivufJiov SrjXaxro). Uavaai'Lov tov vepl IlXctratav

Tol<; "FjWrjaLi' r^yrjcrajxevov HXeLCTTodva^ vto? iyevero, tov

8e \\av<javia<^, tov ok KXe6fMl3poTO<;, 69 iuavTLa^EjTrajxeLi'copoa

45 /cat Br^^aiot? /Aa^o/xei^o? aTreOavev iv AevKTpOL'^ • KXeofx^po-

Tov Se 'Ayr^criTToXt? ^i^ /cat KXeoix€pr)<;, 'AyrycrtTrdXtSo? Se

aTTatSo? TeX6VTy]cravT0<i KXeo/xeVrys ti^i/ /SacrtXetav ^cr^e.

KXeofxevei Se TratSe? yivovTai Trpecr^vTepo<i jxev 'AKpoTaTO'?, 5

vecoTepo^ 8e KXewi^u/xo?. 'A/cpdrarot' yitej^ oui^ irporepov /care-

so Xa^ev 7) TeXevTf] KXeo/zeVov? Se aTroOavoPToq vcTTepop e'9

dixff)Lcrl3yJTr]cnp KaTecrTT] irepl Trj<; dp^rj'^ 'Apev? 6 'Ak/3o-

rarou, /cat KXeww/^to? drw Si^ Tporrco jxeTeXOwp eirdyei

Uvppop e's TT^z^ ^(jjpav. Aa/ceSat/xoi'tot? Se TT/ao juei^ ti^9 eV

AeuKrpot? <,fxd^ri<;y ovhev lyeyovei TTTolapa, oxtte ovSe crvve-

55 ^ciypovv dywvi ttco KeKpaTrjaOat Tre^w • Aewi^tSa /xei^ yap I't-

Ka>pTL ovK €(f)a(rap tov<; kirop-evov? e'9 TeXeav i^apKecrau (f)6opdu

TOiv Mt^Sojp', to Se 'KBr]vai(ov /cat ArjixocrOevovs epyov 77/36?

TT] vrjaut S^fiaKTrjpLa KXoirrju eluaL TToXep.ov Kat ov viKrjv.

TTpciiTf]'^ Se yevojxeviqs crcfiLaL crvp,^opd<^ ev Botwrot?, vaTepov 6

60 'Ai^rtTTCtrpw Kat Ma/ceSdo't /xeyaXoj? irpocreTTTaidav TptToq

Se 6 A7]iJ.r]TpL0v 7rdXe/xo? KaKov dveXTncTov -^XOci^ e'? 717/^

yrjt'. Ilvp/aov Se ia'^aX6vTo<; TeTapTov St) rdre cTTpaTov

opoiVTe'^ TToXepiiov avToi re irapeTacraovTO koX ^Kpyeioiv tjkou-

re? /cat Mecrfrr^i^tajf^ (rvfiixa^^OL • Uvppo^ Se C09 lireKpaTiqcrev,

65 oXiyov fieu rjXBev kXelv avTo/Soel Tr]v ttoXiv, Sr^wcra? Se tt^i^

GO. 'AvTiirdTpw Kal MaKcSoori |i€-yd- were Utterly routed by Antipater. King

Xws irpocreirTaicrav : the battle referred Agis was among the slain. Note use

to is that of Megalopolis, in 330 is.c, of dat.'AfrtTrdTpoj. The usual construe-

when the Peloponnesians took up arms tion is irpocnrTaleLv irpbz rcva. So Hdt.

against the Macedonian supremacy and 1, G5; 0,45.

HISTORY OF PYRRIIUS 7&Cli. 13, 9

yfjv Kol \eiav eXacra? fiLKpou 7]av)(al^ei>. ol he es TTokiopKiav

evrpeni^ouTo, nporepou en t^9 XnaipTrji; eiri tov irokefxov

Tov 7rpo<; ArjixyJTpLou Td(f)poi,<; re ^aOeiat^ /cat crravpoi? reret-

^LCTfievT]<; i(T)(ypoLS, to. he e'Tn/Lta^curara koI olKohofxiJixaaLi^.

70 VTTO he TOVTOV TOV ^pOVOV KoX TTjV TOV TToXefXOV TOV KaKOiVl- 7

Kov Tpi^r)v *AvTLyouo<5 ra? TrdXets twu MaKehopwu dvaaojad-

p,evo^ rjTTeLyeTO e? HeXoTrovvrjcroi' ola eTn(JTdp.evo<; Hvppov,

rju AaKehaLjjiOpa KaTacTTpexjfriTaL kol UeXonopvijcrov ra iroWd,

ovK e? '^HireLpop dXX' eVt re M.aKehopCap avOi<; kol top e/c€t

75 TToXefxop Tj^ovTd- jxeXXopTo^i he 'ApTLyopov top crTpaTOP e^

Apyov<^ €9 T7JP AaKOiPiKrfP ayeip, avros €5 to Apyo? eXiqXv-

dei Hvppo^i. KpaTwp he /cat TOTe (TVPeaTriirTei rot? (fyevyovcrcp

e? T^i^ TrdXt^* /cat ot StaXverat /caret to et/cds 17 Td^L<; • p-a^o- 8

p,epojp he 77/309 tepot? 17817 /cat ot/ctat? Kat /caTci tou? o'ret'or

80 TTOt"? /cat /car' aXXo aXXojv t^9 TrdXew?, epTovda 6 lJvppo<^

epopoiOr) "Cat TiTpaxTKeTaL ttjp Ke(f)aX7Jp. Kepdpco he /SX17-

OepTa VTTO yvvaiKO^ Tedpdpai (fiacrl Uvppop \\pyeloL he ov

yvpoLKa TTfv dnoKTeCpacrap, ArjprjTpa he (fyacTLP eivai yvpaiKi

elKaapeprjp. TavTa eg ttjp Hvppov TeXevT-qp avTol Xeyovcrip

85 'Apyetot Kat 6 tcop e-ni^iopioiP e^rfyrjTJ)^ Au/cea? ep enecnp

eLp7]Ke- /cat cr(f)i(Tip ecTTL tov 6eov ^prjdaPTO^, ep6a 6 Tlvppo^;

eTeXevTrfcrep, lepop AT]pr}Tpo<i • ep he avTw kol 6 Tlvppo'^

TedaiTTai' Oavpa hrj irotovpaL tcjp KaXovp.evoiP AiaKihwp <i)

Tpiai Kara ra avTct e/c tov Oeov (Tvpfirjpai ttjp TeXevTtjp, et

90 ye 'A;^tXXea pep 'Oprjpo^; viro ^AXe^dphpov (ftrja-l tov Ilpta-

pov /cat'

AttoXXojpo^ diroXecrOaL, llvppop he top 'A^tXXew?

17 ITv^ta TrpoaeTa^ep dnoKTelpai AeXc()ol<;, tm he AtaKtoou

(Tvpe^f) TO. €9 T-qp TeXevTTjP ola 'Apyeloi tc Xeyovcn /cat

81. On Pyrrhus's Peloponnesian ex- 1, etc. Also Droysen, III, 1, 201)-210.

peditionandliisdeatli(272it.c'.)cf. Plut. iH). 'AxiXXt'a (icv "0(iT]pos ktX.: see

Pyrrhus, 26-PA ; Justin, 25, 4, G— 5, II. X, ;}59 ff.

80 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh. 14, 1

Av/ceag inoLrjae. SLd(f)opa Se o/u,aj9 ecrrt kol ravra d)u 'lepco-

95 vv^io<; 6 KapSiavo^i eypaxpep- dvSpl yap ^acnXel avvovTa

dudyKT] Trdcra e? ^dpiv crvyypdi^yeiv . el 8e kol <t>tXtcr709

aLTcav SLKaLau el\7)(j)ev, eTrekTrit^oiv tt^v eV %vpaKOV(TaL<; Kado-

hov, dwoKpvxjjacr6ai tcov Alouvctlov ra dpocnd)TaTa, '^ rrov

ttoWt] ye 'lepojvvixo) avyyvcoixr} rd e? tj^ovt^v "KvTiyovov

100 ypd(f>eLV.

14 'H fxev ^RTTecpcoTMu dK^x-q KaTecrrpe^ev e? tovto- e? 8e to 1

^Kdy^vrjaiv iaeXdovcnv 'fliSelou aXX.a re /cat Atdi^ucro? /cetrat

^ea? d^LO<;. TrXiqcriov Se eVrt Kprjvr), Kokovai Se avT-qv

'^uvedKpovvov, ovtm K0(Tp.y]6el(jav vtto YleLaLarparov • ffype-

5 ara ixeu yap Kal Sid 7rd(Tr)<; ttJs iroXeco^ icm, Trrjyr) Se avTrj

flour), vaol Se virep ttjv Kpyjurju 6 fxev Ar}fxrjTpo<; TTeTToirjTai

14. Odeum — Enncacrunus — Tem-

ples of Demcter and Persephone, and of

TrlptoleiHus— Epimenides and Thales

— Temple of Eude'ia— Temple of Ile-

p)haestus— Temple ofAphrodite Urania.

2. 'fiiSeiov kt\. : see Excursus III.

— 3. KpT|VT], KaXovo-i. 8s avTT]v 'Evvea-

Kpovvov : for the question as to the

site of this fountain and adjacent mon-

uments, and the discussion of wliat is

known as " the Enncacrunus Episode,"

see Excursus III.— 5. ittiyt] 8* aijTT]

(j,6vT) : Pausanias speaks of tlie foun-

tain (Kprivr)) Enncacrunus as being tlie

only "spring" (Trriyrj), while there are

wells {(pp^ara) 5td irdcr-qs Trjs irdXeus.

Yet he mentionsl,21,4, the Kprivr] at the

Asclepieum and 1, 28, 4, the irrjyri which

is known under the name KXe^vdpa.

Leake (I, 131) explains the inconsis-

tency by saying that Pausanias meant

only such springs as were desirable

for drinking-water ; for according to

Vitruv. 8, 3, 0, most of the spring water

in Alliens was bad and used for wash-

ing riKirely, while the well water served

for drinking purposes. -mTYri signifies

a natural spring (2, 7, 4 ; 4, 34, 4, etc.);

KprjvT] is an artificially constructed foun-

tain (1, 40, 1 ; 2, 2, 8, etc.) usually fed

by a natural spring ; <j>p^aTa are wells,

the water of which must be drawn

(Hdt. 6, 19). — 6. vaol . . . 'EXtvo-C-

viov : the sanctuary Eleusinium doubt-

less included the two temples mentioned

above, the one of Demeter and Perse-

phone, the other of Triptolemus. Plu-

tarch (de exilio, 17) mentions the Eleu-

sinium along with the I'arthenon as

one of the preeminently sacred places

of Athens. It was a precinct that could

be securely closed (Thuc. 2, 17). Onthe day after the celebration of the

Eleusinian mysteries a sacred assem-

bly of the Council of the 500 met in

the Eleusinium (Andoc. 1,3; C.I. A. II,

4, 31 ; III, 2). Decrees relating to the

Mysteries were here .set up (C.I. A. II,.

315; III, 5). On the site of the Eleu-

sinium, see Excursus III.

TRIITOLKMUS 81

Ch. 14, 4

/cat K6pr)<;, iv Se rw TptTrroXe/xou KeCfxepoi' Icttlv ayakfxa

TOL Se €9 avTOv OTToia Xeyerat ypa^o), Trayaet? OTrocrov e?

ArfLonrjv e^et rou Xdyou. 'EXXryVojf ol juaXtcrra dix(f>L(T^r]- 2

10 roGi^re? ^Xdiqvaioi^ e? dp^atoxTyra /cat Swpa, <a> napa dewv

(f)a(rLu €)(€LV, elalv 'ApyeloL, Kaddnep ^ap^dp<iiv <\>pv^iv

AiyvTTTLOL. Xeyerat oui^ cu? AiJixTjTpa e? "A/ayo? iXdovaav

UeXacryo^ Sei^atro otKW Kat w? Xpucrai^^t? 77)1^ dpirayrju Itti-

aTajxeprj T179 K6pr]<; StT^yr/cratro • vcnepov 8e Tpo^tXoj/ tepo-

15 <f)dpTr)v (^vyovTa i^ "Apyov; Kara e)(6o^ 'Ayijvopo^ eXOelp

(f)acrLu €9 Ti)v 'Attlkt}!/ /cat yvvoLKd re €^ 'EXeucrt^'o? yyjfiaL

Kat yeviadai ol vratSa? Ev^ovXea Kat TptTrrdXe/xot'. dSe

jLtei' 'Apyeicjp ecrrt Xdyo? • 'A^ryj/atot Se Kat ocrot irapd tov-

rot? LcacTL . . . TpLTTToXeixop Tov KeXeov irpioTov cnrelpai Kap-

20 TTOi^ rjp.Epov. eirrj Se aSerat Movo'atoi' /xeV, et St) Moucatou 3

Kat ravra, TpLVTokeixov iralSa 'flK^avov Kat TtJ? elvai,

'0/3(/)ea;9 Se, ovSe ravra 'Op(^ew9 e/xot SoKett' ovra, Ev^ovXet

Kat TpLTTToXefxcp Avcravkrjv narepa eluat, fx-quvcracrL Se' cr^tcrt

Trept T179 TratSo? ^odrjvai irapd AiJixr}Tpo<; anelpaL tov^ Kap-

25 TTOu? • XotptXw Se ^AOrjvaLO) Spdfxa iroiiqcravTi 'AXottt^i^ eanv

elpiqixeva KepKvoua elpat Kat TpLTTTokeixop dSeX(^ov9, xeKeti'

Se (T(f)d<i BvyaTepa 'A/u.(^tKTuoi^o9, ett'at Se irarepa TptnTo-

Xe/xoj /xet* 'Pdpoj', KepKvdi^t Se notretSwi^a. TTpocro) Se teVat

/xe (opix-qixeuou roOSe rou Xdyou Kat onoaa i^y]yr]cnv . . . e^et

30 TO 'AOrjuTjaLu lepov, KaXov/xevov Se 'EXevcrtVtoi^, etrdo'xev oi//t9

oveipaTO?- a Se e? Trdrra? ocriov ypd(f)eLv, e? raOra dnorpe-

xjjofxaL. npo tov vaov rovSe, ei'^a Kat roi) TptTrroXe'^ov to 4

ayaXjxa, ccttl ^ou9 ;)^aXKo{)9 ota e9 Ovariav dy6ix€uo<;, TreTTOLT}-

rat Se KaBT^fxevo<i 'KTnfxeviSr)^ Kvcoacno^, ov ikdovra e9

34. *E7ri(iitvC8T)s Kvwor<rios : Epiiiie- hero Bouzysps. the first driver of oxen

nides, inenlioiied in connection with (Ilesych. s.v. /Souft'o'T;?; Serv. ad Georg.

Triptolemus and tlie bronze steer, was 1, 10). The niytiiieal form of thi.s first

originally identical witli the Attic ox tamer was, in tiie consciousness (.f

82 THE ATTICA OF PAUSAXIASCh. 14, 5

35 aypov KotfjiacrdaL XeyovcxLv kcrekOovra eq cnTrjXaiou- 6 oe

vTTvo^ ov nporepov durJKeu avTov npiu rj ol recrcrapaKocrTov

eTO<; yeuecrOat KadevSovTL, koI vcrrepov iirr] re evrotet /cat

TToXet? eKoiOrjpep aXXag re kol ttjv 'Kdiqvaiiov. SaXrj<i Se 6

AaKeSaip,ovLOi<i ttjp poctov iravaaq ovre aXXw? TrpoaiqKOiv

40 ovre 77-dX.e&>? -qv ^Eirijxei'iSr) T7J<s avr^?- dXX' 6 [xev Kva>aaio<;,

SdXyjTa 8e €t^'at (f>r](rL TopTTJUiov ^oXv/x^'ac^Tog Ko\o(f)MVio<;

errrj AaK:e8at/^o^'tot9 e? avTov TTOtT/cra?. — ert 8e dnoiTepco 5

i^ao? Ev/cXetas, dvddr)fxa kol tovto diro MtJScju, ol t^? )(^a>pa<g

MapaOcovL ecr^ov. (^povrjcrai 8e 'AOyjvaCov; enL tt] plkj)

45 TavTT] fjidkiara et/cct^oj • /cat 817 /cat Atcr^uXos, w? ot rov /Blov

TTpocreSoKaTo rj TeXevTT], twv jxev dXXcov lp.vrip,6vev<rev ovoe-

vo^y 80^17? es TocrovTOP tjkcov km, TroitjcreL Kat 7rpo<; Apre-

fxicTiO) /cat eV 'ZaXajxlvi i^av/xa^i^cra? • 6 8e to re buofxa

TTarpoOev Kol TTjv ttoXlv eypaxjje /cat oj? 7179 dvSpia^ jxdpTvpas

60 e;(ot 70 MapadcovL dXcros /cat 1^1780)^ rov? eg avro dTTO^dvTa.<i.

a later time, blended with that of the 43. vaos EvKXeCos : the question of

Cretan priest Epimenides, about whom the identity of Eucleia with Artemis is

two traditions were extant— one that closely bound up with the discussion

he had freed Athens from the Cylonian of the site of this temple, and is there-

^705 (Ar. llesp. Ath. 1 ; Plut. Solon 12, fore reserved for Excursus III.—45. Al-

etc), the other that, coming to Athens <rxvXos . . . vavfxaxV)<ros : the current

ten years before the Persian War, he tradition regardingthe death of Aeschy-

engaged in certain religious rites and lus was that he was killed near Gela in

prophesied the war (Plat. Legg. 1, G42 d). Sicily by a tortoise which was dropped

On the story of Epimenides, the Greek on his bald head by an eagle, which mis-

Rip Van Winkle, cf . Theoponipus, frag. took it for a stone. Cf . Biogr. Gr. , ed.

69, in Fr. Hist. Gr. I, 288 ; Diog. Laert. Westermann, p. 120 ; Aelian, Nat. An.

1,10, 109; Pliny, N. II. 7, 175.— 38. 0d- 7,10; Pauly-Wissowa, I, 1068. His

Xtjs . . . TT)v v6o-ov iravo-as : Thales or epitaph was as follows

:

Thaletas, in obedience to the Delphic k'utx^Uv Ev4>opiwvos ' My)vaiov T68e Ke6dei

oracle, is said to have stopped by his ^^^^a Karacpeiixevov nvpocpdpoio TAasmusic the plague at Sparta (Plut. de dXK7]v 8' evddKifxov Mapaeuviov fiXo-os &>-

Mus. 42; Aelian, Var. Hist. 12, 50). etiroi

Lycurgus is said to have studied music /cat ^aOvxaiT-neis M^Sos iiriaTdfievoi.

under him (Plut. Lye. 4). —Poet. Lyr. Gr., ed. Bergk, II, 571.

TEMPLE OF HEPHAESTUS 83

Ch. 14, 7

'Tnep 0€ rov Kepafj.€LKOu koI (ttoolu rrju Kakovfxeprjv jBaai-

Xeiov vad? icmu H^atcrrou. kol otl fieu ayaX/xa ol -rrape-

(jTrfKev 'A0'r)va<;, ovSeu davfxa i'TTOiovp.iqv tov eVt ^EpL^doPLco

eTTL(TTOip.evo<; \6yov to Se aya\/xa 6pa)v rrj? \\dr}va<; yXav-

55 KOV<; ^X.ov TOV<i 6(f)0aXfxovs Al^vcdv tov fxvOop ovTa evpicxKou •

TO}JTOL<i ydip ecTTiv elp-qixevof Iloa'etSaii'o? koI Xip^vrf^ TptTor-

plSos dvyaTcpa elvat kol 8ta tovto yXavKov<; eluat (oanep

KOL Tw Hocreihcji'L T0v<i 6(^dakfxov<;. TrXrjcriov 8e lepou idTiv 7

'A(f)pohLTri<; Ovpapias- irpayrois Se av6pojircov 'AcrcrvpioL^

52. voos . . . 'H4>aC<rT0« : for a dis-

cussion of the identity of the temple

of Hephaestus witli the so-called The-

seum, and a description of the tem-

ple, see Kxcursus IV. — on jiiv a-yaXpid

ol irap^o-Tr)K€v *A97]vds kt\.: the joint

worship of Hephaestus and Athena

was very ancient in Attica (Plat. Cri-

tias, p. 109 c); their temple is also

mentioned by Augustine (Civ. Dei, 18,

12). Pausanias refers to the Erichtho-

nius legend as the link between He-

phaestus and Athena (ApoUod. 3, 14,

6; Schol. Hom. II. B, 547; Aug. I.e.),

while others hold that the link was not

-Erichthonius but Apollo the Paternal,

who was said to be a son of IIephae.s-

tus and Athena (Cic. de Nat. Deor. 1,

22, 55; 23, 57; Clem. Alex. Protrept.

2, 28, p. 24, ed. Potter). — 54. to 8*

a^aXfia . . . rfjs 'A6T|vds -YXavKows (\ov

TOWS o<}>9aXp,ovs : this remark about the

yXavKol 6(p6a\fj.oi suggests that the eyes

of ancient statues were set in, or that

they were painted. Homer's favorite

epithet of Athena is yXavKOim, "blue-

eyed." Dr. Schliemann (Troy, p. 54,

112 ff.) would tran.slate the epithet

•'owl-faced," deriving the word from

7XaO| "owl" and6\f/ "face," supposing

the goddess was originally represented

with the face of an owl. H. Hiklebrandt,

Philol. XLVI (1888), 201 ff., derives

it from yXavKos "bright" or "blue"

and a root voi-, "water," making the

compound designate a goddess of the

bright Ijlue sea. Pausanias' statement

indicates that the Greeks understood

"blue-eyed" by the term, which hy-

pothesis is confirmed by Cicero (de Nat.

Deor. 1, 30, 83), who says the color of

Minerva's eyes was bluish-gray, and of

Neptune's sky-blue.

58. -itXtio-iov hi Upov «o-tiv 'A<})po8C-

TT^s Ovppavias: as this sanctuary was

near the temple of Hephaestus, it i)rob-

ably stood on the Colon us Agoraeus or

Market Hill. The worship of the god-

dess whom the Greeks called Ai)hro-

dite Urania was derived from the

Semitic jieoples of Asia, being the

counterpart of the Uaals of the vari-

ous cities, and known as Baalat or

Astarte. Like the male deity, Astarte

was regarded as the giver of fertility

to plants, animals, and men, and as

the goddess of heaven. Jeremiah (7,

18; 44, 18) calls her "the queen of

heaven." In her double aspect as god-

dess of love and of heaven, tlie (ireeks

84 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh. 15, 1

00 KaTecrTYj ae/Secrdai rr]v Ovpaviav, jxeTo, 8e 'Aa-crvpLov; Kv-

TroLOJV Tla(f)LOL<; kol (^olulkcdv rots AcTKaXcoua e^ovaiv iu rfj

UaXatcTTLvr), irapa 8e (l>OLVLKa)v KvOijpiOL fxadovreq cre/Sov-

criv •*AdrjvaioLS Se Karecrr'^craro Atyeu?, avTM re ovk eluai

TratSa? vop.it,(xiv— ov yap tto) Tore rfcrav— koX rat? ahe\<^al%

65 yevecrdat ttjv o'vix(f)opai' Ik pLiqvip.aTO'^ rrj^ Ovpavia^. to 8e

€<^' rjp.o)v en ayaXp-a XiOov llapCov /cat epyov ^eihiov

Srjpo^ 8e icTTLV 'AOi^vaCoLf; 'Adpovecou, di Ilop(j)vpLO)va ert

TrpoTepov 'AKTaiov ^acnXevao-ura Trj<; Ovpavia<; (ftacrt to

irapa cr^icrtf lepov ISpvaacrdaL. Xeyovcn Se dpa rovs oij-

70 pov<i Kal dXXa ovheu 6poio)<i /cat ol T7]v ttoXlv e^oi^re?.

15 'lovcrt 8e irpo^ Tr)v (XTodv r^u lioLKiXiqu ovopdt^ovcriv oltto l

represented her as the Heavenly Aph-

rodite. See Roscher, Lex. s.v. Aph-

rodite Urania; rreller-Robert, I, 349,

rem. 5.

15. The Stoa Poikile and its Paint-

ings.

1. O-Todv . . . notK£XT)V . . . 'Ep|J.f]S

. . . 'A-yopaios Kal iTv\-t\ itXtjo-Cov : after

describing in c. 14, 6-7, the temples etc.

on the Market Hill to the west of the

Agora, Pausanias now describes some

objects of especial interest within the

market-place, notably the Tainted Col-

onnade, the Hermes of the Market, and

a market-gate. As the site of the three

isadisputed question, the consideration

of it is reserved for Excursus II. TheStoa Poikile or Painted Colonnade was

originally named neia-iavdKTews a-rod

after its founder Peisianax, son-in-law

of Cimon (Plut. Cim. 4 ; Diog. Laert.

7, 5). It was built probably after 457

B.C. Just as its site is not definitely

known, so also its form is uncertain.

Since it was intended to serve a.s a

Lesche, i.e. as a loimging-place for the

public, we may ascribe to it the custo-

mary form for Leschae, a long rectan-

gular hall inclosed on three sides and

open on one long side fronted with col-

umns. Here Zenomet hisdisciples, whothus acquired the name of Stoics or

"men of the Stoa" (Diog. Laert. 7, 1,5).

Lucian (Jupp. Trag. 16 ; Icarom. 34

;

Dial. Meretr. 10, 1 ; Pi.sc. 13) and Alci-

phron (Ep. 1, 3 ; 3, 53, 64) tell of philos-

ophers and their followers discoursing

and wrangling within or before the Col-

onnade.— diro Twv -ypa(|>wv : the Colon-

nade was embelli.shed with paintings

by Polygnotus and his associates Mi-

con and Panaenus (Plut. Cim. 4 ; Pliny

25, 58 ; Harpocr. s.v. IIoXiryi'WTos). It is

a mooted question whether the paint-

ings were on the wall itself or on

wooden tablets. Since Synesius (Ep. 54

and 135) toward the end of the fourth

century uses the expression a-avlSes in

stating that paintings had been re-

moved from the colonnade by a Romanproconsul, some have regarded them

as easel paintings, but the evidence

tup: painted colonnade 85

Ch. 15, 1

TOiv ypa(f)a)v ecTiv 'Fipfiyjf; ^aX/cov? KaXovfievof; 'Ayopato?

KaL TTvky] TrkrjaLOu- enecrTL 8e ol Tponaiov 'Adrjuaiajv LTnroixa-

^ta KpaTTjcrdvTiDV nXeiVrap^oi^, o? ttJ? Ittttov KacrcrdpSpov

5 /cat Tov ^et'i/cou 77)1^ dp^-qv dhe\(f)oq aiv eVererpaTrro. avrr;

oe 17 crroa irpuira p,ev *A6'rjvaLov<; e^et T€Tayp.evov<; iu Olvoy

that Polygnotus and his contempo-

raries painted generally on walls is so

convincing that there is but little doubt

that they were fresco paintings (cf.

Pliny N.II. 35, 59, 123; Paus. 0, 2(3, 3

and Frazer's note).— 2. 'EpfiTjs x*^-Kovs KaXovfuvos 'A^opaios : the statue

of Ilernies Agoraeus or Ilermes of the

Market stood in the Agora beside the

I*aintedColonnade(Lucian,Jupp.Trag.

33 and schol.). It is known to liave

dated from before the Persian War(Hesych. s.v. dyopaios 'Epfiijs), and Lu-

cian (I.e.) states that it was of archaic

style— evypafi/xos, evirepiypairroi, dpxaioi

rrjv avddeaLv ttjs K6fjir]s. Some have con-

jectui'ed that the statue seen by Pau-

sanias was acopy of tlie bronze original.

Whether the original or a copy, the

statue was a nmch-admired specimen

of archaic art, and artists (Lucian I.e.)

were continually making casts of it, so

that it was never quite free from pitch.

This Hermes was a very popular deity.

The Arlstophanic sausage-seller sweai s

vri TTjv 'Epp.riv rbv ' Ayopaiov (Eq. 307).

Lucian (I.e.) represents him rushing

up among the gods to tell them of the

impious things that were said in the

Agora. — 0. irpcora \i.(v . . . ivhi t£ (icVw

T«v rol\u>v : Pausanias describes at

length four paintings in the Colon-

nade, the battles of Oenoe, of Mara-

thon, of the Aniazon.s, and of the

Sack of Troy. As to the disposition

of the paintings, it seems likely from

Pausanias' statement that the first two

were on the two short walls and the

last two on the long back wall. There

were other pictures in the Colonnade,

as e.g. a portrait of Sophocles with liis

lyre (Biog. Gr., ed. Westt-rmann, p. 127)

and a picture by Pami)hilus or Apollo-

dorws of the Ileracleids seeking the

protection of the Athenians (Schol.

Ar. Plutus, 385). The paintings were

still in existence up to the fourth cen-

tury, for Himerius (Or. 10, 2) speaks

of the painting of the battle of Mara-

thon as still extant in his time (a.i>.

315-38G), and Synesius' statements

(11. cc.) show that in 402 a.i>. their re-

moval had but recently taken i)lace.

—

'AOrivaiovs . . • TtTa-ypi^vovs tv Otvo]]

ktX. : the subject of this painting has

occasioned discussion. The battle of

Oenoe, in which Athenians defeated

Spartans, is mentioned again by Pau-

sanias, 10, 10, 4, but by no other writer.

Pausanias states (I.e.) that a group of

statuary executed by the artists Hypa-

todorus and Aristogiton was set up

by the Argives in honor of the joint

victory gained by Argive.s and Athe-

nians against the Spartans at Oenoe in

Argolis. From a Delphic inscription

(C.I.G. 25), it is clear that these artists

belong to the first half of tlie fifth cen-

tury n.c. This gives an approximate

date for the battle. The Athenian-

Argive alliance was formed 463 h.c,

after the breach with Sparta at Ithome

86 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh. 15, 2

Trj<; 'Apyeia? evavTia AaKeSaLfxovLMv • yeypaiTTai 8e ovk e?

aKfxrjv dya)vo<; ovSe Tok^xiqyudTMV e? iTrihei^iv to epyov yjSr]

TrpoTjKov, dWd dp^oixevrf re 17 P-^XV '^^^ ^'^ ^etpa? ert avvi-

10 oi^re?. eV 8e ra> pecro) tcov Toi^oiv 'AdrjvaloL kol Sr]crev<; 2

'Apa^oaL pd^ovrai. povaus Se dpa <ravrat9> rat? yvvai^lv

OVK d(f)yp6L Ta nTaicrpaTa to e? tov'^ klvovvov^ d^etoe?, et

ye %epicTKvpa<; t€ aXovarj^ vtto 'HpaKXeov; /cat vcTTepov (f)6a-

p€L<Tr]<; (T(f)Lcn ttJ? crrpartd?, 171^ eV 'A^^^Va? ecTTeiKav, op(o<;

15 e? Tpoiav rjXOou 'Adiquaioiq re aurot? pa^ovpevai kol rot?

irdcTLv 'FXXrjcnv. eVt Se Tar's 'A/xa^ocrtj' EXXi^t'e? eicrij' 17/317-

Kore? "iXto^' Acat 01 /3a(TtXet9 rjdpoLapevoi Sid to Atavro? e<?

Kac^c^d^'Spa^' ToXprjpa • kolI avTov rj ypa(f)r) tov AiavTa e^et

/cat yui^at/ca? rcu^' al^pakdiTwv aXXa? re Kat Kacrcrdi/opav.

20 reXeuratoi^ Se Trj<^ ypa(f)r]<; elacv ol pa^eadpevoi M.apa0oivi- 3

(Thuc. 1, 102). The final victory of

tlie Si^artaus over the allies occurred

at Tanagra 458 n.c. Hence the battle

of Oenoe doubtless occurred between

these dates.

10. 'A0T]vaioi Kal 0Tj<r€i)S 'Ajjia^oo-i

jjidxovTai : from other sources we knowthis painting was by Micon (Arr. Anab.

7, 13, 10), and that the Amazons were

depicted fighting on horseback (Ar.

Lys."678 and Schol.). Pausanias al-

ludes to all three battles in which

Amazons were engaged: (1) fight of

Heracles witli the Amazons in their

own country (1, 2, 1); fight of Athe-

nians against the Amazons at Athens

(Pint. Thes. 20); and fight of Achilles

with the Amazons before Troy.

—

10. "E\\t)V€s tlcriv tjpt)k6t€s "IXiov: Plu-

tarch (Cim. 4) mentions the current

report that Polygnotus introduced tiie

likeness of Cimon's sister Elpinice

into the painting as Laodice, who also

appeared in Polygnotus's great picture

of the capture of Ilium in the Lesche

at Delphi (10, 20, 7).

20. TtXevTatov 8« rfis ypa<|>iis €l<riv ol

|jiaxco-d|jL€voi MapaObivi : this painting

seems to have been the joint work of

Micon and Panaenus (cf. Paus. 5, 11,0;

Arr. Anab. 7, 13, 10). From Pausa-

nias's description, the action fell into

three scenes : (1) The Greeks and Per-

- sians in conflict; (2) the flight of the

Persians; (3) the attempted embarka-

tion of the Persians. I'ausanias men-

tions by name seven figures— Athena

and Heracles, Theseus, Marathon and

Echetlus, Callimachns and Miltiades.

Pliny (N.H. 35, 57), who argues that

the portraits of the leaders were real

likenesses, adds the names of one Ath-

enian, Cynegirus (Ildt. 6, 14), and

two Persians, Datis and Artaphernes.

Many fancied they .saw tlie phantomof Tlie.seus charging the Persians

THE PAINTED COLONNADE 87

Ch. IG, 1

Botwrwf Se oi TlXaTaLav i)(^oPT€f; /cat oaop rjv 'Arri/coi^ lacnv

C9 )(€lpa<; rot? ^ap^dpoi^. /cat Tavrrj fieu icniv Icra ira)

vap' dix(j)OTep(t)v e? to epyov • to 8e ecroi Trjq ixd^r]<^ (ftev-

yovTe<i elcTiv ol ^dp^apoi koI e? to eXo? wdovvTeq dkXyjXov;,

25 eo-^^arat 8e ttJ? ypa(f>rj<; vrje<; re at <t>otVto'(rat /cat roji' /8a/3-

^dpoiv tov'^ IcnriTTTOVTa^ e? ravTa<; (f)ovevouTe<? ol EXXr^i^e?.

IvTavOa Kat MapaOa)u yeypap.p.4vofi iaTiv yjpo)'^, d(f)' ov to

irehCov cjpofJLadTaL, /cat (^)T7crev'? dviovTi e/c yTrJ? etKacr/xeVo?

^XBrfva re /cat 'H/aa/cXr}? • MapadcjPLOC? y^Ry ^^ avTol Xeyov-

30 crti', 'Hpa/cX>5? iuojxicrdy] Oeoq Trpwrot?. rwt' ixa)(^op.ev(DV 8e

SrjXot /aaXtcrrct elcriv iv ttj ypacf)fj KaXXiyuta^o? re, 69 \\.6y]-

vaCoLS TToXep.ap^eiv rjprjTO, /cat MtXrtaSTy? rwi^ (TTpaTrjyovv-

Tcov, T/pcD? T€ E^exXo? /caXou/xct'os, ou /cat vaTepov Troti^cro/xat

jxvTJixrjv. ivTavOa dcTTTtSe? /c€t^'Tat ^aX/cat, /cat rat? /xeV 4

35 icTTiv eTTiypapuxa diro %KLO)vaLO)v Kat tmv eiriKovpoiv elvat^

Ta? Se €7raXT7Xt/x/xeVa9 TrCcrcrrj, fxr} (T(f)d<; 6 re ^povoq Xvp.y]vr)-

rat /cat 6 to?, AaKeoaLixovtMU eluat Xeyerat toji' aXoi/ra»j^ eV

T^ ^(fyaKTrjpLo, pyjcro).

16 'A^'8pta^'Te9 8e ^aX/cot /ceti'Tat tt/do /oter T179 crroag ^dXwi/ 1

(Plut. Thes. 35). Miltiades was rep- Painted Colonnade. — 37. AaK(8ai(jLo-

resented in front of all the other Athe- vCwv . . . twv a\6vT«v iv t\[ ^^aKrr]pi(f.

nian generals, extendinsj his hand v^o-w: the capture of the two hundred

toward the enemy and cheering on and ninety-two Lacedaemonians on

his forces (Aeschin. 3, 180 and schol.; the island of Sphacteria occurred 425

Aristid. Or. 40, p. 232). n.c. (Tliuc. 4, 38). Their shields, to-

34. d(rirC8cs . . .xa^Kai. . . diro 2ki(i>- gether with tlie sword of Mardoniu.s,

vaCwv ktX. : the successful revolt of were regarded as among the most glo-

Scione from Athens occurred 423 h.c, rious trophies of Athens (Dio. Chrys. 2,

but two years later the Athenians re- p. 27) ;probably here too was the shield

captured it, slaughtered the men, and of Brasidas lost at Pylus (Thuc. 4, V2;

sold into .slavery women and children Diod. 12. 0, 2).

(Thuc. 4, 120; 5,132). TlnK'ydi<ks (4, 16. Dij/rrssion on Scleurits.

131) recounts the part their allies took 1. 'Av8pidvT€s Si x*^**®' kt\.: the

in the fate of the unfortunate city. The bronze statue of Solon is mentioned

captured shields were preserved in the also by Deni. 2(), 24 and Aelian, Var.

88 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh. IC, 2

o Tov<; v6ixov<; 'AOrjvaioL^ ypdxjja';, 6\iyov Se aTTOiTepo) Xekev-

Ko<i, S /cat, TTporepov kyivero e? Ty]v evSaLjxovLav ttjp fxek-

Xovaav crTy/xeta ovk a<^avrj. ^eXevKco yoip, o)<; (opfiaTO €k

5 MaKeSovta? crvu 'A\e^oivSp(o, Bvovtl Iv IleXXry rw Att ra

^vka em tov /Bm/jlov Keifxei^a Trpov/Sr] re avTOfiara Trpo? to

dya\fj.a /cat dvev TTvpo<; rjcpdr). reXevTijcravTO^ he 'AXe^dp-

Spov XeXevKo^ ^AvTiyovov e? Ba^vXwt'a di^iKOjxevov Setcra?

/cat Trapd UroXeixalov (f)vyd)i> tov Adyov KaTrjXdev av6i^ e?

10 Ba^vXwz/a, KaTeXdwv Se eKpaTrjcre jxep r^? 'Ai^rtydt'ov cTTpa-

Tta? /cat avTov aTreKTeivev 'AvTLyovov, elXe 8e eVtcrrparev-

crapTa vcTTepop A'qjxyJTpiop top 'ApTiyopov. w? 8e ot raura 2

TT^o/ce^wpi^/cet /cat joter' oXiyop to. Avcripid^ov KaTeipyacTTO,

TTfP fxep ev TTj 'Acrtct Trdcrap dp^r)p TtapeocoKep'

Aptlo'^m tco

15 TratSt, avro? Se e? Ma/ceSoi^iat' rj-jTeCyeTO. cTTpaTid fxep koI

'FiXXtJpcop Kol /3apfidpo)p tjp Trapd SeXeu/cw- riroXe^Ltato? Se

aSeX^o? /xei^ Avcrctt'Spa'? /cat irapd AvaLjxd^ov Trap' ovtop

7re(j)evy(o<;, aXXoj? 8e ToXp^Tjaai Trp6^eLpo<; /cat St' avro Kepav-

j/o? KaXo-ufiepo'^, ovto<^ 6 IlToXe^ato?, w? irpocncop 6 SeXev-

20 /cou (TTpaToq eyepeTo /cara Avcnixd^eiap, Xadoip ^eXevKOP

KTeipei, SiapTrdcraL Se e'TTtrpev/za? ret ^prjjxaTa rot? jSaauXevaLP

e'/3acrtXevcre Ma/ceSovta?, e? o FaXctrat? irpcJTOs dtp icrfiep

fiacnXeojp dpTLTd^acrOac roX/xi^cra? dpaipelTai vtto tcjp /3ap-

^dpcop- TT]p Se dp^rjp ^ApTiyopo<; dveadicraTO 6 ArjjxrjTpLov.

Hist. 8, 16. — 8. 2«\€WKos . . . irapd Syr. (52 ff.; Justin, 17, 23; Droysen,

nToXejiaiov ^vyutv: this occurred in II, 2, 329 ff. — 21. tois Pa(ri\«v(riv :

310 H.c. Consult Diod. 19, 55; Ap- here the guards are meant, '-the King-s"

plan, Syr. 53 ; Droysen, Gesch. d. being a complimentary title given to

Hell. II, 1, 312. — 10. cKpdTT](rc . . . the Life Guards or palace troops (see

'AvT^YOvov: in the battle of Ipsus, cf. Kayser, Ztsch. f. d. AU.-Wiss.VI(1848),

1, 0, 7, note. 499). — 23. dvaipurai viiro twv ^appd-

19. ovTos 6 XlroXcfjiaios . . . XaOojv pwv: Ptolemy t'eraunus was defeated

Sc'XcvKov KT€£v€i : cf. 10, 19, 7. The and slain by the Gauls in 280 h.c. Cf.

assapsination of Seleucus by Ptolemy Justin, 24, 5, 17; Polyb. 9, 35, 4;

Ceraunus occurred 281 u.c. Cf. App. Droysen, II, 2. 343 ff.

HISTORY OF SELELCUS 89

Ch. 17, 1

25 XekevKOP Se /SaaiXeajp Iv rot? jxaXLcrTa TreiOofjiaL kol aX\a»? 8

yeveadai Si/catoj/ koX ir/ao? to OeZov evae^rj. tovto /xe^' yap

SeXev/cd? icmv 6 MtXtycrtot? top ^aXKoOi^ /caraTre/xi/za? 'AttoX-

Xwz/a €9 Bpay^j^tSa?, avaKoynadevTa e? 'E/cySctrai/a to, MryStKct

VTTO 'B.ip^ov TOVTO Se SeXeuAcetat' olKLcra^ eVl TiypiqTi tto-

30 Tafio) /cat Ba^vXwi^tov? ovto<; eVaydjacz^o? e? avTXjv (tvvol-

KOv<; vneXineTo fxeu to ret^^o? Ba^vXoii/o?, vTreXtVero Se rov

B17X TO lepov KOL Trepl avTo tov<; XaXSatov? ol/ce^^'.

17 'AOrfpaCoL^ Se eV t?) dyopa /cat aXXa e'cTTtP' ouk e'9 airavTa^; 1

iTTLcrrjfxa Kat EXeov ^oip.6<;, w yLtaXtcTTa ^ewi^ e'? dudpcompov

^iov /cat /LteTtt/SoXa? TTpayp.a.TOiv ovti cu^eXt/xw p.6voi TLfidf;

27. Tov xaX.KOvv . . . 'AiroXXwva ts

Bp**YX'S*s : on the bronze Apollo of

Branchidae, cf . Pans. 2, 10, 5 ; 7, 5, 4;

8, 40, 3 ; 9, 10, 2, and Frazer's notes.

— 29. ScXcvKciav olK(o-as ^irl TiYpiiTi

iroTa|XM : the foundation of Seleuciaas

the seat of government of the dynasty

led to the rapid decline of Babylon.

Strabo (10, p. 738) speaks of it as

larger than Babylon, whole sections of

which lay desolate. Pliny (N. II. 0,

122) puts the population of Seleucia at

600,000. About the beginning of the

Christian era, its inhabitants were

mostly Greeks, with many Macedo-

nians and Syrians (Joseph. 18. 9, 8).

It was still a powerful city in Tacitu.s'.s

time (Ann. 0, 42).

17. Altar of Eleos— Altars of

Aidos, of Pheme, and of Horme—Gymnasium of Ptolemrj and statues

therein— Temple of Theseus and its

Paintimjs — Minos and Theseus —Various Traditions about the Endof Theseus.

1. oiK «s awavras ^irCo-TiiJia : cf. 1,

27, 3, ovK h diravTas yvwpL^a; 1, 4, 0,

ovK €5 airavTas Kex'^pVKf V 'PVI^-V '> 5, 18,

4, drjXa i$ atravras.— 2. CXcov Pwpios :

Wilamowitz (Aus Kydathen, p. "JUl,

rem. 4) conjectures that the altar of

Mercy is identical with the altar of the

Twelve Gods, not mentioned by Pau-

.sanias. This conjecture is adopted by

Miss Harri.son, pp. 141-142. The al-

tar of Mercy is frequently mentioned,

because it served as a place of refuge.

Statins (Theb. 12, 481 ff.) describes it

as standing in a grove of laurel and

olives. Adrastus, after the War of

the Seven against Thebes, is said to

have fled to Athens and taken refuge

at the altar of Mercy (A poll. 3, 7, 1).

Likewise the children of Heracles,

when per-secuted by Eurystheus, fled

to this altar (Apoll. 2, 8. 1 : Schol.

Ar. Eq. 1151). Cf. WachsnuUh. Stadt

Athen, II. 43()-440.— 3. |i6voi . . .

'AflTjvaioi : this Statement is not pre-

cisely true. Diodorus (13, 22, 7) says

the Athenians were the first to set up

an altar of Mercy ; aiul Wachsnuith,

II, 43(! cites an 'HX^i; /3a)/u6s found in

the precinct of Asclepius at Kpidanrus.

90 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh. 17, 2

'^WtJvcjv vejjLovcnv ^Adiqvaioi. tovtoi<^ Se ov ra e? <^ikav6pcD-

5 TTiav jxopov KadecrrrjKeu, aXXct Kai 0eov<; evcre^ovcriv aWcov

irXeov, KoX yap AtSov? cr^tcrt ftcoixoq icTTL Kal ^TJiJLr]<; Kai

'Opjxrj<?- SrjXd re ivapyco<;, ocrot? tt\4ov tl irepcov evcre^etag

fxeTecTTLv, laov (K^icri irapov ttj)(T)<; xRV^'^V'^- ^^ ^^ ^^ 7^ ^

fjLvacrL(p rrjq dyopa<; dire^ovTi ov ttoXv, YlToXeixaiov 8e aTTo

10 Tov KaTacTKevacraixevov Kakovfieva), XlOol t€ elaLv'Epixai 9ea<i

Cf. Wachsmuth I.e. on the (piXavOpu-

irla of the Athenians.— 5. Qtovs tv<ri-

Po€(riv aWcov irXe'ov : cf . Acts 17, 22 :

Kara iravra ws 8etcrL5aLfwv€(TT^povs y/iSs

Oeupu. —• 6. AlSovs <r<j)i(ri Pufios €<rTi

Kol #^|iTis Kal 'Opufis : Eustathius (ad

II. K, 451, p. 1279, 39) locates the

altar of Modesty on the Acropolis

Trapa rbv tt]S lloXiddos AOrjvds vewv (cf.

Hesych. s.v. Aj'SoDs /3w/x6s). Perhaps

the other two altars mentioned were

likewise located there. Cf. Wachs-

muth, II, 440. Ai'Sws is the personifi-

cation of good conduct, and is first

mentioned by Ilesiod, 0pp. 200 ; upon

the entrance of the Iron Age she flees

with Nemesis from the earth ; her

daughter is 'Zu}(l>poa-tJvri (C.I. A. II,

2339). A priestess of Modesty had a

seat in the theatre (C.I. A. Ill, 307).

With ^-qfiT] cf. "Oaaa At6s dyyeXos II. B,

94; Od.w, 413. Aeschines (1, 128) men-

tions the altar of Rumor and says, Tyn^y

^^/XT] drj/Moa-ia dvofiev oJj 6e<^ (2, 145). Cf.

Schol. Aeschin. 1, 128, where it is said

that the altar of Rumor was erected

shortly after the battle of the Euryme-don because the rumor of that great

victory readied Athens the same day.

8. (V h( tS -yv[xva<r((p ktX. : Pausanias

again leaves the Agora and describes

two buildings "not far from it" andnear each other. The first is the gymna-

sium of Ptolemy, the second the sanctu-

ary of Theseus. The gymnasium was

doubtless, like similar structures else-

wliere, a spacious edifice with vari-

ous apartments, colonnades, and open

courts for recreation and exercise. The

founder was probably Ptolemy Phila-

delphus. The Ephebi here attended lec-

tures on philosophy (C.I. A. II, 479, 1.

19). Cicero and his friends here listened

to the philosopher Antiochus (De fin. 5,

1,1). Thesiteof this building was doubt-

less to the east or north of the Agora,

judging from the lie of the ground and

the buildings later mentioned. Miss

Harrison locates it to the northeast be-

tween the existing Colonnades of Atta-

ins and Hadrian (Athens, p. 145 f.).

—

10. '£p)jiai . . . cIkwv riToXsiiaCou x**^"

Kfj . . . 'lo^as . . . Xpvo-nriros ktX. :

Pausanias mentions within the gymna-

sium stone Hermae, a bronze statue of

Ptolemy, a statue of Juba the Libyan,

and a statue of Chrysippus of Soli.

Pausanias does not say which Juba

was meant, but itwas doubtlessJuba II,

who was patronized by Augustus and

was the author of historical treatises.

Cicero (De fin. 1, 11, 39) and Diogenes

Laertius (7, 7, 182) mention a statue of

Chrysippus in the market-place of

Athens. There is nothing to show this

was the one seen by Pausanias. —

SANCTUARY OF THESEUS 91

Ch. 17, 3

a^LOL Kol eiKOiv UTokefxaiov ^aXKrj kol 6 re AtySu? 'loySa?

ivravOa Kccrat Kai XpvcTLTnro^ 6 SoXeug.

TIpo<; 8e Tw yvyivaai(o %y)<j€o}<; idTLv lepou • ypacfial Se

elcL 7r/30<? A/xa^oi^a?^

AOtjvoIol p^a^opievoi TreTroii^rat 8e

16 <T(j)Lcnv 6 TToXe/xo? ovto<; Kai Trj Adiqva eVl r^ acTTTtSt Kat

Tou OXvpTTLOV Ato? CTTt Tw ^dOpco. yiypaiTTai Se eV roi rov

Brycreiw? te/3w /cat 17 Kei^ravpoju Koi AaTTidwu po-X^ ' ^^^trcv?

pkv ovv dTTeKTov(ii^ icTTLV yjSr] Keuravpop, rot? 8e aXXot? e^

Laov KaSecTTiqKev ert t^ pd^-q. rov Se rpiTov t^v Toi^tov rj 3

20 ypa(f)r] prj TTvdopeuoi'; a. Xeyovcnu ov (Ta<j)'q<i icTLP, rd pev

13. 0i]<rc<i>s ia-rXv Upov : tliis sanctuary

is said to have been expressly con-

structed to hold the bones of Tlieseus

when they were brought (400 it.c.)

from Scyros to Athens by Cinion after

tlie Persian War (cf . Pint. Thes. 3(5

;

Time. 1, 98; Diod. 4, G2 ; 11, 60). It

was surrounded by an extensive pre-

cinct {rifuvos TTJi Orjcrews, C.I. A. II,

446, 1. 13) which served as asylum

for the fugitive (Ar. Eq. 1311 ; Diod.

4, 62 ; Plut. Thes. 36), sometimes also

as a place of assembly (Thuc. 6, 61,

Arist. Kesp. Ath. 15). Certain elec-

tions to office by lot regularly took

place here (Aesch. 3, 130 and .schol.,

Arist. Re.sp. Ath. 62). With regard

to the site Plutarch (Thes. 36) says :

KeiTaL fxiv iv fiiari rrj ir6\ei wapa t6

pvu yvfjipdffiov— doubtless the gymna-

sium of Ptolemy. The site was somc-

wliere between the Colonnade of At-

tains and the northwest slope of the

Acropolis. See Excursus IV on the

identity of the so-called Tlie.seum with

this sanctuary. ^ypa<))al St tlo-i kt\.:

it appears that the painter of the three

pictures, namely (a) the fight of the

Athenians and Amazons, {b) the fight

of Centaurs and Lapiths, and (c) the

story of The.seus and Amphitrite, was

Micon,though llarpocration andSuidas

(s.v. UoXvyvwTo^) give Polygnotus the

credit for them. It is probable that

Polygnotus's overshadowing reputa-

tion caused the works of Micon later

to be ascribed to himself. The subject

of the first painting, the Battle of the

Amazons, was also that of one of the

paintings in the Painted Colonnade

(c. 15, note) and was represented on

the shield of Athena Parthenos (5, 24, 7)

and on the pedestal of the statue of

Zeus at Olympia (cf. 5, 11, 7).— 17. t|

Kcvravpuv Kal AairiGwv fidxi] : ns Pau-

sanias states later that the third paint-

ing was on the third wall of the temple,

this was probably on the second or rear

wall of the temple, not on the same wall

with the fir.st painting.

19. T| -ypa<t>T) . . . M£v<Ds . . . &i\a-ia

. . . 'A(i<}>iTp£TT]s ^TX. : this Story is told

by Ilyginus (Astron. 2, 5) and is the

theme of the Sixteentli (Seventeentii)

Ode of Bacchylides. It is also dei)icted

on four well-known ancient va.ses that

have come down to us: (1) a vase found

at Caere, now in the Louvre, ascribed to

92 THE ATTICA OF PAUSAXIASCh. 17, 4

TTOV SiOL Tov ^povov, TOL Sc Mlkcov ov tov TTOiVTa eypaxjje X6-

yov. MiV(i)9 rjuLKa ^rjcrea Kat tov aWov aroXov rcou TraiScov

rjyev e? Kpyrrju, ipa(T$ei<; Wepi^oia^;, oj? ol %'Y]crev<; ^ctXtcrra

yjvavTLOvTo, Kai aXA.a vtto 6pyrj<; aireppiA^fev e? avTou Kai

25 TToloa ovK ecfyr] Ilocretoaii^o? elvai, eirel ov Swacrdat rrjv

(TcfypaylSa, tjv avTO<; cf)ep(DV eTv^ev, a^evTi e? Bakaaaav ava-

crcxicrai ol. Mt^'w? fxev Xeyerau ravra enroiv a^elvat rrju

(7(f)paylSa- ^rjaea 8e crcfypaylSd re eKeiv^v e^ovTa koX (ni-

(jyavov '^pvcrovp, 'AjXfjiLTpLTr)'; Swpov, avekdelv Xeyovcruv eK

30 T179 OaXdcra-rjq. e? he ttjv TeXevTrjv rrjV Bt^ctcw? ttoXXgl rjSrj 4

KOL ov^ ofxoXoyovvTa elpr]Tai • SeSecrdai re yap avTov Xeyov-

(Tiv e? Tohe e<ji<i v(f)' 'llpaKXeov<; dva^Oeiy]^ TnOavoWaTa Se oip

TjKovcra • %r)aev<; e? SecnrpcoTovf; ifx^aXcov, tov ^acnXeo)<;

TO)v %ecnrpoiTO)v yvvaiKa dpirdacov, to ttoXv Trjq cTTpaTLaq

35 ovTOj? aTToXXvai, /cat avro? re Kac IleLpidov;— Iletpi^ov?

yap Kal tov ydjxov CTTevScov iarpdrevev— yjXcocrav, /cat cr(f)d<;

6 SecnrpcoTO'^ Sr^cra? et^ei' ft' Kt^vysw. yrj<; 8e Trj<; %e<jrrpcx)r 5

rtSo? eirrt piev ttov /cat dXXa 6ea<; a^ta, lepov re Ato? ev

Euphronius; (2) a vase found at Gir- 30. €s ii ttiv t€X€\)tt]v ttjv ©tiert'ws

:

genti, now in the National Library at the legend of Theseus's descent into

Paris; (3) a vase in the Civic Museum Hades with his friend Pirithous and

at Bologna ; and (4) a red figured vase his rescue by Heracles is told by Died,

found atTruvo (M. d. arch. Inst., Rom. 4, 03 ; Hyginus, Fab. 70 ; Mythog. Gr.,

Abth., IX (1894), 229 ff. and PI. VIII). ed. U. Wagner, I, 181 ff., etc. Cf. Pans.

These are described and discussed by 59, 31, 5; 10, 29, 9.

Frazer, II, 159-lGO. They were doubt- 38. Updv t« Aios iv Ao)BS)vt\: on

less derived from the painting of Mi- the excavations on the site of ancient

con.— 25. Iirel ov Stivao-Oai TTiv o-<j>pa- Dodona, see Carapanos, Dodone et

Yt8a: a sentence introduced by iirei in ses ruines, 1878. The ruins lie seven

oratio obliqua often has its verb in the miles to the southwest of Janina in

infinitive. Cf. 1, 22, G; 5, 26, 1; 7, 23, Epirus. The rustling of the leaves of

8; 10, 7, 3. The same construction the sacred oak was regarded as the

occurs with w's and relatives in oralio voice of Zeus, and these mysterious

obliqua, as e.g. 3, 4, 4 ; 8, 53, 2 ; 9, 33, sounds were interpreted by priestesses.

4; 10, 4, 4; 10, 4,0. This construction Cf. Hom. Od. ^, 327, t, 219; Aesch.

is frequent in Hdt., Thuc, and Plato. Prom. 851 ; Stepli. Pyz. and 8uid. s.v.

SA^X'TL•ARY OF TIIKSEUS 93

Ch. 17, 6

Ao)h(ovrf KOL iepa tov Oeov <f>r}y6<;• irpo^ 8e rfj Kt^vpw Xifipr)

40 re ecTTiv ^A^epovaia KaXovjxemr] /cat iroTafxhs ^A^epcov, pel Se

/cat KojKVTos vOojp aTepirecrraTov. ^Ojxr]p6<; re fxoi 8o/cet ravra

€Q}paK(x)<; 6? re ttju akkrjv TToirjcriv aTTOToXixrjaaL tcov eV 'At-

hov /cat hr) Kol to, ovofxaTa rots TTora/xot? diro TOiv iv Bec-

7r/3Ce>TtSt OecrdaL. rore Se i^ofxdvov BT/crew? a'T/9aTevova't^'

45 €9 *A(^tSi'a^' ot Tut'Sapfw TratSe? /cat Tifi^ re *A<^t8t'ai^ ai/aovcrt

/cat Mevecrdea inl ^acnXeta KaTTJyayop • Meveadev^ Se Tcjv

/xei/ TTaihoiv to)v ©i^o'ews Trap' 'EXe(f)y]i/opa vire^ekdouTuiv e?

Ev/Sotav et^ei' ovSeVa Xdyoi^, Srjcrea 8e, et ttotc napa Oecr-

irpoiTOiv avaKoynaOrjaeTai, SvcravTaytovLcrTov rjyovfxei'O^ 8ta

50 depaireia^ ra tov Sijixov KadtcrTaTO, w? ©i^crea avaawBevTa

varepou aTrojcrOrjpaL. crreXXeTat 817 B-r^crevg irapa AevKokC-

(i)va e? Kpi]T'r]p, i^eve^OevTo. 8e avrov vtto irpevfJidTcov e? S/cv-

pot' 7171^ vTjcrov XafXTrpax; TrepieiTTOv ol '^Kvpioi Kara yeVov?

8d^ai/ Kat d^Lcjfia o)v rjv avrog etyoyacr/xeVo? • /cat ot ddvaTov

55 AvKoixrjSr)<; 8ta ravra i^ovXevcrev.

'O [xeu hr) f>r](T€0)^ cn^/co? 'A6rivaLOL<; lyivero vcrrepovq Mi78ot

MapadcovL ecr^ou, Kt/utwi/o? rou MtXrta8ov '^Kvpiov^; Troiijcrau-

TO<; dvacrrdTov;— ^lktjv 817 row Brycreiw? Savdrov— /cat ra otrra

AwStivr], — 30. X{|i.vi] . . . 'AxtpovaCo (r77K6i is used by Pausanias ; also tlie

kt\. : on the identification of these construction of a-rjubs 'AOrjvaiois i-^iveTo

mythological sites, see Frazer's note, is unusual. Pollux, 1, (J thus defines

II, 100-162. — 44. (TTpaTcvoviTiv €S (7t;/c6s : ol fikv yap aKpL^iarepov <Tr\Kbv tov

''A«|>i8vav 01 T«v8ap«« -iraiScs : the in- (yewv) tCjv ijpdiwv Xeyovuiy, oi Si iroi-qral

cursion of the Dioscuri into Aphidna kuI rbv rCiv dtCov. In Plut. Cinion, 8,

to rescue Helen is often mentioned. the tomb of Tiiesous on Skyros^is

Cf. 1, 41, 4; 2, 22, 6; 3, 17, 2; 18, 4, called o-tj/cos.— 58. rd oo-ra KojiCo-av-

5; and Hdt. 0, 73 ; Isoc. 10, 19; Diod. tos k% 'AO^vas: for the .'^tory of the

4, 63; Plut. Thes. 31, etc. Aphidna is bringing back of Theseus's body, see

now identified with the hill of Kotrone, Plut. Thes., 30 ; id. Cimon, 8; Pans,

six miles east of Decelea, and thirteen 3, 7 ; Diod. 4, 02. The oracle, in 470-

miles from Oropus. 475 n.c. had commanded the Atheni-

50. 'O |Ji€v hi\ ©T^o-^ws o-TjKos : this is ans to bring back the bones of Theseu.*^.

the only passage in which the term Accordingly they contjuered Scyros in

94 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh.lS, 1

18 KOjJiLoravTo^ 69 ^AdTJva<i- to he lepov rwv AioaKovpcov ecttIv l

ap^aiov, avroi re icTTcoTes kol ol TiatSe? KadrJixeuoL a(f)L(TLv

i(f)' linroiv IvravOa Tlo\vyvcoTO<^ fiep e^ovra e? avTOVs

eypaxjfe yd/xov rSiv Ovyarepoiv to)v AevKL-mrov, M lk ojp oe

5 TOV<; fxeTOi 'laaouos e's K6\)(ov<; irXevcravTa^ • Kai ol Trj<;

ypa(f)yj<; t^ cnrovhrj /aaXtcrra e? '^AKaaTov kol tovs iTnrov<5

e^et Tovq 'A/cao"rov. virep Se t(x)p AuocrKovpcop to lepov 2

'AyXavpov Tefxevo^ icTiv. 'AyXavpco 8e kol rat? dSeX^ats

470-469, under the leadership of Ci-

moii, and brought back the relics the

following year.

18. Sanctuary of the Dioscuri— Pre-

cinct ofAglaurus—Frytaneum—Sanc-

tuary of Serapis; of Ilithyia— Statues

and Sanctuaries in the Peribolus of the

Temple of Olympian Zeus— Isocrates

— Temple of Olympian Zeus— Build-

ings of Hadrian in Athens.

1. TO 8€ icpov Twv Aioo-Kovpcdv : the

sanctuary of the Dioscuri was also

called 'AvdK€iov. Cf. Thuc. 8, 93;

Andoc. 1, 45 ; Dem. 45, 80. Its site

can be approximately determined, as

it was near the Aglaurus precinct

(Pans. 1, 18, 2), and this is definitely

located on the north slope of the Acrop-

olis (see below). This is confirmed

by Polyaen. 1, 21, 2, who states that

Pisistratus, wishing to disarm the

Athenians, bade them assemble in the

Anaceum, whence their weapons were

conveyed to the Aglaurus precinct.

Lucian (Pise. 42) represents the needy

philosophers clambering up into the

Acropolis on ladders planted in this

sanctuary. Its extent is indicated by

the fact that troops of infantry and of

cavalry assembled there (Thuc. 8, 98;

Andoc. 1, 45). The "AvaKes were here

worshiped under the name of Saviors

(Ael. Var. Hist. 4, 5, etc.).— 2. Kal

01 iraiScs kt\. : the sons of Castor and

Pollux were by name Anexis and Mna-sinus (Pans. 2, 22, 5) or Anogon and

Mnesileos (Apollod. 3, 11, 2). The re-

liefs on the throne of Apollo at Amy-clae (Pans. 3, 18, 3) also represented

the sons on horseback. — 3. IIoXvyvw-

Tos . . . typ'*''!'* V^-JAOV TWV 0vyciT€pa)v twv

AtvKitnrov: Ililaera (or Elaera) and

Phoebe, daughters of Leucippus, were

betrothed to Lynceus and Idas, the

sons of Aphareus. But the Dioscui'i,

who were invited to the wedding, car-

ried off the maidens from Messene,

Castor marrying Ililaera and Pollux

Phoebe. Cf. Schol. Pind. Nem. 10,

112; Apollod. 3, 10, 3; 11,2.-4. M£-

K«v : it is not known what scene from

the Argonautic expedition was selected

by Micon, but most authorities tliink

that the subject was the funeral games

celebrated by Acastus in honor of his

father Pelias. Cf. Miss Harrison, An-

cientAthens, p. 102, and Murray, Hand-

book of Gk. Arch. p. 370.

8. 'A-yXavpou T€|ji€vos : the site of the

precinct of Aglaurus is a cavern about

70 yards from the Cave of Pan on the

northwest corner of the Acropolis (cf.

1, 28, 40 n.) and about 70 yards west

of the Erechtheum. It is in the region

PRECINCT OF AGLAURUS 95

Ch. 18, 3

"Epay Kal HavSpocro) hovvaC (fyaatu *Adr)vav ^Epi^Boviov

10 KaTaOelaau e? ki^cdtov, airenrovcrav i<s Tr)v TrapaKaTaOrJKrjv

fxif TToXynpayixoveiv Udj/Bpocrov p.€v St) XeyovaL TreCdeo-OaL,

Ttt? oe Svo

—

duol^ai yap (T(f)d<s Trji> kl^ojtou— p-aiveadai re,

cJ? ei^ov TOP *EpL^06vLOv, Koi Kara Trjq aKpoTToXeoj^;, evBa rjv

paXicTTa diToropov, atra? plxpaL. Kara, tovto lirava^Oivre^

15 M^Sot KaTe(f)6pevcrav 'AdrjuaLcop xov? irXeop tl is top \py]-

crpop rj Be/Lxtcrro/cXT^? elBepac popL^opTa<; Kal tyjp oLKpoiroXip

^v\oL<; Kal (TTavpoXs dTTOTei)(LcrapTas- 7r\r]&LOP 8e UpvTapetop 3

of the Long Hocks {MaKpal sc. lUrpat),

mentioned Eur. Ion, 402 ff. A secret

staircase, some steps of wliicli remain,

led down from the Acropolis into this

cavern. It has been suggested that by

this staircase the Persians gained access

to the Acropolis (cf. Hdt. 8, 53 ; Pans.

I, 18, 2). In this sanctuary the Ephebi

took the oath of allegiance (Lye. c.

Leocr. 7G; Plut. Alcib. 15; Dem. ID,

303).—

'A-y\avpu> . . . 'EpixOoviov:

the myth has varying features with

different writers. According to Eur.

Ion, 22, Athena gives over Erichtho-

nius to the Aglaurides, daughters of

Aglaurus, wife of Cecrops ; according

to Apollod. 3, 14, G, she assigns him to

Pandrosus alone ; in Ilyg. Astron. 2,

13, to the daughters of Erechtheus.

According to Antigonus of Carystus,

Hist. Mir. 12, the obedient sister was

not Pandrosus but Ilerse. In Apol-

lod. I.e. the maidens were destroyed by

the snake which protected the child.

Erichthonius and Erechtheus were

originally identical (cf. Schol. Horn.

II. B, 547; Etyni. Magn. p. 371 s.v.

'EpexOe^s), and were doubtless appella-

tions of the .sacred serpent of Athena,

guardian of the Acropolis, who lived

in the Erechtheum and was fed with

honey cakes once a month (cf. Hdt. 8,

4 ; Plut. Them. 10 ; Ar. Lys. 758 ff. and

schol.). — 10. KaraOcio-av Is Kipwrov,

dTrenroOcrav : noteworthy is the lack of a

connective between the two participles.

If Pausanias had Soiivai (paanv or some

such expression the passage would have

been normal. Cf. Apollod. I.e. nai Kara-

deicra avrbveis kI(7T7]v llai>dp6(r(f} rfi K^Kpo-

TTos irapaKaTfOero, dvenrovcra t7)v K'i.ar7)v

avoi-yeiv. — 12. dvoi^ai YoLp : very fre-

quently in Pausani;us, as in Tluicydides,

a clause introduced by -^dp is paren-

thetically thrown in for the explanation

of a statement. So e.g. in Book 1 : 1,

2; 2,2; 12,2; 13, 1; 20,3; 21,2; 22,

5 ; 23, 10; 25, 7 ; 20, 5 ; 27, 10 ; 31. 3;

33, 7; 43, 3; 43, 7.— 14. €iravapdvT€s

MiiSoi kt\.: with this compare the ac-

count in Herodotus, 7, 141-143; 8, 51-

53, which Pausanias probably had be-

fore his eyes.

17. ir\Tj<r£ov 8« IIpvTavtWv t<rTiv :

the Prytaneum was the .sacred centre

of the life of the state, the town hall.

When Theseus established the synoi-

kismos, the Prytaneum of Athens be-

came the Prytaneum of Attica (Tluu-.

2, 15; Plut. Thes. 24). Its es.sential

96 THE ATTICA OF TAUSANIASCli.18, 4

icTTiv, iu (p vofxoi re ol ^6\(x)vo<^ eicri yeypa/x/xeVot, /cat Beoyv

Filpyjvrjs dydXixaTa /cetrat /cat Ecrrta?, at'Sptavreg 8e aXXot

20 xe Kat AvrdXv/co? 6 Tray/cpartacrr^^? ra? ya^ MtXrtctSou /cat

©e/xtcTTO/cXeov? et/cdi^a? e? 'Pw/xatdi^ re auSpa kol ©pa/ca /xere-

ypaxjjav. evTevOev lovcnv e? ra /cctrw tt^? TrdXeojg Sa/aciTrtSd? 4

feature was its hearth, where the per-

petual fire burned, spoken of repeat-

edly as "the hearth of the city," or

"the common hearth" (Pollux 1, 7;

9, 40; Arist. llesp. Ath. 6, 8, etc.).

In the Prytaneum was the statue of

the goddess Hestia, counterpart of the

Roman Vesta. Here foreign ambas-

sadors and illustrious citizens were

entertained at the public expense (Ar.

Ach. 124 ; Eq. 709 ; Dem. 7, 20, etc.).

Socrates fixed his penalty as perpetual

maintenance in the Prytaneum (Plat.

Apol. 36). As regards the site, Pau-

sanias says the Prytaneum was near

the Aglaurus precinct, and as he was

going eastward it probably lay on the

north slope of the Acropolis to the

east of the Aglaurus precinct. It was

certainly on high ground, for Pausanias

speaks (1, 18, 4) of going thence es to.

Kdrw T^s 7r6Xews. Near the Prytaneum

was the Bucoleum, in which, before

Solon's time, the magistrate called

Basileus resided (Arist. Resp. Ath. .3),

and in which the sacred marriage of the

King Archon's wife to Dionysus contin-

ued to take place at least to the fourth

century B.C. (Arist. I.e.). — 18. iv <S v6-

(jLoi T€ 01 SoXwvos kt\. : these copies of

the laws of Solon were engraved ou

quadrangular wooden tablets called az-

o?ies,wliich turned on pivots so that they

could be easily read. Copies of Solon's

laws engraved on tablets called kurbeis

stood in the Royal Colonnade (1, 3, 1).

It is a disputed question whether the

kurbeis and axones were similar. Cf.

Ilarpocr. s.y.'A^jvl; Etym. Magn. s.v.

Kvp^eis.— 20. AvToXwKOs 6 ira-yKpaTia-

cTT^s : cf. 9, 32, 8 and Frazer's note.

The statue was by the son and pupil

of Myron (Pliny N. H. 34, 79, with

Jex-Blake's note). Autolycus was win-

ner in the pancratium at the Pana-

thenaic festival in 422 h.c, and was

murdered in 404 by the Thirty Tyrants.

He is a character in Xen. Symp. 1, 1.

—rds "yap MiXridSov Kal Ociiio-tokXeovs

€lK6vas: the practice of altering the in-

scriptions on old Greek statues so as

to pass them off as the portraits of

later personages seems to have been

common under the Romans. Cf. Pans.

1,2,4; 2,9,8; 17,3; 8,9,9. DioChrys.

37, p. 304, tells of a statue of Alci-

biades inscribed with the name of

Ahenobarbus, and Plutarch (Anton.

60) of statues of Eumenes and Attains

inscribed with the name of MarkAntony.

22. €vT€v6€v lovo-iv: leaving the Pry-

taneum on the northern slope of the

Acropolis, Pausanias now proceeds

eastward as far as the stadium. It

seems likely, therefore, that the sanctu-

ary of Serapis was situated somewhere

to the northeast of the Acropolis, prob-

ably in- the neighborhood of the newMetropolitan church. Serapis was the

dead Apis, or sacred bull, honored

under the attributes of Osiris ; he was

TEMPLE OF ILITIIYIA 97

Ch. 18, 6

iaTLP lepou, ov *A0r]ualoi, irapa IlroXe/xatou deov iaiqyd-

yovTo. AlyvTTTLOL^ he lepa SapciTriSo? eTn^av4(TTaT0v fxeu

25 i<jTLu 'AXe^aphpevcTLP, ap^aioraTov 8e eV Me/xr^et- e? tovto

iaeXdelp ovre ^eVot? ecmu ovre rot? lepevcn, irplv dp top

^Attlv BoLTTTaxji. Tov 8e lepov tov Sapa7ri8o9 ov rroppco ^oyptop

i<TTLV, ip6a HeipiOovp kol BT^crea avpOe^xepov^ e? AaKeSai-

ixopa Kat varepop e? Beo'Trpwrov? cnakrjpai Xeyovai. irX-qcrLOP 5

30 8e MKohoixrjTO pao<^ EiXet^uta?, 7)1^ iXOovcrap i^ 'Tnep/BopecDP

€9 A'^Xov yepicrdai ^orjBop rat? Aiyrov? w8ra't, rou? 8e aWov?

Trap' avT(op (f)acn r^? EiXet^vta? paOeip to opofxa • /cat Ovovai

re EtXet^vta Ar^Xtot Kat vfxpop aSovaiP ^D,Xrjpo<;. KprJT€<; 8e

^wpas 7179 Ki'cocrcrias eV 'A/xi^tcrw yepeaSai pofiil^ovaLP EtXet-

35 dviap /cat TratSa Hpa? eipai- p6poL<; Se 'AdrjpaLOL<; ttj^ EtXet-

dvias Ke/cctXvTTTat to, ^oapa e? aKpov^s tov^ TroSas. to. fxep S-q

hvo elpai KprjTLKd koI <I>at8pa9 dpaOijpaTa iXeyop at yvpal-

/ce9, TO 8e dp^aioTaTOP 'Epvcrc^Oopa e/c AyjXov KOfXicrai.

Uplp he €9 TO tepot" teVat tov Ato? rov 'OXvfjLTTLov— 'A8pta- 6

40 i^o? 6 P(i)pai(op /3acnXev<; top re t'aot' dpedrjKe koI to ayaXpa

lord of the under world and was identi- 25) ; this may have been llie spot to

fied with the Greek Hades. His wor- wliicli I'ausanias refers. — 29. ir\r\<rLov

ship was a combination of Egyptian 8c wkoSojatito vaos ElXtiOwCas : the site

and Greek cnlts, and became popular i.s not definitely known, but it was

in Greece and Rome. — 27. \o>plov . . . doubtless northeast of the Acropolis, in

€v0a IIcpCOovv kt\. : the agreement was the neighborhood of the present Metro-

to carry off Helen from Sparta, to draw politan church, confirmed to some ex-

lots for her, and he to whom .she fell tent by the discovery at this point of the

should aid the other in winning a biuse of a statue dedicated to Ilithyia

wife. Cf. Plut. The.s. 31, according (CI. A. II, 1580). The goddess of

to whom the oath was taken in the childbirth had also a sanctuary in the

neighborhood of Marathon. Soph. suburbs of Agrae to the southeast of

0. C. 1590 puts the site in the grove Athens, as we learn from the inscrip-

•of the Eumenides at Colonus. There tion on one of the seats of the Theatre

was a place in Athens near the These- of Dionysus (C.I. A. Ill, 319).

um called the Horcomosium, so named 39. is to Upov Uvai toO Atos tov

because on this spot Theseus had sworn 'OXvfiirCov : on the temple of Olympian

peace with the Amazons (Plut. Thes. Zeus, see Excursus V.— 40. T6aYaXp.a

98 THE ATTICA OF PAUSAI^IAS

Cli.18, 7

64a<i d^LOP, ov fxeyedet fxeu, otl jxtj 'PoStots koI 'Pw^atot-?

elcTLv ol KoXocrcTOL, TOL XoLTTa ayaXfjLara o/xoio;? aTToXeiTrerai,

TTeTToi'qTai Se e/c re iXe(f>avTo^ kol ^(pvcrov Kal e^et Te^vrj<^ ev

irpos TO jxeyeOo^ opwaiv— ivravda elKoves 'AhpLavov Svo

45 fxep elai Sacriov \l0ov, Svo Se AlyvTTTLov ^aX/cat 8e earaat

irpo roiv Kiovoiv d? 'AOrjvaioL Kokovcriv a,7rot/cov? TroXet?. 6

jaei' St) ttci? nepC^oXos crraSicov ixdkicrTa Teacrdpoiv eVrtV,

dv^pidvTOiv Se 7T\7]pr)<; • diro yap TrdXews iKd(TTr]<5 elKcou

'ASptai^ov ySacrtXew? dvdKeLTai, koX (T<^d<i virepe^akovTO

50 'AdiqvaloL top koXoctctop dvadevTe<; oiricrde tov vaov 6ea<;

d^iov. ecrrt Se dp)(aia ev rw vepL^oXo) Zevq ^aX/cov? Kat 7

j^ao? Kpouov Kai Peag Kat refxeuos r^9 iTTLKXrjorLv 'OXvfXTTLa<;.

ivTavOa ocrov i<; tttj^vv to eSa(^09 StecrTT7/ce, Kai Xeyovcri

[xeTOL TTjv i.TTop,^piav TTjv ini AevKaXtwt'O? crvfJi/Sda'av vnop-

55 pxjyjpaL TavTr) to vScop, icr^dXXovcTL re e? avro di^a Trdi/ eros

dX(f)LTa TTvpo)v jxeXLTL fxd^avTe^. Keirat Se eVl klovos 'lo'OKpd- 8

T0V9 di^SjOtct?, OS eg fJLVTJixrjp Tpia VTreXiireTO, iimropcoTaTov

Qias a^iov : the statue was doubtless Ilissus and in part outside the peribolus.

copied from the famous Zeus of Pliidi- — Tt'nevos rfjs: this j^recinct and cult

as at Olympia, and the type is in turn of Ge Olympia are closely associated

reproduced on Athenian coins. These with the sanctuary of Zeus Olympius

represent the god sitting, nude to the near the Ilissus, and are to be distin-

waist, with a Nike in his right hand guished from the sanctuary of Ge sur-

and the sceptre in his left. See named Kourotrophos just west or

Imhoof-Blumer and Gardner, pp. 137, southwest of the Acropolis referred to

138, with pi. BB, iv. by Time. 2, 15 and Paus. 1, 22, 3. Plut.

52. vaos Kpdvow Kal 'Peas : the Ian- Thes. 27 locates a hieron of Ge in the

guage of Pausanias would imply that neighborhood of the stele of the Ama-this temple also was in the peribolus zon Antiope, which we have seen was

of the Olympieum. Yet cf. Bekk. near the Itonian gate. See on Paus. 1,

Anec. I, 275, 20, Kp6vLov ri/xevos t6 2,1. On the site of the various sanctu-

TTttjod rb vOv 'OX^jhttlov fiexpl roO firirpcfov aries of Ge, see Excursus III.

TOV iv dyopqi, where the editors, follow- 5G. 'lo-oKparovs dvSpids kt\. : ac-

ing Wachsmuth, Rh. Mus. XXIII, 17, cording toPs.-PIut. vit. x Or., p. 839b,

read for d7op$, iv'Aypqi. So the sane- this statue of bronze was set up by

tuary probably stretched up to the Aphareus, the adopted son of the

HADRIAN'S IUILI)IX(JS 99

Cli. 18, 9

fxeu OTL ol ^LoxravTi err] Bvolu Seovra eKarou ovirore KareXvOr)

IxaOrjTa^ €)(eLP, aoxfypovecTTaToi' 8e otl TroXireta? avre^o/txei/os

60 Ste/xetv€ Kttt TO, KOLua ov irokvTrpay^JiOvwv, ekevOeponaTov 8e

on 7rpo9 Ty)v dyyeXiav ttJ? iv ^aipoiveia jxd^^rjs aXyi^cra?

ireXevrrjcrev ede\ovT-q<;. Kelvrai 8e koX Xidov (i^piryiov Hepcrat

-^aXKOvv TpCrroSa dv€^ovTe<;, Oeas d^LOL /cat avrol kol 6

rpiTTOv^. Tov he 'OXv/attiov Ato? AevKaXicova olKohofjLrjcraL

65 XeyovcTL TO dp^alov lepov, arjixeLOV dTTO(f)aiuoi'Teq oj? AevKa-

Xlcou 'AOyjurjcTLv coKiqae rd^ov tov vaov tov vvv ov ttoXv

dcfyeaTTjKOTa. 'AS/atai^o? 8e KaTecTKevdcraTo p.ev /cat aXXa 9

^A0r)vai.oL<;, vaov Hpa<; /cat Ato5 HaveXXrjvLov /cat ^eot? rot?

TTaaiv lepov kolvov, tol 8e eTTi^avedTOLTa eKaTOv etcrt klov€<;

70 ^pvyiov Xidov TTeTroLrjvTaL Se /cat rat? (rroat? Kara ret avra

•ot Tot^ot. /cat OLKij/xaTa ivTavdd Icttlv 6p6(f)(x) re iTn)(pvcr(o

/cat dXa^dcTTpco XlOm, Trpog 8e dydXp,aai KeKocryi'qp.iva /cat

orator. What follows is the traditional

story of Isocrates's death, but is con-

tradicted by the apparently genuine

letter (No. 3) to King Philip, in which

Isocrates sees in the career of the

victor the fulfillment of a united Hel-

las at war against the Persians. See

L. Blau, Kh. Mus., N.F., XX (1805),

109-110; Jebb, Attic Orators, II,

31 fl. — 62. \COov 4»pv7£ov Ilcpo-ai ktX. :

Phrygian marble was a hard limestone,

known to-day under the name of Pavo-

nazzetto. See Bliiraner, Technol. Ill,

52 f. It was used in architecture in

Hellenistic times, but not in sculpture

before the Roman period. This worktherefore was probably a pre.sent of

Hadrian's. Phrygian marble " is char-

acterized by a very irregular venation

of dark-red with bluish and yellowish

tints, ramifying through a translucent

alabaster-like base, which is sometimes

almost opaline in its play of colors"

(Century Dictionary).

07. 'ASpiavos hi KaT€<rK€vdo-aTO \kkv

Kal aWa *A0T)vatois ktX. : the other

buildings of Iliulrian at Athens, from

the words of Pau.sanias, seem to be

as follosvs: (1) the Panhdlenion— in

which Hadrian and the Empress Sa-

bina were worshiped as Zeus and

Hera; cf. Dio Cass. 19, 10; (2) the

Pantheon, already referred to (1, 5,

5) as containing the cataU)gue of all

the buildings of Hadrian in Greek and

other cities; (3) the Colonnade of 100

columns— with the Library, singled

out by Jerome <ns a wonderful work

(Euseb. Chron. vol. 2, p. I<i7, ed.

Schone); (4) the Gymnasium, also

with 100 columns. The ruins known

as the stoa of Hadrian could belong

either to the gynniasium or the library,

more probably to the latter.

100 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCli. 19, 1

ypa(f)alq Karci/ceirat Se e? avra ^L^XCa. Kal yvfjivdcnov

i(TTLP eTTOivvfxov 'AhpLavov KLoves he Kal ivravda Ikojov

75 XiOoTOfxia^ Trj<^ Al/Bvcov.

19 Mera 8e tou vaov tov Ato? tov 'OXvixttlov irX'^aiov ayaX^a i

iaTLv 'ATr6XXo)vo<5 HvOiov eari 8e kol dXXo lepov 'AttoXXw-

vo^ iTrLKXr](TLV AeX(f)LViov. Xeyovcn Se cos i^eipyacrfxeuov tov

vaov ttXtjv Trj<? 6po(f)rj<; dyvw'^ en Tol<i irdcriv d^iKoiTO %rj-

5 creus e? tt^v ttoXiv ola 8e ^LT(Opa e)(OVTOS avTOv TToStjpr] Kal

TreuXeyixefiqfi e'? evTTp€7re<; ol Trj<? K6p.ri<;, w? eyivero Kara tov

TOV AeX(f)LViov vaov, ol tyjv crTeyrjv olKoSofiovvTes rjpovTO crvv

^Xeuacrict o tl Sr) irapOevos iv (opa ydjxov irXavaTai fiovr]•

©T/trev? Se aXXo jxev avrot? e'ST^Xwcre^' ovSeV, aTToXvcra? Se w?

10 Xe'yerat Trj<; dp,d^r)'; Tov<g ySov?, t] (T(f)icn iraprjye tov 6po(f)ov,

dveppLxjjev e? vxjjrjXoTepov rj rw vaM ttjv cTTeyiqv inoLovvTO.—eg Se to ^wpiov, 6 Kt^ttov? ovofxd^ovai, Kal Trj<; 'Ac^poSt- 2

T7]<i TOV vaov ovSei? Xeyo^ae^'o? crffacTLv icTTL X6yo<^ • ov fxrjv

ouSe e'? Ty]v 'A(f)poSiT'Y]v, 17 roi) vaov irXTjaiov e(TTr]Ke. TavTr]<5

15 yap (T^rjfxa fxcv TeTpdycovov Kara raurct /cat rot? Ep/xat9,

TO Se iTTLypafJLjJia (TrjixaiveL ttjv Ovpaviav 'A^/3oStri7^' rwz/

19. Temple of Apollo Delphinius — Ilissus, below the spring Callirrhoe and

Aphrodite inthe Gardens— Cynosargea to the southwest of the Olympieura.

— Lyceum— Ilissus and Eridanus — There was also a Pythiiun on the

Artemis Agrotera— Stadium of Hero- Acropolis slope. See Excursus III.

—

des Atticus. 2. lipbv 'AiroXXwvos IttCkXthtiv A€\(|>i-

1. oL^aXixa . . . 'AiroXXwvos IIvOiov: viow : the Delphinium is said to have

the image was doubtless in asanctuary been founded by Aegeus, whodedicaled

of Pythian Apollo, in this quarter. it to the Delphinian Apollo and Arte-

An altar was erected in the Pythium mis (Pollux, 8, 19). We have no inonu-

by Pisistratus, son of Ilippias (Thuc. mental evidence as to the site, but we

6, 54) ; the inscription once upon this are doubtless justified in concluding

was found in 1877, and, where intact, that itlay to theeastof theOlympieum.

exactly agrees with Thucydides' copy 12. K^irovs : the district called The

of it. The l^ythium was probably lo- Gardens is usually identified with the

cated where the inscription was discov- low ground to the east of the Olym-ered, namely, on the right bank of the pieum, on the right bank of the Ilissus.

CYNOSARGES— LYCEUM 101

Ch. 19. 3

Ka\ovfi€P(ov Motpwi^ elvaL TTpe(T^vTdTy)v. to he ayaXfia ttj^;

'A<f)pohiT7)<; Trj<s iv Kt^ttoi? epyov iarlu 'AX/ca/>teVov? /cat

T(op 'A6T]vrjaLv iv oXtyoi? Oea^ a^iov. i(TTL he 'HpaKXeov<; 3

20 lepov Kokovjxevov Kvvocrapyes ' koI to. fxev e? ttjp Kvva elhe-

vai TTju XevKTju cViXe^ajLteVot? ecrrt top -^piqaixou, /Sojjxol he

elcTLv 'Hpa/cXeou? re koI ^HjSr]^, -qv Aio? Tralha ovcrap crvvoi-

Keiv 'YipaKkei voyLit^ovaiv ^AXKjjLyjvy)^ re ^w/uo? Ka\ 'loXaou

TreTTOLrjTat, 6? to, ttoXXci 'HpaKXel crvveirovrjae tcju epyoiv.

25 KvKeiov he airo fiev Avkov tov llavhiopo^ e^et to 6vop.a,

This section is still green and luxn-

riant.— 17. to Si a^aX^a T'iis 'A<|>po8£-

Tj^s TTJs ^v K^irois Jp-yov . . . 'A\Ka|i,c-

vo\;s : Lucian (Imag. 4, 0) speaks of

the Aphrodite as the most beautiful

of all the works of Alcamenes ; he

admired particularly the cheeks and

the front of the face, the graceful turn

of the wrists, and the delicate tapering

of the fingers. Pliny (N. H. 30, 10)

also speaks of it as a famous statue,

and adds that Phidias is said to have

given the finishing touches to it. The

style of this statue is best repre.sented

in the Venus Genetrix of the Louvre,

of which the work of Alcamenes is nowgenerally supposed to be the proto-

type. It represents the goddess lightly

draped, holding an apple in her left

hand, and gracefully lifting her robe

above her shoulder with her right hand.

10. 'HpaxX^ovs Up<5v : Cynosarges,

as is known from references in ancient

authors, was situated outside the city

walls (Plut. Them. 1), not far from

the gate (Diog. Laert. 0, 1, 13), in

the deme Diomea (Schol. Ar. Ran.

051), near the deme Alopece. It wastherefore northeast of Athens in the

direction of the modern Ampelokipi,

near the site of the American and Eng-

lish schools. Cyno.'jarges included a

gynniasium as well sis a sanctuary, and

was surrounded by a grove. The use

of the gymnasium was reserved for

youths without the full rights of citi-

zenship. Themistocles, as the son of

an alien mother, used to exercise here,

but he lessened the disgrace by per-

suading some well-born youths to join

with him (Pint. Them. 1). Antisthe-

nes, the founder of the Cynic school

of philosophy, lectured here, and ac-

cording to some the sect derived its

name from Cynosarges (Diog. Laert. 0,

1, 13).— 25. AvKciov: the sanctuary

of Apollo called Lyceum took its namefrom tlie epithet Ai/Kftos ap])lied to the

god (Lucian, Anacharsis, 7) not from

an imaginary Lycus, as Pausanias

would have it. Wolves were dear to

Apollo and appear frequently in the

myths told of him. Here was the mo.st

famous gymnasium at Athens; the date

of the foundation is disputed. Here

Aristotle discussed with his disciples

his philo.sophy. pacing the shady

walks of the Lyceum, and from this

habit liis followers were called the

Peripatetics. The site is known to

102 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh. 19, 4

'AttoXXwz^o? Se Upov i^ dp)(rj^ re evdvq /cat Ka0 r)iJLa<; ivofxC-

^ero, Av/cetd? re 6 ^eog evTavda (opofjidcrdr] irpcorov Xeyerac

Se ort Kol TepfiiXai'?, e? ov9 rj\6ev 6 Avko^ (fievycov Atyea,

/cat TovTOL<; atrtdg e'crrt Av/ctou? aTr' avTov KokeZdOai. ecrrt oe 4

30 oTTicrdev rov Avkelov ^icrov fjivrjfjia, op dirodavovTa vtto MtVa»

/SacrtXevovra Meyapojv Kop,icravTe^ *A0r]ualoL ravTTj ddiTrov-

<JLV. e? Tovroi^ roi^ Ntcro^' ej^et Xdyo? r/3t^a<? ep* r^ KecjtaXfj

OL TTopcfivpds eluai, ^prjvaL Se avTou TeKevrdv eVt raurat?

(ZTro/capetcrat? • &>«? 8e ot ¥iprJTe<; rjXOov eg 717^' y^^*, Tct? /xei^

35 aXXag e'^ i-mSpofjirj^ rjpovv ra? eV r^ MeyaptSt TrdXetg, e? oe

TTjv Ntcratat' KaTa^evyovTa rov Nto'o^' inoXLopKovv • IvravOa

Tov Nicrov Xeyerat dvyarepa ipaaOrjvai MtVw Kat 0*9 ciTre-

Keupe ra? rpt^a? toG Trarpd?.

Tavra /xei^ ourco yevecrdai Xeyovac TroTafxol Se ^A6y)vaioi<i 5

40 peovcTiv 'iXtcrd? re Kat 'H^tSai^w rw KeXrt/cw /caret ret avra

ovofjia ^)(a)v, e'/cStSov? e'g roi^ 'iXtcrdi'. 6 Se 'iXtcrd? Icttiv ov-

TO<; evda TraC^ovcrap ^flpeuOvLap vtto dpefJLOv Bope'ou (fiacnp

dpTTaaOrjpaL Kat crvi^otKeti^ ^UpeiOvCa Bopeav Kat cr(f)L(jL Sta

TO KrjSo^ dfjivpapTa roip rpiiqpoiP tcop f^apf^apiKOip dnoXeaai

45 rag ttoXXci?. ideXovcn Se ^AOrjPoloi Kat aXXojv ^ewv lepop

eipai TOP iXtcrdi^, Kat Movcroi^' /Bcofioq err avTO) icTTiP iXtcrta-

Sojv • SetKi^vrat Se Kat €P0a lleXoTTOPPTJcnoL KoSpop top Me-

XdpBov ^acnXevopTa 'Adyjpaioyp KTeCpovcn. StaySacrt Se top 6

have been east of Athens, and outside drus (Plat. Phaedrus, 230 n, c). The

the walls, but the exact locality has Ei'idaiius is identified by Dr. Dorp-

notbeen determined. feld (A.M. XIII (1888), 211 ff.; XIV39. iroTaixoC: the Ilissus rises in Mt. (1889), 414) as a stream formed by

Hymettus to the east of Athens, flows one or more springs at the foot of Mt.

on the southern side of the city, and, Lycabettus, which flowed tlirough the

after passing between the Museum hill city north of the Acropolis westwardly,

and arocky height rising on its southern passed through tlie city wall alittlesouth

bank, disappears in the plain. There of the Dipyluni, and, bending round the

are now no plane-trees on its banks, as northwest spur of the Pnyx, joined the

when Socrates discoursed with Phae- Ilissus (cf. Plato, Critias, p. 112 a).

TEMPLP: of ARTEMIS AGROTERA 103

Ch. 20, 1

'Wlctov ^(opiov Xypai KakovfJievov /cat uao<; 'AypOTepa<; iarlu

50 'Apre/xtSo? • iuravOa Apreynv irpcjTou Orfpevcrai Xeyovaiv

iXdovcrav e/c AijXov, kol to aya\p,a Sto, tovto e^et to^ov. to

Se aKOvcraai fxep ov)( 6/xotaJ9 inayajyov, Oavfia 8' t8ouo"t,

crraSto^' ecrrt XevKov Xidov. p.eye6o<; 8e avTov TrjSe av rt?

jxaXLCTTa TeKfjiaipoLTo • aucoOeu 6po<i vircp top 'iXtcroi' oip^o-

55 fxevop e'/c ixr]poeLBov<; KaOrJKei tov TTOTafiov vr/ao? ti^i' o^drjv

evdv re /cat 8t7rXovi^. roOro dpr^p 'A^i^vato? 'HpwSr^? w/co8o-

p-rjae, /cat ot to ttoXu tiJ? Xt^oro/xta? ri^? Ilei'TeXTjcrtv e? t']7v

oiKoSoixTjp dprjXcoOrj.

20 ^Ecrrt 8e 6809 0,770 rov UpirrapeCov KaXovp-epr) TpLiro^e^- 1

d^' &v KoXovcn TO ^(lipiop, paoi oaop e<? tovto fieyaXoL . . . Kai

49. xwplov "A-ypai: the district Agrae

was situated 011 tiie left bank of the

Ilissus, and was known indifferently as

Agrae or Agra. Every year on the

anniversary of the battle of Marathon

five hundred goats were here sacrificed

to Artemis A grotera. Tlie Lesser Mys-

teries of Denieter.were performed at

Agrae in Anthesterion. The site of

the shrine of Artemis Agrotera has

not been determined, nor has that

of the shrine of Demeter in Agrae. —53. (rrdSiov : tlie stadium is situated

on the left bank of the Ilissus, about

six hundred yards east of the Olym-

pieum, in a valley between two paral-

lel slopes, running from southeast to

northwest; at the eastern extremity

it is closed by a semicircular artificial

embankment. The stadium was first

built by Lycurgus, shortly before 330

B.C. ; in the third century b.c. it was re-

paired or improved by a certain Ileracli-

tus ; in the second century a. «. Ilerodes

Atticus fitted up the entire stadium

with marble. The total length was

two hundred and four meters, and

breadth thirty-three and thirty-six

hundredths meters. A marble parapet

ran round the outer edge of the race-

course. Tliere seem to have been sixty

tiers of seats, with room for 50,000

persons.

20. Street of Tripods — Praxiteles

and Phryne— Temple of Dionysus—Capture of Athens by Sulla.

1. "EoTi 8« 686s : the line of this

street to the east of the Acropolis is

determined by the surviving choregic

monument of Lysicrates, one of the

temples described by Tau.sanias as lin-

ing the street. 'J'his monument stands

on level ground, one hundred and thirty

to one hundred and forty yards from

the eastern cliff of the Acropolis. As

the inscription faces southeast, the

street must have run on this side. It

is a small circular temple of tlie Corin-

thian order, resting on a (juadrangular

base thirteen feet high. The circular

l)art of the monument is twenty-one

and a half feet high by nine feet in

104 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh.20, 2

cr(f)i(nv i(f)e(TTrjKa(rL xptTToSe? )(a\Kol jxeu, jjLVTJjxrjq 8e a^ta

fjidXLcrTCL irepie^ovTeq elpyaajxeva. crarupo? yap eaTiv i(f) (o

5 Upa^LTeXrfv Xeyerat <fipovrjad.L p.4ya- Kai ttote ^pvuiq^

aLTOvcrrj^; 6 tl ol KoXkicTTOv evr) t(ov epycou, 6p.okoyeiv fxev

(f>acnv Ota ipacTTr)v StSdi^at, KaTenrelv 8' ovk ideXeiv 6 tl

KaX\i(TTOv avTco ol cfyatvoLTO. Icrhpa^JiOiv ovv oiKeTy]^ ^pvvr]^

eifyacTKev OL^ecrOai Upa^iTeXet to ttoXv roiv epyoiv 7Tvpo<;

10 icnrecr6i'TO<; e? to OLKT^/xa, ov fxev ovv vdvTa ye dcfyaifLadrj-

vaL • Ilpa^LTeXr)<; 8e avTLKa Wet 8ta Ovpcov e^co Kai ol Kap-opTL 2

ovSeu €(f)ao'Kev elvai irXeov, el Sr) Kai tov SaTvpov r) <j)Xo^

Kai TOV "KpcoTa erreXa^e- ^pvvq 8e fxevecv dappovvTa eKC-

Xeve • TTaOelv yap dviapov ovSev, Te^vji 8e dXovTa ofxoXoyelv

15 TO. KaXXicTTa div eTToir^cre. ^pvvrj fxev ovto) tov Epwra alpel-

Tai • A.LOvv(T(x) 8e iv rw vaco rw irX-qcruov ^dTvp6<^ eVrt Trat?

KoX hihdicriv eKTrcofxa • "FjpcoTa 8' ecTTrjKOTa ojxov koI Al6vv(Tov

Sp{xlXo<? eiroviqcrev.

diameter, and is of Pentelic marble.

Six Corinthian columns support the en-

tablature, consisting of the architrave,

a frieze ten inches high depicting the

punishment of the pirates by Diony-

sus, and the circular roof surmounted

by the base on which the tripod stood.

— 3. |Av/j(xiis St a|itt |j.dXi,(rTa irspicx.ov-

T€s €lp7a<r|i«vo : the statue was placed

on toi) of the monument, underneath

the tripod, so that the three legs of

the latter enclosed it and the caldron

served as a roof. Cf. Paus. 3, 18,

8; 4, 14, 2.— 4. o-drvpos : Athenaeus,

13, p. 591 R, tells how Praxiteles gave

Phryne her choice of the statue of

Eros or the statue of the Satyr in the

street of Tripods, and tiiat she chose

the Eros ; but he does not tell of the

ruse. Pliny, N. H. 34, fi9, mentions a

bronze statue of a satyr known as

periboetos or "celebrated," but it was

part of a group. Possibly a replica of

this is seen in the Marble Faun of the

Capitoline Museum in Rome, madefanv)us by Hawthorne, one of a series

of copies of an antique work thoroughly

Praxitelean in style. The finest copy is

a torso in the Louvre, which the late

H. Hrunn sought to identify as an

original work of Praxiteles.

IG. Aiovvo-u : some archaeologists

have held that this is the same satyr

mentioned above, but this is not con-

sonant with the phrase iv ti^ vaQ rep

jr\i)(Tlop. There is nothing to show that

this satyr, which formed part of a group,

was by Praxiteles. Furtwangler is in-

clined to identify a wine-pouring satyr

extant with this statue described by

Pausanias as offering a drink, to attrib-

ute the original to Praxiteles, and to

SANCTUARY OF DIONYSUS— THEATRE 105

Ch. 20, 3

Tou Alovvctov 0€ Ian 'rrpo<; tw Oedrpo) to dp^aioraTov

20 lepov • hvo he elatv eVro? tov Trepifiokov vaol koI Alovvcol,

6 T€ 'EXevOepevf; /cat 6v AX/ca/xeVry 9 iTroi-qcrev iXe(f)aPTO<; kol

^pvaov. ypa(f)al oe avToBi Atofucro? ianv dvdyoiv '']\<^aLL-

(TTOv e? ovpavov Xeyerat Oe /cat raSe vtto 'EXXt^Voji/, cJ? Hpa

pCxjjaL yev6p,evov W^aicTTOv, 6 o4 ot jxvrfO'LKaKCJv Trefx^ai

25 Scjpov ^pvcrovv dpovov d(^aveZ<; Scct/aov? e^ovTo., /cat ri^i'

yxep* eVet re iKade^ero SeSecrdai, Beoiv Se roii/ ynei^ aXXwi^

ouSei't TOV H(f)aL(rTov eOeKeiv Treideadai, Aidwcro? 8e—p,d\i(TTa ydp €<; tovtov TTidTd rjv Hc^atcrro)— /xe^ucra? au-

TOJ' 69 ovpavov riyay€' ravTct re S17 yeypafi/xeva etcrt /cat

30 Ilei'^eu? Kat Av/covpyo? oli^ e'? Atot'va'OP' v^ptcrav StSoi^re?

make it a group with Tliymilus's Eros

and Dionysus.

19. Tow Aiovvcrov 8^ to-n irpos tS

Btarpif TO dpxaioTOTOv Upov : oil tiie

identification of the most ancient sanc-

tuary of Dionysus, see Excursus III.

It is necessary to identify or distinguish

(1) this precinct beside the theatre,

(2) the sanctuary of Dionysus iv Xifjivai^,

and (3) the Lenaeum. On the theatre

of Dionysus, see Excursus VI.— 20. 8vo

8^ €l<rtv . . . voot: immediately soutli

of the stage-buildings of the theatre

are the remains of two small temples,

doubtless those mentioned here. The

older abuts on the south wall of the

stage-building at its western end, and

its orientation is east and west. In this

temple was probably the image of Eleu-

therian Dionysus, doubtless the ancient

wooden one said to have been brought

to Athens from Eleuthcrae (1, 38, 8) by

Pegasus (1,2, 5). A few feet south of

this temple are the remains of the later

temple, larger in size, and with some-

what different orientation, consisting

of a cella with a fore-temple and an

antechamber. In the cella are the re-

mains of a large base, which probably

supported the gold-and-ivory image

of Diony.sus by Alcamenes. The date

of this temple was probably not earlier

tlian 420 n.c. The statue is inferred to

have been a seated figure of colossal

size. — 20. ^s oipavov TJ'ya'Yc : the re-

turn to heaven of Hephaestus is de-

picted on many red-figured Attic vases,

and the manner of representing it was

probably influenced by the picture in

tlie temple here described. See Bau-

meister's Denkmiiler, pp. 04;>-()4u; Ko-

scher's Lexikon, I, 2()^A-'20'>C>. Homergives two different versions of the fall

of Hephaestus from heaven, one that

he was flung over the ramparts by Zeus

for interference in a family quarrel

with Hera (II. A, 590 ft".), the other

that Hera at his birth, in disgu.st at

his lameness, cast him from heaven

into the sea. where Thetis and Eury-

nome received him (II. 2, 394 ff.).

—

30. IIcvOcvs Kal AvKoOp-yos: the nmrder

lOG THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh. 20, 4

8tK"a9, ^ApidSfr) Be KaOevoovcra /cat BT/creu? dvay6fjievo<i Koi

AL6vvcro<; rJKcop e? r^? 'AptaSvi^? ttjv dpTrayijv.

EcTTL Se TT\r](jiov rov re te/aoO rov Atot'vcrov /cat rov Oedrpov 4

/caracr/cevacTjU-a, iToiy]drjvaL Se T179 crKr]vrj<; avro e? /xt/xr^crti/

35 TT^s aep^ov Xeyerat • iTroLijdr] be kol Sevrepov, to yap dp^aiov

crTpaTr]yo<; 'Fcofjiaicop iveTrpiqcre SvX.Xa9 'A^i^Va? eXwi^. atrta

Se i^8e rov TTokep.ov. Mt^ptSari7? e/3acrLXeve fiap^dpcjv rwv

TTepl TOP UovTOv Tov Ev^cti^ov. 7rpO(^acrt9 jote^* St^ 8t' r'jVTiva

'P&jjU,atot9 eTToXefXTjcre /cat oV Tponov e? ri^i^ 'Acrtai^ Sie^r] kol

40 ocra? 17 TToXifxu) /Siaadjxeuo^ TidXet? ecr^ev r) (^tXa? eiroirj-

craTo, raSe jLtet* rot<? enLCTTacrdai to. MidpiSdTov deXovcn

jxeXeTO)- iyd) 8e ocroi^ e? ri^i^ dXwcnv Trfv 'AdrjvaLcov e^et

St^Xwctoj. ^^' \\pLcrTi(i)v 'A9y]vaio<;, <5 Mt^ptSari7? Trpea^eveiv 5

e? ret? TToXet? ra? 'EXXr^i^tSa? i^prJTo • ovto^ dveTreiaev 'AOyj-

45 i^atov9 Mt^ptSarT^i' Bea-Bai 'FajfjiaLcov eTTLTrpoo'dev. dveTreicre

of Pentheus by the Maenads for his in- the nature of the subjects Ilelbig thinks

solence to Dionysus is the theme of tlie tliese paintings could not date earlier

Bacchae of Euripides. It is frequent- than the time of Zeuxis and Parrhasius,

ly represented on vase-paintings and nor later than towards the end of the

sculptured reliefs. Various stories are fourth century k.c. (Untersuchungen

told as to the punishment of Lycurgus, liber die campanische Wandmalerei,

king oi the Edonians in Thrace. IIo- p. 257).

mer (II. Z, 130) says he was blinded by 34. Karao-Kcvao-iJia : this was the

Zeus and died soon after ; according to Odeum of Pericles, said to have been

others Dionysus himself blinded and built in imitation of the tent of Xerxes

crucified him (Diod. 3, (i5), or exposed (Plut. Pericles, 13). It was a round

him to panthers (Hyg. Fab. 132)

;

building with a conical roof. The

Sophocles (Autig. 955) has him im- comic poet Cratinus compared the high

mured by the offended god in a rocky peak-shaped head of Pericles to the

prison.— 31. 'ApidSvri 8« KaOcvSovo-a: Odeum. It was built by Pericles to

this incident is the subject of other be the scene of the musical contests

paintings described in ancient writers, at the Panathenaic festival (Plut. I.e.).

and figures largely in vase-paintings. Here too, the tragedies which were to

Thus Philostratus, Imag. 14 (15), de- be exhibited' at the Great Dionysiac

scribes a similar picture in more de- festival were reheai'sed. The situation

tail. It also forms the subject of one was doubtless immediately east of the

of the Pompeian wall-paintings. From theatre.

SILLA AT ATHENS 107

CIi. 20, 7

8e ov 7rdpTa<;, aXX' oaov Srjfxo<; rjv Koi StJjjlov to rapa^wSeg •

Kdy)vcuoi ok o)v ri? \6yo<; irapa tovs 'Pw/xatou? iKiriiTTOv-

(TLV idekovrai. yevoixevrjq 8e ixd^rj^ ttoXXo) nepLrjcrap ol

Pw/xatot, Kttt (f>ev'yovTa<^ ApidTicova fxeu /cat *A6rjvaL0v<; eg

50 TO dcTTV KaTahiOJKOvcnv, ^Ap-^eXaov 8e kol tov^ ^ap^dpov;

e? Toi^ HeLpaid • Midpi^dTOv Se (XTpaTrjyo^ koL ovto<; rjv, ov

TTpoTepov TOTjTOiv ^ayvTjTe^ ol tov XlttvXov olkovvt€<; (T<^d<^

iTreKhpafjLovTa avTov re TiTpoiaKovai koI twv ^ap^dpcjv

(f)OV€vovcn TOV9 TToXXov?. ^XBrjvatoi^ fxev 8rj TroXiopKLa (>

55 KaOeiaTTJKein TaftXo? 8e MidpSdTOv (TTpaTrjyo^ eTvy^ave

fxev TTepLKadyjixevo^ 'EXctretai/ Tr)v iv Trj ^ojKtSt, d(f)LKoixevcov

8e dyyeXcov avacmfcra? toi^ cTTpaTov e? T^7^' 'Atti/ct)!/ i^yti^.

d TTVv6av6iJievo<? 6 (JTpaTr)yo<; twv 'Vo)jxaio)v 'A^r^i^a? //.ei^ toG

(TTpaTov fxepet iroXiopKeiv d(f)'fJKev, avro? Se TaftXoj to ttoXv

GO ri7<? hvvdixeo)<; e^cjv eg Boiwroug diravTa. TpiTr) 8e vaTepov

rjixepa rotg 'Pw/xaiotg rjXdov eV a/x^drepa to. crrpardTreSa

ayyeXoi, SvXXct /xei^ cog 'A^Tyvatotg etr; to Tet^og eaXoi/cdg, TOtg

Se \\.dy]va<i TroXLopKfjaaai Ta^cXov KCKpaTrjcrOaL p-d^r^ irepX

l^aip(ov€Lav. SvXXag Se ojg e'g T17^' ^Attlktjv iTravrjXOe, Toix;

65 ivavTL(t)0€VTa<; 'AdiqvaLcov KaOeip^a^ e'g toi^ KepapeiKov tov

Xa^ovTa cr(f)(i)v e'/c Se/caSog eKdaTrj^; eKeXevcrev dyeadai ttjv

eVt OavdTO). 1,vXXov Se ov/c dvtevTO^ e'g ^A6rjvaiov<; tov Ovpov 7

Xa^di^Teg iKBiSpdcrKovcnv dvSpe<; e'g AeX^oug • ipop€voL<; Se'

a(f>L(rLv el KaTaXap^dvot to ^peo)v TJSr] kol Tag \\.dyjva<; ipr}-

70 po)6rjvar''y TOVTOtg e)(pr]crev rj Dv^ta to, e'g toi^ dcTKOv e)(ovTa.

SvXXa Se vcTTepov tovtojv ivenecrev rj v6cro<;fj

kol tov %vpLov

^epeKvSrjv dXiovai nvvOdvopai. ^vXXa Se ecTTt pev Kai to. e'g

Tojl'g TToXXovg ^AOrjvaLojv dypLcoTepa rj wg dvSpa ei^og r}i^ ipyd-

(xacrOaL 'Vcopalov • dXXa ydp ov TavTa 817 aiTLav yevdcrOai ol

75 SoKci) Trjg avp(f)opd<;, 'Ikectlov Se prjvtpa, otl KaTaff)vy6vTa e'g

TO T>Jg ^A0r)vd<; lepov direKTeLvev d-nocnTaaa^ ApiaTicova.

108 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

Ch.21, 1

'A$yji>aL fxev ovto)^ vtto tov TToXcfjiov KaKojOelcrat tov 'Pco-

21 iiaicov au^t? ^A.hpiavov ^acrikevovTo<^ -qvOrjcrav elcrl 8e 'AOrj- l

vaioi^ ecKove^ ev rw OeaTpco Koi x/oaywSta? koX Kcu/xwSta?

TT0iy)T0iv, at TToWai TOiv OLcfiaueaTepcop • otl fxrj yap Meuau-

Spo9, ovSei? ^v 7T0Lr]Trj<; /cw/xwSta? t(oi> e? So^av rjKovTcov.

5 rpaywSta? Se KeZvrai tmv (^avepwv FjvpLTriSrjq /cat '^o(f)OK\rjq.

Xeyerat Se '^o(I)Ok\€ov<; Te\evTrj(TavTo<^ iajSaXelu e? T17V 'Arrt-

Ki^z^ Aa/ceSat/xoi^tov?, /cat (T(j)(t)u tov rjyovjxevou ISelu eVt-

(TTOLVTa 01 Alovvctou /ceXevetv TLfjLaL<?, ocrat KadecrTrJKaaLP imrot? Te6veo)cri, ttjv Xeuprjua ttjv veav TLfxav /cat ot to 6Va/3

]0 es XocfyoKXea kol Trjv SocfyoKXeov? rroiy](Tiv i(f)aLpeTO e^eiv,

ei(s}da(Ti 8e Kat vvv ert TrotrjixdTOJV /cat Xoy&ji^ to eTrayuiyou

^eiprjvL et/cct^eti^. ti71^ 8e eiKova ttjp Atcr^vXov ttoXXw Te 2

vcrrepop Trj<; TeXevrrj'; So/cw TTOLr]0rjpaL kol rrjq ypa(f)'rj'^ t^ to

epyov eyet to Mapadcovt. ecfir] Se Atcr^vXo? jxeipaKiov wv

15 KaOevSetv iu OLyp(o cf>vXd(Tcr(op crTa(f)vXd<;, /cat ot Alopvcop

em(TT<ipTa KeXevaai TpaycoSiap iroLeip • w? Se yp rjjjLepa—21. Statues of comic and tragic Poets Hadrian were set up by the twelve

inthe theatre— Gorcjoneum on the south Attic tribes, and of these the inscrip-

loall of the Acropolis— Cavern above tions of four have been found (C.I. A.

the theatre with Tripod— Niobe— Ca- III, 406-409).— iv rHo Ocdrpw : for a

los and Daedalus— Temple of Ascle- historical sketch and description of

pius— The Sarmatians— Linen corse- the theatre at Athens, see Excur.sus

lets in the Apollo temple at Gryneum

.

VI.— 5. rpa-yuSCas : the statues seen

2. ctKoves : the statue of Astydamas, by Pausanitis were probably the bronze

a writer of numerous tragedies, set statues of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and

up by himself, is an example of this Euripides, set up on the motion of

practice (Diog. Laert. 2, 5, 43). Athe- Lycurgus(Ps.-Plut. vit. xOr. p. 841 f.).

naeus (1, p. 19 e) mentions the statue After telling parenthetically the anec-

of an obscure Euryclides which stood dote about Sophocles, Pausanias men-

with the statues of Aeschylus and his tions the statue of Aeschylus. The

fellows. Here too were statues of The- Sophocles story is told more fully by

mistocles and Miltiades, and beside the anonymous author of the life of

each that of a Persian captive (Aris- Sophocles (niogr.Gr.,ed.Westermann,

tides. Or. 47, vol. 2, pp. 215 ff., ed. Din- p. l-^O), who says that the poet was

dorf). Twelve statues of the emperor buried in the family tomb near Decelea.

THE GORDON MKDUSA — CALOS 109

Ch.21,4

TTeidecrBai yap ideXeiu — pacrra 17817 Treipcofxevo^ ttol€lv.

ovTO<; p.€v ravra ekeyep • eVt 8e tov Nortou KaXovfievov 3

Tiix^^^y ^ [jV^ d/cpoTrdXeo)?] e's to dearpov icTTi Terpap-fjie-

20 vov, iirl TovTov MeSovcry]<; r^s Fopyoi/os eVt;)(/3ucro? avaKei-

Tttt K€(f>a\'rj, Kol Trepl avrrjp alyl<; TrenoiiqTaL. eV 8e r^ Kopv(})fj

TOV Bedrpov cnnjkaLou Icttlv iv rat? irerpai'; vno Tr)v aKpo-

ttoXlp • Tpinovs Se eirecTTL koL tovtco •

^

KttoWojv 8e eV avrw

KoX "XpTepi<; Tov<i 7rar8a9 etcrti' dvaLpovfTe^; tov^ Ntd)8T79.

25 ravTT^i/ TTju l^iio^iqv kol avrds €1801^ dveXdcJu e? rdi^ StTrvXci^

TO opo^' 7) 8e ttXtjctCov pkv irerpa /cat Kp7)pj^6^ eaTiv ovSev

irapovTi ar)(7Jpa 7rape)(6p€uo<; yvvaLKo<; ovre aXXco? ovre rrev-

0ov(Tr)<i • el he ye noppcoTepo} yevoLO, SeSaKpvpevrjv 8d^€t9

opdv Kai KaTr)(f)rj yvvaiKa.

30 'l6vT(i)i> 8e 'AdrjuYjaLV e? T'171^ aKpoTTokiv oltto tov OeaTpov 4

TeOaiTTai KaXa>9 • tovtoi^ toi' KaXwi' dheX(f)rj<s nalha ovTa koI

20. MeSovot]? Tf)s Fop-yovos «ir£xpv-

70$ dvaKcirai KC()>aX^ : this was set

up by king Antiochus. See 5, 12, 4.

Frazer suggests that the Gorgon head

was tlms placed in a prominent posi-

tion on the wall of the Acropolis to

serve as a charm against the evil eye.

— 22. (TirTJXaiov : this cave is still to

be seen in the Acropolis rock, directly

above the theatre, and has long been

used as a chapel dedicated to the Vir-

gin of the Cave (Panagia Spiliotissa).

Until the beginning of the nineteenth

century, its mouth was adorned by

a Doric portico, forming the choregic

monument of Thrasyllus, an elegant

structure about twenty-nine feet five

inches high by twenty-five feet wide,

consisting of three Doric pilasters rest-

ing on two steps and supi)orting an

epistyle, which is in turn surmounted

by a frieze. Above the frieze were

three pedestals of gray marble, the

central one of which once supported a

seated statue now in the British Mu-seum. An inscription sets forth that

the monument was dedicated by Thra-

syllus of Decelea, in commemoration

of a victory which he had won witli a

chorus in the archonship of Neaechnuis

(320-31!) i!.c). Tlie otlier two ixnles-

tals bear inscriptions counnenioratiug

victories of Thrasycles. son of. Tlira-

syllus. Tlie monument doubtless suji-

ported a bronze tripod, and the statue

was probably inclosed witiiin the legs

of the tripod. The group of Apollo,

Arteiuis, and the children of Niobe

was probably in the portico.

31. Tt'eairrai KdXws : the nephew of

Daedalus is commonly called Talos by

ancient writers, but Clement of Alex-

andria (Protrei)t. 4. 47, p. 41, cd. Pot-

ter) and Suidas (s.v. lUpbmos hpbv)

110 THE ATTTCA OF PATTSANIAS

Ch.21,5

T179 Te^vr]<i jxadrjTrjp (^ovevaa<i Aat8aXo9 e? KpiJTrjv e<f)vy€,

^povoi he vaTepop es '^LKeXiap e/c8tSpacTKet irapa KcoKaXou.

Tov Se 'Acr/cX.T77rtov to lepop e? re ret ayakp,aTd icrTcp, onoaa

35 TOV Beov TreTTOLrjTaL kol t(ou iraihoiv, koI e? ret? ypa<^a^ 9ea<i

d^Lov ecTTL Se eV avTM Kpiqvr], irap^fj

Xeyovcru IlocretSwi^os

TTatSa 'A\ipp6diov BvyaTepa Apecos 'AXKLTT7Tr)v al(r)(vvavTa

dirodaveiv vno "Apeoi^, koX hiKiqv inl totjto) tw (f)6v(p yeve-

crOai TTpoiTov. ivTavda akXa re /cat Savpo/zartKO? dvd.KeiTai 5

40 Ocopa^ • is TovTov Tt9 tSa»i^ ovhkv y)<j(Tov "^Xkrjvcov tov<; ySap-

^dpov? (f)'ij(Tei cro(f)ov<^ e? ret? Te^va<? eti/at. ^avpo/xctrai? yap

ovTe avrotg crtSr^pd? ecrTiv opvacroixepos ovTe a(f)Lcnv iad-

yovcnv afXLKTOi yap fxaXicTTa TOiv TavTrj I3ap/3dpa)u elcri.

irpos ovv Trjv diropiav TavTTjv i^evpiqTai cr(f)Lcnv • inl pev

agree with Paiisanias in naming him

Calos. Others give him tlie name of

Perdix ("partridge"). See Ovid, Met.

8, 236; Hygiuus, Fab. 31), 244, and

274. Daedalus is said to have nuir-

dered him by throw^ing him from the

Acroijolis, because Calos had surpassed

him in meclianical ingenuity by in-

venting the saw, compasses, and pot-

ter's wheel. Tlie grave of Calos was

on the southern slope of the Acropolis

between the theatre and the sanctuary

of Asclcpius. — 34. tov Si 'Ao-KX-qiriov:

the sanctuary of Asclcpius was just

west of the theatre precinct, bounded by

tlie rock of the Acropolis on the north,

and by a retaining-wall still extant on

the south. There still exist consider-

able monumental remains of a colon-

nade within the precinct; and through

an arched doorway in the back wall of

the colonnade admission is given to a

small round chamber hewn in the

Acropolis rock, with a dome-shaped

roof, in which is a spring of pure wa-

ter, doubtless the fountain mentioned

by Pausanias. The colonnade was

doubtless intended for the patients of

the god, who slept here with the hope of

revelations in dreams and of marvelous

cures (cf. Ar. Plutus, 059 ff.). South

of the west end of the colonnade axe

the foundations of what was probably

the temple of Asclcpius! Somewhat

to the west are the foundations of a

building which was probably the house

of the priests and other officials of the

sanctuary. Two long inscriptions fur-

nish interesting lists of votive offerings

found on the site (C.I. A. II, 835, 830),

as gold and silver representations of

hands, feet, teeth, ears, and the like.

It is noteworthy that in describing the

south side of the Acropolis Pausanias

makes no mention of (1) the Colon-

nade of Eumenes, and (2) the Music

Hall of Ilerodes Atticus, two important

extant monuments.

THE SARMATIANS lUCh. 22, 1

45 Tot9 hopaatv ai^/xa? 6crT€.tva<; olptI cnhijpov ^opovai, ro^a

T€ Kpaviiva Kol otcTTOu? Kol 6<TTeiVa9 d/ctSa? eVt rot? otorot? •

/cat aeipaZ<; Trepi^oKovTe*; tcou TroXefxiwu 6tt6(Jov<; koX tv-

^OL€P, Tov<; i'ttttov? d7ro(TTp€xlfauT€<; avaTpenoval tov<; eVcr^e-

divTa^ Tat9 cretpatg. rou? Se datpaKa^ iroLOvuTaL tov rpoTTou f>

50 rovTOi/. tTTTTOv? TToXXtt? eKacTTO'S Tp€(f)ei, 0)9 av oure is tStw-

Toip' kXt7/30U9 r>j9 y^9 fX€fX€pL(TIX€l^7]<^ OVT€ TL (f)epOV(rr]<i TT\rjV

vkrf<; aypia<; are ovTUiv vopidhoiv raurat? ovk e? noXepiOu

^po)VTai fxovov, aWct /cat ^eot? dvovcriv eVt^wptot? /cat aXXw?

(TiTovvTat. (TvXXe^dfxevoL 8e ra? OTrXas iKKa07JpavT€<; re /cat

65 SteXdt're? Trotoi'crtj' an avTcou ip,(^eprj ^paKovTOiv ^o\iaiv •

ocrrt? 8e ou/c etSe noi Spa/coi^ra, nirvos ye elSe Kapnov ^Xw-

poi^ ert • rat? ovv inl tw Kapnio Trj<; nLTVO<^ <^aivoyievai<^ evro-

/xat? eiKat^oiv to epyov to e/c Trjq 6nXrj<^ ovk av afjiaprduoi.

Tavra hiarpricravTes /cat vevpois Inncov /cat ^oa>p (Tvppdxjjau-

GO re? ^pCjvTai Bdtpa^iv ovre evnpeneia tiov 'EWtjvlkcJv dnoSeov-

criv ovre dcrdeveaTepoLS • /cat ydp crvcTTdhrjv Tvm6p.evoi /cat

^krjOevTes dve^ovrai. ol Se ^wpa/ce? ol Xtuol pia^op.evoi<^ 7

pikv ov^ 6fJL0L(o<; etcrt ^pyjcnfxoL, Sttctcrt ya/a ['^ctt] ySta^d/xei'ot

Toi/ aihiqpov • 6r)pevovTa<; 8e (0(f)eXovo'LV, evanoKXoiVTai ydp

(35 (j(f)icri /cat X€d^'Ta)^' dSoj'Te? /cat napodXeoiv. 0d)paKa<? Oe Xt-

t'0U9 tS€t^' ei' T€ aXXot? lepols eariv dvaKeip.evov<; koX ev Vpv-

veCo), evda 'AttoXXwi^o? koXXicttov dXcro<i hevhpoiv /cat rjixepcDU

/cat dcra twi/ aKdpncop dcr/ArJ? nape^erai Tiva rj $ea<; rjhovrjv.

22 Mera Se to tepot* toO 'Acr/cXr/Trtou TavTy npos T-qv d/cpd- ]

TToXti^ tovcrt ©e/xtSo? i^ad? e'crTt. Ke'^oxTTat Se Trpd avTov

22. Temple of Themis— Hippolytus 2. ©sjiiSos vacSs : the temple of The-

a)id Phaedra— Temple of Ge Kourotro- mis, together with the sanctuaries of

phos and Demeter Chloe— The Propy- Aphrodite Pandemus, Ge, and De-

laea— Temple ofNike Apteros— Death meter Chloe, mentioned below, were

ofAegeus— Pinakotheke— Musaeus— doubtless situated at the southwestern

Tlcrmes Propylaeus and the Graces of foot of the Acropolis, somewhere be-

Socrates. tween the Odeum of Ilerodes Atticus

112 THE ATTICA OF PAUSAXIASCli.2'2, 2

[jivrjfxa 'iTTTroXvTO)- tov Se ol /3lov rrjp TekevTTjV avjx^rjpaL

Xeyovcnv e'/c KaTapwv. SrjXa Se, kol ocrTL^; ^ap^dpcDv yXwcr-

5 (Tav ifxadev 'EWtJvojv, 6 re epw? rrj^ <I>at8pa9 /cat tt]'^ rpo-

(f)ov TO e'g Trji' SiaKoviai' ToXixrjfxa. ean 8e /cat Tpot^T^vtot?

'IttttoXvtov Toi(f)o<; • e^et Se' cr<^i(TLv wSe 6 Xoyo?. Br^crevs cJ? 2

€p.eWev a^eadai ^aiSpav, ovk iOiXoiv et ot yevoivTo TratSe?

oure ap^ecr^at roj^ iTTTrdXvroi^ ovre jBacnXeveiu duT. avTO)v,

10 TrefXTT€i napd TTtr^ea Tpacf)r)(T6[JLepov avrov Kai f^acnXevcrovTa

lipoi^rjpo^;. ^povco Se vcrrepou IlaXXa? /cat oi TratSe? iiravi-

crTiqaav Br^cret' rourov? /cretVa? e'9 Tpott^yjua eyo^erat Kadap-

(xioiv etVe/ca, Kat ^aiSpa irpcoTr] evTavda eioev YttttoXvtov /cat

ret e'9 TOf Odvarov ipacrOelcra i^ovXevcre. pivpaivy] Se eVrt

15 TpoLl,r)VLOL<; rd (f)vXXa Sta Trd(Tr)<; e^ovcra TeTpvvqixeua- (j)v-

^'at Se ou/c e'^ dp'^rj':; ToiavTrfv Xeyovcriv, aXXa ro epyov yeye-

vTjcrBai Trjq e'9 roi^ epcura dcr7]<^ /cat T>j9 Trepourj'^ -qv e'vn Tat9

Bpi^lv et^^ej/ T^ <I>atS^a. 'A(f)poSLTr]i> Se 77)1^ IlavSr/jaor, e'Tret ;j

re 'A6ir]vaLov<i ^7]<t€v<; e'9 /^ttav rfyayev diro tmv OTjpoiv ttoXlv,

20 avTTjv re aej^eaOai /cat Xlet^o) KaTecTTrjcre • ra /u,ei^ Si^ TraXata

dydXpara ovk tjv in ipov, rd Se e'vr' e'/xou re^viTMv -qv ov

and the Acropolis entrance, but the tlue Acropolis. Inscriptions and statu-

exact site of none of them has as yet ettes belonging to her cult have been

been determined.— 3. jiviifjia 'IiriroXv- found on this site. No trace of the

Tw : for the story of Hippolylus and actual sanctuary remains. Miss Har-

Phaedra, see Euripides, Ilippolytus, rison, Ancient Athens, pp. 105-110, de-

especially 4.3 ff. , 887 ff. , 11(30 ff. fends this Aphrodite against the slurs

18. *A(|>po5iTT]v Be ttjv ndv8T]|x,ov : cast on the title Pandemus, and shows

Apollodorus quoted by Ilarpocr. s.v. that she was a great and holy goddess,

wavd-qixos ' A(f)po5iT7j says that this was giver of increase, one of the ancient

"the name given at Athens to the god- Oriental Trinity (Pans. 0, 16, 3), of

dess whose worship had been estab- which the other two were Heavenly

lishcd somewhere near the ancient Aphrodite and Aphrodite the Averter.

agora." This indicates, in conjunc- — 20. TlciOto : the Athenians annually

tion with the statement of Pausanias, offered a sacrifice to the goddess Per-

that the sanctuary of Aphrodite Pan- suasion (Isocrates, 15, 240), and a spe-

demus was close to the west slope of cial seat was, it seems, assigned to her

THE AC'ROPOLLS 113

Ch.22, 4

T(i>v a<^ave(TTdT(iiv. ecrxt Se /cat Vrj<; KovpoTp6(f)Ov /cat Aijixr]-

Tpo<; lepou X)\.6r]<;- to, 8e e? tol^ eVwi^v/ata? idTiv avTwv 8t8a-

')(6rjvai Tot9 lepevcriv ikdovra e<? Xoyoug.

25 'E? 8e T'>)i' aKpoTTokiv icmv €(ToSo<; /xta • krepav 8e ou nape- 4

^erat, naaa aTTOTOfxoq ovcra Kai ret^og e)(ovcra i)(vp6u. to.

8e TTpOTTvXaLa \idov Xev/cov r^v 6po<f)r)v e^€t Kat Koafxco Kat

p-eyedeL t(ov XiOoiv p^XP^ 7^ '^*^'' ^V-^^ 7r/3oet^€. ra? /xei^ ovt'

et/cdi^a? Twi^ iTnrecDV ovk e^oj crac^w? enreiv, eire ol TTaio€<s

priestess in the tlieatre (C.LA. IH,

351). — 22. rfjs KowpoTp64>ov : Solon

spoke of Earth as the "buxom Nursing-

Mother " (Frag. 43 in Bergk's Poetae

Lyrici Graeci^, H, 438). According

to Suidas s.v. KovpoTp6(pos, Ericlitho-

nius was' the first to sacrifice to Earth

the Nursing- Mother on tlie Acropolis

;

and the Ephebi seem to have kept up

the custom (C.I. A. II, 481, 1. 58 sq.).

This sanctuary was either at the south-

west corner or else due west of the

Acropolis, and somewhere along the

winding road followed by Pausanias.

— A'^|j.T)Tpos Upov XX6t]s : from the evi-

dence of ancient passages and of in-

scriptions it is clear that the sanctuary

of Demeter Chloe was close to the

western entrance to the Acropolis.

Aristophanes (Lysistrata, 831 scjcp)

describes a man hurrying up the Acroi)-

olis slope beside the sanctuary of the

Verdant Goddess. Schol. Soph. Oed.

Col. 1600 locates this sanctuary "near

or beside the Acropolis," and quotes

a passage from Eupolis, "I will go

straight to the Acropolis; for I nmst

sacrifice a ram to Verdant Demeter."

Tlie name had reference to the natural

hue of foliage.

25. *Es Si TTjv dKpoTToXiv : the Acrop-

olis of Athens is a long and precipitous

mass of rock extending east and west.

The north and east sides are naturally

steep and inaccessible ; the south side

slopes more gradually, and needed espe-

cially strong fortifications, while on

the western side the Acropolis slopes

gently toward the Areopagus, this form-

ing the natural approach. The Acrop-

olis surface is a plateau, rising toward

the east with its highest point (five

hundred and twelve feet above the

sea) to the northeast of the Parthenon.

Its length from east to west is about

three humired and twenty-eight yards;

its greatest breadth from north to south

is about one hundred and forty-eight

yards. See Excursus VII. — 26. rd

hi irpoirvXaia : for description of tiie

Propylaea, see Excursus VIII.— 28.

rds . . . tlKOvas t«v t-n-rrewv kt\. : por-

tions of the inscribed bases and pedes-

tals of statues of hoisemen have been

found, which faced each other on oppo-

site sides of the way leading up to the

Acropolis. An in.scription shows that

they were dedicated in honor of a cav-

alry victory, and mentions the names

of three cavalry officers, among them

a Xenophon ; and it is clear that the

original statues were not set up later

than 437 n.c Another inscription on

one of the pedestals shows that the

114 THE ATTICA OV PAUSANIASCli.22,

30 elaLu ol 'B€uo(f)(t)uTO<; etre aXXa>? e? evTrpd-neiav TreiTOLrjfjieuai •

ro)v Se TTpoTTvXaidiv ev Se^to. Nikt^? icrrlp 'AiTTepov i^ad?.

ivTevOev rj ddkacrcrd ian (Jvvottto^, kul Tovrr) pL\jja<g Atyev?

iavTov cos \4yovcnv eTekevrr^aev. duTJyeTO fxeu yap rj vav<; 5

jxeXacTLV lcrTLOL<i rj tov<; 7rat8a9 (f)€povcra e? Kpy]T7]P, Sr]cr€v<;

35 8e— enXeL yap T6Xixy]<? tl e^^cou eg' rou MtVa> Kokovp^evov

Tavpov— 7rpo9 roi^ rrarepa Trpoelire ^prjaeaOai toI<? lcrTiOL<;

XevKotg, rju orriao) TrXer) tov Tavpov KpaT7Jaa<i- tovtcov Xyjdrju

ea)(€v 'ApLdSvrjp d(f)r)pr]pepo<; evravOa Atyev? oj? eihev

IcFTLOLS pcXacTi TTjv vavv Kopit^opevTjv, Ota TOV 77at8a TeOvd-

40 vaL SoKwu, d(f)el<i avTov hiac^tdelpeTai- Kai ol irapd 'AdrfuaiOL^

eVrt KaXovpevou r)pa)oi> Atyew?.— icTL Se iv dpicTTepa tmv 6

7TpoTTvXaioiv OLKTjpa ^X^^ ypa(f)d<; ovrocrats 8e ^a-i^ Ka94(TTr]Kev

horseman was later converted into a

statue of Gernianicus. Pausanias's

conjecture was the merest guesswork,

showing that he did not carefully read

the inscription. The sons of Xenophonwere not yet born, and the date is too

early for the Xenophon of the inscrip-

tion to be the historian.— 31. Niktis

. . . 'AirTtpov va6s : on the temple of

Athena Victory, see Excursus IX.

38. AIy€vs : the story of the death of

Aegeus is similarly told by Diodorus (4,

61), Plutarch (Thes., 17 and 22) and

Servius (ad Verg. Aen. 3, 74). At the

southern foot of the bastion on which

the temple of Athena Victory rests, a

quadrangular space on the Acropolis

rock has been leveled as if to receive

some building. This was doubtless the

site of the heroum of Aegeus.

42. ol'KT)fjLa i\pv -ypa4>ds : this cham-ber still preserves its walls with the

cornice, though the roof is gone. There

has beenmuch discussion whether the

paintings in this chamber were wall-

paintings or easel-paintings. There are

no indications whatever that the walls

were painted ; nor are there any holes

in the walls to show that the paintings

were hung from nails. The title of

Polemo's treatise on the pictures in the

Propylaea, wepl tQv ii> toXs irpoTrvXaioii

irivdKuv, in its use of wlm^ rather than

ypacpri, is in favor of the view that the

pictures were easel-pieces rather than

wall-paintings. The careless style of

I'ausanias makes it impossible to deter-

mine with exactne.ss the list of paint-

ings mentioned, and their authorship,

but the list seems to be as follows :

(1) Rape of Pallas's image by Diome-

des; (2) Odysseus carrying off the bow

of Philoctetes; (3) Slaying of Aegisthus

by Orestes, and of sons of Nauplins by

Pylades; (4) vSacrifice of Polyxena

;

(5) Achilles among the maidens of Scy-

ros; (0) Odysseus and Nausicaa with

her maidens; (7) Portrait of Alcibi-

ades with trophies of victory at Ne-

mea; (8) Perseus carrying tlie head of

THE nCTI'RP: GALLERY 115

6 ^p6vo<; amo9 a^avecriv exvat, AiOfXTJ^rj^; tjv koX 'OSvcrcrev'?,

6 jaei/ iv Atjixvo) to (i>LkoKTTJTOv to^ou, 6 he iALOfxijSrjs) ttju

45 'A0r)vav d(f)aLpovfxevo<; i^ 'iXiov. iuravOa [eV rats ypa-

(^at?] 'Opecrri7? ecrrii' AlyiaOov (^ovevojv koI IlvXaSr^? tov?

TraiSa? rov? NavTrXtov ^or]dov<^ ik66i>Ta<; Alyiadco- tov 8e

'A^cXXecej? Td(f>ov TrX'qaiou /xeXXoucra ecrTt (T(f)d!^ea0aL IloXu-

^€V7). 'OfXTJpo) Se ev fiev irapeidrj roSe to (ofxhu ovto)<; epyov

50 €v Se p,oi ^aiverai TTOirjcrai ^Kvpov vno 'A^tXXe'w? aXoO-

(Tav, ovheu ojjlolu)^ kol ocrot Xeyovcnv ofxov rat's Trap^eVot?

'A^tXXea e\eiv iv ^Kvpo) SiauTav, a St) Kal TloXuyi'WTC?

eypaxjjev. eypa^e Se Kat 77/309 rw irorap-oi raZ? 6/xoO Nau-

crtKct TrXvj^oucrat? e(f)L(TTdfjLepov 'OSfccrea /cara ra avra Kadd

55 S19 Kal O/xr/po? eTTOLiQcre. ypa(f>ai Se' etcrt /cat aXXat Kat

Medusa; (0) Boy with water-pots

;

(10) Wrestler, by Timaenetus; (11)

Portrait of Musaeus. — 43. Aio|ji'^8t]s

TJv Kal '08vo-<r€vs : the language of Pau-

sanias implies that Odysseus carried off

the bow of Philocteles. This is the

story as told by the Attic tragedians,

Sophocles in the Philoctetes, and Ae-

schylus and Euripides in their lost

dramas on the same subject (Dio Clirys.

Or. 52). But the older tradition fol-

lowed by Lesches in his Little Iliad

ascribes this achievement to Diomedes

(Proclus in Epic. Grace. Fragm., ed.

Kinkel, p. 36). As to the carrying off

of the Palladium, the common tradi-

tion represents Diomedesas playing the

chief part but assisted by Odysseus.

So Lesches in the Little Iliad. ThusDiomedes on the Tabula Iliaca is seen

carrying the I'alladium, while Odys-

seus follows liim. Other versions and

moiuiments give Odysseus the chief

part in thi.s achievement.— 52. 'AxiX-

Xta €x«iv iv DKvpw SCairav : the story

that the young Achilles wore female

attire and lived among the daughters

of Lycomedes, king of Scyros, is told

by Hyginus, Fab. 90; Bion, 2, 15 sq.;

Schol. Honi. II. I, %8.— 53. Nav-

o-iK$: see Homer, Od. f, 85 sqq., for

the account of the meeting of Ody.s-

seus and Nausicaa.

55. 'ypa<|>al . . . Kal 'A\KiPidST]s

:

Athenaeus, 12, p. 534 i>, k, (juoting

Satyrus, states that Alcibiadcs dedi-

cated two pictures by Aglaophon, one

representing himself crowned by Olym-

pias and Pythia.s, personifying Olyni-

piaand Delphi, the other Nenica.sealoil

with Alcibiadcs on her lap. Plutarch

(Alcibiadcs, 1(5) mentions a painting by

Aristoi)hon of Nemea with Alcibiadcs

in her arms. Both doubtless refer to

the picture here mentioned by Pau-

sanias. It is necessary, therefore, to

account for the discrepancy in author-

ship. Ari.stophon was brother of Polyg-

notus ; their father was named Aglao-

phon. lie probably had a grandson

116 THE ATTICA OF TAUSANIASCh. 22, 8

'AXKt/3taST79, t-mrwv 8e ol vlkt]'? ttJs iv Ne/xect ecrri ay]ix€ia

ev TTj ypaffifj • Koi Uepcrevq IdTiv e? X4pL(^ov KOfxit,6p.€vo';,

Tiokv^eKTr) ^ipcov ttjv Ke(f)a\r}v ttjv MeSovcn^?. kol tol jxev €9

MeSovcrai' ovk elpl 7rp66vixo<; eu rot? 'ArrtKot? cr'r)fJLrjvai • ert

60 8e Tcof ypa<^o)v irapevTi top iralSa tov Ta<i vSpCas (fyepovra

Koi TOV TraKaL(TTr)v ov Ttjuatj^ero? eypaxpev, icTTL Movcrato?.

eyci) he eirr] fxkv eTreXe^ajjuqv ev of? ecm ireTeaOai Movacuov

VTTO Bopeov S(opov, hoKelv Se fxoL TTeTToirjKev avro, 'OvofxaKpL-

TO<; KOL ecTTLV ovSev Movcratov ySe^atoj? otl [xt] p.6vov e?

65 ^-qixrjrpa v[xvo<; AvKo/xtoat?.

Kara 8e Tr)v eaoSov avTrjv rjhrj ttjv e? aKponoXiv 'Epjxrjv

ov IlpoTrvXaiov ovopudt^ovai Kai Xctptrag %coKpaT7]v ttoltj-

crat TOV '^oj(f)povLcrKov Xeyovcriv, o) cro(f)M yeveaOai /xctXtcrra

dvOpcoTTcov ecTTLv Tj Ilv^ta jxdpTvs, o fxrjhe 'Avd^apatv eOe-

70 \ovTa 6fJL0)<; Kol St' avro e? AeX(^ov9 dffuKOjxevov vpoaelTrev.

of the same name, and Pliny (N. H. l^u}KpdTr)s re 6 TlucppoviaKov irpb ttjs is

35, 60) mentions a painter of this name ttjv dKp6iro\iv eaddov Xaplrwv elpydearo

who flourished 420-417 i$.c., a date dyd\p.aTa 'AOrjvaioLs. Diog. Laert. 2,

that accords witii this explanation. 5, 19, speaks of Socrates as having

He probably painted the Alcibiades. been a sculptor, and refers to these

— 57. n€po-€vs: for the story of Per- same figures of the Graces. See also

seus, see Schol. Pindar, Pyth. 10, 72

;

Plmy, N. H. 36, 32, and Schol. Ar.

Schol. Apoll. Rhod. 4, 1515; Strabo, Nub. 773. The Chiaramonti relief in

10, p. 487 ; Ovid, Met. 5, 242 sqq.; Rome is supposed to be a copy of the

Ilyginus, Fab. 64.— 63. ircTroi-qKcvavrd relief attributed to Socrates. There are

Ovo|xdKpi.Tos : Onomacritus, invited to also other copies, a fact which suggests

edit the so-called oracles of Musaeus, a celebrated original. Compare also an

was expelled by Hipparchus from archaic relief in the Acropolis MuseumAthens for having been convicted of representing Hermes and the Graces,

forging an oracle, and fled to the coast Considerable doubt rests on the rela-

of Persia (Hdt. 7, 6). He is also said tion of any of these to the work as-

to have forged poems in the name of cribed to Socrates.— 67. 2uKpdTT)v:

Orpheus (Clem. Alex. Strom. 1, 21, see Plato, Apology, 20k-21a; Diog.

131, p. 397, ed. Potter). See Epic. Laert. 2, 5, 37 ;E. Zeller, Die Philo-

Graec. Eragm., ed. Kinkel, pp. 238 ff. sophie der Griechen^, II, 50, concern-

66. "Epfjifiv . . . Kttl XdpiTas : also ing the story of the response of the

mentioned by Pausanias in 9, 35, 7, oracle.

THE SEVEN SAGES 117

23 "EWrfve^; he aXka re Xeyovcru koL auSpa^; kiTTa yeveaSai i

(TO(f)Ov<;. rovTuiv /cat tov Aia^iov Tvpavvov koX Wepiavhpov

elvai (f}a(XL tov Kv^eXov Kavroi Wepidvhpov Yl€i(Tl(TTpaTo<; koX

6 Trai? 'iTTTTta? (fakoipdpcoiroL fxaXXov /cat cro(f)a>T€poL to. re

5 TToXefxiKOi Tjaav /cat oca -qKev e? Koa^xov twv TToXiTOiv, e? o

Slot TOV iTrndp^ov OdvaTov iTTTTtag aXXa re i^prjaoiTo 6vp.oi

/cat €? yvvaiKa ovofxa Kiaivav. TavTy)v yoip-, eVet re diredaveu 2

"iTTTTapxo^;— Xeycj Se ovk eg crvyypa(f)r)v irpoTepov rJKOvTa,

TTLaTOL Se aXXa>9 *AdrjvaLOJV rot? TroWot?— 'iTTTTta? et^et^ eV

10 aLKLo, e'? o SLe(f>9€Lp€v, Ota eTaipav 'ApLcrToyeLTOvo^ iincrTd-

lxevo<; ovcrav koL to fiovXevfxa ovSa/xw? dyvorjcraL So^dt,ojv

dvTi Se Tourwi^, eVet TvpavvCSoq i-TTavOrjcrau ol 11etcrtcrrpart-

Sat, _^aX/c>J Xe'ati^a ^Adrjvaioi^ Icttiv e'? fxvTJjxrjv rrj? yvi^at/cd?,

irapd Se avTrjv dyaXjxa 'Ac^poStrr^?, o KaXXtov re' (fiacnv

15 dvddrjfxa elvai /cat ipyov KaXa/xtSo?.

23. T/te /Secen Sagrcs o/ Greece—Hippias and Leaena — Diitrephes—O^Aer objects of intei-est on the A cropn-

lis, among them tlie Temple of Brauro-

nian Artemis and the Wooden Horse

— Tliucydides— Phonnio.

1. cirrd . . . (ro«j>ovs: for a list of tlie

Seven Sages, see Paus. 10, 24, 1, whonames Thales of Miletus, Bias of Pii-*

ene, Pittacus of Mitylene, Cleobulus

of Lindus, Solon of Athens, Cliilon

of Sparta, and as the seventh, in the

place of Periander of Corinth, follows

I'lato (Protag. 34;5a) in naming Myson

the Chenian. Periander was discred-

ited by Ildt. 5, 92. but he is usually

counted among the Seven Sages. Cf.

Diog. Laert. 1, 13; Anthol. Pal. 7, 81.

— 7. A^aivav: Pausanias was evidently

not aware that the story about Leaena

had already been told by Pliny (N. II.

34, 72) and Plutarch (I)e garrulitate,

8). Cicero also seems to have told the

story and mentioned the lioness in his

lost work "On Glory" (see Philar-

gyrius, ad Verg. Eel. 2, G3). The anec-

dote also appears in Polyaenu.s, 8, 45

;

Clem. Alex. Strom. 4, 11), 122, p. G18,

ed. Potter; Athen. 13, p. 500 f.

; and

Lactantius Divin. Instit. 1, 20. Plu-

tarch and Polyaenus mention that the

li(mess stood in the Propylaea, and

that she had no tongue to commemo-rate the fact that Leaena betrayed none

of her associates. From the order in

which it is mentioned, the statue prob-

ably stood in the southern end of the

eastern portico of the Propylaea.

14. a-yaX|xa 'A<|>po8(Tris : what is

probably the pedestal of this statue

lias been found on the Acropolis. It

bears the in.scription, KaXXias 'Itttto-

vUov av^dT)K[t]v (C.LA. I, 3!)2), in old

Attic characters, anil dates from some

118 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh. 23, 3

HXrjaiov Se icm ALLTpe(f)ovq ^aXKOv? di^Spta? otaTolq ^e- 3

^Xr]ixeuo<;. ovto<; 6 AuTpe(f)r]<; aXXa re eirpa^ev OTTocra keyov-

criv 'AOrjvaioL Kat Bpct/ca? fJLLcr9(oTov<i d(f)LKOix€POv<^ vcrrepov

rj Ar)ixocr6€i'7]<; i<5 XvpaKovaa^ e^eVXevcre, tovtov^ oj? vcrTepr]-

20 crav 6 AuTpe(f)r]<? airrfyev ottlcto). /cat St) Kara tou XaX^tStKoi^

ecr^ev ^vpnrov, evOa Bot&jrwt' et* fxecroyaia ttoXi? MvKaXi^o'-

(70<? ^i/- TavTrjv i7rava^a<; Ik 6a\dcrcrr]<? 6 AuTp€(f)r]<i etXe.

Mv/caXi^crcrtajj^ Se ov [jlopov to /xct^t/xov ol Bpct/ce? dXXo, Kat

yvz^at/ca? i(f)6vevcrau kol Tratoa?. fJiapTvpel oe [xol • Holcotcop

25 ydp ocrov? dvecrTr)(Tav Sr)fialoL, (okovvto at TToXet? eV ifxov,

OLaffyvyoPTcov vtto ttjv akoxriv tcov dudpconcov • el oe /cat

Mv/caXT^crfrtofi ot /Sdp/Bapoi fxr) Trdcriv d-noKTetvavTe^ iTre^rjX-

6ov, vcrrepov av rrju ttoXlv direXa^ov ol Xei^BevTe^. toctov- 4

rov jxep irapecTTy] fxoi Oavfxa e? Tr)P elKopa tov Attrpe^ov?,

30 oVt otcrrot9 e^e/BXrjTo, KWrjcnv otl ixr^ Kpiqcrlv ovk eiri^aypiov

ov To^eveiv AoKpov^ yap rov<; ^Ottovvtlovs OTrXtreuoi^ra?

t^St] Kara rd MTjSt/cd icrfxev, ovs 'O/^T/po? eiroiiqcrev co<? (f)ep6-

jxevoL To^a kol (T(f)evS6va<; e? ^iXtov eXdoiev ov fJLTjv ovSe

MaXtevcrt TrapefieLve jxeXerr] tmv to^wv, Sokco 8e ovre rrpoTe-

35 pov eTTicTTaadai cr(f)d<; nplv rj ^tXoKTiJT'Tqv, TravcracrOai re ov

8td fjLaKpov TOV 8e AuTpe(f)Ov<; irXrjcTLOv— Td<; yap et/co^'a?

ret? d(f)ave(rT€pa<; ypd(f)eLv ovk iOeXco— Oea)v dydXfxard ecTTLv

Tyteia? re, rjv 'Acr/cXi^Trtov TratSa eivat Xeyovcn, /cat *Adr]vd<;

time between 47G and 450 n.c. On Cal- 1, 102). Pliny, N. 11. 34, 74, says tliat

lias, see Plut. Aristides, 5. On Cala- Cresilas made a statue representing a

mis, see Brunn, Gescli. d. griech. wounded man swooning, doubtless the

Kunstler, I, 129 sq. one liere mentioned. Tliis also was

10. AiiTpe4>ovs x«»'^'«>^s dv8pids : on probably witliin the eastern portico of

Diitrephes see Tliuc. 7, 29 sq. The the I'ropylaea.

episode of the Thracian mercenaries 38. 'AOrivas eirCtcXrio-iv . . . 'Y^ietas

:

took place in 413 n.c. The pedestal riutarch, Pericles, 13, says that this

for this statue has also been found, image was dedicated to commemoratebearing the inscription 'Ep/jlSXvkos Au- the restoration to health of a favorite

Tpecposdwapxfv. Kp^aCKasiw6e(Tev(C.\.A. workman of Pericles, who was injured

THE SATYRS 119

Cb. 23, 7

irTLKkyjcnv /cat Tavri7? 'Tyteta?. ecrrt he kido<; ov /xeya?, 5

40 dXX' ocrov Ka0L^€cr6aL ixiKpov avopa • inl tovtm Xeyovcnv,

rjVLKa Al6uv(to<; rfXOev e? ttjv yrjv, duanavcracrOaL tou StXi^-

vov. Tov<; yoLp T^XtKto. Tcjp XaTJjpojv TrpoTJKOvTa<; 6vop,at,ov(n,

^iky)vov<; • Tvepl 8e XaTvpojv, oItlve^; elaiv, irepov vXeop ide-

Xcov iTTiCTTacrBai TroWot? avT(ov tovtcov eueKa €<; Xoyov^; ^X-

45 6ou. €(f)r) oe FjV(f)r)ixo<; Kap dvrjp TrXecov e? 'iraXtai' afxapreiu

VTTO dv4p.oiv Tov tt\ov Kol c? TTfv i^o) OdkaacTap, e? rjp ovk€tl

TT\eov(TLv, k^eve^drjvaL. vrfcrov^ 8e eti^at yikv ekeyev epr^'/xov?

TToXXct?, €1^ 8e aXXat? oIkcIv dpSpa^; dypLov<; • ravrai? 8e

ovK Idekeiv vTJaoL<i Trpocricr^eiv tov<; i^aura? ota irpoTepou re o

50 TTpo(Tcry(ovTa<; /cat roii^ e^'ot/cout'Tcui' ou/c direCpcof; e^oi^ra?,

^Laa-Brjvai 8' ou^' /cat rore. raura? KokeiaOai fxeu vtto TOiv

vavroiv Sarvpt8a<?, el^/at 8e rov<i lvoiKovvTa<; KaTrvpov<; koX

LTTTTcov ov TToXv fxeCov^ ^X^*"^ ^^^ Tol<; l(T^ioi<^ oupa?. rovTov^,

w? rfCTdovTO, KaTaSpafiovTa^i eirl rrju vavv (fxoprjp jxeu ovSe-

55 fxCav lepai, rat? 8e yvvaL^lv eTn')(€.ipelv rat? ei^ ttJ rr/t- t€.\o<;

8e 8etcrai^ra9 rou? i^aura'? /Sdp^apop yvvalKa eK/SaXelp i<; rrju

vrjaov • e? ravTrju ovv v^pit,eiv tov^ %aTvpov<i ov p.6vovfj

Ka0€CTTr)K€v, dXXa /cat to ndv 6p.oioi^ awfia.

Kat dXXa eV rrj ^Adrfvaioiv d/cpoTToXet Oeacrd^evo'; ot8a, 7

CO Av/ctov ToO Mvpoji/o? ^okKovv 7rat8a, o? ro TrepippavTi^piov

by a fallfrom the Propylaea. Athena, Pynhus (X. II. 84. 80). The inscrip-

accordiiig to the legend, communicated tion and the discrepancie.s throw doubt

to Pericles in a dream the treatment on the story of Plutarch. On represen-

by which the man was cured. Pliny, tationsof thegodde-ss Ilygieia in ancient

N. H. 22, 44, tells a similar storj', a.'^.so- art, see W. Wroth, "Hygieia," J. U.S.

ciated however with the Parthenon. V (1884), 82-101 ; F. Koepp, " Die

The pede.stal is still in place, just out- Atti.sche Ilygieia," A.M. X {1885),

side the eastern portico of the Propy- 255-271.

laea, with the inscription ' Adtvatoi rei (50. ^O'^kovv iraiSa : after leaving the

'AeevalaiT€i'Tyit[aiUvppoii-iroi-nff€v'A0f- Propylaea, Pau.sanias goes .southea.'^t-

vacos (CI. A. I, 835). Pliny also men- ward to the i)recinct of Artemis Hrau-

tions a statue of Athena Ilygieia by ronia. As the pei-irrhanterlun was a

120 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCli.23, 8

e^ei, Kol M.vpcjvo'; Uepaea to i<; MeSovcrav epyov elpya-

(Tfxevov. KoX 'Apre/xtSo? lepov iari lipavp(opLa<;, Xlpa^tre-

Xov? pev Ti^vTj TO dyaXpa, Trj Beco Se ecTTLU diro Bpavpcovo<;

StJpov to ovopa • /cat to dp^alou ^oavov laTiv ev B^av-

65 pcouL, ApTepcq CO? \eyov(TLV r) TavpLKij. itttto? 8e 6 KaXovpe-

vo^ Aovpto? dvoLKeiTaL ^aXKov?. /cat otl pkv to Trotiqpa to

'ETTCtov py)^dvr)pa yjv e? StaXvcrtv tov ret^ov?, otSej^ oorrt?

/xt) Trdaav CTTtc^epet rot? ^/avl" ti/ evyjOetav • Xeyerat Se e<? re

€KelvOV TOV LTTTTOV oJ? TWI/ 'EXXt^I/OJV evhoif €)(OL Tov<; dpi(TTov<^,

70 /cat S17 /cat rot) ^aXKOu to (r)(rjpd Ictti /cara raura- /cat

Mei^ecr^eu? Kat TevK/oo? VTrepKVTTTovcnv i^ airrov, irpoaeTi Se

basin containing water which stood at

the entrance of every sanctuary that

worshipers might sprinkle tlieniselves

before entering the precinct (Polhix,

1, 8; 1, 25; 1, 32), it has been con-

jectured that tliis bronze statue of

the boy with the basin may have been

placed for this purpose at the entrance

to the precinct of Brauronian Artemis.

— Gl. Mvpwvos Ilcpo-ca : cf. 2, 27, 2.

Pliny mentions a statue of Perseus by

Myron (N. 11. 04, 57), which may be

the same as this. Furtwiingler (Mei-

sterw. pp. 882-388) conjectures that two

extant heads of Perseus, one in Romeand one in the British Museum, are

replicas of this common original.

—

62. 'ApW|jii8os Upov : southeast of the

Propylaea is a terrace in the shape

of an irregular quadrangle, one hun-

dred and fifty-seven and one half feet

from east to west, which was doubt-

less the ancient precinct of Artemis.

There is no evidence of the existence

of a temple. It was probably merely a

precinct with images and an altar. —npa|iT€\ovs : the image of the Tauric

Artemis, which Iphigenia was said to

have brought from the Thracian Cher-

sonese to Brauron in Attica, was equally

claimed by Brauron, Sparta, Comanain Cappadocia, and Laodicea in Syria.

See 1, 33, 1 ; 3, 16, 7-11 ; 8, 46, 3. Pau-

sanias himself elsewhere locates the

real image at Sparta (3, 16, 7-11). In-

scriptions indicate that as early as 346-

345 n.c. there were two images in the

Brauronian sanctuary at Athens(C. I. A.

II, 751, 754, 755-758), one designated

the idol (hedos), the other the image

(agaliria). The latter was the statue

attributed to Praxiteles.

65. I'lriros . . Aovpios : this state-

ment is confirmed by Ilesychius (s.v.

dovpioi i'TTTTos), who also mentions the

four men peeping out of the wooden

horse. Aristophanes (Aves, 1128)

speaks of " horses as big as the Wood-en Horse," and the scholia mention the

Acropolis statue. Blocks of the pedes-

tal have been found on the Acropolis,

bearing an inscription which states

that it was dedicated by Chaeredemus

of Coele and made by Strongylion.

THUCYDIDKS— PIIORMIO 121

Ch. 23, 10

Kol ol TratSe? ol Oi^cre&jg. avSpiduTcoi' 8e ocrot /xera tou (»

iTTTTOv ecTTTJKacni' ^EiTTi^apLvov fxkv OTrXLToSpojxelu daKrjaau-

To<; TTju eiKOpa kiroiqae Kptrta?, Oluo^iw 8e epyov Icttiv e?

75 ^ovKvhihriv Tov 'OXopov ^pr^cTTOv • \\jri<^Lcrp.a ydp iuLK-qcrev

Oivo^LOs KarekdeZv e? 'Adijvas Bou/cuS 18171^, KaC bl Soko<f)Opr]-

devTL W9 KarrjeL fivrjjxd icTTLP ov iroppo) TTv\oiv MeXtrtSoji^.

rd ok e? '^pp,6\vKov tov TrayKpaTLacTTrjv /cat ^opp.L(i)va 10

TOV 'AcrtuTTt^ov ypaxjfdvTcov irepcov irapiripx • e? 8e <l>opp.i(xiva

80 Tooo^'S€ e)(a> 7^X€o^' ypdxfjai. ^opp.ioivi ydp rot? eVtet/cecrti'

'AOr]vaC(ov ovTi 6/xotw /cat e? irpoyovoiv 8o|'ai' ov/c d<^av€i

avv€/3aLP€v o^eCkeiv xp^o.- dvaxcoprj(Ta<i ovv e? roi' ITatavtea

Orjp,ov ivTavOa et^e 8tatra^', e? o vavap)(ov avrov 'A6r)uaL0)v

alpovfxevcov iKirXevaeadaL ovk et^acr/cei^ • o^eiXeiv re yap Kat

Pausanias elsewliere (9, 30, 1) speaks

of Stiongyliou as extremely skillful in

modeling oxen and horses.

73. '£irixap(vov : the base of this

statue has been found, bearing an in-

scription (C.I. A. I, 370), which records

that it was dedicated by Epicharinus

himself and was made by Critius and

Nesiotes, the sculptore of the group of

the tyrannicides (1, 8, 5). Inscriptions

show that the true spelling was Kpinos,

not KptTtas, as the manuscripts have it

here and in 6, 3, o. — 74. OtvopCw

:

Pausanias implies, without expressly

saying, that there were on the Acropo-

lis statues of Oenobius, Hermolycus,

and Phormio. Thucydides was ban-

ished in 424 B.C., and was in exile

twenty years (Thuc. 4, 104 ; 5, 20), so

that his return was in 404 it.c. Pau-

sanias' statement implies that he did

not return under the general amnesty

of that year, but by a special decree

secured by Oenobius. He may have

been excepted from the general am-

nesty. (Cf. Classen, Thukydides, Ein-

leitung''', pp. xxiii ft.) The accounts of

Thucydides' death are discrepant : one

says that he died in Thrace (Plut. Ci-

mon, 4), a second that he was mur-

dered in Athens (Marcellinus, Vit.

Thucyd. 31-33, 55), a third that he

died a natural death in Athens (Biogr.

Gr. , ed. Westermann, pp. 202 sq.).

78. 'EpfioXvKov TOV ira-yKpaTiao-T'fjv :

Herodotus (9, 105) tells of Hermoly-

cus the pancratiast who distinguished

himself at the battle of Mycale, and

was afterward killed in battle atCyrnus

in Euboea and buried at Geraestus.—70. €s 8t 4>op|i((i>va : this anecdote about

Phormio is related with some variations

in Schol. Ar. Pac. 347, <m the authority

of Androtion in the third book of his

Attica; Androtion was a pupil of Isoc-

rates and a contemiioraiy of Demos-

thenes (Suidas, s.v. 'AvSporfwi' ; Frag.

Hi.st. Gr., ed. Miillor, I, Ixxxiii).

122 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh. 24, 1

85 ol, irpiv av eKTiar), Trpoq tov<; crr/aartwra? ovk ew'at irape^e-

crOai (f)p6pr]iJia. ovtoj^ ^XBrjvaloi— ttolutcos yctyo e/^ovXouTO

ap^eiv ^opp.La)i>a— ra XP^^ ottoctoi^ ax^eike ^laXvovaiv.

24 'Ei/rav^a ^AOrjpa ireTToiiqTaL top %L\r]i'oi> Mapcrvav Traiovcra, i

OTL Srj TOv<; avXov^ dveXoLTO, epp1<^0ai <T(f)a<; Trj<s Oeov

/3ov\oix€ur]<;.— tovtcop irepav (hv eipr]Ka ecnlv r) Xeyofxevr]

®r]cr€co<? [JioixV ^p^'? top Tavpov rov MtVw Ka\ovp.evov, etre

5 avy)p etre drjpiov tjv ottoIov KeKpdT7]K€v 6 Xoyo'? • repara

yap ttoXXm kol TovSe davfxa(TLU)T€pa /cat Ka$' y)ixd<; etiktov

yvvalKe^. /cetrat Se /cat ^pt^o? 6 'A.6dpiavTO'; e^evy]veyix4vo<^ 2

e? KoX^ou? VTTO Tov Kptov • 0v(Ta<; Se avrov otco Srj 0€(o, w?

Se et/cctcrat <Att> tm Ka^vcrrioi /caXou/xeVw napd 'Op^o/xei^tot?,

10 Tovf; jxrjpovi; Kara vojjlov iKTefXMv tov '^XXtjucdv e'? avTov<;

KaLOfxepov^ opa. KelvTai Se e^rj^ dXXai re et/cdi^e? /cat 'Hpa-

kX€ov<; • ay^et Se', W9 X6yo<; e^et, tov<; SpdKOPTa<;. 'A0r]pd re

icTTiv dviovaa e/c r^y? KecftaXrj^ tov Ato?. ecrrt Se /cat raupo?

24. Athena striking Mnrsyas, and the Marsyas of the Lateran.— 4. Qr\-

other statues of gods and men on the a-ias K'^X'H ' Theseus's fight with the

Acropolis— Worship of Zeus Polieus Minotaur is frequently represented on

— The Parthenon— Statues of Athena coins and vase-paintings, both red-

in the Parthenon— Apollo Parnopius. figured and black-figured; also in one

1. 'AOr^vd . . . Mapo-tiav iraCovera

:

of the metopes of the so-called Tlie-

the story is that Marsyas i)icked up the seum. The Minotaur is portrayed reg-

pipes which Athena had thrown away ularly with the body of a man and the

in disgust, and afterwards attained head of a bull.

such skill in playing upon them that 7. ^pC^os : probably the statue by

he challenged Apollo hijuself to a mu- Naucydes of a man sacrificing a ram,

sical contest. See Ilyg. Fab. 105; I'lut. mentioned by Pliny (N. H. 34, 80), is

de cohib. ira, G; Athen. 14, p. Old;, f. the one here mentioned.— 11. 'Hpa-

It has been conjectured that this group kXc'ovs . . . tovs SpaKovras : cf. Pind.

was identical with a work of Myron, Nem. 1, 50; Theocr. 24, 1 ; ApoU. 2,

mentioned by Pliny, N. H. 33, 57. 4,8.— 12. 'AGiiva: on the representa-

There are several representations of the tions of the birth of Athena, which was

satyr which are doubtless copies of the subject of the sculptures on the

some famous original, probably the one east pediment of the Parthenon, see

here mentioned. The best of these is Excursus X. — 13. ravpos dvaOrifia :

ATHENA ERGANE— EARTH 123

Ch. 24, 3

dvad-qfia tt}^ /SovXrj'? 7179 eV ^ApeCco Trdyo), icf)* oto) 817 dpe-

15 6r)K€P 7) jSovXij TToXXd 8' dv Tt? ideXcop eiKa^ot. XeXeKxai 3

he ixoL Koi TTpoTepov oi? ^AdrjvaioL^ irepicrcroTepov tl rj toI<;

aXXot? e? Tci ^etct eVrt (nrovSrjs • TrpcoroL fxev yap ^Adrjpdv

iTTCDPOjxacrap 'Epydprjp, irpioTOL 8' aKcoXov? 'Epfxd<;, . . . ofxov 8e'

cr(f)LaLP ip TO) pa(o . . . cnrovoaLcop oaip.oiP Icttlp. 6aTL<; Se to,

20 critp Te^PTf ireTTOLiqjxepa iTrinpoade TideTai tcop iq dp^ai6T'r)Ta

rjKOPTCjp, Koi TctSe ecTTLP ol OedcraaOai. Kpdpo<; icTTLP iinKeL-

lx€PO<; dpTjp . . . KXeoLTov, Kai ol tovs oVv^a? dpyvpov<; ipe-

TroL7)cr€P 6 KXeotra?" eicrrt 8e kol Fi^? dyaXp.cL LKerevovcrr^f;

the bull was of bronze, and was gen-

erally known as "the bull on the

Acropolis " (cf. Athen. 9, p. 396 1>

;

Ilesych. s.v. /SoOs iv ir6\fi). Near by

was the figure of a ram in silver bronze,

coupled with the Wooden Horse by the

comic poet Plato on account of its size

(Hesych. s.v. Kpibs dffeXySKepus).

17. 'A0Tivdv . . . 'Ep-ydvTiv: this re-

mark was probably elicited by the

sight of an image, altar, or temple of

Athena Ergane, or the Worker, an epi-

thet applied to the goddess as patron-

ess of the useful arts. There is muchdiscussion as to the site of this image,

altar, or temple, some authorities locat-

ing it between the Artemis Brauronia

precinct and the Parthenon, others to

the north of the Acropolis. Five in-

scriptions have been found containing

dedications to Athena the Worker(C.I. A. II, 1428, 1429, 1434, 1438; IV,

373271, 205).— 18. dK«iXovs 'Epjias: cf.

4, 33, 3. Thuc. 4, 27 mentions the

stone images of Hermes, shaped like

square pillars, commonly placed in the

doorways of private houses and of sanc-

tuaries in Attica. — 19. o-irovSaCwv 8ot-

|i«v : this image is mentioned as a third

instance of the piety of the Athenians.

There is much dispute as to the correct-

ness of the text and as to the temple here

alluded to. The natural implication is

tliat there was a temple of Athena Er-

gane between the precinct of Artemis

Brauronia and the Parthenon along

the road followed by Pausanias, but

there is no monumental evidence of

this. Here actual remains of a building

known as tlie Chalkotheke or "store-

house for bronzes" (C.I. A. II, Gl) have

been laid bare. On this whole ques-

tion, see Dorpfekl, A.M. XIV (1889),

304-313, "Chalkothek and Ergane-

Tempel," and Michaelis, Der Parthe-

non, p. 306. — 22. KXcoCtow: accord-

ing to 6, 20, 4, where the in.scription

on this statue is quoted, Cleoetas was

famous for having invented a method

for starting horses at the Olympic

games. His ingenuity was shown in

silvering the nails of the statue.—23. Ti\<i a-yaX|ia: an inscription, TtJs

Kapiro(p6pov (card fiavrelav^ cut in the

rock about thirty feet north of the sev-

enth column on the north side of the

Parthenon, counting from the west,

determines the site of this image. The

124 THP: ATTICA OF PAUSAXIAS

Cli. 24, 4

25

vcrai oi tov Ata, etre avrot? ofx^pov oerjcrav *A9r)vaLOL<; eure

/cat rot? Tvacnv EXXrjaL crv/x^a? au^/xd?. ivravda /cat Ttjitd-

^eos 6 Kdi^ojj^o? /cat avrog /cetrat Kdi^cui' • YlpoKvqv 8e ro, e?

rot' TratSa ^e^ovXevfJieurjp avTTjv re Kat roi^ Irw ave6r)Kev

'AX/ca/xeVr;?. TreTTOirjTaL he /cat to <^vtov Trjq e'Xata? 'A$r)va

KOL KVfxa dva(f)aLPO)v Uocreiowi' • /cat Atd? ianv ayaXfia to re 4

30 Aeoj^ctpov? /cat 6 6vopial^6p.evo^ Ylo\iev<;, (L ra KaOecrTrjKOTa

date of the inscription, judged from

the style of the letters, was the end of

the first or the beginning of the second

century a.d. On vase-paintings Earth

is usually represented as a womanrising from the ground, her lower

limbs not appearing, and this mayhave been the form of the image. —25. TiiAoOeos ktX. : the two statues stood

on a single pedestal composed of four

blocks of Pentelic marble, two of which

have been found on the Acropolis, bear-

ing the inscription, K6pti}v Tt^[o]^^u.

Tim66I£oj Kovulfos] (C.I.A. II, 1360).—

20. npoKVTiv: Michaelis thinks we have

this group in a statue discovered in

1830, now in the Acropolis Museum.

It represents awoman standing, clothed

in long flowing robes ; against her right

knee a naked boy is pressing. The

workmanship is decidedly inferior, but

Pausanias states that Alcamenes "dedi-

cated " it, not that he made it. Then

it may not be the great Alcamenes.

The style points to the end of the fifth

or the beginning of the fourth century.

See A.M. I (1870), pp. 304-307.—

28. TO <}>vt6v Ti\s «\a£as : on coins of

Athens this subject is represented in

two different ways : (a) in the one there

is the actual contest, as in the strife

(epts) represented in the western pedi-

ment of the Parthenon;(b) in the other

there is nothing more than a peaceful

colloquy. Probably the group men-

tioned here by Pausanias was of the

latter type. In this the two deities showtheir tokens and calmly await the issue.

Poseidon has his left foot advanced and

resting on a rock, while with his right

hand he grasps his trident ; Athena

rests her right hand upon the olive

tree, and behind her are her serpent

and shield. See Imhoof-Blumer and

Gardner, Num. Comni. on Pans., pp.

130 ff. with pi. Z, xi-xvi. This group

closely resembles a marble relief now in

Smyrna (see Frazer, II, 302, Fig. 23).

20. t6 tc Acwxctpovs Kal 6 6vo|jia|6)ic-

vos IloXitvs : coins also probably pre-

serve the types of these two statues,

the older being the xoanon, or an ar-

chaic copy of it in stone, the later by

Leochares an idealized copy of it. In

the one, Zeus strides forward, the left

hand extended, the right drawn back

and grasping the thunderbolt in the act

of hurling it ; in the other, Zeus stands

in an easy attitude, the left knee bent,

the right hand holding the thunderbolt

half down, the left extended over an

altar round which is entwined a ser-

pent. See Imhoof-Blumer and Gard-

ner, Num. Comm. on Pans., pp. 137 ff.

with pi. BB, i, ii, iii. — 30. rd Ka0«<rTn-

Kdra Is TTiv 0v<r£av kt\. : this account

THE PARTHENON 125

Ch. 24, 7

69 T7}v dvaiav ypa(f)a)u ttjv eV avrot? keyo[X€vr]u atriau ov

ypdcfio). TGv Ato9 Tov ricXtea;? Kpidas /cara^eVre? eVt tov

^(ojxov fxejXLyfxeva^ irvpols ovhefjiCap e^ovcn (f)v\aKiju 6 l3ov<;

Se oV €9 Trjv Ovaiav erot^ao'ai^Te? (f)vXdcrcrovcrLu ctTrrerat

35 Twi' airepfxdTQjv (jtoLTcov inl tov ^cjfiov. KaXovaL 8e TLpa

Tiov lepecop /Sovcfjouov, .. . . /cat Tavrrj tov uekeKW pi\\)a<^—ovTO) yd.p icTTLu ol vofxoq— ot^erat (f)€-vycov • oi oe are rof

dv^pa 6<i eSpacre to epyov ovk eiSdre? eg Slktju vndyovai

TOP ireXeKw.

40 Tavra fxev TpoTTOv tov elprjixevov Spoxriv is 8e tov vaov

ov Ilap0€v(ova ovoixdt^ovcriv, e'? tovtov Icriovcriv OTToaa .iv 5

rot? KaXoujLieVot? derot? /cetrat, ndvTa e'«? ti^i^ 'A^^7^'a9 e^et

yevecTLv, tol 8e o-mcrdev rj llo(T€tScovo<? tt/do? 'Adrjvdv icTTLv

eptg VTre/3 T179 y^?* avro 8e e/c re iXe(f)avTO<; to dyaXjxa

45 Kat '^(pvcrov TreiroLrjTaL. /ie'cro) /xe^' oui^ eTTi/cetrat ot ro) Kpavec

%(f>Lyyo<^ eiKoyv— a oe eg tt^i^ %(f)Lyya Xe'yerat, ypdxjjo) irpo-

ek66vTos e'? TO, Botwrta /zot rou Xdyou— Ka^' eKdTepov 8e

TOV Kpdvov; ypvires elcnv lireipyacryLivoi. tovtov<; Tov<i ypv- g

7ra9 iv Tol<i CTrecrLv 'Aptcrea? 6 IIpo/coj'i^T70'io9 jxd^eadaL irepi

50 TOV ^pvcov (^rfcriv 'A/)tjU,ao'7rot9 Tot? vTreya 'lo'O'T^Sdi'aji^ • toi'

Se )(pvcrov ov ^vXdacrovcnv ol ypvne^; dvidvai Trfv yrjv •

eivat 8e 'Apifiaanoix; jxiv dvSpas fjLOvo(f)6d\fxov<; ndvTa^; iK

yeveTrj<;, ypviras 8e diqpia Xeovaiv et/caa^/xeVa, irTepd 8e ix^f-v

Kal (TTOixa deTov. koI ypviTwv fiev iripi TocravTa elprjcrOo) •

55 TO 8e dyaXpLa ttJ? 'Adrjvds opOov icTTiv iv x^twvl TToSifjpeL 7

of the Boupfionia or Diipolia, as this Miss Harrison, Prolegomena, pp. oO ff.

ancient ceremony of Zeus was indiffer- — -10. €s 8* tov vaov. . .IlapOtvwva: on

ently called, is supplemented by I'aus. the Parthenon, see Excursus X.

1, 28, 10, and is described niore fully 41. 6ir6o-a ^v tois kqXovji€'vois dtTols

by Theophrastus, (juoted by Porphyry Kcirai: see Excursus X for an account

(I)e abstinentia, 2, 29 sq.). The day on of the pediment .sculptures of the Par-

which the sacrifice took place was the thenon. — 44. to a'yaXiJLa : see Excur-

14th of Scirophorion (June-July). See sus X.

126 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh.24, 8

/cat ol Kara to (TTepvov rj Ke(f)a\r) MeSoucn^? eXe^avro? icmv

ilxTreTTOtrjixevr} • koI 'NiKrjv re ocrov Tecrcrdpoiv irrj-^cop, Iv he

T^ <eTepa> X^^P'' ^opu e^et, /cat ol 7rp6<; rot? ttoctiv acTTTt? re

Kctrat /cat ttXtjctlov tov So/aaro? SpaKcov ecrrtV- etr; 8' az/

60 'Ept^^wto? ovTO^ 6 SpaKcov. ecrrt Se rw /SdOpo) tov dyaXjuta-

T09 erpeLpya(Tp.ivr] ^a^'8wpa9 yeuecn'?. TreTToiiqTai ok 'Htrtoow

T€ /cat aXXot? cJ? -v^ Ilat'Swpa yevoiTO avTT] ywr) TrpcoTr) irpiv

' Se r] yevecrdai UauScopav ovk tjv tto) yvvaiKUiv yevo<i. ipTavOa

ecKova lS(x)v otSa 'ASpiavov ^acrtXew? jjlovov, /cat /caret Tr]u ecro-

65 Sov ^l(j)LKpdTov<; aTTohei^ajxivov iroWd re Kat davjxacrTd epya.

Tov vaov Se ecrrt iripav^

AttoWojv ^aX/covs, /cat ro ayaXjxa 8

\4yovcn ^eihiav voirjaai. UapvoiTLOi' Se KaXovcrti^ ort

(T(f)L(rL irapvoTTcou (^XaiTTovTcov TTju yrjv aTTOTpexfjeLv 6 0e6<?

ehrrev e/c ri^? ^w/aa?. Kat ort /xe/^ dneTpe^ev tcracrt, Tpono)

70 Se ov XeyovcTL ttolco. rpt? Se avro? t7S')7 irdpvoTTa'^ e'/c ^tTTv-

Xov rov opov<; ov /cara ravra otSa <^6ap4vTa<i, dXXct rou?

61. IlavSwpas "Yeveo-is : there seems tan regiment in 302 n.c. (Xen. Hell,

to have been a close connection in 4, 5, lOsqq.). It was of bronze (Dem.

mythology and ritual between Fan- 23, 130, p. 063). Iphicrates himself

dora and Athena. According to Sui- alluded to it in a fragment of a speech

das s.v. WapdivoL, Pandora was a preserved by Aristotle (Rhetoric, 2,

daughter of Erechtheus. Philochorus 23, p. 1397 n). In the Parthenon were

isquoted to the effect that whoever sac- also painted portraits of Themistocles

rificed an ox to Athena was obliged to (Pans. 1, 1, 2) and Ileliodorus Ilalis

sacrifice a sheep to Pandora (Ilarpocr. (Pans. 1, 37, 1). Here too was kept

and Said. s.Y.'Eiripowv; Etymol. Magn. the silver-footed seat in which Xerxes

p. 358, s.v. ixipoiov). For the legend sat watching the battle of Salamis

of Pandora, the first woman, see (Ilarpocr. s.v. apyvpSwovs 8i4>pos).

Ilesiod, Theog. 561 sqq. ; 0pp. 47 sqq. 67. ITapvoiriov. the worship of Apol-

— 64. clKova . . . 'ASpiavov: the in- lo Parnopius was prevalent among the

scribed pedestal of a statue of Hadrian Aeolic Greeks of Asia (Strabo, 13, p.

has been found between the Parthenon 613). With the epithet Parnopius, Lo-

and the Propylaea (C.I. A. Ill, 488). cust, cf. Smintheus, the Mouse-God,

— clKova . .. 'I<j)i,KpdTovs : this statue also applied to Apollo (II. A, 39). Furt-

was bestowed in recognition of Iphicra- wjingler (Meisterw. pp. 659-671) attrib-

tes' services in cutting to pieces a Spar- utes the statue to the elder Praxiteles.

STATIK OF PERICLES 127

Cli.25,1

fxeu €^€(ocr€ ^tato? efxirecra)!^ dueixo<;, rovq Se vcrapTO'^ tov

0€ov Kavjxa lax^pop KadelXeu eVtXa/Soj^, ol 8e al(f)i'Lhi<p piyei

KaTakr)^devTe<s dircoXovTo.

26 Totavra fieu avrot? crvfifiaCuovTa elhop- ecrrt Sc ev rrj i

A0r]paLO)u aKpoTToXei kol Il€pLKXrj<? 6 "Bavd'nnTov Koi avTO<;

adpOiTTTros, o? evavjxd^'qcrf.v iirl MvKdXrj Mr^'Sot?. dXX' 6

/xei^ Xle/Dt/cXeou? aj/Sptag iTcpcjOi dvaKeirai, tov Se "B.avd'i.Tnrov

TrXr)crLou ecmqKev ^AvaKp4o)v 6 Trjio^, irpwros p^erd Xan<f)d)

rrfv Aecr^iav rd ttoXXo. (hp eypaxpev ipoiTiKa Troirjcra<; Kai

ol TO cr)(7Jpd icTTLv otop dSoPTO<; dv iv p^Orj yevoiTO dvOpd)-

TTov. yvpoLKas Se ttXtjctlov AeLPop€Pr}<; 'lu) T7]p 'Ivd^ov /cat

25, Other statues on the Acropolis— were doubtless used in voting the ostra-

Olympiodorus — Athens after the hat- cisni of Xanthippus (see Aristotle, Resp.

tie of Chaeronea— Confederation of

Greek states against the Macedonians

— Leosthenes — Demetrius of Phalc-

runi — Lachares.

2. IIcpiKXTisoSavOCiTirou: this statue

may have been the one made by Cresi-

laswhich Pliny mentions (N. H.34, 74).

What is probably a part of the pedestal

has been found, in a fragment of Pen-

telic marble, bearing the inscription

[UepjiKX^ovs [Kpeo-Jt'Xaj iiroie (C.I. A.

IV^, 403a, p. 154). Three ancient busts

of Pericles are extant, all copies of one

original, which is conjectured to be

Cresilas' statue. They represent Peri-

cles bearded and helmeted, with serene

and noble countenance. The best of

the three is in the British Museum.

See Furtw. Meisterw. d. griech.Plaslik,

pp. 270-274.— avTos WdvOiiriros : a few

years ago a potsherd was found on the

Acropolis, bearing the inscription Sdi^-

Oi-inroi 'Appt0ow5 (C.I. A. IV, 570, p. 192

sq.) and in 1891 a potsherd similarly

inscribed was found in Athens near

Piraeus Street (C.I.A. IV, 571). These

Athen. 22). Pausanias is mistaken in

speaking of the battle of Mycale as a sea-

fight ; it was a land-battle. Xanthip-

pus commanded the Athenian forces

on this occasion. See Hdt. 9, 98-100,

1 14 ; Plut. Pericles, 3.— 5. 'AvaKpccov :

there is in the Jacobsen Collection at

Copenhagen a statue of Anacreon, for-

merly in the Villa Borghese at Rome.

It represents the poet as a bearded manin the prime of life, .standing and play-

ing on the lyre. The original was

doubtless a fifth-century work, and one

well known, as there are extant four

replicas of the head, the best one being

in Berlin. Kekul^ assigns the original

to Cresilas, Furtwiingler to Phidias,

and both judge it the statue on the

Acropolis here mentioned. Against this

identification is the f.act that Pau.sanias

says the statue represented the poet as

drunk, while the Copeidiagen statue

represents him as sober. See Kekuk',

Jrb. d. arch. In.st. VII (1892), 119-

120; Furtwiingler, Meisterw. p. 92 sq.

— 8. Ativoji^vTjs : Pliny (N. H. 34, 50)

128 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh.25, 2

KaXA-tcrro) rrjv AvKdovo<s TreiToiqKev, ats d^c^orepat? iarlp

. 10 69 airav ofxoLa StryyT^/xara epw? Ato? kol Hpas 0/^7^7 '^ctt

dWayrj rfj fxeu e? jBovv, KaXXicrrot 8e e? dpKTov.

Ilpog Se Tw ret^et rw votloj TiydpTcop, ot irepi ^paK-qv 2

TTore /cat roi^ IcrOfiou ttJ? IlaXXTyVi^? ^KYjcav, tovtcov tov

Xeyofieuov noXeixov k<xl fxa^-qv 7rpo<; 'A/xa^oi^as 'AOr^uaCoju

15 Kat TO Mapa0(x)pi Trpo^ Mt^'Sov? epyov koi YakaTwv ttjv iv

Mvcrtct (f)dopdi> dv4$r]K€v "ArraXo?, ocroj^ re 8uo 7rr))(cov eKa-

(TTOv. ecTTrjKe 8e /cat 'OXf/x7rtoSw|0O9, p.eye9ei re coi^ enpa^e

Xa/3u)v So^av /cat ou^ rjKicrTa rw /catpw, cftpovrjixa iv dvOpoy-

7rot9 Trapacr^o/xet'O? crvt'e^w? eVrat/cocrt Kat 8t' avro ov8e

20 eV ^prjcTTov ou8e e? ra fxeWovTa iXiTL(,ovcn. to ydp drv- 3

XVI^^ ^^ ^'^ Xatpwi^eta avracrt rot? EXXi^cTtj^''7P^€ /ca/cov /cat

ov^ rjKicTTa hovXov^ iiroLTjae tovs vnepiSoPTa^; /cat ocrot

/Ltera Ma/ceSot'wi^ iTa^Or^crau. rdq fxev orj ttoXXo,? <t>tXt77'7709

Twi^ TToXewt' etXet*, 'A^i^i^atots 8e Xoyoj (Tvv64pievo<^ ^PYV25 (T(f)d<; fxdXiaTa cKct/cwcre, vrjcrov^ re d^^Xofxevo^ Kat ri79 e'?

ra i^avrt/ca Travcrag dp)(rj<;. kul )(^p6uou jJLeu Tiva rjcrv^acrav

^hOiqvaioi ^lXlttttov ^acriXevovTo<^ /cat varepov 'AXe^dphpov

TeXevnjaavTo^ 8€ 'AX€^at'8pou Ma/ce8dj^e9 //,e^' ^acnXeveip

elXovTO 'Apthalov, ^AvTiTrdrpco 8e eVerer/jaTrro 17 Tracra dp^rj,

mentions a sculptor Dinomenes, who The material was probably of bronze,

flourished 01. 05 (about 400 \i.^:.). Marble copiesof figures of these groups

12. rt-ydvTwv : these figures were are preserved in the museums of Eu-

doubtless dedicated by Attains I, king rope, five of Gauls, three of Persians,

of Pergamus, to commemorate his one Giant, and one Amazon, all repre-

victories over the Gauls (cf. 1, 4, 5). senting the vanquished. The Athens

They were located, as Pausanias states, statues were probably i-educed replicas

on the south wall, and doubtless di- of figures in bronze at Pergamus, exe-

rectly over the theatre, as Plutarch cuted by Epigonus. See Frazer, II,

(Anton. 60) relates how the figure of 322-325 ; Harrison, Ancient Athens,

Dionysus in the group representing the pp. 474-477.— 17. From here to ,?6\ ,"?

giants was blown from its place by a follows a digression on Olympiodorus

hurricane and fell into the theatre. and the contest with the Macedonians.

THE LAMIAN WAll 129

Ch. 25, 6

30 /cat AOrjuaiOLf; ovKeTc di^e/CTo, e<^atVeTO et tou TrduTa ^povov

ecTTat eVt Ma/ceSoo't to '^W-qviKov, dXX' avroi re rrokefxelu

(opixrjirro Kol dXXovs e? to epyov TJyeLpov. iyivovTO oe at 4

p.ero.o'yova'a.i TroXet? IleXoTroi'VT^crtwi/ pkv ^Apyoq 'ETTtoaupo?

^iKvoiv TpoL(,rjv 'HXetot <f>Xtd<Ttot MecrcrryVr;, ot Se ei^w tov Ko-

35 pivBioiv IcrOixov AoKpol <3>w/cet9 BecrcaXot Kctpvcrro? 'AKap-

pdue<^ 69 TO AtTOJXtKo^' o'vt'TeXov^Te? • Botwrot 8e ^)y)^ai(iiv

rfprjpcop^evrjv ttju yrjv ttju Hr]/3aLSa vefxafxevoL Sect fxr} Hifj^as

av0L<; 'AdrjvaloL ct^ktlv i-rroiKLl^ojcnv ovTe e? tyjv (Tf/x/ota^taf

iTacrcTovTO /cat e? otroi^ rjKoi^ hwdiJ.e(o<; tcl MaKeSouoju tjv^ov.

40 TOV<i Se e? TO crv/Xjaa^t/coj/ ra^^^eWa? /card TToXet? re e/cct- 5

crrof? ^yoi/ OTpaTiqyoX Koi tov iravTO^; dp^eiv rjprjTO ABt)-

vaZo<; Aeco(T0ei'rj<; TToXewg re d^tw/xart /cat avro? ett'at SoKoit'

TTokefxcou e/xTretpo?. vnrjp'^e Se ot /cat TT/ao? Trdi/rag evepyecria

Tov<; EkXr]va<? • ottoctol yap picrOov vapd Aapeio) Kat aaTpd-

45 TTat? icTTpaTtvovTo 'EXXT^i^e?, dvoiKicrai cr(f)d^ e? ri^i' rTepcrtoa

OiXyjcrauTO^ 'AXe^dvSpov AecjicrBivr^q €(f)9r] KopCcra^ vavcriv

e? T-)7i^ Evpwrrrjv. Kat 81^ /cat rore cui^ e? avTop '^X77taa^' e/aya

XajXTrpoTepa i7nSeL^dfxeuo<; Trapia^ev diroOaviJiv dOvfJirjcraL

irdcri /cat 8t' avro ov^ rjKLCTTa (r(f)aXrjpaL • (f)povpd re Ma/ce-

50 Soi^ojt' ia-yjXOeu 'A$r]vaioLf;, ot Movvv)(^Lau, vcrTepov 8e /cat

ITeipatd /cat Tet^y) fxaKpd ea^ov. ^AvTiirdTpov 8e aTroBavov-

TO? 'OXuyu-TTtd? 8ta/3dcra e^ 'HTreipov ^povov fieu TLva rjp^eu

dTTO/cretVacra 'Apt8atoi^, ou ttoXXw Se vaTepou iKTroXiopKr)-

Belaa vno KacraduSpov TrapeSoBrj rw TrXijBeL. Kdcrcra^'Spo?

55 Se /3a<TtXeu(Ta9— rd Se e'9 ^ABrfvaiov; eVe^eto't /xot /Ltdz^a 6

Xoyo?— YiavaKTov Tel^o^ iu Trj Attlky) /cat SaXafjuua etXe

Tvpavvov re 'ABr]vaLOL<; enpa^e yevecxBai ArjfjuJTpiou tou

50. ndvaKTov T€ixos : situated on 320). Cas.sandeilater garrisoned it, but

the borders of Boeotia, and captured Demetrius Tolioroetes recaptured it

in 322 H.c. by the Boeotians, who dis- and re.stored it to the Athenians (PhU.

mantled it (Thuc. 5, 3, 42; Dem. 19, Demetrius, 23).

130 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh. 25, 7

^avocTTpa/TOv, [ra rrpo?] Sd^ai^ el\r](f)6Ta inl crocpta. tovtov

fiev Srj Tvpavviho^ e-rravcre Ary^i^r/aio? 6 ^Avnyopov, veo<; re

60 oiv KoX (f)L\oTLix(i)<s npo<; TO 'FjkXrjvLKOP hiaKeCfxevo^ Kctcr- 7

crai'Spo<; 8e— Setpou yap tl vtttjv ol ixl(to<; is Tovq 'AOrj-

vaLovs— 6 8e avdis Aa)(^dpr]u TrpoeaTrjKora, e? eKelvo rov

^TJjjiov, TOVTov Tov duSpa oiKeioicrdLixevo'^ Tvpavviha eneicre

l^ovKevcrai, Tvpdvvoiv d)v uajxeu rd re e? dpOpconov^ p^dXiara

65 dpijfjLepov Koi e? to delov dc^etSeVraroi^. Ar]jxrjTpL(p Se tm

^AvTiyovov Siacfyopd jxeu 'qv eg tov Srjjjiov -^Srj tcov 'Adrjvaicov,

KadelXe Se op.o)'^ /cat T-qv Aa^dpov<^ Tvpavviha- d\L(TKop,evov

Se TOV TEL^ovs eKSiSpdcTKeL Aa^dprjs €9 Botajrou?, are 8e

do'TTiSa? e'l" dKpoir6\eco<; Kadekoiv ^pvcrd<i koi avTo Trjq

70 'Adr]vds TO dyak/xa tov irepiaipeTov aTToSvcra? Koayiov vttoj-

TTTeveTO evTTopelv fxeydXco^; ^piq^jidTcov. Aa^dp-qv fxev ovv tov- 8

Tiiiv eveKa KTeivovcriv dvSp€<; KopcovaioL • A-qjxiJTpLO'; Se 6

'AvTuyovov Tvpdvvoiv iXevOepdxra'S 'A6r]vaLov<i to re Trapav-

TLKa fxeTa ttjv Aa^ctpov? (pvyrjv ovk direSojKe (T<j)LcrL tov

75 UeLpaid Kai vcTTepov iroXefico KpaTy]aa<? iayjyayev eg avTO

(f)povpdv TO acTTv, TO M-Ovcrelov Kokovp^evov rei^tcrag. ecrrt

Se ivTo^i TOV irepL^oXov tov dp^aiov to Movcreiov aTTavTLKpv

Trj<; dKpoTT6Xecxi<i X6(f)OS, evOa Movcralov dSecv /cat diro-

OavovTa yijpa. Tacfirjvai Xiyovcriv vcrTepov Se Kat pvrjjxa

80 avToOi dvSpl (pKoSopijdr) ^vpco. t6t€ Se A-qpiJTpLos ret^tVag

26 et^e • ^povco Se vcrTepov dvSpas ecrrjXOev -ov rroXXoiJs [/cat] 1

67. TTiv Aaxdpovs rupavviSa: see 76. to Moucrctov: Pausanias omits

Droysen, Gescli. d. Hell. II, 2, 251- from his description the hill district

253. He removed from the Parthenon southwest of the Acrojiolis embracing

the three hundred Persian shields sent the Pnj'x, the hill of the Nymphs, and

by Alexander the Great to Athens to the Museum hill, but here incidentally

be dedicated to Athena (Arrian, Anab. mentions the last. The monument1,16,7; Plut. Alexander, 16). Athe- here mentioned i.s still conspicuous,

naeus (9, p. 405 e) quotes a comic poet 26. OU/mpiodorus — Artemis Leu-

as saying that Lachares "had made cophryene — Statue of Athena by En-Athena naked.''

^

doeus — The Erechtheum — Image of

OLYMriODORUS 131

Ch. 2f), 4

fxuTJfXT] re irpoyovoiv Kai i<; oiav fxeTa/SoXrju to d^iiofxa tjkoi

T(ov *A0TjpaLO)u, avTLKa re to? el^ou alpovvTai crTpaT-qyov

'OXvfiTnoSojpov. 6 8e (rt^a? eVt tov<; Ma/ceSdi^a? rjye koI

5 y4povTa<i /cat /xetpct/cta o/xotoj?, TrpoOvyiia tt\4ov rj pfofxr}

KaTopOovcrdai to. es TToXefxov IkTrlt^aiv eVe^eX^di/ra? Se toi;<?

MaKeSd^'a'i p^^XV ^^ iKpoLTrjcre /cat cfivyovTcou e? ro Movcretoi/

rd ^w/atoj' etXei/. ^AdrjvaL pev ovtox; dno MaKehopcju 'qXev- 2

depoiOiqcrav, ^XB-qvaioiv ok ttolvtoji' dycjuLcrapeucou d^L(o<; Xoyov

10 Aew/cptTog pdXtcrTa 6 TlpcoTap^ov Xeyerat roXprj ^pr^crao"^at

iT/Dog TO epyov • Trp(OTO<? pkv yap eVt rd ret^j^o? dve^y], 7rpcoTO<;

he €9 rd Movo'etot' icnjXaro, Kai ol irecrovTi ev ttj pd^J) Ttpal

Trap' *A0r]vaLO)v /cat aXXat yeyovacn /cat ri^i' acTTtSa dveOeaap

T^ Att rw 'KXevdepLcp, to ovopa tov AecoKptTov Kai to KaTop-

15 Ocopa i7nypdxlfavTe<;. 'OXvpTTLoScopo) 8e ToSe p4v icTTLv epyov 3

peyLCTTOv ^w/Dt? TOVTOiP div eiTpa^e Yleipaid /cat M.ovvv\iav

dvaaujadpei/os iroLovpevoyv 8e M.aKeh6v(i)v KaTaSpoprju e?

'EXeucrti'a 'EXeucrti^tov? crvuTa^as eviKa tov<; Ma/ceSdi^a?.

irpoTepov Se ert rovrwi^ eaf^aXovTo^ eg rT7i^ 'Arrt/CTyi' Kacr-

20 crdpSpov vrXevcra? ^OXvpTTLOOcopo^; e'? AtrwXta^' /BorjOelu Atroj-

Xov9 eTTeicre, koX to cryppayiKov tovto eyeveTo Adr\vaioi<^

aiTiov pdXiCTTa OLa(f)vyeli' tov Kacrcrdvopov TToXepov. 'OXu/x-

TTtoSo/poj 8e rovro /xei' ev *A07]vaL<; elcrlv ev re dKpoiroXei /cat

ev TTpvTaueLO) Tipai, tovto 8e ei/ 'EXevcrti^t ypa(f)TJ Kai Oco/ce'cof

25 ot 'EXctretav ej^oi^re? ^aXKOvi' 'OXvpTTCoScopov ev AeX<^ot9 ai^e-

decrav, otl Kai TovTOL<i rjpvvev diroaTacri KaacrdvSpov.

Tyj<; 8e eiKdi^og ttXtjo-lov rrj? 'OXvpTnohcopov ^aX/covi/ 'A/are- 4

/u.t8o9 dyaXpa ecrTrjKev eTTiKXyjcnv AevKO(f)pvTJvr]<;, dveOecrav

Athena that fell from Heaven— Cai- The outer Cerainicus contained the

limachus. graves of tliirteen who fell in the as-

4. 'OXvp,iri68b)pov : Plutarch (Denie- sault on the Museum hill (1, 20, o).

trius, 40) mentions this revolt, which 28. A(vKo<t>pvTJvT]s : this title was

pi'obably took place in 288 n.c. See given Artemis from Lcucophrys, a

Droysen, Gesch. d. Hell. II, 2, 300. town in the valley of the Maeander.

132 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh.26, 5

8e ol TratSe? ol ©ejntcrro/cXeov? • Mayvr]Te<; yap, (hv Tjp^e

30 &efjii(TTOKXrj<; Xa^a)^ irapa ^acrtXeoi?, AevKOKfypvyjurju Apre-

fxiv ayovaIV iv Tiixfj.

Act Se fxe a<^iK4(x6ai tov \6yov irpocro), iravra 6/otota>9

eTre^LOUTa ra 'KWrjVLKoi. "Ei^Soto? ^v yepos fxeu 'Adrj-

valo<;, AaiSdXov he fxadrjTij^, 09 /cat (fievyovTL AatSaXw Sto,

35 TOV KctXw BdvaTov iTrrjKoXovdyjcrev i<s Kpyjrrjv totjtov KaOrj-

fxevov icTTLv 'AOrjvd'^ ayaXfxa, eVtypa/a^a e)(ov cos KaXXta?

fxev dvadetrj, TTOLTjcreLe 8e ^E^'8o^,09.— ecrrt 8e /cat OLKrjixa 5

'Kpe^Oeuov KaKovfJievov • irpo 8e 7179 ecrd8ov Atos ecrrt ySw/xos

'Tttcitov, ei'^a efxipv^ov Ovovaiv ovhev, Tre/x/xara 8e ^eVre?

40 ov8et' ert oti^w ^prjaaaSai vopLit^ovaiv. icreXdovcTL 8e etcrt

/ScofJiOL, no(Tet8coj/o9, e(^' ou /cat 'Epe^^et dvovaiv e/c rov ^ai^-

Tevfxaro^, /cat rjpoiO'i Bovrov, Tpvro^ 8e 'H^atcrrov ypa<^aX

Xenophon (Hell. 3, 2, 19; 4, 8, 17)

mentions her sanctuary there. The

temple at Magnesia on the Maeander,

alluded to by Pausanias, was an Ionic

structure built by the architect Her-

mogenes (Vitruv. 3, 2, 6 ; 7, praef. 12).

According to Strabo (14, p. 647) it was

the third largest temple in Asia, and,

though inferior in size and number of

votive offerings to the Artemis temple

at Ephesus, was far superior in its

architectural features. The remains of

the temple were excavated in 1801-

1893 by the German Archaeological

Institute.— 33. "EvSoios: although Pau-

sanias speaks of Endoeus as an Athe-

nian, there is some ground for thinking

he was an Ionian Greek, as two in-

scribed bases of statues by him found

in Athens are in Ionic characters (C . I. A.

I, 477, AeXTt'of apx- 1888, 208 sq.). Heis also known to have made images

for temples in Ionia, including the im-

age of Artemis at Ephesus. He flour-

ished at Athens in the latter part of the

sixth century b.c, the age of Pisistra-

tus. A seated statue of Athena, now in

the Acropolis Museum, is usually as-

cribed to him. The Callias who dedi-

cated it was probably the opponent of

Pisistratus mentioned by Herodotus

(6, 121).

37. otKT]fjia 'Ep€\6ciov KaXovficvov : on

the Erechtheum, see Excursus XI.

—

41. P(d|jio(: the Athenians frequently

identified Erechtheus with Poseidon

(Hesych. s.v.*Epex^ei5s). An inscription

(C.I.A. I, 387) has a dedication to Po-

seidon Erechtheus. This priesthood

was styled that of Poseidon Erechtheus

(Ps.-Plut. Vit. X Or. p. 843 n, c; C.I.A.

Ill, 805). The seat reserved in the

theatre was for "the priest of earth-

holding Poseidon and Erechtheus"

(C.I.A. Ill, 276).— 42. riptoos Bovtou:

Butes was either a twin brother of

tup: KRECHTHEUM 133

Ch.26, 6

8e eVt T(x)v roi)((ov tov y€vov<; elal tov BovraSwi^ Koi— St-

rrkovu yap eVrt to OLKrjixa— [icat] vhcjp icTTiv evhov dakdcr-

45 (TLOU eV (ftpeaTL. tovto p.kv davfxa ov jxiya- koI yap oaoi

pjeaoyaidv oIkovctlv, aXXot? re ecrrt /cat Kapcrii/ 'Ac^poStcrtev-

(Tiv ctXXa. rooe to (f)peap e? o'vyypa(f)r)i> Trape^erat KVfJLaTcov

^X^^ ^^^ t'oroj 7^^'euoa^'Tt. /cat Tpiaivr)^ icxTiv iv Trj ireTpa

cr)(rjixa- Taxrra 8e Xeyerat ITocretScui/t p.apTvpia e? Tr)iv ap.(j>i-

i">0 cr^rjTiqcnv ttj'; ^^w/aa? (f)ap7Ji>ai.

lepa pukv Tri<i ^Adiqva^ icTTiv rj re aWr] ttoXi? /cat 17 7ra<Ta

ojxoioif; yrj— /cat yap 6croL<; 0€ov<; KaOecTiqKev aXXov"? eV

rot? OtJixol<; cre^etv, ovhev tl rjcrcrov ttjv ^AOrjvav ayovcnv

eV Tip.^— TO Se dyKtrraTov eV /coti^o) TToXXot? irpoTepov vo-

55 p.i(r0kv erecrtv 17 crvurjXdop dno twv Stjfxojv Icttiv \\.0r]udq

ayaXfia Iv Tjj vvv dKpoirokci, t6t€ 8e 6uop.ai,oixevr] TroXet-

^Typ.17 Se e? auro e^et Trecrelu e/c row ovpavov. Kat rovro jLtei^

ov/c liTe^eLp.L eire ovtco^ ctre aXXw? e^^^t, Xv^yop 8e rrj ^ew

Erechtheus (Apollod. 3, 14, 8) or a son made of olive-wood (Scliol. Dein. 22,

of Poseidon (Kustalh. on Homer II. A, 1, 13, p. 597). As to the type, there is

p. 13 ; Etymol. Magii. p. 209 S(i., s.vv. some dispute whether the goddess was

Bovrddai and BovTidrjs). The ancient represented seated or standing. ^— 58.

family of the Butads or Eteobutads \vxvov: the lamp with its perpetual

furnished both the priests of Poseidon light in the Erechtheum is mentioned

Erechtheus and the priestesses of by Strabo (9, p. 396). During the siege

Athena I'olias (Aeschin. 2, 147 ; liar- of Athens by Sulla it wiis allowed to

poor, and Phot. s.v.'Ereo/SourdSatetal.). go out for lack of oil (Pint. Numa, 3;

The statesman Lycurgus was of this Sulla, 13). The date of Callimachus is

family. not positively known, but he probably

55. 'AOiivds a-yaXiia kt\.: this re- belongs to the close of the fifth cen-

mark is evidently intended to explain tury. To liim is attributed the inven-

the epithet Polias (from ttoXis) which tion of the Corinthian capital (Vitruv.

was the regular title of the Athena 4, 1, 9). He made a seated image of

of the Erechtheum (.see Frazer, II, 573 Hera at Plataea (9, 2, 7). Pliny (N. H.

sqq., Appendix). The phraseology was 34, 92) says that the epithet KaKii;6-

sugge.sted by Thuc. 2, 15, who says rexws, " Refiner away of Art," was

that in early tin)es the word 7r6Xij was aiiplied to him because of hisexce.'«ive

restricted to mean the Acropolis. Cf. fa.stidiousiie.ss ; Vitruvius (4, 1, 9) that

C.I. A. I, 1, 4, 139. The image was it was on account of "the elegance and

134 THE ATTICA OF PAUSAXIASCh.26, 7

^pvcrovv KaXXtyna^o? inoL-qcrev e/x.TrXi^cra^'Te? Se iXaiov 7

GO TOP Xv)^vou rrjv avTTjv tov fx4WovTo<; eTov<? ava^xevovaiv 17/Ae-

pav, eXaiOf Se eKelvo tov /xera^v, inapKel ^povov tco Xv^i^w

Kara to, avTa iv rjfJLepa /cat vvktl ^aivovTi. Kai ol Xlpov

KapTTacTLOV dpvaXXl^; evecTTLv, 6 Sr) irvpl Xivcov fxovop ovk

ecTTiv dX(x)(Tip,ov • (fyolvL^ 8e vircp tov Xv^i'ou ^aX/cov? dvtJKcov

05 €9 TOV 6po(f)ov dvacnra ttjv ar/xtSa. 6 8e KaXXt)u,a^09 6 roi^

Xv^^'o^' TTOLijcra'^y aTTOoecov twv 7rpa)Ta>v e? avTTjv ttjv Te^vrfv,

ovTOi cro(f)La ttolvtcdv ecrriv aptcrro? wcrre /cat Xi6ov<; Tr/awTO?

iTpvTTrjcre koX ovofxa edeTO KaTaTiq^vre^vov , rj dejxevcov dXXwv

KaTecrTTjcrev i(f) avTco.

27 Ketrat Se iv tm vaco T'rj<? TloXiaSog 'Kpixrj<i ^vXov, KeKpo- l

TTO? elvai Xeyofxevov dvd9rjp,a, vtto KXdScov ixvpcrLvr]<; ov crvvo-

7TTOV. dvadyJixaTa 8e oiroaa d^ia Xoyov, to)v jxev dp^aCwv

SL(f)po<; oAcXaSta? eVrt AatSaXov TroLrjfjLa, Xdcpvpa 8e dno

f) MyjSoiv MaaicTTLOV 6(opa^, 6? et^e^' eV nXarataig t^j' i^ye-

fxovLav Trj<; iinrov, kol dKLvdKr]<; MapSoviov Xey6ixevo<i eivat.

MaatcTTLov jxev Srj TeXevTTJcravTa vtto twv 'A0r]vaL(i)v olSa

iTTnecov • MaphovCov 8e jxa^eaafxevov Aa/ceSat/AOi^tot? ivavTia

KoX VTTO dvSpo<; STrapTidTov TreaovTo^ ovh^ dv vireSe^avTO

10 dp^Tjv ouSe tcroj? ^A.Brjvaioi^ TraprJKav (jiepeaOai AaK'e8at/xo-

VLOL TOV aKLvdKTjv. TTepl Se Trj<; eXata? ovSev €)(ovcriv dXXo 2

subtlety " of his work in marble. See 11. irepl 84 tiis tXaias: Tausanias

Furtwiingler, Meisterw. pp. 200-200. does not tell the site of the sacred olive,

27. Offerings inthe Temple ofAthena but from other sources we learn that

Polias— The Olive Tree— The Arrc- it was in the Pandrosium to the west

phorlc Maidens— Statue of the Priest- of tlie Erechtheum (see Dion. Hal. de

ess Lysimache— Group of Erechthcus Dinarcho judicium, 3; Apollod. o, 14,

and Eumolpus — Statues of Tolmides 1). Herodotus (8, 55) speaks of it

and his son— Athena statues— Boar as within the precincts of the Erech-

Ilunt— Ficjht of Heracles with Cycnus theum. I'liny (N. H. 10, 240) and Hy-— Heracles and Theseus— Afinos and ginus (Fab. I(i4) speak of this sacred

the Minotaur. olive as existing in their time. He-

1. €v tS va£ Tfjs IloXidSos : on the rodotus's account of the burning and

Old Athena Temple, see Excursus XII. sprouting again is not so marvelous

ARKEPIIOROI 135

Cli.27, 4

elnelv t] tjJ Oew fxaprvpuov yeviadai tovto i<; tov dywua top

iirl TY] ^w/aa- \4yovcri Se koX raSe, KaraKavOrjuaL jxeu rrfv

Ikaiav, yjPLKa 6 MtJSo? Trjv ttoXlp ivenpiqaep *XBiqpaioi^,

15 KaTaKavdelcTOLP Se avdr^fxepop oaop re CTrt Svo fiXaaTrjcrac

Tw va(o Se rrj^ *A0rjpa<; Uaphpocrov pao<; (Tvp€^t]<; icm •

Kol ecTTi Wdphpodo^ e'? tt^p irapaKaTadTJKiqp dpairio^; to)p

dSeX(f)(ji)p fxoprj. d Se fioi 0avfj,d(Tai p.d\i(TTa irapia^ep, ian 3

20 fxep ovK €<; dnapTa^ ypcopLfia, ypdxjjcu Se ola (Tvp.^aipei. irap-

depoi Suo TOV paov Trj<; HoXtaSo? oIkovctlp ov iroppa), KaXovcn

Se *AdrjpaioL crcfyd^ dppr]<f)6pov<; avTat ^popop fxep Ttpa Stat-

Tap e^ovcri irapd Trj Beo), irapayepofxeprji; Se Trj<; iopTrj<? op(o-

(TLP ip pvktI ToictSe. dpaBelcraL crcfiLcrLP inl ra? K€(f)a\d<; d

25 Tf Tr]<i 'A0rjpd^ lepeia OLOcocn (jyepetp, ovTe rj StSoucra ottoIop

TL BlScjctlp etSvta ovte rat? (f)€povaaL's iTTicTTafxipai^;— eicrrt

Se TTepC^oXo^ ip Trj TroXet Tr]<; KaXou/xeVrys ip KijiroL^ 'A<^/3o-

StrT79 ov TToppoj Koi St' avTov /ca^oSo? viroyaLos avTOfxdTT]—TovTrj KaTiacTLP at TrapOepoL. KdTOi fxep Orj ra (f)€p6ixepa Xet-

30 TTOVCTLP, Xay8ouo"at Se aXXo tl KoixLlC,ovaLP iyKeKaXvjxjJiepop •

Kal ra? fiep d(f)Ld(rLP i^Sr^ to ipTevdep, erepa? Se e'9 Trjp dKpo-

ttoXlp TTapdepov'; dyovaip dpT uvtmp. 7rpo<; Se t(o pa(p ttJ^ 4

(8, 55).— 17. UavSpocrou vaos : as to birth, between the ages of seven and

Pandrosus, see 1, 18,2. The temple was eleven, chosen by the king archon to

situated just east of the Erechtheuni. perform the service described by Tau-

The Epheboi sacrificed to Athena To- sanias. They wore white robes, and

lias and to Pandrosus (C.I. A. Ill, 481). gold ornaments if worn by them be-

The pedestal of a statue to one of the came sacred. Two of the Arrephoroi

girlscalledAnephoroi bears an inscrip- began the weaving of the sacred robe

tion that she had served Athena Polias presented periodically to Athena. Theand Pandrosus (C.I. A. Ill, 887; cf. festival here described was called ylrrc-

C.I.A. II, lo90). Thallo, one of the p/zorm.and was held in the month of Sci-

seasons, was worshiped along with Pan- rophorion (June-July). (Cf. Ar. Ly.s.

dro.sus (0, o5, 2). (i41 .sq., and Schol.; Etymol. Magn.

20. -irapOcvoi Svo . . . dppT]<t>6povs: the j). 140, s.vv. dppr]<f>6poi and dppr]<f>opfTi>

;

Arrephoroi were four girls of noble Ile.sych. and Suid. s.v. dppri(f)opla, etc.)

13G THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh. 27, 5

^K9r)va<; ecrrt jxkv . . . €vy]pL<; TTpecr/3vTL<; ocrov re tttJx^o^

fidXiCTTa^ (fiafxepT] 8ta/cofo? elvau Kvcnixd^ri, ecxTL be dyak-

35 /xara fieydXa ^aXKOv Stecrrajre? di'Spes e? fxd^iqu- Kai tou

fxep 'Epe^^ea KaXoOcrt, toi^ 8e EuyLtoXTTOv • /catrot XeXr^de ye

ovhe ^Adrjvaioiv octol to, dp^ala tcracnv, 'l/x/ACtpaSot' eti^at

TTatSa KvfxoXTTOv [tovtov^ tov diToOavovTa vtto 'Epe^^ew?.

eVt 8e TOV ^dOpov koI avSpidpTe^ elcrl BeatVero? 6? efxav- 5

40 revero ToX/xtSr^ /cat avro? ToX/xtSr^?, 09 'AOrjvaCcop vavcriv

rjyovp.evo<; dXXov<; re CKdKcoae kol HeXonouviqaLcov ttjv ^&>-

/aav ocrot vdp.ovTai ttju irapaXiaVy koX KaKehaip.ovioiv iirl

VvOlm to. vecopta eveTrpiqcre kol t(ov TrepioiKOiv Bota? etXe Kat

rr^v K.vdr)pi(iiv vrjaov e's 8e ri^i^ SiKvwviav Trofqcrdpievo<; diro-

45 ^acTLV, 0)9 ot Si^ovi'Tt TT^i' yr^i^ e? jxd-^rjv KarecTTiqcrav, rpe^d-

fxevo<; a(f)d<; KaTeSiay^e irpo^; rrjv ttoXlv. vtrrepov 8e w?

inavrjXdev e? 'A^i^Va?, iarjyaye fxev e? Ev^otav /cat Nd^ou

'AdrjvaLcov KXr)pov)(ov<;, iae^aXe 8e e? Botwrou? crTpaT(o •

TTopOrjaa^ 8e rrj^ yrj^; rr^v ttoXXtjv /cat irapacTT'qcrdixevo'i tto-

50 XiopKia ^aipdiveiav, w? e? r^i^ AXiapriav TrporjXdev, avro?

re /xa^djLtei^o? drredave /cat to 770,1/ -j^^i^ (XTpdrevpia y^TTOLTO.

rd fxeu e? ToXjLttSryi^ roiavra iTTwOapofx-qv ovra, ecrrt 8e 'AOy]-

i/a? dydXfxaTa dp^ala Kai cr<^i(TLV direTdKy] jxep ovSep,

33. €v^pis irpeo-piiTis . . . Avcrtp.dxi : figures of priestesses of Athena, which

tliis is probably tlie statue, made by stood near the Krechtheuni. Inscribed

Demetrius, of Lysimache who was bases of some have been found (C.I. A.

priestess of Athena for sixty-four II, L'w7, 1378, 1386, 1392 b, 350) and

years (Pliny, N. II. 34, 70). Plutarch perhapsthearchaicfemalestatuesinthe

(de vitioso pudore, 14) tells an anec- Acropolis Museum were of this group,

dote of her. Demetrius was a realist 40. To\|ji£8xi : with the following ac-

who cared more to produce a good count of Tolmides cf. Thuc. 1, 108 and

likeness than a beautiful woi'k of art 113; Diod. 9, 84; 12, 0; Plutarch,

(Lucian, Philops. 18-20; Quint. 12, 10, Pericles, 18. The battle of Coronfia

9). He probably fionrislied in the first in which Tolmides fell was fought in

half of the fourth century n.c. This . 447 11. c. He and his men were buried

statue was doubtless one of a series of in the outer Ceramicus (1, 29, 14).

THESEUS 137

Cb.27, 9

fieXduTepa Se /cat TrXrjyrjv IveyKeiv iomv daOevecTTepa- ine-

55 Xa/Se yap koI ravra rj (f)X6^, ore icr^e^rjKOTajv e? ra? pav<;

Kd-qvaioiv ySao'tXev? elkev eprjixou tojv iv t^Xikio. Tr]v irokiv.

€cni he crvo? re Orjpa, rrepl ov aa(f)€<; ovheu olha el tov KaXic

SojuLov, Koi KvKPO<; 'HpaKXel p,a^6p.evo<; • tovtop top Kvkpop

(j)a(TLP aXXov? re (ffopevaat Kal Avkop Hpa/ca TrpoTeOepTwp

60 0'<f)L(TL piOPop.a^ia<; adXcop, nepl oe top TTOTafiop top Ylr^peiop

dneOapep v(j) 'Hpa/cXeou<?.

To)p Se ep TpoL^rjpL Xoyojp ov<; e? ^rjaea Xeyovatp icTTlp 7

(o<; HpaKXrjq iq Tpoil^yjpa iXdcjp rrapd lltr^ea /cara^elro eVt

T(o SeLTTPO) TOV XeopTo<; to Sepfxa, icreXdoLep Se Trap' ovtop

65 aXXot T€ Tpoil^rjPLajp TratSe? /cat HT^crev? efiSojxop jxaXiCTTa

yeyopa)<; eTo<; tov<; fxep Sr) Xolttov^; 7rat8a<?, (o<; to Sepjxa

elhop, (jievyopTa^; (jyacLP ol^eaOat, Br^crea. Se vne^eXdopTa

ovK ayap crvp <^dy8&> irapd Toip SiaKOPOiP dpndaai neXeKVP

Kal avTLKa eVteVat cnrovhfj, XeoPTa elpau to Sepfxa rjyovp.e-

70 POP. oSe fxep T(op Xoycop TrpcjToq e? avTOP Icttl TpoiS^r]PLOL<; • 8

6 8e iirl TOVTO), Kpr]TrlSa<; Alyea viro ireTpa /cat ^i<^oq delpat

ypcopicrixaTa eipai tw TiatSt /cat toi^ pukp i<; 'A07Jpa<; dnovXelp,

i*^r)(T€a he, oj? eKTOP /cat Se/caroi^ eToq eyeyopei^ ttjp ireTpap

dpdxraPTa oi^eaOai ttjp TrapaKaTaOyJK-qp TTfP Atyeiw? (fiepopTa.

75 TO'UTOv he etKcjp ep d/cpo7rdXet TreTToir/rat roG Xdyov, ^aX/coG

TrdpTa 6/xotoK ttXtjp T17? TreTpa<i dpeOecrap he kol dXXo Ht^- '.»

crew? epyop, /cat 6 Xdyo? ovroj? e? avrd e^et. Kprjat ttjp re

58. KvKvos 'HpaxXci )i,ax6|uvos : cf. ens and on other ancient monuments.

Ilesiod, Scutum Ilerculis, 345 sqq.; See Baunieister, Denkmiiler, p. 1780;

Eur. Here. Fur. 389 sqq.; Apollod. 2, Imhoof-Hhuner and Gardner, Num.

7, 7 ; Died. 4, 37. Comm. on Pans. p. 140, witli pi. Dl), ii.

71. KpT]iri8as Al-y^a: cf. 2, 32, 7; 70. aWo ©iio-^ws «p"yov : on Theseus's

Pint. Thes. 3, ; Diod. 4, 50. The sub- capture of the Marathoiiian bull, see

ject of Theseus lifting the rock and Plut. Thes. 14; Diod. 4, 59; Hygi-

finding under it the tokens of liis nus, Fab. 38. I'au.sanias .says Theseus

birth is represented on coins of Ath- .sacrificed the bull to Athena; the other

138 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh. 27, 10

aWrjv yrjv Kat ttjv Itti voTafiM TeOpivL Tavpo<; ekvixaiv^To.

TToiXaL 8e dpa to. Orfpia (fio^epcjrepa 'qv rol<i avBpMiroi^ cos o

80 T iv Ne/xeia Xecuz^ /cat 6 W.apvdcrio'; koI SpaKovTe^; Trj<; 'EXXa-

So9 TToXXa^oi) Kol V9 Trept re KaXuSwva /cat 'EpvixavOou kol

Trj<; KopLuOia<; iv KpofMvcovL, wore Kat iXeyero rd jxev dveivai

Tr)v y^v, TO, 8e W9 tepa elr] Oecov, rd 8e Kat e? Tipucopiav dvdpd)-

TTdiv d^eicrBai. Kat rovrov ot KpT^re? tov Tavpov e? tt^v yT^t*

85 TTejJLxpaL (TcfiCaL TlocretSai^'a (ftacnv, on daXdacrr]^ dp-^cov Mt-

vojs Trj<; 'KW'qpLKrjq ovSez^o<? HocreiScopa rjyev dWov deov

jxdWop iv TLjxrj. kojxkt6rjvat fxev Srj tov ravpov tovtov lo

<l)aaLv 69 TleXoTTOvvrjcrov ck Kp7]Tr]<; kol 'HpaKXet tmv Sw-

SeKa Ka\ovixev(ov eva Kat tovtov yeveadac tov ddXov • oj? 8e

90 e? TO ireoLov d(f)eLdr] to ^Kpyeioiv, ^evyet 8ta tov Kopcvdcov

IcrO^ov, (^evyei Se eg 'y]^!^ ri^i/ 'Attiki^v Kat T179 'ArrtK^^? e?

orjjjiov TOV MapaOcovicov, Kat aXXov? re oTrocrot? eVerv^e Kat

Mti^oj TTatSa 'AfSpoyewi^ direKTeive. MtVoj? 8e t'avcrti^ eV 'Adij-

va<; TrXevcra'?— ov ydp irreiBeTo dvauTLov^ elvat crcjid? Trjq

95 'Av^poyeoi T€XevTrj<;— eg toctovtov iKdKcjcrev, eg o crvi^e^w-

pyjOr] ol TTapOevov<; e'g KprJTrjv iiTTd kol 7rat8a9 to"ou9 dyecv

rw Xeyofxevo) Mivco Tavpco tov iv Kvcoctctm Ka^vpivBov oIktJ-

crat • rot* 8e eV tco MapaOa)vi Tavpov vcrTepov i'*)rj(Tev<i e'? ttjv

dKpoTToXiv iXdcrai kol Ovaai Xeyerat tji Oeo)^ Kat to dvdO-qjxd

100 eVrt TOV oijixov tov MapaOtovicov.

authorities, to Apollo. Tiiis exploit was excavated by Mr. Arthur Evans. See

represented on one of tlie metopes of Annual of the British School at Athens,

the so-called "Theseum"; and on a Nos. vi-xi (1899-1905); Roland M. Bur-

fine red-figured va.se in the British Mu- rows, Tlie Discoveries in Crete, Lon-

seum (J.II.S. 11, 1881, 04, with pi. X). don, 1907. The excavations brought to

97. TOV €v Kvoxro-u) AaPvpivOov: on light numerous clay tablets, sculptures,

the story of the Cretan Labyrinth, see fre-scoes, and the like, and have madeRoscher, Lexikon, II, 1778 ff. The known a pre-Mycenaean civilization,

Labyrinth has in recent years been called the Minoan, which will probably

identified as the palace of King Minos prove to be the connecting link be-

in Cnossus, and has been thoroughly tween the arts of Egypt and of Greece.

BRONZE ATHENA 139

Cll.28, 2

28 KvXcopa be ovSep e^oj cra(f)€<; elTrelv e<f)' otoj )(a\Kovv avede- i

crav Tvpavvioa oyutw? ^ovXevaavTa- TeKfxaipoixai Se roivhe

iv€Ka, OTi 6too9 KaXXiCTToq /cat ret e? Sdfai' iyevero ovk acfya-

vrj'i avekofxevo^ hiavXov viKr]v ^OXvpinKy^v Kai ol Ovyarepa

5 VTTrjp^e yyjixai BeayeVov?, 69 Meydpojv ervpdvviqcre. ^ojp\^ 2

ok rj ocra Kareke^a Svo jxep ^A6rjvaioL<; etcrt Se/carai ttoXc-

lxT](TacTLV, ayaXpa \\07]pd<; )(a\Kovp dno Mi^'Swi^ tcjv €<? Ma-

paOcova d-TTO^OLVTOiv Te^^yrj <I>€tStov

—

Kai 01 Trjv eVt tt79

dcTTTiSo? fjid^-qv AainBoiv Trpo? Kej'Tav/9ov? /cat oVa aXXa

10 icTTiv iireipyacrpidva Xeyovcn Topevaai M vi^, rw 8e Mut ravrct

28. Cylon— Athena of Phidias—Reliefs on the shield of the Promachos— Bronze chariot and Lemnian Athena

of Phidias— Walls of the Acropolis—Clepsydra— Caves of Apollo and Pan— The Areojyagits— Sanctuary of the

Seinnai— Statues of Pluto, of Ilcmies,

and of Ge— Grave of Odysseus — Ex-

cursus on the Athenian courts.

1. KvXwva: Pausanias's explanations

are hardly right. In all probability the

statue was set up as an expiatory offer-

ing for the massacre of Cylon's follow-

ers in violation of proinises given to

them when in sanctuary on the Acropo-

lis. See Ildt. 5, 71; Thuc. 1, 12();

Pint. Solon, 12. Cylon's Olympic vic-

tory was won in Ol. 85, (540 b.c. (See

J. H. Wright, Ilarv. Stud, in Class.

Phil. Ill, 1 ff.)

7. a7aX|j.a 'A6i]vds x°'^'<*>^^ = ^'^'^ '^

the image .styled by Demo.sthenes (19,

272) "the great bronze Athena." and

u.sually known as the Promachos or

champion, though this epithet was first

applied to it in Schol. Dern. 22, 1.3. p.

597. (Cf. C.I. A. 111,038.) It was prob-

ably set up at the close of the Persian

war. Observe that Pausanias does not

say the point of the spear and the crest

of the helmet were visible from Sunium,

but on the voyage from Sunium to Ath-

ens. The Acropolis can be seen only

after Cape Zoster is passed. The mis-

conception of this passage has led to the

false calculation formerly given as to

the height of the statue, namely seventy

feet or thereabout. Michaelis (A.M.

II (1877), 89 sq.) calculates that it was

about twenty-five feet, or with the ped-

estal thirty feet high. W. Gurlitt(Ana-

lectaGraccieusia, Graz, 1893, pp. 101-

121) presentsan interestingargument to

the effect that tlie bronze Athena was

preserved at Constantinople down to

1 205 A.!), and hasbeen described in detail

by a Byzantine author. A quadrangular

platform, suitable for a pedestal about

eighteen feet in diameter, which is cut

in the Acropolis rock about thirty feet

from the Propylaea, is usually identi-

fied as the site of the statue. — 10. to-

pcvo-ai, MOv: Athenaeus (11, p. 782 h)

speaks of Mys as famous for chasing or

working in relief on metal, and men-

tions a cup rej)re.senting in relief the

sack of Troy with an inscription attrib-

uting the design to Parrhasius and the

140 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh.28, 3

re Kol TO, XotTTO, Tiou epyoiv Hap pdcnop KaTaypdxjjaL tov

Fivrjuopo^ • ravrr/g Trjs 'AOtjpols rj tov Sdparo? al^axr) koI 6

\6(f)0<?TOV KpdvOV^ 0,770 XoVVLOV TTpOCTTT^eOVaiv icTTlV T^Sf]

(TvvoTTTa— Kol dpfxa KeuTaL )(^aXKOvu diro Botwrajv SeKdTT]

15 KOL XaX/ctSeojt' twv ev Eu^ota. ^vo Se aXXa iaTiv dvadrj-

/xara, WepiKXrjs 6 'BiCivOiTnTov kol tcov epycov tmv ^etStov

^ea? fjidXicrra d^iov 'A$7]vd<; ayaXjxa diro tcop dvaOevTcov Ka-

\ovfJi€vr]^ ArjjxpLa^. Trj oe aKponoXei, tvXtjv ocrov Klixcov (oko- 3

S6ixr]creu avT'^<; 6 MtXrtctSoi;, irepi^akeiv to Xolttov Xeyerat

workmanship to Mys. Mys is men-

tioned as a famous artist in his line by

Pliny (N. H. 33, 155), by Propertius

(4, 9, 14, ed. Paley), and by Martial

(8, 34 and 51 ; 14, 95). He doubtless

flourished in the latter part of the

fifth century. Cf. H. Brunn, Gesch.

d. griech. Kiinstler, II, 97, 409 sq. —14. ap}i,a: the victory over the Boeo-

tians and Chalcidians occurred about

507 15. c. The prisoners were kept in

chains until ransomed, when their fet-

ters were hung on the Acropolis. Out

of the tithe of the ransom the Athe-

nians made the four-horse chariot of

bronze. Herodotus (5, 77) .says it stood

on the left as one entered the Proi)y-

laea, and quotes the in.scription in

elegiac couplets. From fragments of

the inscription that have been found

(C.I.A. IV, 334a, 78; I, 334) Frazer

infers that the original chariot set up

about 507 n.c. was carried off by the

Persians, and that a new chariot was

set up in its place after 450 b.c. The

chariot nmst have been moved between

the time of 1 lerodotus and that of Pausa-

nias from outside to within the Acropo-

lis precinct. — 1*3. ITepiKXi^s: see on 1,

25, 1. — 18. Aii(Av(as: Lueian (Imagi-

nes, 4, G) speaks of this statue in ex-

travagant terms as the most praise-

worthy of Phidias's works, and for his

ideal of feminine beauty selects from

the Lemnian Athena " the outline of

the whole face, and the tenderness

of the cheeks, and the shapely nose."

For similar exalted praise cf. Aristi-

des. Or. 1, Vol. II, 554, ed. Dindorf

;

Pliny, N. II. 34, 54 ; Himerius, Or. 21,

5; Anthol. Append. Planud. 169 and

170. Furtwangler (Meisterw. pp. 3sqq.,

with pis. i, ii, iii, xxxii, 2) argues that

copies of the Lemnian Athena are to

be seen in two marble statues of Athena

in Dresden, another at Cassel, and a

head in Bologna. The Dresden statues

and the Bologna head are in the style

of Phidias, he argues, and copies of a

bronze original. He thinks the statue

was dedicated by the Athenian colo-

nists in Lemnos before they set out

from Athens, between 451 and 447 n.v.

18. rf) 8c aKpoiroXei: the southern

wall of the Acropolis was built out

of the produce of the spoils won from

the Persians by Cimon, especially at

the great victory of the Eurymedon

(I'lut. Cimon, 13; de glor. Ath. 7;

Corn. Nepos, Cimon, 2). The ancient

ACROPOLIS FORTIFICATIONS 141

Ch.28, 4

20 Tov rei^ov^ neXacryov? ot/oycrai^ra? vrore vtto ttjv aKpoiro-

\iv <f)aaL yap 'Aypokau /cat 'Tnep^Lov . . . TTwOavofxevo';

oe oiTLve'; rjcrav ovSeu aXXo ihvudfxr)v fxaOelu rj St/ceXov? to

i^ dp^T]<; 6vTa<; e? ^AKapvaviav fieTOLKyjcrat.

KaTafidat he ovk e? ttju /carw ttoXlv dXX' oaou vtto to. 4

25 TrpoTrvXaca Trrjyi] re vSard? eVrt kol Tr\y)criov 'AttoXXcui^o?

masonry of the circuit wall is still

standing, though in some parts ob-

scured by a mediaeval or modern cas-

ing. At the southeast corner a piece

of Cimon's wall is visible, forty-five

feet in height. Westward of this point

it is pretty well hidden by the later

casing and buttresses. The north wall

is ancient Greek work, probably of

Themistocles's or Cimon's time;pieces

of the colonnade of the old Athena

temple, destroyed 480 k.c, are built

into it. The eastern wall seems to

have been entirely rebuilt on the old

foundations in the Middle Ages. Be-

sides these extensive remains of Ci-

mon's wall, there exist at various points

pieces of a much older fortification

wall. Thus a well-preserved section,

twenty feet thick, extends from the

Propylaea to the southern wall. Other

pieces have been uncovered at the soul h-

east corner of the Acropolis and to the

southwest of the Parthenon. This

primitive wall is built of polygonal,

almost unhewn blocks, measuring from

three to four and one half feet in

length. It probably ran originally all

round the edge of the Acropolis. This

prehi-storic fortification is doubtless the

Pela.'^gic wall here mentioned by Pau-

sanias. Other writers speak of this

Pelasgic or Pelargic wall (Ildt. 6, 137;

Dion. Hal. Antiq. Rom. 1, 28; Photius

s.v. UfXapyiKbv; Schol. Ar. Aves, 832,

1139; Ktymol. Magn. p. 659, s.v. He-

XapyiKov; Bekker, Anecd. Graec. p. 299,

1. IG.sqq.). This Pelasgic wall appears

to have had nine gates (Suidas, s.v.

d-rreSa; Bekker, Anecd. Graec. p. 419,

1. 27sqq.; Schol. Soph. Oed. Col. 489).

These were probably arranged within

each other at the western entrance of

the Acropolis, where the wall may have

been trebled or quadrupled. It seems

to have subsisted as a fortress as late

as 510 ij.c, when Hiiriiias was besieged

"in the Pelasgic fortress" (Hdt. 5, 04;

Arist. Resp. Ath. 19). If not already

pulled down by the Athenians, it was

doubtless dismantled by the Persians in

480 B.f. (Hdt. 8, 53 ; 9, 13). Yet a pre-

cinct to the northwest of the Acropolis

continued to bear down to Romantimes the name of Pela.sgicum (h-

Pelargicum (Thuc. 2. 17; Lucian, Pis-

cator, 42, 47). — 20. IltXao-yous oIk'^-

(ravrds irort viro ttjv dKpoiroXiv : both

Herodotus (0, i;!7) and Stiabo (9, p. 401)

state that the IVlasgians dwelt at the

foot of Mt. Hymettu.s.

25. ini-y^: Pausanias,pa.ssiiig through

the Propylaea, turns to the right and

descends by a stairway to the spring

called the Clepsydra. The spring is

still to be seen, situated (m the north-

west face of the Acropolis rock and

reached by a narrow flight of steps

142 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh. 28, 5

lepov iv (TTTrjXaLCi) ' Kpeovcry 8e Ovyarpl 'Epe^^^ew? 'AttoA.-

X(t)va ivTavda crvyyevecrOai voyiit^ovcn. . . . wg 7r€jX(f)6€Lr}

^^tXtTTTTtSi^s e? AaKeSaLjxova ayye\o<; dTTo/Se^rjKOTUJV MijScDV

e? Trji^ y^^? eTTavrjKOJV Se Aa/ceSat/xovtoug vnep^aXecrOaL (fyair]

30 Trjv e^oSov, elvai yap Srj vofjiov avTols jxr) irporepov /aa^ov-

fxevov^ i^uevaL vplv rj irXrjpy] tov kvkKov Trj<; aeXyji^y]'? yevi-

crQai TOV Se ITai'a 6 <l>tX(,7r7rtS-)79 eXeye irepl to 6po<i evTv-

^ovTo. ol TO HapOiviov (^dvai re to? e.vvov<^ 'Adr]uaLOL<; eirj

KoX OTL €9 M.apa6o)va rj^ei crvix^a^rjaoiv. ovto^ p.kv ovv 6

35 deo<; inl TavTy Trj dyyeXla Tert/xr^rat • \_KaOo kol 6 Apetos

TTctyos.] ecTTi he *Apet09 7Tdyo<; KaXovfxeuo'S, otl irpoiTO^ "Apr]';

back of the pedestal of Agrippa. For Areopagus or Mars' Hill is determined

ancient references to it, see Ar. Lys.

911 sq. and Scliol., and Ilesychius, s.v.

KXeiyvdpa ; Schol. Ar. Aves, 1694 ; Plut.

Antonius, 34.— 'AttoWwvos Upov : for

the tale of Apollo, Creiisa, and the

infant Ion, see Eur. Ion, 10 sqq., 283

sqq., 492 sqq., 936 sqq., 1398 sqc].,

1482 sqq. After the mention of Apol-

lo's cave there is a lacuna, but the

subsequent account of Pan leaves no

doubt that Pausanias had mentioned

Pan's cave, which was adjacent. Cf.

Eur. Ion, 938: efOa IlafAs ddvra /cat jSw/xoi

TrAas. The two caverns which are side

by side at the northwest corner of the

Acropolis just beyond the Clexjsydra

are usually identified as the caves of

Apollo and Pan. On the sanctuary of

Apollo, see Excursus III and Miss Har-

rison, Primitive Athens, pp. 66-83. He-

rodotus (6, 105) tells the story of the

institution of the worship of Pan in

Athens. Lucian (Bis Ace. 9) locates

the cave of Pan a little above the

Pelargicum. Aristophanes (Lys. 911)

couples it with the Clepsydra.

35. "Apeios iraYos : the site of the

by Herodotus (8, 52), who says that it

was opposite the Acropolis, occupied

by the Persians when they laid siege to

Athens; by Aeschylus (Eum. 685 sq.),

who says the Amazqns occupied it in

their contest with Theseus; and by

Lucian, who represents Pan sitting in

his cave and listening to the speeches

in the court of the Areopagus (Bis

Ace. 12). Hence it is the rocky height,

three hundred and seventy-seven feet

high, west of the Acropolis, from which

it is separated by a depression. Onthe top of the hill are the remains of

some rock-hewn seats where assembled

the court of the Areopagus in the open

air (Pollux, 8, 118). E. Curtius thinks

that the apostle Paul was taken not to

the Areopagus hill, but before a com-

mittee of the council seated before the

Royal Colonnade (Ges. Abh. II, 527

sqq.). — 36. on irpwros "Apt]s tvravOa

€KpC9r] : Euripides (Electra, 1258 sqq.)

agrees with Pausanias in saying that

Ares was the first to be tried on this

hill. Cf. Dem. 23, 66, p. 641 ; Bekker,

Anecd. Gr. I, 444, 1. 7 sqq. According

arp:opagus 143

Cli.28, G

evTavda eKpiOrj, Kai jxol koI raura SeSryXoj/cet' 6 koyo'S a>9

AXippodiov dueXoL Kai e<^' ot(o KxetVete. Kpidrjvai Se koX

varepou ^OpecTTqv keyovatu eVt rw (f)6u(p rry? p,rjTp6<i- Koi

40 ^w/ids i<TTLU ^Kdrfva'; 'Apeia<;, 6v dueOrjKep aTTo^vyon/ tt^i^

OLKTjv. TOV<; Se dpyovs \l$ovs, icf)* w^' kcndaiv octol StVa?

vTT€)(ovcrL Kal ol StwKoi/T€9, Toi/ /Aci/ TySpew? roi' 8e 'At'at-

Seta? avT(t)v dpofxal^ovcn.

UXrjaiov he lepov deoiv ianv a? /caXovcrii/ 'AOrjpaloL %€- q

45 fjiud<;^ 'HcrioSo? Se 'Eptz/i}? eV Heoyoi/ta. npcoTos he (T(f)LaLv

2il(T)(vko<; hpdK0VTa<; eiroiqcrev ofxov rat? eV Try KecftaXfj dpi^Xv

elvai • Tols he dydXixacnv ovre tovtol<; eireaTLv ovhev (f)o/3e-

pov ovre oaa aXXa KCtrai ^ewv toji/ viroyaLcou. /cetrat 8e /cat

nXourwi^ Kat FipfXTJ'; Kai rrj<i ayaXjxa- iuTavOa dvovai jxeu

50 ocrots eV Apeio) nayw ttju aWiav i^eyepero diro\vaaadai,

to Hellaniciis (cited by Schol. Eur. Or.

1648, 1051) Ares was the first to be

tried on the Areopagus; next, three

generation.s afterwards, Cephalus for

the Tnurder of his wife Procris; then,

after three more generations, Daedalus

for the murder of his nephew Talus

;

then, after three more generations,

Orestes for the murder of his mother

Clytaemnestra. It has been suggested

that Areopagus means " the hill of

cursing," the first part of the com-

pound being from apa "a curse," with

reference to the Furies, who had a

sanctuary on Die liill, and were some-

times known as "Arai." The deriva-

tion is possible.— 42. t6v (liv "YPp««s

Tov 8c 'AvaiScCas : according to Zenob.

4, .30, Theoi)hrastus wrote of the altars

of Injury and Ruthlessne.ss. Cicero,

de leg. 2, 11, 28, speaks of a Con-tumeliae fanum et Impudi-citiae. Euripides (Iph. Taur. 001)

represents Orestes as occupying one

seat, while the eldest of the Furies took

the other.

44. Zc^ivds : on this euphemistic

name, cf. 2, 11, 4 : vab% deCjv as' Adrjvahi.

Tlie situation is determined by Aesch.

Eum. 804 sqq.; Eur. Eleclra, 1270;

Iph. Taur. 001 ; Orest. 050 et al. See

Milchh. S.Q. XXIX, 10 sqq. The place

is doubtless the deep chasm at the foot

of the low precipice on the northea.st

side of the hill. On the names, wor-

ship, and .sanctuaries of the Furies, see

Ro.scher's Lexikon, I, 13.'30 sqq. Ac-

cording to Schol. Aeschin. 1, 188;

Schol. Soph. O.C. 30; Clem. Al. Protr.

47, p. 13(Sylb.), there were three .stat-

ues of the Furies, two by Scopas of

Parian marble, the third an older work

by Calamis. On a votive relief from

Argos they appear as three maidens of

mild aspect clad in long robes, each

144 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

€h.28, 7

ecTTL 8e Kol 7dvovcTL be Kat aXXa»s qdvoi re 6/xotw? koX olcttoC

iuTO<; Tov nepi^okov (xprjixa OtOtVoSo?, TTo\vTrpayixovo)v he

evpiCKOv TCL oara eK ^rf^oiv Kop.icr9evTa • ret yap i<; tov

BdvaTov '^o(f)OK\el Treironqpeva tov OtStVoSo? '0}xrjpo<; ovk ela

55 P'Oi So^at TnaToi, os ecfiT] M-qKLCTTea TeXevTijcravTos OtStVoSo?

€TnTa.(^iov eXdovTa eg Syj/3a<; dyajvLcracrOat.

^^Ecrrt 8e 'AOyjvatoL^; kol dX\a hiKacTTrjpia ovk iq toctovto 8

80^179 rfKovTa. TO fxev ovv KaXov/xevov llapd^vaTov kol Tpc-

ycDVOv, TO ixev iv d(f)avel Trj<i TrdXew? 6v /cat in eXa^tcrrot?

60 (TvviovTOiV is avTo, TO 8e dno tov (X^y]fJiaTO<; e^et ret ovofxaTa-

^aTpa^iovv 8e Kat ^olvlklovv dno ^pcofxdTCJV kol i<g ToSe 8ta-

jxepeviqKev ovop^dt^ecrOai. to he p,eyi<jTov /cat e? o TrXetcrrot

crvviaaLv, 'HXtatai^ KaXovcrt^'. ovrocra 8e eVt rot? <f)Ovev(rLv,

with a serpent in her right hand and a

flower in her left. See A.M. IV, PL n.

52. |xvT]|j.a OlSi-iroSos : according to

Val. Max. 5, 3, ext. 3, it was situated

inter ipsum Arium pagum . . .

et . . . ]Minervae arcem. After

the Areopagus was included in the

city through the building of the wall

of Themistocles, the grave of Oedipus

with the entrance to the lower world

and the Semnai was transferred to tlie

Colonus Ilippius. See v. Wilamowitz,

Aus Kydathen, p. 103.

57. aX\a SiKaorriqpia : the excursus

on the Athenian law courts is occa-

sioned by the mention of the Areopa-

gus. The term diKaar-qpiov is applied

both to the aggregate judges sitting in

court and to tlie place in which they

held their sittings. Pausanias's refer-

ence is pi-iniarily to the latter. Heenumei-ates ten courts: 1. Areopagus;

2. Parabystum ; 3. Trigonum ; 4. Ba-

trachiurn; 5. Phoenlcium ; 6. Heliaea;

7. Palladium ; 8. Delphinium ; 9. Pry-

taneum ; 10. Phreattys. Kalkmann,

pp. 65 sq., seeks to prove that the source

of Pausanias was the same as that of

Pollux, book 8, namely a manual origi-

nating from Caecilius. Gurlitt, p. 274,

also recognizes the use of a literary

source.— 58. napd(3w<rTov: said to have

received its name from its position in a

remote quarter of the city. Cf. Etymol.

Magn. p. 651, 50. It is mentioned also

in Poll. 8, 121, and Schol. Ar. Vesp. 120,

etc., who also name the 'Ypiyi^vov. —61. BaTpa^iovv 8c Kal <l»oiviKiovv : the

Green Court and the Ked Court, not

el.sewhere mentioned. Arist. Pesp. Ath.

p. 33 confirms the distinction of cer-

tain Athenian courts by color. Possi-

bly these designations have obscured

their real names, and these two are

identical with the Metichion and the

coui't ewi X-uKui mentioned in Pollux's

list, as the other eight in the two lists

are the same.— 63. 'HXiaCav : this, the

greatest court of Athens, which fre-

quently gave its name to all the courts

COURTS OF .irsTICE 145

Cli.2S, 10

eartp aXXa- /cat eVt IlaXXaSta) KaXovatv,fj

toI<; a-noKTeiva-

65 <jLV aKovaicji^ Kpiai^ KaOearr^Ke. koI otl fxep Ar^/AO^wt' npo)-

TO<s ivravOa vnecr^^e Si/cag, ayi(^i(T^-qrovcnv ovhepes ' e<^' otoj

o€, Sidcfyopa €? tovto elprjTaL. ALOfXTJSrju (fyaalv dkovar)<; ;»

'iXtou rat? vavcriv ovLcrct) Kopiit^eaOai, /cat 17817 re vvKTa ive-

^ett* a>9 Kara ^akripov TrXeoi^res yivovTai /cat tov^ 'ApyeCov;

70 a;? e? noXefxiav dTrojSrjuaL ttju yrju, dXXrjv ttov So^avra^ iv

Trj vvKTi Kat ov TTju ^ATTLKr)u eluai. ivravOa A'r]ixo(f)(t)VTa

\eyovcTLv iK/^orjdyjcraPTa, ovk eTTKTTdpievov ov8e tovtov tov<;

dno T(ou veoiv oj? elcrlv 'Apyetot, /cat dvhpa<^ avTwv diro-

KT€ivai /cat TO IlaXXctStoi' dpirdcravTa ol^ecrOaLj 'Adrjvalou

75 re avopa ov TTpoi.o6p,evov vtto tov lttttov tov Ariixo(f)(t)i>TO^

duaTpanrjvat /cat crvfXTraTiqdivTa d-rroOaveLU- inl tovtu) At^-

lxo(f)(opTa VTTocr^exv 8t/ca<» ot p.ev tov crvfJiTTaTrjOcvTo^ rot? irpo-

(TiJKOvaLu, ol Se ^Apyeioiv (^aaX rw /coti^w. eVt AeX^tt'iw 8e 10

KpicTL^ KadecTTrjKeu ipydcraadai (f)6uop avv rw 8t/catw (pafxe-

80 i^ot?, OTTOtdf rt /cat ©T^crev? Trape^o/xei^o? dnecfyvyeu, ore II aX-

Xai^ra iTravacndvTa Kat rou? 7rat8a9 eKTeive vporepop 8e

7^pt^' 17 Wt70'€V9 d(f)eL$rj, /ca^etcm^'/cet Tracrt (f)evyeLi> KTeCuaura

Tj Kara ravrd OvrjCTKeiv fxeuovTa. to 8e eVt ITpvrai^eioj

collectively, lay probably in the neigh- and the killing of a slave, a resident

borhood of the Areopagus, to the east alien, or a foreigner."

side of the political agora between the 78. tirl A€X<)>iv(i>> : on tlie site of this

upper part of the Theseuin precinct sanctuary, see 1, 19, 1 and note. Cf.

and the gymnasium of Ptolemy. See Arist. Hesp. Ath. 57: "If a man con-

Judeich, Topog. p. 315. The deriva- fesses a homicide but asserts that it

tion of the word is uncertain. See was legal, . . . he is tried in the court

Wachsmuth, 11, 361ff.— 04. Iirl IlaX- of the Delphinium." Dein. 2.3, 74, and

Xa8C(^: the Palladium, a sacred place Poll. 8, 119, tell the same legend as

in the southeastern part of Athens Pausanias with regard to the found-

{airb IIa\Xo3ioi; Kal ' ApSrjTrov Kal AvKtlov, ing of the court. — 83. to Si iirX IIpvTa-

Piut. Thes. 27). According to Aristotle vt£a> : as to the Prytancum, .see 1, 18,

(Resp. Ath. 57) ca.ses tried in the court 3 and note, and cf. Dein. '23, 70: "If

of the Palladium were "involuntary a stone or a piece of iron or any such

homicide, and conspiracy (against life), thing fall and strike a man, and the

146 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASC11.2S, 11

KaXovfJLevoi', ei^da tco cnSyjpo) kol iraaiv o/xotw? rot? di//v^ots

85 hiKOit^ovcnv, inl T(oSe dp^aadat voixit^w. ^Xdiqvaiojv /SacnXev-

ovTO^ 'Epe^^ew?, Tore irp^Tov /3ovv eKTCtueu 6 /3ov(f)6uo<^ iirl

Tov /ScDjJiov Tov rioXteaj? Atog- Kac 6 [xeu aTToXnrwv TaiJTr] top

TreXeKvv dirrjXdev ck tt^? x^P^'^ (^evyiovj 6 8e TreXe/cu? Trapav-

TLKa d(f)eL07] <e9 Oakaaaav) Kpi9e\<i kol e? Tohe dvd irdv €To<;

90 KpiveTai. Xeyerat p^kv St) /cat dWa tmu dxjjv^cov avTopara n

einOelvai crvv tco St/catoj TLpcopiav dvdp(i)iToi<i epyov oe KctA.-

\i(TTov Kol So^r) (f)apepa)TaTou 6 Kap^vaov 7Tap€cr)(eTO aKL-

vaK-qq. ecTTL 8e tov Hetpatw? tt/jo? daXdcrcrr} <i>peaTTv<; •

ivTavOa ol Tre^euydre?, 171^ d7reX06vTa<^ erepov iinXd^r] acftdq

95 eyK\7)p.a, irpo^ dKpoiopdvov^ e'/c rij? yrfq diro i>ed)<; aTToXo-

yovvTai • TevKpou npcoTou \6yo<i e^et TeXapwuL ovtco<^ dno-

XoyyjcracrdaL prjhev is tov Atai^ro? OdvaTov elpydadau. raSe

pev ovv elpTjcrdoj poi Tojvhe eveKa, OTrdcrot? peTecxTL aTrovSrjs

29 yvcovaL Ta e? to. hiKacTTiqpLa. tov Se 'Apeiov irdyov vXirjcrLov 1

SeiKvvTai vav<; TTOirjBeicra e? ttjv tcl>v Havadrjvaicov Tropnyjv.

person who threw the thing is not tlie ship wliile his accusers listened

known, but they do know and are in from the shore ; if convicted lie was

possession of the thing which killed the punished with death, if acquitted he

man, then the thing is brought to trial returned into banishment. Cf. Arist.

at the court of the rrytaneum." Kesp. Ath. 57.

93. 4>p£aTTvs : Milchhoefer (Karten 29. The Panathenalc Ship — The

V. Att. Text i, 5G f.) locates Phre- ylcadeitnj— Grove of Artemis vjith im-

attys at the extreme point of the ages of Artemis, Artemis Ariste, and

peninsula which bounds the entrance Artemis KalUste— Temple of Diony-

of the harbor of Zea on the east, con- sus Elcxdhereus— Tombs in the outer

trary to the earlier view of Ulrichs, Ceramicus on Hie street from the Dij^y-

Reisen und Forschungen, 1, 173ff., who lum to the Academy.

puts it at a point on the shore a little 2. vavs : the ship was moved on

to the southeast of the entrance to Zea. wheels, and to its mast was fastened

Dem. 24, 77 ff. states that before this the new robe, embroidered with scenes

court were tried men who, banished from the battles of the Gods and Giants,

for an involuntary homicide, were ac- which was presented to Athena every

cused of another and voluntary homi- fourth year at the great Fanathenaic

cide, and that the accused spoke from festival. The crew of the ship consisted

ROAD TO ACADEMY 147

Ch.29, 2

KaL TavTTqu jxeu rjSr) ttov tl<; vTrepe^dXeTo to 8e eV ArjXo)

ttXoZov ovheva. ttcj viKrjaavTa otSa, KadrJKOP e's ivvea eyaera?

5 dwo T(t)u KaTacTTpcJixaTCDP.

'Adr)paioL<; Se koI e^oj ttoXcw? eV rot? SijfjLOL^; kol Kara ra?

6oov<; uewv ecmv lepd kol "qpaxou /cat dpSpcou Td(f)OL • iyyv-

Tarui ok 'AKaSrjixia, ^(Dpiov TTore dv^po^ tStQ>Tov, yvp.vdaiov

Se evr' iyiov. Kartovcrt 8' e? avTy)v irepi^oko^ Icrriv \\pTipnr

10 009 /cat ^oava 'ApLaTr]<; kol KaXXtcrrT^?- cu? yitei^ eyoj Sokw

Kat ojJLoXoyel rd eirr] rd lldjX(f)(o, Trj<; 'Apre/xtSd? etc^t^' eVt-

kXiJ(T€l<; avTai, Xeyofxevov Se /cat aXXot' e'? auras Xdyoi/ etSws

virep^tjcrofxaL. Kat j'ao? ov fxeya^ eVrtV, e's oi^ roO Atoi/ucov

of priests and priestesses wearing gold-

en crowns and garlands of flowers.

According to Philostr. Vit. Soph. 2, 1,

7, the route followed by the procession

with the ship was from the Ceraniicus

to the Eleusinium, then round the Eleu-

siniuni to the I'ytliium, identified by

Diirpfeld with the Cave of Apollo,

where the ship was moored. Cf. A. G.

Leacock, de ponipis graecis, in Ilarv.

Studies, XI, 1 if., and the derivation

of carnival there given (p. 6, note).

6. €|«i» ir6Xcws : I'ausanias has nowcompleted his account of the city itself,

and, quitting Athens by the Dipyium,

he describes the monuments of the

Ceramicus. Of important omissions

made by him, perha])s the most note-

worthy is that of the I'nyx, or jjlace of

public assembly, the site of whicli is in

all probability determined, being on the

northeast slojje of the low rocky hill

lying between the Museum hill, the

Areopagus, and the Hill of the Nymphs.Here are exteusive remains indicating

the use of tlie site as a meeting-place.

— 8 *AKa8T)(xCa: tiie road to the Acad-

emy, which I'ausanias now follows, left

Athens by the Dipyium (Livy, 31, 24;

Cic. De fin. 5, 1, 1 ; Lucian, Scytha,

2). So Pausanias quitted Athens by

the same gate by which he had entered.

Three roads started from the l^ipylum

gate ; one northwest to the Academy;

one west to Eleusis ; and one south-

west to Piraeus. The suburb outside

the Dipyium was called tlie Ceramicus,

or Potters' Quarter. As the adjoining

(juarter, inside the walls, bore the same

name, modern writers call the one the

Outer Ceramicus, the other the Inner

Ceramicus. In the former the remains

of the Athenians who fell in battle were

buried by tlie state. Public graves

lined the road on both sides, and in-

scriptions bore the names of the dead

and told where they had fallen. —!>. 'ApT€)ii8os : this Artemis appears

to liave been identified with Hecate.

Cf. Hesych. s.v. KoXXiVttj- tj iv t<^ Ke-

paneiKifi iSpvfji^vri 'VjKaTrj. rjv tvioi ApTe/xiv

\^yova-i.— 13. vaos ov (xc-y'^S • "^^ ^^ ^''^'

image of Kleutherian Dionysus, see 1,

20, 3, note. Tliis procession seems to

have taken place at tlu; city Dionysiac

festival in the inouih of Klaphebolion

148 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh. 29, 3

Tov 'EXev^epeiw? to ayaXfxa dva nap eTO<; KOjxii,ov(TLV ev

15 reray/aeVaig r)ixepai<;. lepa fxev (T<^Lcn ravTy TocravToi icm, 3

Tdi(f)OL 8e Spaav^ovXov jxev npcoTov tov Avkov, dvSpo<; t(ov

re vcTTepov /cat ocrot irpo avTov yeyovaaiv 'AdrjpaLOL^; Xdyt-

jjiOL TOL TTOLVTa dpiaTov— TTapivTi Se jixot TO. TrXeicu rocraSe eg

TTi(TTiv dpKeaei tov \6yov • TvpavviSa yap eiravcre twv Tpid-

20 KovTa Kakov/xevcop avu dvSpdcnv e^tjKOVTa to /car' dp^dq

6pixr]0€l<i Ik ^iq^oiv, KoX ^KOrjvaiov^ CTTaaidt^ovTa^; StaXXa-

yrjuai /cat crvv6ep.evov<^ eTrettre jxeipaL— irpoiTO'^ fiep iaTiv

ovTO<i Td(f)o<5, CTTt 8e avT(o Ilept/cXeov? re /cat XajSpCov Kal

^opiJiLOjpo<;. ecTi Se Kat Trao't ixvyjjxaTa 'A^T^vatot? OTrdo'ot? 4

25 drrodavelv (Twenecrev eu re vav/xa^iat? /cat eV /xct^ats ire^at?

ttXt]!/ octol Mapad(t)UL avTwv ifyoivicravTO • TovToi<i yap /caret

^(opav elcrlv ol Td(f)OL St' dvhpayaOCav, ol Se aXXot /caret r^7^'

oSoi/ KelvTaL TTjv e'? 'AKahrjixcav, /cat crc^oii' ecrrctcrtv eVt rots

ra(^ots crr^jXat ret ovofxaTa /cat roi^ Srjfxov eKdaTOv Xeyovcrat.

(March-April). Cf. Momnisen, Feste Munycliia, and overtlirew the Thirty

der Stadt Athen, pp. 394ff. The return (403 u.c). He brought about an alli-

procession took place in the evening; ance between Athens and Thebes (395

and the epheboi after sacrificing at the n.c), and, after doing good service

shrine escorted the image by the light for Athens at Byzantium, Chalcedon,

of torches to the theatre (C.I. A. II, and Lesbos, was killed at Aspendos

470, 471). A gay troop of dancers, (389 b.c). Pausanias seems to have

di.sguised as Seasons, Nymphs, and been ignorant of, or ignored, the trea-

Bacchanals, appear to have attended sonable charges brought against Thra-

the image, moving to the music of sybulus. Cf. Lysias, 28 and 29. —flutes (Pliilostr. Vit. Apollon. 1, 21). 23. IlepiKXcovs rt Kal XaPpCov Kal

10. 0pao-vPov\ov: Thrasybulus took ^opfxCwvos : according to Cic. de fin.

part in the victory of Cynosseina (411 5, 2, 5, the tomb of Pericles lay to the

B.C.), reduced the revolted cities of right of the road. Pericles died in

Thrace (407 B.C.), was superseded after 429 b.c. Chabrias defeated the Spar-

the battle of Notium (407 b.c), but tans in Aegina (388 b.c.) and the

took part in the victory of Arginusae Spartan fleet off Naxos (376 b.c);

(406 B.C.). He was banished by the he was killed at the siege of Chios

Thirty Tyrants, but, collecting a small (357 b.c). Phormio won the naval

band at Thebes, took Phyle, then with victory off Naupactus (429 b.c), and

a larger force gained the Piraeus and died shortly after.

GRAVES OF HEROES 149

Ch.29, 6

30 irpoJTOL Se iToi(f>r)(rav ov<; Iv ^paKrj iroTe iTTLKparovvTa^ f^^XP^

Apa^7j(rKov ttJ^; ^wpa? 'HSwfot (f)ov€vov(TLU aveXinaToi eVt-

defxevoL • XeycTat oe /cat oj? Kepavvoi iricroiev i<; avrovs-

arpaTiqyoX 8e aXXot re i^tra^' Kat Aeaypo<;, w /xaXtcrra eVe- 5

TerpaTTTo rj Svpap-L^;, /cat Ae/ceXev9 Sok/xxi/t^?, o? toi^ 'Apyetdi'

35 TTore TvevTadXov NejLtetaJv durjpr)ix€POu viK-qv aireKTeivev Evpv-

^oLTrjp ^OTjdovvTa AlyivrjTai^. (TTparov Se eifw ti^9 'EXXa-

So9 \S.07]paioL TpiTov rovTov eareikav TTpta/xw /xer' yap /cat

Tpcucrt rrdvTe^ EXXr^i/e? ciTro /coti'oO Xoyov KaTecrT7](rav e?

TToXejxov, 'AdrjvaloL 8e tSia /oter' 'loXaov re e? SapSco Kat 8et»re-

40 /aai' €9 T'l^v vvu ^Yoiviav icTTpaTevaav /cat Tptrov hr) tote i<; tyju

SpaKTjv. ecTTi 8e efXTrpoaOev tov p,i^yjp.aTO<; CTTijXr] fJia\ofX€vov<; c>

e^ovcra t7r7ret<;- MeXai/a>7rd<? crc^tcrtV ecrrt /cat Ma/capraro?

ouofxara, ou? KareXa^ev drrodavelv evavTia KaKehaipiOviiov

/cat Botcuroij^ T€TCLyp.4vov<;, evda Tr}<; 'EXewvta? eicrt ^copa?

45 77/309 Tai'ay/aatov? opot. /cat (^eo(raXw^' Td^o<^ icrTiu LTnreoiv

Kara iraXaLav ^ikiav IkSovroiv, ore crvv 'Ap^t8a/xa> IleXo-

TTOvvrjcrioi TrpMTOv iae^akov e? rr^v KTTiKrfv CTTpaTid, /cat

TrXrjcTLOv To^drat? Kprjaiv • au^t? 8e iariv \\.d7]paL(t)u piviq-

fiara KXetcr^eVov?, co to. e? raf (f)v\d<; at i^Ct' KaOeaTacriv

50 evpedr], /cat lirTrevcTii' aTrodavovaiv rjPLKa (jvveTrekd^ovTO ol

30. irpwTot 8c €Td<)>Tj<rav . . . fi^xP** ^al combat having been given and ac-

Apa^iio-Kov kt\. : about 465 u.c. ten cepted (Hdt. (5, 92; !•, 75).

thousand of the Athenians and their 42. McXdvtdiros . . . Kal MaKapraros

:

allies, who had been sent to colonize Melanopus and Macartatus prt)bably

AraphipoUs, were cut to pieces by tiie fell in the battle (457 n.< .) in which the

Edonians at Drabescus or Datum Teloponnesians and Boeotians were en-

(Thuc. 1, 100 ; 4, 102 ; Hdt. 9, 75 ; Isoc. gaged against the Athenians, Argives,

8,80). Leagrus and Sophanes were the and The.ssnlian cavalry. Tlie Thessa-

leaders of this expedition. Eurybates, iians deserted eaily in the action.

—

the pentathlete, who led a thousand 45. ©co-o-aXuv Td<)>os : see Thuc. 2, 18-

Argive volunteers to aid the Aegine- 22. The first invasion of Attica by the

tans against Athens, killed three adver- Peloponnesian army under Archida-

saries in single combat, but washim.self mus took jilace in 431 n.c. — 49. KXci-

slain by Sophanes, a Challenge to mor- <r6^vows: ("leisthenes increased the Attic

150 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh. 29, 7

©ecrcraXot tov KiuSvuov. ivravOa kol KXecovaloL Keivrai, 7

jxera 'Apyeicjv e? tyjv 'Attlktjv iX66pTe<; •

i(f)' otco Se, ypdxpo)

TOV Xoyov fiOL KaTe\06vTo<; 69 tov<; 'Apyeiov;- koL 'A67]uaLcov

8' ecrri Td(f)o<i, ot irptv tj cTTpaTevcrat tov Mrjoop iTroXeixrjcrav

55 77/30? AlyLvy]Ta<;. rjp be dpa kol Srjjxov SLKaiou ^ovXevfJia, el

or) /cat ^AOiqvaioi jxeTeoocrai/ oovXot? ornxoaia Taf^rjvai koX

TOi ovojxaTa iyypa(f)rji'aL (TttJXt)- SrjXol Se dyaOov<; (T(f)d^ iv

T(o TToXepiOi yeveaOai nepl Tov<i SecmoTaq. ecrrt Se /cat di>Sp(t)i>

ovojxaTa aXXajj^, oid^opa oe cr(f)Lcn ra ^oipia tcou dycovcov •

60 /cat yap tmv eTT"'OXvvdov eXOovTOiv ol So/ctjLtajrarot /cat MeXi^-

crapopo'? €<? Trjv avoi K^aptav vavalv dpaTrXe-ucraq 8ta tov

MaidvSpov (.iTd(f)r](Tav.) eTdcfirjcrav Se /cat ot TeXevTijcravTeq 8

TToXefjiovvToq KaacrdvSpov kol ol crvfifxa^ijcravTes rroTe 'Ap-

yeioiv. Trpa'^drjvat Se ovtoj (T<^icri ttjv Trpoq 'Apyelov; Xe-

65 yovan crvfjLfjia')(Lav • Aa/ceSat/itovtot? ttju ttoXlv tov 0eov crelcrav-

To<^ ol etXwre? eg ^\6(op.r)v direcrTiqcrav, d^ea'TiqKOTdiv 8e ot

tribes from four to ten. See Ildt. 5, aid,consi,slingof two thousand infantry

60, 09; Aristot. Resp. Ath. 21. and three hundred cavah-y. This was

51. KXewvatoi : these men took sides probably in the year 349 n.c. See Dem.

with the Atlienians at the battle of 21, 197, p. 578 ; Piiilochorus, Frai:;. 132

Tanagra (457 n.c). There exists an in Frag. Hist. Gr. , ed. Miiller, I, 405

inscription (C.I.A. I, 441) which is sq.—MtX^o-avSpos: on Melesander see

conjectured to be a list of the Cleonae- Thuc. 2, 09. During the winter of 430-

ans who fell in this battle.— 50. Sov- 429 b.c. he was sent to the coasts of

Xois: in great emergencies, as toward Caria and Lycia with six ships to levy

the close of the Peloponnesian War and contributions and put down the ene-

before the battle of Chaeronea, the my's privateers. He landed in Lycia,

Athenians appear to have freed and but was defeated and slain with some

armed their slaves (Lye. c. Leocr. 41;

of his men.

Justin, 5, 0). — 00. I-k "OXvvOov: the 03. 'Ap^eCwv : at the battle of Tana-

Athenians sent three expeditions to gra (457 n.c.) one thousand Argives

the relief of Olynthus when hard fought with the Athenians against the

pressed by Philip. The first two had Lacedaemonians (Thuc. 1, 107 sq.

;

only mercenary soldiers. On the third Diod. 11, 80). Pausanias here follows

occasion, at the special request of the Thuc. 1, 101 sq., who tells the occa-

Olynthians, a native Athenian force sion of the alliance between Athens

commanded by Chares went to their and Argos.

giiavp:8 of heroes 151

€h.29, 11

AaKehaLfiovLOt ^orjOov^ koI aXXov? /cat irapa. 'AOiqvaLCDV fierf-

TrefXTrovTo ol Se cr(f)L(TLi> iTTikeKTOv; ai^Spa? aTroaTeWovcri koX

(TTpaTrjyov Kiixcova top MtXriaSov. tovtov; anoiT4p.iTov(Tiv

70 ol AaKeSaLfxouLOL irpo^ vnoyfjiav ^ \6'r)vaioL^ Se ovk aveKTo. i)

i(f>aLP€TO Trepiv^picrBaL, koX w? iKoyiit^ovTO ottlctco (Tvixp,a^iav

iiroLijcraPTO 'ApyeioLS AaKehaiixovLcoi' i^6pol<; tov diravTa

ovcTL ^povov. vcrrepov he fxeWovcnq^ 'Adrjpaicop ip Tapdypa

yLpeadai Trpo? Botwrou? kol AaKehaLfjiOpiov^ jxa^r)^, d(f)LKOPTo

75 A0r]paLot,<; \\py€LOi ^oi)dovpTe<; /cat TrapavTLKa fxep €^opTa<;

nXeop TOV<; ^Apyeiov^ pv^ iireXOovaa d(f)€L\eTO to crac^e? Trj<;

piKTjq, €9 Se Tr]P vcTTepaiap virrjp^e Kparrjcrai Aa/ceSatyu-ovtot?

HecrcraXoiv TrpoooPTcop ^AOrfpaiov^. /caraXe^at Se fxoi KaX 10

Tovahe eTTrjXdep, 'AttoXXoSw/doi' ^epojp rjyeixopa^ 09 \\0rjpaio^

80 jxep rjp, iK7T€ix(f)0ei<; 8e vno ^Apairov craTpdirov Trj<; l(j> 'KXXt^-

(TTTOPTCo ^pvyCaf; 8te^uXa£e Hepti'^tat? Ty)P ttoKlp ia/3e^Xri-

k6to<; €9 Tr)p HepLpdiap ^tXtTTTTOu crrpaTM ovt6<; re ovp

ipTavda TeOaTTTac kol Ei;y8ouXo9 6 ^TTipddpov /cat ai'8pe9 019

dyado2<; ovcrtp ovk iTTrjKoXovOrjcre TV)(r) ^prjaTt]. Tot9 p-cp eVt-

80 6ep,epoL<^ TvpappovpTL Aa^dpeL, ol 8e rov IIet/Datw9 KardXruJjLP

ifiovXevcrap MaKehopojp (ftpovpovPTcop, irpXp Se elpydcrOat to

epyop VTTO TO)p (JVPeiooTOiP prjPvdepTe<^ dncoXopTO. KelpTat oe 11

/cat ot Trepl KoptpOop 7recroj^Te9 ' iSy]Xa)ae Se ou^ rJKLcrTa 6

0€o<; ipTavOa /cat av0L<; ip AevKTpoi<i tov<^ vtto EXXijpcop

90 KaXovp€POV<; dphpeLov<; to prjhep dpev Tv)(r]^ etvat, et St^

Aa/ceSatjU.o^'tot, KopLpdicop tote /cat 'AOrjpaicop^ ctl oe /cat

Apyeioip koI Botwrwi/ KpaTTjcraPTe^;, vcTTepop vno Botwroii/

82. 4s TT]v n<pivO(av: see Diod. 1(5, supplies. Tlie next year Philip was

75-77. Perinthus was be.siefied by obliged to raise the siege.— 83. Ev-

Philip in 340 h.c. The I'ersian king. PovXos : Eubuhis, tlie adversary of

alarmed at the growth of Philip's Demosthenes, was an able demagogue

power, commanded his satraps to aid and orator (Dem. 18, 21, p. 233; 21.

the city. Accordingly they threw into 207, p. 581 ; Ae.schin. 2, 8 and 184; 3,

Perinthus a force of mercenaries, w ith 25 ; Din. 1. 0(5 : Pint. Phocion, 7).

152 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh.29, 12

fxovcov iv KevKTpoL^ e? ToaovTOv iKaKcodrjcrai'. fxeTo. 8e TOv<i

OLTTodavovTa^ iv KopupOo) (TTT]Xr]i> eVt TotcrSe kcrrdvaL ttjv

95 avTTjp o"Y]fxaLi>eL to, iXeyela, Tot's iJ^^v iv Ev/Boia /cat Xiw

TeXevTTfjcracn, tov<; 8e eVt roi? i(r^dTOL<; rrj<; 'Acnaprji; rjirei-

pov hia<^9ap'qvai Sr)\o2, tov^ 8e eV St/ceXtct. yeypafJifxevoL 8e 12

ewrtj' oi re cttparriyoi ttXtju Nt/ciov, Kat rwi' (TTparioiTuiv 6p.ov

TOt<? dcrrot? IlXaratet?- Nt/cta? 8e eVi T(^^e napeLOrj, ypd(f)oj

100 8e ovSeu 8ta<^opa 17 <I>tXtcrTo?, 6? et^r^ Arjixoadevy^v p.ep (tttov-

hd'^ IToiTjcraa6ai toI<; aXXot? ttXtjp avTov /cat w? -qXiaKero av-

Tov eVt^etpetr aTTO/creti^at, Nt/cia 8e tt^z^ napdSocnv eOeXovrrj

yeveaOai • tovtiov eveKa ovk iueypd(f)r] Nt/cta? ttJ crTtjXr), /cara-

yv(oa0el<; at^jLtaXwro? i9eXouTrj<; elvai /cat ov/c dvrjp TToXep.co

105 TrpiiTcop. etcrt 8e eV dXXr) CTTijXrj /cat ot ixa)(eadp,evoi irepX 13

94. €vKop(v0<>>: the Lacedaemonians

defeated the allied army of Athenians,

Argives, Boeotians, and Corinthians at

Corinth in 394 n.c. The Athenian force

numbered six thousand foot and six

hundred horse ; their losses were heavy.

See Xen. Hell. 4, 2, 9-13. Demosthe-

nes (20, 52, p. 472) si)oke of this fight

as "the great battle" at Corinth.

C.I.A. 11, 1()73, gives a partial list of

Athenians engaged. Among them was

Dexileus, whose private monument is

preserved in its original position, with

an inscription (C.I.A. II, 2084).—

95. €v Ev^olq. KalXiu: the reference to

Euboeaisprobably tothesubjugation of

the whole island by Pericles in 445 n.c.

(Thuc. 1, 114). Upon the revolt of

Chios from Athens in 412 n.c. an ex-

pedition was sent by the Athenians

which landed in Chios, defeated the

rebels, besieged them in the capital,

and ravaged the islartd (Thuc. 8, 14 sq.

,

24, 55, etc.). The reference is doubt-

less to those who fell in this expedition

rather than to the second revolt of

Chios in the Social War (357-355 b.c),

when the force dispatched probably

consisted of mercenaries (l)iod. 10, 7

;

Corn. Nep. Chabrias, 4).

98. irkyyv NikCov : the account of the

conduct of Nicias during the last terri-

ble days in Sicily, as given by Thu-

cydides (7, 7()-85), does not justify the

harsh criticism of Pausanias. It is true,

however, that the responsibility of the

disaster rested mainly on him, and if

he had listened to Demosthenes the

Athenian force would probably have

escaped destruction. Tliis apparently

the Athenians had in mind in omitting

his name from the roll of honor.

105. TTtpl ©poLKTjv Kttl «v McYoLpois :

as to the fallen in Thrace, cf. C.I.A.

IV, 2, 440 o. In 445 n.c. the Megarians

revolted from Athens and put the gar-

rison to tlie sword (Thuc. 1, 114).

—

107. 'AXkiPioLStis: in 420 n.c. Alcibiades

effected an alliance between Athens,

Argos, Mantinea, and Elis. In the

GRAVES OF HEROES 153

Ch. 29, 13

%pdKy)v /cat iv Meya.poL<; koI rjVLKa 'Ap/caSa? tov^ iv Mai^-

TLveia KoX 'HXetov? ineLcreu 'A\Kty8taS7^9 AaKeSaifjiouiwu

OLTTOcrTrjvaL /cat ol irpiv e? ^iKekiav d<^tKeo"^at ArjixoaOe-

vr)v SvpaKOvcTLOJi' KpaTtjcravTe';. iTa.(f)r](Tai> Se /cat ol rrepl

110 Tov 'EXXyjcnroPTOv vavixa^rjcrapre^; /cat ocrot MaKcSoi/wi/

evavria yiyoivia'avTo iv XaLpcuveta /cat ot /xera KXeaJ^'09 e?

A/x<^t7roXti' <TTpaTev(TavT€<;, ol re ei' AryXtoj toj TavaypaLcov

Te\€VTT]aavT€<; /cat ocrov^ e? ©ecrfraXtai^ \€0}a6evrj<; tjyaye

/cat ot TrXevo'a^'Te? e? Kv7r/3oi' 6/xou KifxcouL, tcov re avv

summer of 418 n.c. the Lacedaemo-

nians defeated the allies in the battle

of Mantiuea. See Thuc. 5, 43-47, (>3-

74. A fragment of the treaty of al-

liance, of which Thucydides gives us

the complete text, was found engraved

on a slab of Pentelic marble between

the theatre of Dionysus and the ( )deuni

of Herodes Atticus (C.I. A. IV, 4G6,

14 sq.). Thucydides's copy may be

from this very stone.— 109. Kpar^o-av-

T€s: before the arrival of Demosthenes

(413 u.c.) with large reinforcements

the Athenians had been successful in

several engagements with the enemy(Thuc. 6, 67-71, 08-102; 7, o, 22 sq.).

— ir€pl Tov 'EXXyjo-irovTov : a tomb-

stone, found in Athens about 1882, in

all probability stood over the grave of

these men in the Ceramicus. It is a

slab of Pentelic marble, five feet high

and twenty inches wide. The inscrip-

tion contains a list of men, arranged

according to tribes, who fell in the

Chersonese, in Byzantium, and "in

other wars," and underneath it is an

epigram to the effect that they perished

in the flower of their youth. They

probably fell in the campaign of 400

B.C. when Aloibiades captured Si-iym-

bria and Byzantium, laid siege to Chal-

cedon, and levied contributions about

the Hellespont. See Xen. Hell. 1, 3;

Diod. 13, GOsq.; Plut. Alcib. 20-31;

for the inscription, CI. A. IV, 44(5a,

108 sqq. — 110. S<roi MaKc86vwv Ivav-

T£a Ti-yttvCo-ovTO €v Xaiptovcicji : Lycur-

gus (c. Leocr. 142) say.s that one thou-

sand Athenians fell in the battle, and

that they received a public burial ; he

also speaks of the inscriptions carved

on their tombstones at the entrance of

the city. ^111. 4s 'Api4>iiro\iv : see

Thuc. 5, 7-11. The Athenians lost six

hundred men ; the enemy only seven.

Both generals were slain, Cleon from a

stab in the back as he was fleeing,

Brasidas while charging at the head of

his men.— 112. tv Ar^Xiw: .see Time. 4,

91, 101. The Athenians were defeated

by the 15oeotians, with the lo.^sof about

one thou-sand regular infantry.— 113.

Atwo-e^viis: see 1, 1, 3; 1, 2;", 3-5.—

114. €s Kvirpov: Cimon sailed with a

fleet to Cyprus, where, after defeating

the Persians and capturing a luimber

of cities, he died. After his death the

Athenian fleet and army won another

great victory by sea and land over the

Persians at Salamis in Cyprus. See

154 tup: ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh. 29, 14

115 ^Q\vfjL7no^(op(t) TTjv cf)povpap eKJ^aXovroiv rpioiv /cat SeVa av-

8/369 ov TrXetov?. (f>a(Tl Se \\dy]pa2oi /cat 'Poj/xatot? ofiopop 14

Ttva TToXefJiovcn TTokep^ov (TTpa/riav ov ttoWtjv Trepxjjai, Kat

vcTTepov vavfjLa^Las 'Poj/xatoii/ Tipo? Kap^T^ooi'tov? yivoixevrj<;

TpLT]p€L<; irepTE 'Arrt/cat irapeyevovTO €(TTLv ovv Kat tovtol<;

120 ivravOa rot? av^pacnv 6 rac^o?. ToXjUtSov 8e /cat twi/ crvv

avTU) SeSi^Xajrat /xev -^817 ^itot to, epya /cat oV rpoirov eTeXevTT)-

crav IcTTOi 8e orw cftiXop Keipi4vov^ crc^a? /caret tt^i^ 68ov ravT'qv.

KeivTai 8e /cat ot crvt' Kt/xwi^i to fxeya epyov Tret,-?! Kat vavcriv

av9y]fxepov KpaTTJcravreq • TeOaiTTai he /cat Kopmu /cat Tt/xd- 15

125 6eo<;, SevTepoL /Ltera MtXTta8T7i^ Kat KLfxcova ovtol Trarrjp /cat

TTat? epya aTTohei^ap.evoL \ap,Trpd. /cetrat 8^ Kat Ztrjvoiv

evTavda 6 Mvacreov Kat XpucrtTTTTO? 6 SoXev9, NtKta? re 6

NtKO)U,7^8oi' ^wa api(rTo<^ ypdxjjai roiv i(f>' avTov, Kat Apfxo-

8to9 Kat "KpLcrToyeiToiv ol top IleLcn(TTpdTov TralSa iTnrap-

130 ^ov OLTTOKTeivavTe^, pyJTopeq re ^(f)La\Tr)<;, 6? ra vofXLfxa

TO. Iv ^Kpeiut irdycp fjidXtcTTa e\vp,rjvaTO, Kat AuKoOpyo? 6

Thuc. 1, 112; Diod. 12, 3 sq.; Plut. for him in the Ceramicus at the public

Cimon, 18 sq.; Corn. Nep. Cimon, 3. expense; in tliis tomb the i)hilosopher

— 115. 'OXvfjLirioSwpco: see 1, 20, 1 sq. was afterwards laid."— 127. NiK^as t*

120. To\p.(Sou : see 1, 27, 5.-— 123. to 6 NiKop.'^Sov : the expression here used,

p€-ya «p70v : on the great victory over ^i^a dpiaroi ypdtf'ai tQiv i(p' avrov, is com-

tlie Persians at the mouth of the Eury- monly understood to mean " tlie great-

medon in Pamphylia, see Thuc. 1, 100; est figure-painter of his time," f(J5a

Diod. 11, 01 ; Phxtarch, Cimon, 12 sq. meaning either human or animal fig-

As a monument of this victory, the ures. See Brunn, Gesch. d. gr. Kiinst-

Athenians dedicated a bronze palm- ler, II, 194-200. Pliny (N. H. 35,

tree at Delphi (10, 15, 4). The date 130-133) gives a list of his subjects,

assigned this victory varies among his- most of which are mythological, and

torians from 469 to 405 n.c. says also that he painted dogs very suc-

126. Zirjvwv: Diog. Laert. 7, 11 and cessfully.— 131. AvKovp-yos : the par-

20, gives a decree of the Athenians "in ticulars as to the public services of

which the thanks of the state are ren- Lycurgus are probably derived from

dered to Zeno in his lifetime for his the decree of the Athenians in his

services in the cause of virtue, and it honor, proposed by Stratocles in the

is provided that a tomb shall be built archonsliip of Anaxicrates (307-306

ACADEMY 155

Ch. 30, 1

AvKocfypovo^. AvKOvpyo) 8e iiropicrOri fxev roXavra e? to hr]fx6- 10

(TLOV TrevTaKoatoi^ trXeiova Kai e^aKtcr^tXtot? rj ocra W€piK\y]<^

6 "BavBiiTTTov avpTJyaye, KarecTKevacre he iro/xTreta ttJ 6e(o kol

135 Nt/ca? ^pvcra<; /cat TTap64voi<; Koajxov eKaTov, €9 he iroXefiov

onXa Kai ^eX-q kol rerpa/cocria? vavp,a)(ov<jiv elvat TpLy]peL<; •

olKohofXTJp,aTa he eirereXeae fxev to BeaTpov eTepcov virap^a-

fievcov, TO, he eVt T179 avTOV TToXtreta? a (OKohofJcrjaev ev ITet-

paieZ pecj<i eiatv oIkol kol to Trpo? tw Av/cetw /caXov/xeVw

140 yvpLvaatov. ocra. fxev ovv apyvpov TreiroLrjfxepa tjv Ka\ xpv-

(Tov, Ka^^dpy)^ koI ravra icrvXrjcre Tvpavvri(Ta<;- tol he oIko-

hofiTJixaTa KOL e<; 17/^0,9 ert ^i/.

30 Upo he TTji; eaohov Trj<; e? ^AKahr]ixLav eo"Tt ySw/xo? ^Epwro? l

B.C.). For a copy, perhaps condensed,

see Ps.-Plut. Vit. x. Or. pp. 844, 8r,2.

After enumerating his many services,

the decree concludes with a list of hon-

ors to be conferred on the memory of

Lycurgus, and a provision that all de-

crees in his honor should be engraved

on stone tablets and set up on the

Acropolis. For extant fragments, see

C.I.A. II, 240. The various buildings

of Lycurgus here mentioned have been

already noticed by Pausanias (1, 1, 2;

1, 19, 8; 1, 10, G; 1, 21, 1), or referred

to in the notes.

30. AllarH of Eros, of Anteros. and

of Prometheus — The Torch-Iince —Other altars in the Academy— Plato's

tomb — Tower of Timon — Altar of

Poseidon Jlippins and of Athena II ip-

pia— Ileroums of Theseus and Piri-

thous, of Oedipus and Adrastus.

1. 4s 'AKa8T](i£ov : tradition assigns

the name of Academy to a place three

quarters of a mile northwest of the

Dipylum, in the broad belt of olive

wood bordering the banks of the Ce-

phisus. The exact spot is just south of

the rocky knoll, identified as Colonus

Ilippius, on which are the graves of

Charles Lenormant and K. O. Miiller.

The testimony of ancient writers ac-

cords well with tradition (Paus. 1, 30,

4 ; Cic. De fin. 5, 1, 1 ; Livy, 31, 24).

No remains of buildings once upon this

site have been discovered. The Acad-

emy derived its name from one Acade-

mus or Ilecademus, whose shrine, as a

hero, was in the Academy (see 1, 29, 2;

Schol. Dem. 24. 114, p. 73(5 ; Schol. Ar.

Nub. 1005, etc.). The first mention of

it in historical times is when Ilip-

parchus, son of Pisistratus, built a wall

around it at great expense, which he

compelled the Athenians to pay (Suidas

S.v. rb 'Iirirdpxov reixlov). Cimon first

converted it from a dry and dusty

place into a well-watered grove with

trim avenues and shady walks (Pint.

Cimon, 13 ; cf. id. Snlla. 13 ; Diog.

Laert. 3, 7). Uend the beautiful de-

scription of it in Aristoi)hanes, whomentions the gymnasium it contains

156 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh.30, 2

e)(a)v eTTLypafJiixa cu? Xay3ju,09 *XOrjvaioiv Trpcoro^; ^Epwrt dua-

OeiT). Tov 8e eV TrdXet /3w/xo^' KaXovjxeuov 'Ai^re/awro? dvct-

Orjixa eiuai Xeyovcn fxeTocKOJi', otl Me'Xi^s 'AOr]i>alo<; jjl^tolkop

5 dvhpa Tifxayopav epaadevTa dTip.dt,(iiv d(^eivai Kard Trjq

Trerpa? avTov iKekevcreu e? to infj-qXoTaTOv avTrj<; dvekOovTa •

Ti/Mayopa? 8e ayaa /cat '^v^rj^; etx^^ d^etSaj? Kat irdvTa bp.oiio<;

KekevovTL TjOeXe ^apit^eadai rco p.eipaKio) /cat St) Kat (^epoiv

iavTov d(f)rJKe- MekrjTa Se, oj? dirodavovTa etSe Tifiayopav,

10 €9 rocrovTO peravoLa^; ekOelv w? 77eo"eti' re aTTO T179 irerpa's

TT]'? avTrj^ Kat ourwg d<^et9 avTov iTekevT7]cre. Kat to ivTev-

Oev Satpova ^AvTepojja tov dXdaropa top Tipayopov KaTe-

CTTT] TOtg peTOLKOL<i vopit^€iv. Iv 'AKaSi^/xta 8e ecTTt Ilpoprj6e(D<; 2

ftcopo'^, Kat Beovaiv dvr' avTov 77/309 tt^i^ ttoXi^' €)(ovTeq Kato-

15 /xeVa9 XaprrdSa^ • to 8e dyo)vicrpa opov tm Spopco <^v\d^ai

TYjV 8dSa ert Kaiopeviqv ecTTtV, dirocr^ecrdeiarp^ 8e ovhev ert

t:^9 vLKTj^ T(p 7rp(i>Tco, o€VTep(p 8e dvT avTov peTecTTiv el hk

(Nub. 1002 sqq.). Here Plato held his 13. IlpoiiiiOtws P«|i6s : Apollodorus,

school, which became known in consc- quoted in Schol. Soph. Oed. Col. 50,

quence as the Academy (Diog. Laert. gives a fuller description of this altar.

3,7; 4, 1, 1; Cic. l)e fin. 5, 1,2; Suidas Restates that it was dedicated jointly to

s.v. 'AKa577;uia, etc.). After his death, Prometheus and Hephaestus. The altar

the Academy continued to be the was at the entrance to the Academy,

headquarters of his school (I'lut. De and from this altar the torch-race ap-

exilio, 10; Diog. Laert. 4, 2, 0; 4, 3, pears to have started.— 15. \a|xird8as:

19; 4,8,00). When Sulla laid siege torch-races were held at eight Athenian

to Athens, he cut down the trees of the festivals at least, namely the Panath-

Academy to make siege engines (Tlut. enaea, the festivals of Prometheus,

Sulla, 12; Appian, Bellum Mithrid. Hephaestus, Pan, Bendis, Hermes, The-

80). — Pwfjios "EpwTos . . . 'AvTc'pwTos: sens, and the festival in honor of the

accordingto Ath. 13, p. OOOi), Chariiius, dead. See Frazer's' note. Tiie course

who dedicated the altar of Eros, was a in the Ceramicus, probably that here

friend of the tyrant Hippias. Athe- mentioned, was followed in the first

naeus also gives the metrical inscrip- three. Pausanias mentions one way of

tion. Suidas (s.v. MAtjtos) tells the running the race ; the other way was

story of the altar of Anteros, with to have lines of runners posted at inter-

some variations from the account of vals, and the first man after lighting

Pausanias. his torch at the altar ran with it at full

TOMB OF PLATO 157

Ch. 30, 4

fxrjhe TovTcp KaCoLTO, 6 TpLTO<; icTTiv 6 KpaTMv • el Se /cat ttolctlu

aiTocr^ecr6€.17), ovSeis icmv ot(o KaraXetVerat tj vlkt]. ecrrt Se

20 M.ov(T(xiv re y8w/xo? /cat erepoq 'Epixov /cat eV'Sof 'A^r/m?, rot'

oe Hpa/cXeof? eiroirjcrav koX <^vr6v iaTiv e'Xata?, 8eure/30t'

rovro Xeyojaet'ot' ^avrjvai.

'AKaSr]fXLa<; Se ov iroppo) IlXarwt'o? fxurjfjLci eariv^ co npo- 3

eaijfJiaLuev 6 0€o<^ apLtrrov to. e'? <^iko<jo<^iav ecreadai • npoe-

25 cnjixaive Se ovrw. Saj/cpari7? r>J npoTcpa vvktI rj llXdrcop

cfJieXXev eai-crOai ot ixaOrjTr]<; icriTTrjvaL ol kvkvov e'<? rot* /coX-

TTOf eiSei^ ouiipou • ecrrt Se kvkvo) rw opviOi fxov(TiKrj<; Sofa, ort

Atyvoji' rwt' 'HpiSavov irepav vnep yq^; rrj^ KcXriK^J? Kvkuop

avopa ixovcnKou yevecrOai ySacrtXe'a (^acrt, TeXeimjcrai^Ta Se

30 ATToXXwt'o? yucoixT) ju.era^aXett' Xeyovcrtt' avTov e'<? rot- opviOa.

iyoi Se ySacrtXevcrat /xet* Tret^o^at Atyvcriv avhpa ixovaiKov,

yeueadai Se /xot airiarov opviOa air' av^po^. /caret rovro rirj? 4

^wpa? (^atVerat 7Tvpyo<i TiyLtwi^o?, 09 p.6vo<; etSe p.rih4va Tpo-

TTOv evSaijjiOpa elvai yeveaOai irXr^v tov<; dkXov^ cjievyovTa

35 dv0pu)TTOv^. SeLKVVTaL Se Kat ^w^09 KaXovp.evo<; KoXcui'os

speed and passed it on to tlie second, it was situated tj* t^ 'AKaSr;/^/^. —he to the third, etc. — 21. cXaias : tiie 27. ovcipov: this story is told more

sacred olive trees called ix.opiaL grew in fully by Diog. Laert. 3, 5; Biogr. Gr.,

tiie Academy; their number was at ffrst ed. Westermann, p. 380 ; Apuleius, l)e

twelve, and they were believed to be dogmate Platonis. 1,1.

offshoots of the original olive tree on 03. irvp-yos T(|iwvos : cf. Riogr. Gr.,

the Acropolis (1, 27, 2; Ar. Nub. 1005;

cd. Westorniann, p. 303, where it is

Schol. Soph. Oed. Col. 701 ; Suidas and said that Plato established a school

Photius, Lexicon, s.v. fiopiai). The near the abode of Timon the mi.san-

penalty for injuring one of the sacred thrope, who, tliough he was embittered

olives was originally death, later ban- againstallmen,borethesociety of Plato

ishment ; the case was tried by the with much benignity. — 35. KoXuvos

court of the Areopagus (Lysias, 7, 41;

Vinrios: Thucydides (8, 67) locates Co-

Ar. Kesp. Ath. 00). The penalty was lonus about ten furlongs outsi<le of

not enforced in Aristotle's time. Athens. Hence it hns been identified

23. nXoLTwvos fJ.vT)(ta: according to with a rocky knoll about fifty feet liigh,

Pausanias it was not far from tlie Acad- about a mile and a quarter nortli-north-

emy ; according to Diog. Laert. 3, 41, west of the Dipyluin. Here Sophocles

158 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCli.31, 1

tTTTTto?, evOa rrjs 'Attik^? upoiTov iXdelv Xeyovcnv OiSt-

TToSa— hidi^opa jxev koL raOra rfj 'Ojxyjpov voLTJcreL, Xeyovcn

8' ovv— /cat ^ojfjLO^ nocretSwi/os 'Ittttlov kol ^K0rjva<; 'iTTTTta?,

rjpuov 8e UeLpiOov kol Srjaeojs OtStVoSos re kol 'ASpdcrTov.

40 TO Se aXcros rov riocretSwi^o? KaL tov vaov iueTrprjcreu Avtl-

yovo<i icrfBakoiv, koX aXXore crrpaTia KaKoxra'? 'AdrjvaloLS

TTjv yyjf-

31 ArjjxoL Be ol jxiKpol rrj'? 'Atti/ctJ?, co9 erv^j^ev €KaorTO<; 1

placed the scene of the Oedipus at

Colonus. He describes its luxuriant

vegetation (Oed. Col. 0()8 sqq.); he

himself belonged to the township of

Colonus (Suidas s.v. So0ok\^s). Hespeaks of the spot as sacred ground, the

possession of Poseidon, and inhabited

also by Prometheus; here also was a

sanctuary of the Furies (Soph. Oed. Col.

37 sqq.).

31. Objects of interest in the smaller

denies of Attica— The Hyperboreans—Artemis Golaenis and Aniarysia.

1. Af)|ioi : leaving Athens and its sub-

urbs to the northwest, Pausanias nowtakes up the description of the rest of

Attica embraced in cc. 31, 1—39, 3;

the rest of the book (1, 39, 4— 1, 44, 10)

is devoted to Megara, the city and its

territory. He first mentions the chief

points of interest in the small Attic

demes(l,31,l— 1,32,1); hethen names

the Attic mountains (1, 32, 2); then de-

scribes more demes (1, 32, 3— 1, 33, 8);

then Oropus (1, 34); then the islands

of Attica (1, 35, 1 — 1, 30, 2); then

the road from Athens to Eleusis (1,

36, 3— 1, 38, 5); next Eleusis itself

(1, 36, 6-7); then the road from Eleu-

sis to Boeotia (1, 38, 8-9); finally the

road from Eleusis to the borders of

Megara (1, 39, 1-3). Thus the order is

not strictly topographical (see Intro-

duction, pp. 0, 7). The system of demes

or townships in Attica, local divisions

with independent municipal govern-

ment, was first organized or at least

fully developed by Cleisthenes in 508

B.C. (Aristot. Re.sp. Ath. 21). Thenum-ber instituted by him is uncertain; it

is inferred from Ildt. 5, 69, to have been

one hundred. At a later time we hear

of one hundred and seventy-four demes

(Strabo, 9, p. 396). The names of one

hundred and forty-five are authentica-

ted by inscriptions or the testimony of

ancient writers. Out of these one hun-

dred and forty-five demes, we know the

location cf twenty-eight with tolerable

exactness, and of thirty-seven more

approximately ; while tlie sites of the

remaining eighty are still undetermined

(see A. Milchhoefer, Sitzungsb. Preuss.

Akad., Berlin (1887), p. 42; Pauly-Wi.s-

sowa, s.v. Attika). Pausanias mentions

about twelve in this and following chap-

ters. Elsewhere he names a few more,

namely Sunium (1, 1, 1), Piraeus (1, 1,

2), I'halerum (1, 1, 2), Ceramicus (1,

3, 1), Aphidna (1, 17, 5), Colonus

(1, 30, 4), Laciadae (1, 37, 2), Scambo-

nidae (1, 38, 2), Anaphlystus (2, 30, 9),

Df:MES OF ATTICA 159

Ch. 31, 1

OLKLadeCsy TctSe c? fjLpyJixrjv irapei^ouTo- 'AXt/xovcrtot9 jxeu

^ecrixo(f)6pov AiJixiqTpos /cat K6prj<; icrTLP Upou, iv ZwaTrjpL 8e

inl da\.a.cr(Tr)<; kol y8w/xo9 *Adr)va<; kol 'AttoXXwi^o? koI *ApT€-

5 fnho<; Kal ArjTovs- reKeiv fxev ovv ArjTO) tov<s TratSa? iuTavda

ov (f)aaL, XvaacrOaL 8e top i^uKTTrjpa oj? re^ofxepyjp, koI tco

^copio) Stct TovTO yepecrdai to opopa. Tlpocnra\TLOt<; Se ecrrt

Kol TOVTOi<; Koprj^ kol AyjprjTpo^; Upop, ^Apayvpaaiot'^ 8e

Mr]Tpo<; deoip Upop Ke(f)a\rjcn Se ol AioaKovpoL popit^opTai

10 pakLCTTa, MeyctXov? yap acfyas ol TavTrj Oeoix; opopat^ovaip.

Sphettus (ib.), Decelea (3, 8, G), and

Stiria (10, 35, 8).— 2. 'AXijiowo-iois :

Halimus was a deme of the tribe Leoii-

tis. According to Strabo, 9, 308, il lay

between riialerum and Aixone, at a

distance of thirty-five stadia from Atli-

ens (Dem. 57, 10, p. 37(3). In accord-

ance with our location of I'halerum,

Halimus must be along the coast be-

tween St. George (Trispyrgi) and St.

Cosmas (see Excursus I). The histo-

rian Thucydides belonged to Halimus

(Biogr. Gr., ed. Westermann, pp. 100,

203). — 3. Zwo-rfipi : according to

Strabo, 0, p. 308, Zoster was the nameof a cape on the south coast of Attica,

to the south of Aixone, the deme south

of Halimus; and he adds that off the

cape tiiere is an i-sland called Phabra.

—

7. npoo-iraXrlois: I'ro.spaltawasademe

of the tribe Acamis (Dem. 43, 64,

p. 1071 ; Harpocr. and Suid. s.v. Upoa-

irdXTtot). Eupolis named one of his

comedies The Prospaltians, after the

inhabitants who had the reputation of

being litigious (Athen. 7, p. 32Ga).

This deme was doubtless on or near

the site of the modern village of Kaly-

via Kuvara, which is in the interior of

Attica about midway between Athens

and Sunium. To the west of this vil-

lage ancient blocks and vestiges of

walls have been found, and also in-

scriptions bearing the names of men of

Prospalta. See Milchhoefer, A.M. XII

(1887), 281-280; Karton von Attika,

Text iii-vi, 12.^— 8. 'Ava^vpao-iois

:

Anagyruswasademeof thctriboKrecli-

theis (Harpocr. and Suid. s.v.'Ai'a7i'pd-

crios). Strabo (7, p. 808) locates it on the

south coast of Attica, between thedemes

of Halae Aexionicae and Thorae. It is

commonly placed at Vari, a small vil-

lage to the east of Cape Zoster. See

Milchhoefer, A.M. XIH (1888). 3(iO-

302 ; Karten von Attika, Text iii-vi,

15.— 0. K€4>aXf|<ri : Cepiialo was a

deme of the tribe Acamis (Schol. Ar.

Aves, 476; Harpocr. and Suid. s.v.

Ke<pa\rj6ev) . Cepliale is located near

Keratea, a village in the interior of

Attica eleven or twelve miles north of

Sunium. Hero sepulchral inscriptions

have been found containing the names

of natives of Cephale (C.I. A. II,

2151, 2154); al.so a stone bearinJr the

inscription "boundary of Ai>hrodite

at Cephale." Sec Milchhoefer, A.M.

XII (1887), 28(;-201; Karten von At-

tika, Text iii-vi, 12, 10.

160 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh.31, 2

eV Se YlpacnevcTLv 'A7r6W(ov6<? iom pa6<; • ivravda ret? Tnep- 2

^opioiv aTrap^a? leVat Xeyerat, irapahihovai 8e avra? Tirep-

fiop€ov<? fJL€u 'Apt/xacTTTOL?, 'AptjUtao'Trot'? 8' 'lorcTT^Sdcrt, TTapa

Se TO-uT(t)u %Kv9a<; e? ^LvcoTrrfv Kop^it^eiv, ivrevOev Se (f)€pecr0at

15 8ta 'EXXi^t'wi^ e? Hpacrta?, ^hOrfvaiovi 8e etvat rov? e? A^Xoi^

dyovTas ' ra? 8e d7rap)(a<; KeKpv(f)dai fxev eV Kakapurj Trvpcjv,

yipaxTKecrdai 8e vvr' ovSeucov. ecrrt 8e jjLvrJixa inl Upacnals

'^pvai)(dovo^, oj? iKOfXii^eTO oTrtcrw /xera t^p* decopiav ck Ar)-

Xov, yevofJi€vr)s ol Kara top vXovv tt^? reXevr"^?. Kpavaov 3

20 8e Toi^ ^acrikevcravTa 'Adrjuaicou on p,€v i^e/SaXeu A[X(f)i-

KTvoiv KrjSecrTr]u ovra, eVt irpoTepov eiprfrai fxoi • (fivyoura

8e avrov crvv toIs (TTacnatTaLS e? roi^ Srjjxop top Aa/x-Trrpea

11. €v Se npacri€vo-iv : Prasiae was a

deme of the tribe PandionLs(Steph.Byz.

s.v. Xlpcto-tat). It was situated on the

east coast of Attica, on the spacious

bay now called Porto Raphti, about

sixteen miles northeast of Sunium, be-

tween the demes of Potamus on the

south and Stiria on the north. It was

in ancient times a port of Attica (Schol.

Ar. Pac. 242 ; Thuc. 8, 95 ; Livy, 31,

45).—

'YircpPope'wv : Herodotus (4,33)

gives, on the authority of the Delians,

an entirely different route by which the

offerings of the Hyperboreans were for-

warded to Delos. He has them con-

veyed first to the Scythians ; thence

westward from people to people until

they reached the Adriatic sea ; thence

southward to the people of Dodona

who transmitted them over to the

gulf of Malea and across to Euboea

;

thence from city to city to Carystus,

and finally by the Carystians to Tenos,

whence the Tenians took them to De-

los. Frazer thinks Herodotus gives us

the original Delian version, Pausanias

the revised Athenian version of the

fifth century b.c.— 18. ^tra. ttiv 6€«-

pCavcK A^\ov: the "sacred embassy"

referred to is the one which the Athe-

nians sent annually to Delos. The

ship in which Theseus was believed to

have sailed to Crete conveyed the eli-

voy to Delos ; in the ship were also the

chorus that was to sing the hymn to

Apollo, and the victims for sacrifice.

Before the sailing of the ship the priest

of Apollo crowned its stern ; and from

that moment till the .ship returned no

one might be put to death in Athens.

This gave a respite to Socrates. See

Plato, Phaedo, 58 a-c, 59 d; Xen. Mem.4, 8, 2 ; Plut. Thes. 23 ; id. Nicias, 3.

22. AapnTTpta : this deme belonged

to the tribe Erechtheis ; it included two

villages, Upper Lamptrae and Lower

(or Seaside) Lamptrae (Marpocr,.Suid.,

and Phot. Lex. s.v. Aa/U7rrpers; He.sych.

s.v. Xa^Tpd). It was on the southern

coast of Attica, between the demes of

Thorae and Aegilia (Strabo, 9, p. 398).

Upper Lamptrae has been identified

PHLYA— MYRRIIIXUS 161

Ch31, 5

aiToBavelv re avrov koX Ta^rjvai (fyacn, /cat ecm /cat €? e'/xe

[/cat] iv rotg AajxTTTpevaL Kpavaov fJLpyjfJia. "lojvo*; 8e tou Hou-

25 ^ov— Kat yap ovto<; utKrjcre napa 'A07]vaLOL^ /cat *A6r)vai(i)v

iiTL Tov TToXe/xou Tov TTpo? 'EXcvorti/tov? iTTo\efxdp^7](Te TCt-

(^09 ei' IIora/Aots e'crrt T179 ^wpa?. raura /ixei' Si^ ovtoj Xe'ye- 4

rat, <I>XveT)crt Se etcrt /cat Mupptvovcrtot? rot? pikv 'AttoXXwi^os

Atot-vcroSorou Kat 'Apre/xtSo? SeXaa(f)6pov ^wp-ol Aiofvaov

30 re '\v6iov /cat i/vfxcf)(ov 'Io"/x^7^'t8&»^' Kat T^y?, 17^ MeyaXTyi/

^eoi' 6voixoiC,ovcn • uaos Se irepos e^et ^cojxovs ^rnx'r)Tpo<;

'AvT7crt8ajpa9 Kat Atog KxTycrtoi; Kat Tt^p&ii^^? \\dr]i'a<; Kat

Kd/3T79 ITpwroydt'T^? Kat Sep-viov 6vop.at,op.4v(j)V Oecov to 8e

eV Mf/D/Dti'oOi'Tt ^oavov eVxt KoXati't8o9 •^\Bp.ovel<; Se rt/xw-

35 (Ttf ^AfiapvcTLav "ApTepuv. 7rvv0av6[xei'o<; Se cra<^e9 ovSei^ e'9 5

with the modern Lambrika, a deserted

village about four miles northeast of

Vari.— 27. Iv IIoTanois: Fotami was a

denie of the tribe Leontis(Ilarpocr. s.v.

lIoTa/iis; Suid. s.v. 5/()uaxa/5»'e0). It lay

oil the east coastof Attica between Tho-

ricus and Prasiae (Strabo, 9, p. 308;

riiny, N. 11. 4, 24). It comprised three

Potami, known as Upper, Lower, and

Diradiotian (Schol. Ilom. II. U, 545

;

C.I.A. II, 864. See A.M. X (1885),

105 sqq.). It is commonly identified

with some ruins bordering on the bay

of DaskaliOjSouthof Prasiae. Pausanias

fails to mention the deme of Thoricus.

28. 4»Xv€vai : this deme belonged

originally to the tribe Cecropis, and was

afterwards transferred to the new tribe

Ptolemais (Steph. Byz. s.v. 4>\veh;

Suid. s.v. ^Xveia ; Ilarpocr. s.v. <I>\i;^a).

Euripides was a native of Phlya (Ilar-

pocr. I.e.). Phlya is identified on the

authority of inscriptions with the mod-

ern Chalandri, a thriving village about

five miles northeast of Athens, and

about three and one fourth miles south

of Cephisia. It bordered on the deme

Athmonia, which was certainly on the

site of the modern Marusi, two miles

north of Chalandri. (See C.I.A. Ill,

Girt, col. 2, 1. 13; II, 204(5; II. 1113.)

— Mvppivowo-Cois : this dome belonged

to the tribe Pandionis (Steph. Byz.

and Phot. Lex. s.v. MvppivoiJs). It

was on the site of Merenda, a ruined

village in the interior of Attica, ea.st of

Mt. Ilymettus, about one and three

fourths miles .southeast of the large

village of Markopoulo. (See C.I.A.

II, 575; A.M. XII (1887), 277 .S(i.).

— 34. 'A0|jiov€is: Athmonia or Athmo-

num was a township of the tribe (^e-

cropis (Ilarpocr. s.v. 'Adfiovfvi; Suid.

s.v. 'A0fj.ovla ; Steph. Byz. s.v. "AOf^ovov).

At a later time, apparently, it was

transferred to the new tribe Attalis

(Schol. Ar. Pac. 100; cf. 1, 5, 5). In-

scriptions prove that Athmonia was on

ornearthesiteof Marusi. avillage in the

Athenian plain, seven miles northeast

162 THP: ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

avTct? eVicrra/aeVou? Tovq i^'qyrjTa'^ evpov, avro? Se avix^oK-

XojLiat TTySe. ecTTiv 'Afxapwdo^ iv Ev/3oia /cat yap ol ravrrj

TifJLCiXTLv 'AfjLapvcriap, ioprrjv Se koL 'AdrjualoL Trj<; 'Afxapvaia^;

dyovcTLu ovhev tl ^v^oeiov dcfyavecTTepoi' • TavTrj p,kv yevdadai

40 TO ofOjxa eVt tovtco rrapd 'A0p.ou€vcrLv -qyovfxai, ttju 8e eV

MvppLvovi>TL KoXaLuiSa oltto KoXaCvov KokelaOai. yeypa-

irrai 8'17817 /xot twv iv rot? St^/xoi? <^dvai ttoXXou? oj? Kat

TT/ao rr^9 dp\7]^ i^acnXevovTO Trj<; Ke'/cpoTTO?* eicrrt Se 6 Ko-

Xat^'09 di^8po? ouofxa irpoTepov 17 Ke'/cpor// eySacrtXevcrev— C05

45 ot Mvppt^'ovcrtot XeyovcTLv— dp^avTo<;. ecrrt 8e 'A^j^api'ai 6

8^/xo9 • ovTOL decop 'AiroWcoi'a TLjxcJcnu 'Ayvtea Kat 'Hpa-

/cXea. Kat ^Adrjvd^ ^(t)ix6<; iariv 'Tyteta? • ri^i^ 8' 'iTrvrtat'

^A0y]vdv ovopidt^ovai Kat Alopvctop MeXTrofJiepoi' /cat Ktcrcroi^

rot' avTov Oeov, tov KLcrcrou to (f)VTOP ivTavda irpojTov (^avrj-

50 i^at Xeyoi/re?.

of Athens, and one and one half miles

south of Cephisia. Marusi obviously

preserves the surname of Amarysian

Artemis. See C.I.A. II, 1722, 1723,

1724.

37. 'A|ia,pwv6os «v EvPoi(j : Amaryn-

thus was a village distant seven stadia

from Eretria (Strabo, 10, p. 448), where

an annual festival was held by the

Carystians as well as the Eretrians in

honor of the Amarynthian Artemis

(Livy, 35, 38). Cf. Strabo I.e. on the

part of the Eretrians in this festival.

The site of the sanctuary has been iden-

tified, with some probability, in the

foundations of some buildings to the

east of Eretria (see Lolling, A.M. X(1885), p. 354).

45. 'Axapval Stip.os : Acharnae be-

longed to the tribe Oeneis (Steph. Byz.

s.v. ' Axa.pva). It was the largest of all

the denies of Attica, and furnished to

the Athenian army at the beginning of

the Peloponnesian War no less than

three thousand infantry (Thuc. 2, 20).

It was situated sixty stadia from Ath-

ens (id. 2, 21), in a fertile and well-

cultivated district (Luc. Icarom. 18).

The people dealt in charcoal (Ar. Acli.

34 and 332, and Schol. Ach. 34); they

were regarded as stout soldiers (Ar.

Ach. 180 sq.). From Thuc. 2, 1, 20,

and Diod. 14, 32, it follows that Achar-

nae was seven miles northwest of Ath-

ens at the foot of Mt. Parnes. It

doubtless occupied with its suburbs the

territory embraced by the villages of

Menidi and Epano-Liossia, one and one

half miles from each other, where traces

of an ancient township and ruins have

been found. On Acharnae see Leake,

Athens, II, 35-38; Bursian, Geogr. I,

334; Milchh. Karten von Attika, Text

ii, 42; and A.M. XIII (1888), 337 ff.

PENTELICrs— PARNP:S— IIYMETTUS 163

Ch.32, 1

32 ^^PV ^^ 'A^0r]vaLOL<; iarl HeureXiKOP evda Xt^oro/Atat, /cat 1

Y\apvr]<i Trap€)^ofji€i'7] 0TJpav avcou aypiojv Ka\ apKTiov^ koj,

Tfi'qTTos OS (f)veL vop.a^ /LteXtcrtrat.? iTnTTjheLordTaf; ttXtju t^9

32. Mountaitis of Attica with their

images and altars— Marathon and its

objects of interest— The sj>rin(j Maca-ria— The marsh.

1. IltvTcXiKov: the correct ancient

name for I'entelicus was Brilossns

(Thuc. 2, 2:}; Strabo, 9, p. 399, etc.),

but it was sometimes called Pentelicus,

as by Pausanias aud Vitruvius (2, 8, 9),

a name derived from Pentele, an At-

tic deme (Steph. Byz. s.v. IlevrAr;) on

the southern slope of the mountain,

near which were the quarries (Strabo,

I.e.; Theoph. De lapid. 1, G; cf. Xen.

De vectig. 1, 4; Livy, 31, 2(5). Mt.

Pentelicus is the pyramid-like moun-

tain, at the northeast extremity of the

Athenian plain, ten miles from Athens.

The white surface of the ancient quar-

ries can be clearly seen from the Acrop-

olis. Its height is three thousand six

hundred and thirty-five feet. The mon-

astery of Mendeli borders on the site

of the ancient deme Pentele. The

quarries are in the gullies above the

monasteries. — 2. ndpvT]s : Parnes

was one of the three chief ranges of

mountains in Attica, the other two be-

ing Ilymettus and Brile.ssus or Pente-

licus (Theoph. De sign. temp. 3, 43).

As the location of the.se two is known,

it follows that Parnes is the still loftier

range (four thousand six hundred and

thirty-five feet) which bounds the plain

of Athens on the north, forming with

its offshoota the great mountain bar-

rier between Attica and Boeotia. This

is confirmed by ancient authorities.

Cf. Plato, Critias, p. 110 u, with Schol.

;

Thuc. 4, 90; Athen. 5, p. 210 a, etc.

On the west Parnes joins Mt. Cithae-

ron. The modern name of the range

is Ozca. See also Thuc. 2, 23; Ar.

Ntib. 324 ; Aristot. Hesp. Ath. 19

;

Strabo, 9, p. 399; Lucian, Bis ace. 8;

id. Icarom. 11 ; Stat. Theb. 12, 020 sq.;

Steph. Byz. s.v. lldpt/rji. — 3. 'Yji^t-

Tos : Ilymettus is the regular, flat-

topped chain of hills which bounds the

plain of Athens on the east. It ri.ses

south of Mt. Pentelicus, from which it

is divided by a valley about three miles

wide, and extends soiithw.ard almost

in a straight line until it ends at Cape

Zoster. The higher portion of the

range (three thousand three hundred

and seventy feet) north of the glen of

Pirnari, which divides the chain into

two, was called in ancient times the

Great Ilymettus; the lower part to the

south of the glen was called the Les-

ser or Waterless (Anydrus) Ilymettus

(Theoph. De sign. temp. 1, 20). The

honey of Ilymettus was renowned (Hor.

Odes, 2, 0, 13 sqq. ; id. Sat. 2, 2, lo; Cic.

De fin. 2, 34, 1 12 ; Ovid, Met. 10, 284 .sq.

;

Strabo, 9, p. 399, etc.). The story goes

that when Plato was a babe the bees

of Ilymettus filled his mouth with

honey (Aelian,Var. Hist. 10, 21 ; Biogr.

Gr., ed. Westermann, pp. 382, 390).

Poets spoke of the flowery and fragrant

Ilymettus (Ovid, Met. 7, 72; Stat.

Theb. 12, 022). Ilymettus was also

famous for its marble, which is a bluish-

gray streaky marble, far inferior to

Pentelic in quality (Strabo, 9. p. 399;

lior. Odes, 2, 18, 3 sq. Pliny, N. H.

164 THE ATTICA OF PAUSAXTASCh.32, 2

'AXal^Mvcuv. 'AXa^wcrt yap avuijdeL'i ofiov toi? aXXot5 es

5 voixa<; LovcTLv eltrli' a<^eToi koI /xeXt<Tcrat, ouSe a(f)a<; is (rifx-

ySXov9 KaOeip^avreq exovcriv • at Se ipydS^ovTai re cu? erv^^ov

Trjs ^copas KOL (TVfxcfives to epyov avTols icmv, ihia 8e ovte

Krjpou ovTe /xeXt oltt avTOv TTOirjcreis- tovto p.€v roiovTov

iaTLv, 'AdrjvatoLS 8e to. opt] /cat Oewv ayakfxaTa e^et Ylevre- 2

10 X^crt jxev ^Kdrjvas, eV 'TjxrjTTco 8e dyaXfid icmv 'TfxrjTTLOV

Atd?, ^cofxol 8e /cat 'Ofi^pCov Ato? /cat 'ATroXXwi^d? et<Ti

npooi//tou. /cat eV Yloipi'r]6i UappyjOios Zevq ^aX/cov? eVrt

/cat ^cofxos %r)p.a\€ov Atd? • eicrrt Se eV r^ UoLpvyjOt /cat aXXo?

/ScofMOSy OvovcTL 8e eV avTov tot€ jxev "Ojx^piov Tore 8e 'Attt;-

15 jLttov /caXovt'Teg Ata. /cat Ay^eafxhs opos icmv ov jxeya /cat

A to 9 ayaX^a 'Ay^ecr/xtov.

ri/atj' 8e 17 r&iv vrjcroiv is d(f)y]yriaiv TpairecrOai, rd is tovs 3

hijixovs c^ovTO- avOis eVe^et/xt. orjixos icrri yVapaOcov Icrov

17, 6; 36, 7, 114). Hymettus is still, as mention Mt. Aegaleus, a chain of hills,

of old (Ovid, Ars Am. 3, G87), remark- extending southwest from Mt. Parnes

able for the wonderful purple glow to the strait of Salamis. It forms the

which comes over it as seen from Ath- western boundary of the Athenian

ens by evening light. Socrates drained plain, dividing it from the Thriasian

the cup of hemlock at the hour when plain, in which is Eleusis.

the sunset glow was on Hymettus 18. 8f|p.6s €o-ti MapaOwv : Marathon

(Plato, Phaedo, 116 1$, c). was a member of an ancient confeder-

15. 'A7x«<''H'<'S : this mountain, not acy called the Tetrapolis, consisting of

elsewhere mentioned in ancient writ- Marathon, Oenoe, Probalinthus, and

ers, is probably the range of hills now Tricorythus (Strabo, 8, p. .383; Steph.

known as Tourko-Vouni, extending Byz. s.v. TerpdiroXis; Plut. Theseus,

northward from Athens in the direc- 14 ; Diod. 4, 57), four towns said to

tionofCephisia, which forms the water- have been founded by Deucalion and

shed of the Athenian plain. The chain later merged by Theseus into a single

terminates in the conical rocky hill state with the other petty communities

which towers aloft northeast of Ath- of Attica. Three of these towns were

ens, nine hundred and ten feet above situated between Prasiae and Rham-the sea, and is doubtless the ancient nus on the east coast of Attica, in the

Lycabettus (cf. Plato, Critias, p. 112a;

following order from south to north:

Antig. Histor. Mirab. 12 ; Phot. Lex. Probalinthus, Marathon, Tricorythus

s.v. 'n.dpvr)^, etc.). Pausanias fails to (Strabo, 9, p. 399). Oenoe was near

MARATHON 165

Ch. 32, 4

Trjq TToXecti? twu ^AdrjuaCcov dTre^^cof koI Kapvcrrov T7J<; iv

20 EvySoia- TavTT) Trjq 'Arrt/c^? ea^ov oi ^dp^apoi /cat p-d.XV

T€ eKpaTT^dr^crau Kai Tiua^ w? dvrjyovTO dncokeaau TOiv veoiv.

Td(f)0<; he iv T(o TreStw 'AOrjvaLCDP iaTiv, inl 8e avrw crTrjXaL

Ta ovofxara tcjv diroOavovTaiv Kara (f)v\d<; eKacrroji^ e)(OvaaL,

Kol irepo^i YlXaraievcTL Bolcotcoi' /cat SovXot? • ip.a)(^ecravTO

25 yap Koi SoGXot tote npcoTou. Koi duSpo^ iaTiv tSta ixprjjxa 4

MtXrtctSov Tov KifjL(i}vo<;, (rvix^darjq varepov ot ttj^ reXevrrJ?

Ilapov T€ ajxapTOPTL koI 8t' avTo e? Kpicnv 'AOrjvaioL^ /cara-

(TTdvTL. iuTavOa dud Trdcrav vvKra /cat tTTTrajp' ^/ae/xert^oi^roji^

Kai avopoiv fxa^oixevcov ecrnv aicrueauaL • KaTaaT'qvai oe e?6'eo-^c Se

the others, but somewhat inland. The

plain of Marathon, in which occurred

the famous contest in 490 u.c. between

Athenians and the Persians, is a cres-

cent-shaped stretch of flat land curving

round the shore of a spacious bay, and

bounded westward by a semicircle of

steep mountains rising abruptly from

the plain. The northeast corner is a

narrow rocky promontory running

southward far into the sea, now knownas Cape Stomi or Cape Marathon ; the

southern end of the plain is terminated

by Mt. Agrieliki, an eastern spur of

Mt. I'entelicus. The length of the plain

from northeast to southwest is about

six miles ; its breadth varies from one

and one half to two and one half miles.

The shore is a shelving, sandy beach,

well suited for the disembarkation of

troops. A great swamp occupies most

of tlie northern end of the plain.

—

22. rd^os: this is to be recognized in

a mound conical in shape, of light red-

dish mold, about thirty feet high andtwo hundred paces in circumference,

situated in the southern part of the

plain, about iialf a mile from the sea

and about three fourths of a mile north

of ihemarsli. It is now popularly called

Soros. It was excavated by the Greek

government in April-June, 1890. At

a depth of about nine feet below the

present surface of the plain was found

an artificial floor about eighty -five feet

long and twenty feet broad, upon which

rested a layer of ashes, charcoal, and

human bones. Also later a trench was

discovered containing the remains of

the victims sacrificed to the heroic

dead. The black-figured vases found

with the bones and ashes of the dead

belong to the period of the Persian

wars; hence there is no doubtthat the

human remains are those of the one

hundred and ninety-two Athenians who

fell at Marathon (lldt. 0, 117). Xo

traces have been found of the mound

over the remains of the fallen Platae-

ans and slaves.

2(5. MiXridSov: Ildt. G, 132-130, and

Corn. Nep. Miltiades, 7.<*q., narrate the

events which led to the trial and death

of Miltiades. — 30. ovk to-nv otw «rvv^-

v€YK€v: cf. Hdt.C), 11 7, where it is related

that in one instance blindness was the

166 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh.32, 5

30 ivapyrj diav eTriTT^Se? ^ev ovk ecTTiv otco avviqveyKev, dvrj-

k6(o 8e ovTL Kol aXXo)? (jvyi^av ovk ecttiv ck tmv SaLjjiovoiP

opyrj. (re/3ovTai Se ol M.apa$a)VLOL tovtov<; re ot napa ttjv

ixd)(y]v diredavov ry/Dwa? ovop.dl^ovTe'; /cat MapaOcova dcj)' ov

T(p Sijixcp TO opojxd icTTL Kol 'HpuKXea, (f)diJievoL irpwrot? 'EkXij-

35 v(ov (T^icriv 'Hpa/cXea deov vofXLcrdrjvaL. crvve/Sy] Se w? Xe- 5

yovcriv dvSpa iv rfj p-d^rj napelvaL to etSo? /cat ttjp cTKev^v

aypoLKOv • ovTo<? to)v /Bap/Sdpcjv ttoXXov? /cara^oi^evo'a? dpo-

Tpco /xera to epyov ^v d(f)av't]s ipopevoi^ Se ^ A0r}vaiOL<; dXXo

pev 6 Oeoq e? avTov e^^prjcrev ovSev, Tipdv Se 'E^erXato^' e'/ce-

40 Xeucrei^ rjpcoa. TTenoLr^TaL Se /cat Tpoiraiov Xidov XevKov. tov<;

Se MfjSov^ 'AOrjvoLOL peu ddxjjai Xeyovaiv cJ? ndpToj^i octlov

dvOpcoTTOv veKpov yfj Kpvxjjai, Td(f)ov Se ovSeVa evpelv iSvvd-

prjv • ovTE yap ^wpa ovte dXXo (rrjpelop rjv tSeti', e? opvypa

Se (f)€povTe<; acfidq w? TV)(OLev eae^aXov. ecrrt Se iv t(o Mapa- G

45 0COUL TTiqyrj KaXovpeurj M a/cap ta, /cat rotctSe e? avTrjv Xeyov-

aiv. 'Hpa/cXi79 co? e'/c l^ipvvdo<^ e^evyeu l^vpvcrOea, irapd

KyvKa (fiiXop ovTa /xerot/ct^erat ^aaiXevovTa Tpa)(2vo<;. eVet

Se dTTeX06uTo<; i^ dfOpconcov 'Hpa/cXe'ov? e'^r^ret rov? TratSa?

EvpvaOevq, e'<? 'A^i^Va? Trepirei (T(f)d<; 6 Tpa^ti'to? dcrOeveidv

50 re Xiy(i)v Trju avTov /cat Srjcrea ovk dovpaTOP elvai, TipoypeZv

'

d(f)LK6pei'OL Se ot TratSe? t/ceVat irpoiTov TOTe IleXo7ropvr](TLOi<;

TTOLOVCTL TToXepov 71/309 ^Adr]paLOV<;, Sy]a-€(jt)<; cr(f)d<i ovk e'/cSdi^-

T09 atrovi^Tt EivpvcrOel. Xeyovat Se 'A^T^i^atot? yeveaOai

result of meeting a hero ; cf. Schol. tlie prizes were silver cups (Find.

Ar. Av. 1490. —32. o-«PovTai . . . 'Hpa- Olyiup. 0, 134 sqq., and Schol.).

KXt'a: cf. 1,15, 3. This was one of the 45. MaKapia: the story of Eurys-

two most revered shrines of that hero theus's defeat and death in Attica,

in Attica ; the other was at Cynosarges whither he had marched against the

(Harpocr. s.v. 'H^d/cXeta). Hdt. G, 108, childi-en of Heracles who had found a

IIG, tells how, before the battle, the refuge in the Tetrapolis, is told also by

Athenians encamped in the precinct of Strabo, 8, p. 377; Diod. 4, 57; and is

Heracles at Marathon. Here games the theme of Euripides's Ilcraclidae.

Avere celebrated in honor of the hero; Cf. Thuc. 1, 9; Isoc. I'aneg. 58 sq.

BRAURON 167

Ch.33, 1

)(pr]crfxov rdv iraiZiov aTToOavelv ^prjvai twv 'HpaKXeovs tlpol

55 ideXopTTjv, eVel aXXcu? ye ovk elvai ulktjv (T<f)icrLu ij/ravda

MaKapCa A-qcaveipas Kol 'Hpa/cXeov? Ovyarrip aTTocrc^a^acra

kavrrjv ehoiKev *Adr]vaLOL<; re KparrjaaL rw TroXe/Lio) /cat rrj

Trrfyrj to ouojxa d(f)' avTrjf;. ecrrt Se eV rw Mapa6(opL Xifxpy] 7

ra TToXXa eXwSTy?- e? TavTi7i^ aireipia toju oScov (pevyovre's

GO iairmTovcriv ol fidp^apoi, /cat crcfiLaL top (f>6uop top ttoXvp

eVl Toi^TO) orvfJi^rjpai Xeyovcnp' virep Se tt^i^ Xljxpt^p (jyaTPaL

etcrt XiSov twp lttttcop twp ApTa(f)€ppov<; /cat (rrjfxeia ip ne-

T/3at9 (TKr)prj<;. pel Se /cat 7rora/u,o9 e'/c 7179 XCpipr]^. to. fxep

7r/309 avrrj rr} XLfxpr) ^o(TKyj[Jia(rLP vSwp eVtrr/Setoj' irape^o-

G5 fiepo^, KaTOL Se XT^t- iK^oXrjp Tr)P e'? to Tre'Xayo? ctX^upo? ^Sry

yiperai /cat l^OvoiP t(op OaXadcrioiP rrXyjpri<;. oXiyop Se d7r(w-

re/DCe) Tov TreStov Ilat'O'? Icttip opo^ /cat aTnjXaiop 0ea^ d^top-

eicroSo? yaei^ e'9 avro aTeprj, TrapeXOovcn Se' tlaip oIkol /cat

XovTpd /cat KaXovjxepop Hapof; aliroXiop, Trerpai to. TroXXa

70 al^lp eiKacrjxepai.

33 Mapa9(x)P0^ Se aTre'^et r^ yu.ei' . . . lipavpo)p, ep6a 'Ic^tye- 1

^'eta^' tt)v AyayLefxpopo^ e'/c Tav/awz^ (f)€vyovaap to ayaXp.a

dyofxeprjp to 'AprejLttSo? diro^yjpaL XeyovcL, KaTaXcTTOvcrap Se

58. X()t.vi] : cf. 1,15,3. This swamp Different Peoples of Ethiopia — Atlas

occupies most of the nortliern end of — Ne)nesis witliout winys.

the plain. It is now covered with reed- 1. Bpavpcov : Brauron was one of

grass, and is separated from the sea the twelve confederate towns of Attica

by a narrow strip of sandy beach. Be- before Theseus's time (Strabo,0, p.3t)7).

tween the marsh and the mountain Strabo (9, p. 390) locates it on the east

slopes is the modern village of Kato- coast of Attica between the denies of

Souli. Herodotus, in his account of Prasiae and Stiria to the south, and

the battle, does not mention tlie marsh, Myrrliinus, I'robalinthus, and Mara-

but it was represented in the painting thon to the north of it. Its position on

of the Painted Porch (1, 15, 3) and is the coast is known from Ildt. 4, 145;

mentioned Schol. Plat. Menex. 358, and 6, 138 ; and there was a river Erasinus

Aristid. Panath. p. 203. at Brauron (Strabo, 8, p. 371). This

33. lirauron— Image of Artemis— leads to its identification with Vraona,

lihamnus and Nemesis Khamnusia— a villaKe which meets the conditions

168 THJ: ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh. 33, 2

TO dyaXfJia ravTr) kol e? ^Kdrjva^ Kai vcnepov e? Apyo? d(^t-

5 KecrBai • ^oavov fxep St) /cat ovtoOl iarlif 'Apre/xtSog ap^alov,

TO Se e/c ToJi^ ^ap/SdpcDP olrtveg Kara yuwfxrjv e^ovcri Tr)v

ifxrjv, iv eTepo) Xoyco Sr^Xwcrco • MapaOcouo'^ oe crraotou? /xa- 2

Xtcrra i^rJKOPTa diTe^ei 'Pa/xj^oC? ri^i' irapd Bakacro'av lovcriv

e? ^^poiTTOv. KOL at jae^' ot/ci^o'et? eVt daXdacrr) rot? dvdpo)-

10 Trot's eicri, piKpov 8e avro dakdcraiq^ avoi Ne/xecrew? eVrtv lepov,

and the name of which appears to be

the modern equivalent of Brauron. —5. |6avov: see 1, 23, 7 ; 3, IG, 7-11 ; 8,

40, 3, with Frazer's notes.

8. 'Pafivovs : Rhamnus was a deme

of tlie tribe Aiantis (Steph. Byz. s.v.

'Pa/xvoGs), situated on the northeast coast

of Attica, nortli of Tricorythus (Strabo,

9, p. 399). It was one of tlic fortresses

of Attica into whicli the people col-

lected their property when in dread of

Philipof Macedon(Dem. 18,38, p.238).

The place was chiefly famous for its

temple and image of Nemesis (Strabo,

9, pp. 396, 399; Pliny, N. H. 30, 17;

Hesych., Said., and Phot. Lex. s.v.

'Vafxvov(jla N^/xecrts, etc.). The orator

Antiphon belonged to Rhamnus (Suid.

s.vv. 'Ai'Tt^cDj'and'Pa/Lij'oOs). It is about

six and one half miles north of Kato-

Souli, which agrees well with the sixty

stadia estimated by Pausanias. The

site is an isolated rocky height of con-

siderable natural strength, jutting out

into the sea, and upon which are the

ruins of the fortress. Not far awayon a terrace at the head of a deep and

woody glen are the ruins of two tem-

ples, that of Nemesis and a smaller

one, iirob.ably of Themis. — 10. Nsfi*'-

o-€ws . . . Upov : upon the terrace al-

ready mentit)ned, one luindred and

fifty feet wide and facing the sea, lie

the remains of the two temples. They

stand side by side, but not quite paral-

lel to each other, the larger being on

the nortli side toward the sea. The

larger temple is seventy-one feet long

by thirty-three feet broad on the stylo-

bate. It was a peripteral hexastyle

Doric temple, with twelve columns on

each of the long sides. The outer col-

umns are unfluted except for a very

small distance at the top and near the

bottom, which indicates that the tem-

ple was never finished. The interior

consisted of pronaos, cella, and opis-

thodomos, arranged in the usual way.

The lower portions of seven columns

on the south side and one in the pro-

naos are still standing. The architec-

tural features render it probable that

the temple was built about the middle

of the iifth century n.c. The discovery

of an inscription (C.I. A. Ill, 811) on a

statue dedicated to Nemesis, and of

fragments of the sculptures described

by Pausanias, prove that this was the

sanctuary of Nemesis. The smaller tem-

ple was a tem plum in ant is, con-

sisting of cella and pronaos, thirty -five

feet long by twenty-five feet wide. In-

scriptions and statues found in the tem-

ple prove that it was in use at least

from the fifth to the second century is.c.

and was in all probability a temple of

RHAMNUS 169

CU. 33, 4

Tj Beuiv /LiaXtcrra du0pcoTroL<; v^pi(TTai<; icmu aTrapatn^ro?.

SoKCt 06 Koi T0t9 OTTO^adiv c? yiapadoiva twv fiapfidpcop

d7ravTrj(raL ixyjuifia eK tt]'; deov TavTr]<; • KaTa(f)pouijcrai^T€<;

yap ^jxrjhevy (r(f)LaLP iixTToSwv elvai ra? 'Adrji'as iXelv^ \idov

15 Yidpiov ctJ9 eV i^eipya(Tfxevoi<s -qyov e? TpoTraiov iTOvr](Tiv.

TovTov <t>etota<; rov \idov elpydcraTO ayaXfxa p,ev eivai Ne/xe- 3

crew?, TTf KecjiaXrj Se iireaTL Trj<; deov (TTe<^avo<; i\d(f)ov^ e^cov

KoX Ni/CT79 dydXfiara ov fxeydXa- rai? Se ^epcriv e^et tyj jxeu

KXdhov fjLTjXea^;, rfj Se^ta Se (jadXrjv, At^tOTre? 8e eVt r^

20 (fadXr) ireTTOiTjVTai. avpfiaXeadaL he to e? tov<; AWiOTra^

ovre avro? et^oi' ovre dTreSe^ojx-qv TOiv orvvievai ireidoixevoiv,

oX ireTTOLrjcrdat cr(f)d<; enl Trj (f)LdXr) (fyacrl 8ia TTOTajxov 'n/cea-

vov OLKeZv yap AWiona^ en avrio, Ne^Lteo-et Se elvat Trarepa

*flKeav6v. ^D,Keav(i) yap ov Trora/xo), daXdcrar) Se ea^drrj 4

25 Ti^? VTTO dvdp(i)TTOiv 7rX€o/u,eVi79 vpoaoLKOvaLv \^y)pe<^ koX

KeXrot, /cat vrjaov ^ClKeavo<; e^et Tr)P BpeTTapcou- AWlottcdv

he T(ov virep Xvrjuiq<^ enl OdXacrcrav ea\aToi tyjv ^Epvdpdp Ka-

TOiKOvaiv \)(0vo(f)dyoi,j /cat 6 /coXtto? op nepLOLKovcnp 'l^^vo-

(f)dy(i)P opofxd^eTaL. ol he St/catorarot Meporjp noXip koI nehCop

30 AiOioniKOP KaXovfxepop oIkovctlp- ovtol /cat ttjp rjXiov rpdne-

t,dp elcTLP ol heLKPVPTe<;, ovhe (tcJ^lctlp earip ovre ddXacraa ovre

Themis. Some authorities hold that it (l-C.) it was the work of Agoracritus

was the original sanctuary of Nemesis;

of Paros, a pupil of Phidias. Probably

if so, it continued in use after the it was by the latter under the super-

larger temple was built. vision of Phidias. The story of the

10. N<|i^<rc<i>s : the image of Nemesis block of marble is doubtless a popular

was ten cubits high (Zenob. v. 82;

fable. Part of the colossal head of the

Hesych. s.v. 'Pafivova-^a "S^fxea-is), and statue is in the British Museum, and

was much admired for its beauty and fragments of reliefs from the pedestal

size (Strabo, 0, p. 300 ; Pliny, N. H. are in the National Museum at Athens.

30, 17). Ancient writers disagree as to Furtwangler conjectures that the Ceres

the sculptorof the image. According to of the Vatican is a copy of the Nemesis

Pausanias, Zenobius (I.e.), the lexicog- of Rhamnus (Meisterw. p. 119).

raphers, and others, the image was by 30. ttiv r\kU>v rpdir^Jav : cf. 0, 20, 2.

Phidias; according to Pliny and Strabo The Table of the Sun was in the land

170 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh.33, 5

7TOTafxo<i aXXo<? ye -q NeiXo?. elcrl 8e Koi dXXoL irpocroiKOi 5

M.avpoi<? AldioTTe<; cL^pc NacrafxcovcDU Trapy]KOPT€<;. Nao"ajaai-

pe<; ydp, ovs 'ArXai^ra? 'HpdSoro?, ol 8e jxerpa (fidixevoc yrj<;

35 elSevat At^tra? KaXovcn, Al^vcov ol ecr^arot Tr/ao? ^ArXavrt

ot/coucrt cnreLpovTe^; p,ev ovSev, diro 8e dpLTreXoiv ^wi^re? dypicov.

TTora/AO? Se ov8e rovrot? rot? KlBLO\\fLv ovSe rot? Natra/xoiatV

icTTLv ovSeCq • TO ydp irpoq tm "ArXavTi vScop, rpLcri irape^o-

[xepop a./9^a9 pevp.acni', ovoev tmv pevjxdTCJV TTOtet iroTapiOV,

40 dXXa TTcti^ o^otwg avTiKa e^et avWa/Sovcra tj \\)dppLO<;. ovtco<;

At^toTre? TTOTaixo) ye ovSeul irpocroLKOvcnv 'flKeavcp. to 8e 6

vScjp TO eK Tov ArXat'ro? OoXepov re eVrt Acat Trpo? rrj "^VyV

KpoKoSeiXoL SiTTTJ^^eajp rjaav ovk eXdcrcrov<;, irpocTLovTCJV Se rail'

dv6pdiiTCxiv KaTehvovTo €9 ri^i' TTTjyiqv. TTapiaTaTO he ovk oXt-

45 yot? ro vScop tovto dva(^aLv6jxevov av^t? e/c Trj<^ xjjdjxjxov

TTOLelp TOP NetXov Atyvvrrtot?. 6 Se ^ArXa? {opoq) v\jj7)Xov

fxev ecTTiv ovtco<; coo'Te Kai Xeyerat rat<? Kopvff)aL<; xpavetv tov

ovpavov, dfiaTov Se vno vSaro? kol SevSpoju d 8ta Travro?

7re(f)VKe- ret /xei^ St^ Trpo? rov? Naca/jtwi^a'? avTov ytvctjcr/cerat,

50 ro, Se eg ro vre'Xayo? ovSeua ttm TrapairXevaavTa i(jp,ev. TdSe 7

/xei' e'? TocrovTov elpijcrOo) • iTTepd 8' ex°^ owre rovro ro

ayaXfxa NejoteVew? oure aXXo TreTToirfTai TOiv dp-^^aicov, irrei

ixrfoe ^/xupvatoi? ro. dytwrara ^oava e^et iTTepd- ol 8e vcrre-

poi*— eVt(^atVeo"^at ydp r'i7^' ^eoi' fxdXtcTTa eVt roj e'yodi' e'^e-

55 Xouo'ti'— eVt TOVTO) NeyLtecret TTTepa cocrnep EpcjTi ttolovctl.

vvv oe TjOTj OLeL[XL oTTOcra eVt tco ^ddpco tov dydXpiaT6<i ecTTiv

of the long-lived Ethiopians, who dwelt taneonslyfrom the ground." According

on the Indian ocean. "It was said to be toHdt.3, 1 7 sq., and others, King Cam-

a meadow in the suburb of their city;

byses sent spies to see and report on it.

every night the rulers set forth great 33. Nacrajiuves : cf. Hdt. 4, 184, 172

piles of the boiled flesh of all kinds of and 182, who says that the inhabitants

quadrupeds, and every day all who of Mt. Atlas were called Atlantes, but

chose came and partook of the meat, does not identify them with the Nasa-

in the belief that it was produced spon- monians, whomhedescribesseparately.

OROPUS 171

Ch.34,

1

elpyacTfJLeva, TO(T6i>Se e? to trac^e? TrpoSr}\(i)(Ta<;. 'EXeVry Ne-

[xecnu fxr]T€pa eluaL Xiyovcriv 'EX\^7^'e9, Xiq^av Se jxacrTOv

iTTicr^elv avrrj kol Ope^au • iraTepa ok /cat ovtol kol Trainee

GO /caret TavTo. 'EXeVry? Ata /cat ov TvuSdpeoju eti^at pofxi^^ovcn.

Tavra dKr]KO(x)<; ^etSta? TreTToiiqKev 'EXepyjp viro A>^'8a9 dyo- 8

p.4vr]v Trapd ttjv Ne/iecrti^, ireTroti^/ce 8e Tvvhdpeojv re /cat rov?

Tratoa? Kat dvSpa crvv ittttw TrapecTTrjKOTa 'lirnea ovopa-

ecrrt Se 'Ayapepi^cov kol Mei/eXao? /cat Ilvppo? 6 'A^tXXeiw?,

65 7rp(OTo<; ovTo<; 'Eppiovrju ttjv 'EXeVr;? ywat/ca Xa^cou- 'Ope-

<TrT79 oe Ota ro e? rrjv piqrepa roXprfpa TrapetOr], Trapapetvd-

crr]<; re e's atrav Eppi6vrj<; avrw /cat T€Kov(rr]<; TratSa. e^i79

oe eVt rw fiddpcp /cat ^Etto^o? KaXovpevo^ /cat veavia'; Icrriv

eTepo<; • e'? rovrovg aXXo /xet' -qKovcra ovSeV, aSeX^ovg Se eti/at

70 (T(f)d<; Oti/017?, d(^' 7^9 eVrt ro ovopa ro) Sy]pco.

34 Ti^i' Se yi^i/ r^i^ npoiTrlav pera^v Trjq 'Arrt/c^<? /cat Tat'a- 1

ypLKrj<;, JioLcoTiav to i^ dp-^rjf; ovcrav^ e^ovaiv i<f)' rjpwv

57. 'EXc'vxi Ne'nco-iv (XTjr^pa : for the tlieir control until the fortification of

story that Nemesis, and not Leda, was Decelea (Tliuc. 8, GO), when the Boco-

the mother of Helen, see Apollod. 3, tians recovered it. Probably in 383

10, 7; Tzetzes, Schol. Lycophr. 88. 11. c. the Oropians voluntarily surren-

70. OlvoTis, d4)' lis ia-Ti to 6vo|xa tS dered their land to the Athenians (Isoc.

S^[io>: there were two domes in Attica 14, 20), but in .3GG h.c. the lioeotians

called Oenoe, one near Marathon,which regained possession (Diod. 15, 7G; Xen.

is probably here referred to, and one Hell. 7, 4, 1 ; Ae.sch. 2, 85); but in 338 •

on the Boeotian frontiei", four miles n.c, after his conquest of Tliebes,

southeast of Eleutherae (see 1, 15, 1, Philip restored Oropus to Athens,

note; Ildt. 5, 74 ; Tiuic. 2, 18). There were further changes of control,

34. Orojms— Temple ofAinphlarauH as in Strabo's time, when it was Boeo-

— The Dream Oracle. tian (Strabo, 9. pp. 301 , 403), but after-

1. TT]v 'flpwTrtav : the district of Oro- wards it became and continued Athe-

pus was long a bone of contention be- nian, as in Pausanias's day. Tiie plain

tween Attica and Boeotia (Strabo, 9, of Oropus extends along tlie shore f(U-

p. 390). Originally it was Boeotian. It about live miles ; inland it narrows to

fell into the hands of the Athenians a point two or three miles from the

probably at the end of the sixth cen- shore where the Asopus issues from a

tury (Ildt. 5, 77), and continued under beautiful defile. The site of the town

172 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh.34, 2

^XOiqvaZoi, 7ro\eiJ,Tj(raPTe<; fxkv tov TrdvTa vnep avTr}<; ^povov,

KTrjadfjceuoi 8e ov irpoTepov ^eySatco? nptu tj ^Lkimroq ^)'t]/3a^

5 iX(x)v eSojKe <T<^icnv. rj fiep ovv ttoXi? icrriv im ^aXctcrcrrys

{xeya ovhev e? (TV'yypa(j)r)P TTapc^ofxivrf • dire^ei 8e SwSe/ca

rrj<^ TT6Xeo)<; crraStov? /xaXtcrra lepov tov 'Afiffaapdov. \4ye- 2

rat 8e 'Afxcjuapda) (fyevyovTi e/c %r]^iov SiaaTrjifai ttju yrjv Koi

tu9 avTov ofjLOV Kol TO dpjxa vneOe^aTO- ttXtju ov tovtyj crvfi-

10 ^rjvai (fiacTLv, dX\d <7)> Icttiv ck %y)^oiv lovacu e? XaX/ctSa

Apfxa KaXovfxevov. 6eov 8e ^Kix(^idpaov TT/awrot? ^ilpo)7rLOL<;

KaTecTTT] vofjiL^eLv, vcTTepop 8e /cat oi Trcti^re? EXXy^ve? rjyr^v-

Tai. KaToke^ai 8e Kal aXXov; e^w ycvojxevov; TOTe dvdpdy

TTOV?, ot ^ewv Trap' EXXT^crt TLfxds e^ovcrc, to'l<; 8e /cat dvdKeivTai

l-'S TToXet?, 'EXeov? eV XeppovTJcra) UpajTeacXdo), Ae/SdSeta Botw-

TO)v Tpo(f)(ovL(o • Kai npcoTTioi<i vao<^ re ecrrtv A[i(f)iapaov /cat

dyaXfxa XevKov XiOov. Trape^erat 8e 6 ySw/xo? /xepT7 • to ^ej' 3

'Hpa/cXeov? /cat Ato? /cat 'AttoXXwi^o? etrrt Ilatwi^o?, to Se

rjpoiCTi /cat r)pd)Oiv dvelTai yvvat^i, Tpvrov 8e 'EoTta? /cat 'Ep-

20 p^ov /cat 'Ap(f)Lapdov /cat twi/ iraihoiv 'A/>t(^tXo^of • 'AX/cyLtatwf

Se 8ta TO e'? ^KpufjivXyjv epyov ovTe iu ^Apcfaapdov Tivd, ov

of Oropus is now occupied by Skala wide, consisting of a cella, fronted by

Oropou, a hamlet on the shore of a bay a portico of six columns between two

within sight of Eretria, from which it antae ; it was not peripteral. In front

is separated by a strait forty stadia in of tlie temple, about thirty feet from

width.— 7. Upov TOV 'AfKfuapdou : the it, are the foundations, twenty-eight

sanctuary of Amphiaraus is distant feet by fourteen feet, of the large altars

about four miles southeast of Oropus. here described by Pausanias. Amphi-

The distance is greatly understated by araus, the seer and hero, took part in

Pausanias. The place is now called the Calydonian boar hunt, the Argo-

Mavrodhilissi. The ruins of the sane- nautic voyage, and the expedition of

tuary were excavated by the Greek tlie Seven against Thebes.

Archaeological Society in 1884-1887. 17. oPwixos: the great altar was di-

The remains of the temple are in the vided into five parts, dedicated to vari-

western end of the pi-ecinct. It appears ous gods and heroes here enumerated,

to have been a Doric temple, about The existing remains seem to sliow

ninety-five feet long by forty-three feet that it was formed by uniting several

SANCTUARY OF AMPIIIARAUS 173

Ch.34,5

firjv ovSe napa rw 'A/x^tXd^w TLfxrjv e)(et- TerdpTr) 8e ecrrt

Tov ^(ofxov fxolpa 'A(f)pooLTris koI HavaKeias, in 8e 'lacrov?

/cat 'Tyeta? /cat ^X$r)va^ Yiai(x)uia<^ • Tre^TTTT) Se TreiroiiqTaL

25 pvix<f)aL<; KOL Haul /cat TTOTap.oi<; 'A^eXojo* /cat Kr](f>L(Ta). no

he 'A/x^tXd^w /cat Trap' 'A^r/p-atot? ecrnv iv ttj TrdXet ^oj/xo?

/cat KtXt/cta? eV MaXXw fxavrelov dxfjevSeaTaTov tCjv in ifiov.

ian Se ^ilpcDnioL^ Trrjyr) ttXtjo'lov tov vaov, iqu 'A/x^tapciov 4

/caXovo'tt', oure Ovovre^ ovhkv e? avrrjv ovr eVt /ca^apcriot? tJ

30 ^(ipvi^i )(prjcrOaL vofxi^ovTes ' voaov 8e dKecr0eL(Tr)<; di/Spt yitaf-

rev/xaroi? yevofxivov KcaOecrTr^Kev apyvpov dcfyeluai tj ^pvaov

inLcrrjixou e? tt^p' Trrjyrjv, Tavrr) yap dvekdelv tov 'Aix(f)tdpaou

XeyovaLV 17817 ^edi^. 'lo<f)a)v 8e Kp'wcro'to? roip' i^TjyrjTMf XPV(Tp,ov^ iv l^afieTpo) Trapet^ero, \\.p,(j)idpaov ^prjaai <^dp.evo<i

35 rot? e? H7773a9 crraXetcrti^ 'Apyetcov. raOra ra e7n7 rd e? rov?

TToXXoug inaycjyov dKpaT(t)<; et^^e- xcopL<; 8e ttX-^v ocrov<; i^

^ATr6kX(ovo<; jxavrjvaL Xeyovcn to dp)^a2ov, fjidpTewv y ov8€t9

yjpy](jp.o\6yo'^ y]v, dyadol 8e oveipaTa i^rjyTJcraadaL /cat 8ta-

-yvwi/at TTTrjaei^ opviOojv Kal onrXdy^va lepeCojv. 80/cw 85 5

40. *AfiffiLdpaov oveipdTOiv 8ta/cpto'et /MaXtcrra TrpocrKei(TdaL • hrj-

X09 8e, TjViKa ivofxCadr] deo'?, 8t' oveLpdTOJV [xavTLKrjv /cara-

(rTT](rdfxevo<?. Kal irpoiTov pkv KadijpaaOaL vopiit,ovaiv dcrrt?

rjXdev 'Aix(f)Lapd(i) ^p-qcrop.evo'^ • ecrrt 8e Kaddpcnov tco Oeco

separate altars which stood side by side. Deor. concil. 12), while Amphiaraus

Why the worship of the divinities men- at Oropus charged not less than nine

tioned should have been united at a sin- obols (C.I.G.G.S. 235).

gle altar can only be conjectured. — 27. 28. irr\y(]: the custom of throwing

jy MaXXw : according to Plutarch (De money, as a thank offering, into springs

defectu oraculorum, 45) and I)io Cas- and rivers is often mentiDiU'd in ancient

sins (72, 7), the oracles of Amphilochus writers. The younger Pliny (Ep. 8, 8,

at Mallus, like those of his father at 2) .speaks of coins at the bottom of the

Oropus, were imparted in dreams. The Clitumnian spring. Romans .threw

charge for one of these infallible com- money annually into the Lacus Cur-

munications of Amphilochus was only tins in fulfillment of a vow made for the

two obols (Lucian, Alexander, P.); id. health of Augustus (Suet. Augustus,

174 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh. 35, 1

dveiVj dvovcTL oe kol avTco Kal Ttacriv octols icrrlu eVl tco

45 ^(Ojxcp TO, ovofiaTa Trpoe^eLpyaafxevcov 8e tovtcoi^ Kpibv Ov-

(TaPTes Kal to hepfxa viroaTpcjcroifxevoL KaOevSovcrtv dpafxe-

vovT€.<i hrjXojcnv ovelpaTO^.

35 NT^trot 8e 'AdrjvaioL^; ov noppco Trj<; ^wpa? elaiv, rj fxkv 1

YlarpoKkov Ka\ovp,evrj— ra 8e e's dvrrjv 17817 [xol SeSijKcjTaL

— dWr] 8e vnep Xovviov ttjp 'Attlkyju iv dpLcxTepa irapa-

irXeovcnp • e? ravTiqv dTTo/BrjuoLi Xeyovaiv EXeurjv jxeTa rrju

5 dko)(TLv TTjv 'iXtov, Kal 8ia TovTO ouojxd iaTLV 'EXeViy rfj

viqcTo.). XaXa/xi? 8e Kara ^KkevaZva /cet/x-eViy TrapiJKei Kal e's 2

T'^v M.eyapLKTJv. irpoiTov ok rfj vyjcrco . . . Oecrdat tovto dno

T7J<; ixr}Tpo<i SaXafxli'O'; T179 AcrajTrov, /cat vcTTepov AiyLVT]Ta<s

57). The Egyptian priests, at a certain

festival, threw money into the Nile (Sen-

eca, Quaest. Nat. 4, 2, 7).

35. The Attic islands: ratrodus,

Helene, Salamis—History ofSalamis—Objects of interest on the island— Vast

size of Ajax— Geryones and Ilyllus.

1. NiiCT-oi : on the island of Patro-

clus, see 1, 1, 1, note. The island be-

yond Snniuin is now called Makronisi,

and lies off the southeast coast of At-

tica. It is bare and rugged, nine hun-

dred and twenty feet above the sea at

its highest point, and about eight miles

long from south to north. Strabo (9,

p. 309) and Pausanias (8, 14, 12) speak

of it as desert. The isle of Cranae,

according to Homer (II. Y, 445), was

the retreat of Paris and Helen. Pau-

sanias elsewhere (3, 22, 1) identified

Cranae with an island off Gytheum.

Others, however, identified it with this

island off Sunium (Eur. Helena, 1670

sqq.; Strabo, 9, p. 399; Schol. Hom.II. r, 445).

6, ZoXafxCs : the island of Salamis is

in the shape of an irregular crescent,

with its horns facing westward. Its

length from north to south is about

nine miles; its greatest breadth from

east to west is about ten miles; the

highest point is about twelve hundred

and fifty feet above the sea. In ancient

times the island produced iioney and

olives (Eur. Troad. 794-799) and cheese

(Strabo, 9, p. 395). The town of Sala-

mis was on the Bay of Ambelaki, fac-

ing towards Piraeus. Strabo (9, p. 393)

says there was a still older city called

Salamis, facing towards Aegina. In

tiie agora of Salamis was a statue of

Solon, erected in the early part of the

fourth century b.c. (Aeschin. 1, 25;

Dem.l9, 251, p. 420). Some ruinson the

northwest promontory near the mon-

astery of the Panagia Phanaromene

have been identified as those of the

fort Budorum, captured in 429 u.c. by

the Peloponnesians, who were, liow-

ever, compelled to evacuate it the next

day (Thuc. 1, 93 sq.; Diod. 12, 49).—

8. TTjs 'Ao-wirov: Diodorus (4, 72) says

SALAMIS 175

Ch. 35, 3

Tov^ (Tvv TeXajxcJVL eTTOLKrjcrai • ^iXaiov Se tov VjvpvaaKoVi

10 Tov AiavTos TTapaSovvai \eyovcnv 'AOrjpaioLS rr^v vrjarov,

yepofievop vn avT(i>u 'Adrjuaiou. XaXa/xtt'tou? Se'

AOtjuolol

TOVTiov varepou TroXXot? eTecriv dpaaTdTov; inoLiqGrap, Kara-

yvovre^ ideXoKaKrjcraL (r(j)d<i Iv rw ttoXc/aw tw Trpo? Kacrcrai'-

hpov KoX Trjv ttoXlv yv(x)fxrf to irXeov MaKeSoacv ipSovpat-

15 Kol Ai(T)(r)TdSov re Kareyvwaav ddvarop, 09 Tore rjprjTo e?

T7}P XaXafJuua arpaTrfyo^j Kat e? top irdpra in(oixo(rap XP^'

POP XaXafXLPLOL<; aTTOixprjixopevcjeLP irpoSoaiap. ecrTt 8e dyo- 3

pd<; T€ in epetVta Kat pao<; AiLapTO<;, dyaXjxa 8e i^ ij^ipov

^vXov SiafxepovcTi 8e koI e? rdSe rw Atairt napd ^Adiqpaioi<;

20 TLfxal avTw re Kat EupvcrctKCt, Kat yap l^vpvcrdKovs ^Sw/xo?

that Salamis, one of the twelve daugh-

ters of Asopus, was carried off by l*o-

seidon to the island which afterwards

bore her name, where she bore to tlie

god a son Cychreus, who became king

of the island. The island is said to have

been once called Sciras and Cychrea

after the heroes Scirus and Cychreus

(Strabo, 0, p. 393; Steph. Byz. s.v.

Kvxpeios ndyoi). Aeschylus (Pers. 570)

speaks of -'the Cychrean shores."—0. 4'tXaiov : when the Lacedaemo-

nians acted as arbitrators between Ath-

ens and Mcgara for the possession of

Salamis, Solon is said to have alleged

that I'hilaeus and Eury.saces, two sons

of Ajax, received the Athenian citizen-

ship and surrendered the island to Ath-

ens (Plut. Solon, 10). Pausanias makes

Philaeus a son of Eurysaces and grand-

son of Ajax. But Pherecydes (quoted

Biogr. Gr., ed. We.stermann, p. 187)

and Herodotus (0, 35), with whom later

writers agree, make Philaeus a son

of Ajax. Cf. J. Tiipffer, Attische Go-

nealogie, pp. 269 sqq. — 12. dvaard-

Tows : the surrender of Salamis to Ca.s-

sander seems to have happened in 318

it.c. (Polyaen. 4, 11; Droysen, Gesch.

d. Hell. II, 1, 230). For the next

ninety years it was probably held by a

Macedonian garrison. In 229 i$.t'. Ara-

tus restored it to Athens (Plut. Aratus,

34 ; Pans. 2, 8, G ; Droysen, III, 2, 57).

At this time the punishment here al-

luded to may have been inflicted.

19. t5 AlavTi : the Athenian ephe-

boi regularly took part in tlie annual

festival of Ajax on the island of Sala-

mis, when the features were a proces-

sion, a sacrifice to Ajax, athletic sports,

and a regatta. (He.sych. s.v. AiavTeia;

C.I. A. II, 407-471.) See Pauly-Wis-

sowa, Real-Encycl. I, 92(i .sq(], s.v.

Aianteia. — 20. Evpvo-dKovs Pw^os

lo-Tiv ^v *A9TJvats : the re'/xfos of Eu-

rysaces, named EopvcdKeiov, was in the

quarter of Melite, in the neighborhood

of the Colonus Agoraeus, beside or in

the agora. (Harpocr. s. vv. F,vpvadKetov

and KoXwv^Tos; Suid. s.v. EvpvaaKrjs,

etc.)

176 THE ATTICA OF PAUSAXIAS

Ch. 35, 4

eariv Iv 'A0y]vaL<;. SeiKPVTai 8e Xl6o<; iu '^aXafilvL ov noppo)

Tov Xt/xeVo9 • eVt tovtov KaOrip^evov TeXa/xcu^'a opav \4yovcnv

€9 rr^v vavv dTronXeouTcou ol tojv TTaioajv e? AvXtoa inl top

Koivov T(x)u 'EWrjifcou (TTokov. XeyovcTL o€ ol rrepi ttjv XaXa- 4

25 pA,va oiKovvre^ aTTo6av6vTo<; Atai^ro? to avBo^ cr(f)icrLP iv rrj

yfj Tore ^avrjvai TrpcJTou • XevKOP ecTTiv, vnepvOpop, Kpivov

KOL avTO eXacrcrou kol to. (f)vXXa- ypdpijxaTa 8e eireaTiu ola

Tol<; vaKLvdoL<; kol tovtm, Xoyov 8e tcou jxeu AloXecov jwv

varepov oiKiqcrdvTOiv \Xiov e? ttjv Kpiaiv tt^v Itu rot? onXoLS

30 TjKovcra, ot Trjs vavayLa<; 'OSvcrcret avfi^dcrr)'; e^eve^drjvai

Kara top rdcfiov tov AlavTO^ Ta oirXa Xiyovcri • to oe 69 to

ix€ye0o<; avTOv Mvcro? eXeyev dvijp. tov yap Td(f)ov ret tt/^o? 5

TOV alyiaXov e(f)a(TKev eVt^Xucrat ttjv ddXacrcrav Kac Tr}v icrooov

e? TO pvrjfxa ov ^aXevTTyv TTOcrjaaL, /cat fxe tov veKpov to fxeye-

35 Oo<; TeKfjiaLpecrdai TySe iKeXeve • irevTaOXov yap TratSo? elvai

OL Kara Slctkov ixdXiCTTa to. eVt rot<; yovaaiv ocTTa, KaXovjxe-

vas Se vno tmv laTpcov iJLvXa<;. iyco Se, ottoctol fxev oIkovctlv

ecr^aTOL KeXrwf e^ovTe<; ojxopov Tjj Sid Kpvfiov ipijixa), ov?

Ka/Sapet? ovofjid^ovcn, tovtcov [xev ovk iOavp^acra to firJKo^,

40 ot vEKpcov ovSev TL Sta^o/D&j? e^ovcriv AlyvirTLcov oirocra 8e

a^ta i(f)aLveTo eivai fxoi 0ea<;, Sir^yrjcrofiaL. M^dyvqcn rots 6

eVl ArjOaio) Tip(oTO(l)dvr]<^ tiov d(TT(x)v dveuXeTO iv ^OXvpurta

25. d-iroOavovTOS Al'avTos : the usual p,€-y€Oos : the story of the discovery of

legend is to the effect that when Ajax Ajax's bones is told also by Philostra^

fell on his sword at Troy the purple tus (Ileroica, 2, 3), who states that the

hyacinth sprang from his blood in- bones were those of a man eleven cu-

scribed with the letters Al Al, the first bits tall. The grave of Ajax was at

syllable of his name twice repeated Rhoeteuni in the Troad (Apollod. Epit.

(Ovid, Met. 10, 210 sqq.; 13, 391 sqq.; Vat., ed. Wagner, p.G7; Quint. Smyrn.

Pliny, N. H. 21, GO ; Schol. Theoc. 10, 5, 653 sqq.), where there was beside the

28; Eustath. on Horn. II. B, 557, p. 285). tomb a sanctuary, with a statue of the

The legend given by Pausanias differs hero, which Mark Antony carried off

in that the flower sprouted in Salamis, and Augustus restored (Strabo, 13, p.

and was not the hyacinth. — 31. €s to 595).

SALAMIS 177

Ch. 36, 1

viKtt? r)ix€pa fXLa irayKpaTiOv Kai 7701X179 • tovtov XrjcTTal

Kephavelv ttov tl hoKovvTeq icrrjkdou e? tou rdcpou, eVt 8e

45 rot? \rjaTal<; iarjecrau 17817 OeaaofiepoL tou v€Kpov ra? ttXcv

pa<i ovK e^ovTa Stecrrwa'a?, dXXa ol cru/xf^ue? ^v ocrov

an wfxojv e? ra? eXa^tcrra? irXevpa?, Ka\ovp.eva<i 8e vtto

rojt' iarpwv voOa^. ecTTL 8e M(,Xi7crtot9 Trpo rr}? TrdXew? A 01817

vrj(ro<;, aneppcoyacn Se a7r' avTrj<; vrjalSe^- 'Aarepiov ttju

50 kripav 6vofxdt,ov(yi /cai roi' AcTTepiov iv avTrj Ta(f)rji'aL Xe-

yovo'ti^, eii'at 8e 'AcrrepLOP jxeu "AvaKTO^;, "ApaKTa 8e ri79

7rat8a • e)(et 8' ovi^ 6 veKpoq ovSeV rt fxelou TTiq^oiv Se/ca. ro 7

8' e/xot Oavfxa Trapa(T^6v, Av8ta9 T179 di^w ttoXi? iartp ov

fxeydXr} T-qfiepov Ovpai • ivravOa TrepippayevTOf; Xofftov Sta

. 55 -^eLfjLCJva ocTOL i<^av'r) to CT\rjp.a irape^opra €<; 7tl(ttlv w?

ecrriv dpdpcjTrov, inel did p.ey^do<i ovk ecniv oTrcj^; dp eho^ep.

avTLKa Se X6yo<; rjXdep e? tov<; 7roXXov<; T-qpvopov tov Xpv-

crdopo<; eipau fxep top P€Kp6p, elpat 8e Kat top Bpopop • /cat

ydp 0p6po<; dpSpo^ Icttip eVetpyao'/i-eVo? opovq Xt^aj8et npo-

60 fioXrj • /cat ^eijxappop re TroTafxop ClKeapop eKdXovp /cat ^ocjp

T]Sr) K€pacrt,p iffiaadp rti^a? epTv^eip dpovpTa^, Sidrt e^et Xd-

yo9 /3ov? dptcTTas Opexfjat top T7]pv6pr)p. eVet 8e acfucrip ipap- 8

TLOvfxevo<; aTrecfiaLPOP ip FaSeipot? eti^at rrjpv6pr]p, ov jxprjfxa

fxep ov, oepopop 8e irape^opiepop OLa(f)6pov<; iJiop(fid<;, ipTavOa

65 ot T(op AvSoi)p i^r]yy]Tai top oPTa iSeiKpyop Xoyop, aj<j €117 fxep

6 P€Kpo<^ TXXov, 7rat9 8e 'TXX09 €117 rrj<i, dno totjtov 8e 6 tto-

Ta/xo9 copofjidcr07] *Hpa/cXea 8e 8td ri^i^ 7ra/9' 'OfKfydXrj noTe

€<f>a(Tap oCaLTap TXXop dno tov noTafxov KaXeicrat top nalda.

36 'Ev XaXaiXLPL 8e— indpeijXL ydp eg roi' npoKeifxepop X6- l

yov— TovTO /Lt€v ^ApTepiiho^ icTTip lepop, TovTO he Tponaiop

36. Other antiquities on Snlnmis— — War of Athenians tcith Philip, son

Pstjttalia— Monuments on (he sacred of Demetrius.

ivny to Eleusis— Antheniocritus— Mo- 2. Tpi-iraiov . . . diro r^is v(kt|s iiv

lottns—Thcseer Scirus— Cephisodonts 0«jii(rTOKXf)s kt\.: during the festival

178 THE ATTICA OF FAUSANIASCh.36, 2

ecTTTiKep aiTO Trj<; PLKr]<; rjv SejjucTTOKXrjs 6 Neo/cXe'ov? amo9iyepero yeviaOai toI<; KWrjaL • /cat Kv^peco? ecTTiv lepou.

5 vavfxa)(ovi>Ta)v Se 'Adr]vaLO)v vr/aos Miy'Sou? SpaKovra iv rats

i^avcrt Xeyerat (f)aprjvaL- tovtov 6 Oeo^ ^y^prjcrev ' A0r]vaLOL<s

Kv^pea eti^at roi' yjpcoa. vrjcros Se Trpo SaXa/xti^d? eVrt Aca- 2

XovixeuT] ^vrraXeta • es ravT'r]v tojv ^ap^dpcuv ocrov rerpaKo-

(XLovs aTTofirjvaL Xiyovcnv, yjTTCDfiei'ov Se tov acp^ov vavTiKov

10 KoX TovTov<i aTToKeadai (f)a(rlp iinSLa^dvTojv e? Trjp ^vttol-

Xecav T(t)u 'FXXtJpoju. ayaX/xa 8e eV rrj pyjcrcp crvv Te)^ur) fxeu

icTTLV ovSeV, Uauo^ Se W9 eKacTTOv erv^e ^oava TTenoLTjixeva.

'louo't Se eV 'EXevcri^'a e'^ 'AOtjpmp rjv 'AdrjpaloL KaXov- 3

crtv ohop lepdp, 'ApdefjLOKpLTov TreiTOLr^TaL ixprjjxa. e's tovtop

of Ajax at Salamis the epheboi would

row to the trophy and offer sacrifice to

Zeus of the Trophy. For ancient ac-

counts of tlie battle of Salamis see

Aesch. Persae, 350 sqq. ; Ildt. 8, 78sqq.

;

Diod. 11, 15 sqq.— 4. Kwxptws : Cy-

chreus enjoyed divine honors at Athens

(Plut. Thes. 10). There are various

forms of the legend connecting Cy-

chreus with the serpent. According to

Apollod. 3, 12, 7, and Diod. 4, 72, he

slew an enormous serpent which devas-

tated Salamis; according to Hesiod,

cited by Strabo, 9, p. 303, the serpent

was bred by Cychreus, and called the

serpent of Cychreus, but it wa.s expelled

by Eurylochus because it ravaged the

island ; Demeter, however, received it

at Eleusis. A later explanation, found

in Steph. Byz. s.v. Kvxpetos wdyos and

elsewhere, is that Cychreus was him-

self surnamed Serpent (Ophis) on ac-

count of his cruelty, for which he was

expelled by Eurylochus. Pausania.s'

story of his appearance as a serpent in

the battle, with these tales, point to the

conclusion that in the original mythCychreus was himself the serpent.

8. ^vTTdXeta: Psyttalia, now called

Leqysokoutali, is a rocky island about

a mile long, but low and narrow, at

the southern entrance to the strait of

Salamis. Cf. Strabo, 9, p. 395, whocalls it "the eyesore of Piraeus." See

Aesch. Persae, 447 sq(i.; Hdt. 8, 70 and

95 ; Plut. Aristides, 9, for accounts of

the massacre of the Persians on the

island. Pausanias alone mentions the

number of the Persians who landed on

the island.

14. 68ov Updv : after treating the

islands, Pausanias returns to Athens

and proceeds thence to Eleu.sis along

the Sacred Way. This is the road

by which the initiates in the Mys-

teries went from Athens to Eleusis

(Harpocr. s.v. iepa 656s; Atheii. 13,

p. 594). The distance Is about twelve

miles. The present highroad from Ath-

ens to Eleusis follows closely the Sacred

Way. It .starts from the Dipylum, run-

ning in a northwesterly direction, and

THE 8Acrp:d way 179

Ch. 3C, 4

15 Meyapevaiu iariv duoaKoraTov epyou, ot KTJpvKa ik66vTa, oJ?

fxr) Tov XoLTTOv TYju ^lopav inepydi^oLUTo, KTeivovcnv 'Audefio-

Kpirov • /cat (T^icri ravra SpdaaaL irapap-dvei koi is ToSe

jxyjpLixa eV toIv deolv, ot? ovhe 'ASptauo^ [6] ^ao'tXeu? coa"Te

/cat irrav^rjdrjvaL fx6poL<s ein^pKeaev 'EXXr^Vwi^. /xera Se tov 4

20 AvdejxoKpvTov T'qv aTrfXrjv yioXoTTOv re Td<^o<i iarlu d^ioi-

devTos 'Adr]paL(t)v kol tovtov aTpaTrjyelv, 6t€ llXoura^^w

^orjdovvTes hie^rjcrav e? ^v^oiav, koX ^oypiov %KLpov eVt

TotwSe Kokovpevov. 'EXevcrti/tot? iroXepovcn irpos 'Epe^^e'a

d^'17P pdvTL<i rjXBev e/c Aoj8wi/t79 ovopa 1.Klpos, 69 Kat rrj?

25 X/ctpaSo? tSpvcraro *A6r)vd<; eVt 'i^aXrjp^ to dp'^alov lepov

after passing the deserted monastery phisus, which I'ausanias does not reach

of Daphni, descends rapidly towards

the shore, which, after entering tlie

Thriasian plain, it skirts tlie rest of

the way to Eleusi.s.

20. 'Av6€p.oKp(Tov : Anthemocritus

was sent by I'ericle.s, shortly before

the ontbreak of the ]*eloponnesian

War, to Megara and Sparta to com-

plain that the Megarians were en-

croaching on the sacred land. He died

on the embassy and the Athenians,

charging that the Megarians had nmr-

dered him, declared war against Me-

gara, and voted that Antlicniocrilus

should be buried beside the Thriasian

Gate, that is, the Dipylum. See Plut.

Pericles, 30; Ilarpocr. s.v. 'Avde/xoKpL-

ros.— MoXoTTOv T€ Td<j>os : according

to Plutarch, Phocion, 12-14, Phocion,

who was sent to the relief of Plutarch

tyrant of Eretria when the latter was

threatened by Philip in 350 n.c, was

superseded by Molottus, who fell into

the hands of the enemy.— 22. SKipov:

Scirum is manifestly located beside a

torrent at some point on the Sacred

Way between the Dipylum and the ("e-

till 1, 37, 3. There are some traces of a

stream which crossed the Eleusis road

about one and one half miles from the

Dipylum, the probable site of Scirum.

See Milchh. Kart. 1a and Text ii, 15.

The place had a bad reputation as the

haunt of prostitutes and gamblers

(Steph. liyz. s.v. S/ci'pos ; Alciphr.

Epist. 3, 8, 25 ; Ilarpocr. ffKipdcpia). At

the festival of Scira, on the twelfth day

of Scirophorion, the priestess of Ath-

ena, the priest of Poseidon-Erechtheus,

and the priest of Helios went in proces-

sion from Athens to Scirum (Harjiocr.

and Suid. s.v. '^Kipov; Schol. Ar. Eccles.

18). — 24. tK At>>8(ovT)s : that Scirus was

from Dodona is stated only here.

Philocliorus, frag. 42, speaks of liiin cas

an Eleusinian seer named after Athene

Sciras. The Megarian.s, on the other

hand, contended that the name of the

seer was from their notorious hero Sci-

ron (cf. 1, :'.!), 0; l,44,(!and8; Harpocr.

s.v. ZKipov). Suidas and Pliotius, Lex.

s.v. ^Kipos, derived the name from the

Salaniinian hero Scirus. — 25. Sxipd-

80s . . . 'A6T)vas : already mentioned, 1,

180 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh. Sfi, 5

TTeaovTa Se avTov Iv rfj ^olXXI ^ctTrrovcrti^ 'EXcutrt^'tot TrXyjcrCov

TTOTafxov ^eifjioippov, /cai rw re ^(Dpioi to ovoixa dvo tov

rjpcDO^ icTTL /cat tw Trora/xw. TrXyjcriov Se TreTToirjTai Krjcfiicro- 5

S(jL>pov jxvrjixa Stjjxov TTpocrravTO^; /cat ^tXt777r<u rw /^rjixrjTpLOV

SO Ma/ce8d^'a)^' fiacnXevovTi eg ret ^xakiCTa ipauTLcodepTO'; • avfx-

pid^ov^ 8e imj'yeTo Kr](f)L(T6S(opos 'A9r)vaiOL^ yeveadai /3acrt-

Xet9 /xei' "ArraXo^' toi^ Mvcrot' /cat IlToXe^atoi^ roi' AtyvTrrtoi',

e^j/T7 Se avTovopa AtroiXovg /cat vqcncoTMu 'PoStou? Kat KprJ-

rag. wg Se /cat e^ AtyvTrrou /cat Mvcrtas /cat napd twv 6

35 KprjTMv rd ttoXXo, vcnipit^ov at ^oijdeLaL, 'PdStot Se p6vai<i

vavalv Ic^vovTe^ 7rpo<; OTrXtra? rou? Ma/ceSdi'as ov peydka

(o(f)eXovv, evTavOa KT^t^tcrdSwpos e'g 'iraXtav (Tvv aXXot? 'Adrj-

vaio)v TrXevcras iKerevev dpvvai 'Fcopaiov^ • ot Se cr(f)L(TL Svt^a-

juti^ /cat (XTpaTTiyov TripiTovcriv, ot rd (^lXlttttov /cat Ma/ceSot'coi^

40 e's rocrovTO KaOeikov cu? varepov Uepcrea rov ^ikiTnTov ttJu re

dp^-qv dno/SaXeLV Kat avrov al)(pdXcoTou e'g 'iraXtai/ d^Orj-

j/at. fJ^tXtTTTTO? Se •i^i' ovTO^ 6 A-qprjTpLov npcoTO^ yap rav-

Tr)<; T17? OLKLa'S ecrx^ Ar}pyJTpLO<i ttjv Ma/ceSdi^wi^ dp^rju

dnoKTeiva^ 'We^avSpop rov Kacradi^Spov TratSa, cu? ra Trpd-

45 Tepov e^et /Ltot rov Xdyov.

37 Merct Se rov Kryc^tcroS&jpov ro purjpa TedanTai pev 1

1, 4 and note. Some late writers (Pol- shortly before the battle of Cynosce-

lux, 9, 90, etal.) speak of a sanctuary of phalae, in which Philip V of Macedo-

Sciradian Athena at Scirum, but they nia was defeated by the Romans under

probably confused Scirum with the Flamininus. We have no information

Phalerum temple. If one had been concerning Cephisodorus beyond what

here, Pausanias would probably have Pausanias tells us here. On the death

mentioned it; other geographical writ- of Alexander, see 1, 10, 1.

ers are equally silent (Strabo, 0, p. 393 ;37. Other monuments ofdifitingnished

Steph. Pyz. s.v. Sxtpos). men on the Sacred Way— Acest'mm —28. Kt]({>io-o8wpov )ivT]p.a /ctX. : cf. Phytalus— Antiquities across the Ce-

Polyb. 17, 10, who speaks of the em- phisus — Temple of Cyainites— Ilar-

bassy of Cephisodorus to Rome as tak- palus— Temple of Apollo — Cephalus

ing place in 01. 145, 3 (198-197 n.c.), and his descendants.

THE SACRED WAY 181

Cli.37, 2

'HXiohiopo's AXt9 • TovTov 'ypa(f)rjv Ihelv eorrt kol iv rco vaco rw

fxeydXa) T179 'A^T^i^a?- Tedairrai, 8e Be/xtaroKXrJ? IloXtap^^ov,

TpLTo<? (ZTToyot'o? ©eyu.to'roK'Xeou? rov s^p^r) /cat Mry'Sot? ivav-

5 Tta pavixa^'r](TavTO<i. tov<; 8e KaTojTepo) tov y€vov<; ttXtju

'AKecTTiov TTapijcro) tov<; aXXov? • 'A/cecrrtw Se rrj He^'o-

kXcov^ tov Soc^o/cXeou? roi; Aeoi^rof tovtou? re e? roi/ rerap-

rov TTpoyovov Aeovra SaSov^ovg -navTa^ vTrrjp^e yeveaOaL,

Kal irapa tov ^'lov top avTrj<; irpoiTov p.kv tov aSeX^oi/ So(^o-

10 Kkea etoe Oaoov^ovvTa, inl oe tovtco tov avhpa ^efnaTOKXea,

TeXexmjcravTOf; 8e kol tovtov (^)e6(f)paaTov tov TialSa. tovtiq

fiev TV^Tjv TOLavTrjv crvfJL^rjvaL Xeyovcri • Trpoekdovai Se oXt- 2

yoi/ AaKtov T€jxev6<; icTTLv rjpcooq kol Srjjjio^ ov Aa/ctctSa? ovo-

fxd^ov(TLv OLTTO TovTov, Kol NiKO/cXeov? TupavTLvov icTTL jxvrjfjia,

15 09 eVt jxeyLCTTov S6^r]<; KiBapco^Mv dirdvTOJV rjXOev. ecrrt Se

/cat Ze(f)vpov re ^co/xo? Kal AyJixy]Tpo<; lepov /cat ti7<; TratSd?-

trvi' Se cr(f)L(TLv ^kOiqvd /cat nocetSwi/ e^ovat rt/xa?. eV rovrw

rw '^(opCo) (i>vTaX6v (f)acnv oikco Ay][xr]Tpa he^aadai, kol ttjv

2. 'HXioScdpos : nothing further is %<") was the Seconal most important in

known of tliis man. Pausanias's ex- tlie Eleusinian mysteries, the first be-

pression leaves it uncertain whether iiig tlie hierophant. It was liereditary

the picture was a portrait of lleliodo- in the family of the Ceryces (1, 38. 3).

riis or a painting by him. Michaelis 13. AaKidSas : tlie deme Laciadae

(Parthenon, 41 a), Preller (Ausg. Aufs. belonged to the tribe Oeneis (Stepii.

p. 120), and Schubart (Jb. f. Ph. Byz. and Thotius, Lex. s.v. XaKiabai).

LXXXVII, 301) took the latter view. Among its members were Miltiades

— 0. 'AkccttCw: Acestium is also men- and Cimon (Pint. Cimon, 4; id. Alcib.

tioned in a list of noble women pre- 22). — 18. <i>vTaXov : the spot where

served, C.I. A. II, OoG (AKisTiov Sevo- Phytalus was believed to have received

k\4ov% ' Axo-pv^ws). Another inscription the first fig-tree from Demeter was

(CI. A. II, 1414), found in the precinct called Jliera Syce (lepi ffvKrj, cf. s.vv.

of Demeter at Eleusis, mentions a Photius, Etymol. Magn., Athen. 3,

statue of Sophocles, brother of Aces- p. 74 i>, etc.). Here the processions

tiuni, set up there by his wife. Aces- rested on their return from Eleusis ; and

tium and her brother probably lived here Apullonius the sophist was buried

about the beginning of the first century (Philostr. Vit. Soph. 2, 20, 3). The

B.C. The office of torchbearer (SaSod- incorrect form Arinr]Tpav in tlie second

182 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAScii.:;:, .-5

ueou dvTL ro{)T(i)v oovvai ol to (j>vTov Trj^ crvKrj<;- jxapTvpei 8e

20 fJiOL TO) Xoyo) TO iiTLypaiJLfxa to im tco ^vtolXov Toiffxo-

iuddh' dpa^ '"jp^^ ^^vTaXo^ ttotc Se^aro crep.vy^v

Ay]fxr]Tpav, 6t€ irpcoTOu ovrwpa? Kapirov e^y)vev,

r]v lepdv (rvKrjv BvqTOiv yevo^ l^ovoixdt^ei-

i^ ov Srj Tt/xa? ^vTciXov yevo^ ecr^ev dyrjpoi^.

25 TlpXv Se r\ Sia^rjvaL tov K.rj(f)iaov (^eoScopov fxvrjixd ecTTi 3

Tpayoi^iav VTroKpipafxevov tmv /ca^' avTov dpicTTa. dyd\p.aTa

8e eVt TCO TTOTajxco MprjcrLfid^rj^;, to 8e eTepov dvddrjixa /cet-

pofxevov ol TTjv Koixr^v tov TratSo? eVrt rw Kr](f)Lcr(p Kade-

(TTdvai Se Ik TTokaiov koI rot? Tracri tovto 'EXXr^crt ttj 'OfxT]-

30 pov Tt? av TeKfxaLpoLTO TTOirjcrei, o? tov IlTyXea ev^acrOai (f)7]cn

Tw ^Trep^etw Kepelv dvacroiOevTo^ Ik Tpota? 'A^iXXeiw? Tr)V

Kop^rfv.

Ata^acrt 8e tov Kr](f>Laov ^copo^ iaTiv dp^ato? MeiX't^iou 4

Ato5 • eVt TOVTO) Sy}(Tev<^ vno TOiv dnoyovcov tmv ^vrctXov

line of the epitaph quoted by Pausa- 0€o8c6pou: Theodorus lived in the first

nias proves that the inscription was of half of the fourth century n.c. Helate origin. often played the Antigone of Sopho-

25. IIplv 8€ 11 Siap-rivai TOV Kti4)io-6v : cles ; Aeschines in his youth acted

the sources of the Cepliisus are at the with him, taking inferior parts (Deni.

south foot of Mt. I'arnes and the west 19, 240, p. 418). His pathetic playing

foot of Mt. Pentelicus. Thence it flows brought to tears the cruel tyrant Alex-

southwest through the green stretches ander of Pherae (Aelian, Var. Hist. 14,

of olive groves the length of the Athe- 40). His voice was renowned for its

nian plain. At the point where the naturalness, and its adaptation to the

road to Eleusis crosses it probably stood character he was representing (Arist.

the ancient bridge built for the conven- Phet. 3, 2, 22sqq. p. 1404 n).— 27. Mvii-

ience of the pilgrims by Xenocles of crifidxTis: see Apoll. 2, 5, 5, who tells

Lindus (Anthol. Pal at. 0, 147). As the of her delivery by Heracles from the

procession was filing over this bridge centaur Eurytion, whom she was being

occurred the fireofjeersand jibes, often forced to marry.

mentioned as one of its characteristic 33. Pw|ji6s : the site of this ancient

features (Ar. Pan. 384 .sc|q.; Strabo, altar, according to Milchh. Kart. II,

0, p. 400 ; Ilesych. s.v. yecpvpicrrai). — 10, is to the west of the Cephisus,

THE SACRED WAY 183

Cli. 37, 5

35 KaOapcTLCDU eru^e, \r)aTa<; Kai aXXou? aTTOKTeiva^ /cat SiVti'

TO. 7rpo9 ritr^eoj? (Tvyyevrj. Toi(f)o<; Se ecm fieu avTodi ^)eoSe-

KTOv Tov ^aarjXiTov, ecrrt he MvrjaLOeov tovtov Xeyovcrtp

laTpou re dyadou yevecOai /cat duadeZvai dyaX/Aara, eV ols

/cat 6 *Ia/c^o9 TTeTToirfTai. (okoS6jxtjtat Se /caret TT^t* oSo^' i^ao?

40 OL» fJi€ya<; /caXov/xevo? Kua/xtrou • cra^e? Se ovSei^ e)(aj Xeyeiu

etre npcoTOf; KvdfMov<i ecnreipev ovTO<i etre rti'ct iirecfyyJiJiLcrap

y)p(t)a, OTL rctiv Kvdp.oiv dveveyKeZv ovk ecrrt (K^lctlv e'? ATjpLrj-

Tpa Tr)v evpeaiv. 6(ttl<; Se ^Si] reXeri^v 'EXeuo'ti^t etSe^' t^ ra

KaXovfxeva 'OpcfuKa eVeXe^aro otSei' o Xeyoi. ixurjixaTcov Se 5

4"j a p.aki(TTa e'? fx4ye6o<i /cat /cdcr/xof r^/cet, ro /xei' ai'Spd? eVrt

'PoStov fxeTOLKijcravToq e'? 'A^ifi^a?, ro Se "ApiraXog Ma/ceSwj/

iTToiiqaeVj o? ^XXe^avhpov dTroSpd<; e'/c ri79 'Acrta? hiefirj vav-

crlv e'? ri^i' Kvpc^TrrjVy d(f>LK6ixepo<; Se Trap' ^A0r]paiov<; vir' av-

T(ov crvv€XT](f)0r}, Sta^^etpa"? Se ^pTjixacni' aXXou? re /cat rou?

50 'We^dvSpov (f)iXov<; direhpa, nporepov Se ert IlvOoPLK'qv

wliere now stands the church of St.

Sabas. As to Zeus Meilichius, see 2, 0,

6 ; 2, 20, 1. He was especially appealed

to in expiatory and purificatory cere-

monies. When Xenophon returned

from the expedition of the ten thou-

sand, he offered burnt offerings to Zeus

Meilichios (Anab. 7, 8, 3-5). The fes-

tival of the Diasia in his honor was

annually celebrated outside Athens on

the 23d of Anthesterion (February-

March) (Thuc. 1, 12(); Schol. Ar. Nub.

408). See Preller-Robert, Or. Myth.

I, 130 ; Miss Harrison, Prolegomena to

the Study of Greek Religion, pp. 13 ff.

—

36. 0co8^KTOv: the tomb of Theodectes

is also mentioned, Ps.-Plut. vit. x Or.

p. 837 c, according to which the altar

had fallen into ruins at the time of the

writer. He was a rhetorician, a pupil

of Isocrates, who afterwards wrote

tragedies (Suid. s.v. QeoS^KTri^).— 40.

Kvafx^Tov: nothing is known of the hero

Cyamites beyond what Pausanias tells

us here (cf. Ps.-Plut. vit. x Or. p. 837 c ;

Hesych. Phot. Lex. s.v. KvafilT-qi) . The

site of this shrine may be that of a

small chapel f)f St. George, at the west-

ern edge of the olive wood on the north

side of the road to Eleusis.

50. IIwOovtKtiv : Athenaeus (13, p.

595 a, b, c) tells at length of the infatu-

ation of Alexander's treasurer Harpa-

lus for the Athenian hetaera Py thonice,

and of the two sumptuous tombserected

by him to her memory, one at Babylon,

the other on tlie Sacred Way to Kleu-

sis. Cf. Diod. 17, 108. I'lutarch (Pho-

cion, 22) mentions the cost of the latter

tomb as thirty talents (about §32,500).

Dicaearchus, quoted A then. 13, pp.

504 k-595a, describes the exact site of

184 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh. 37, 6

eyrjfie, yevo<; fxev ovk otSa oiroOev, kraipovaav Se ev re ^AOrj-

^'at9 Koi ev Kopipdo)- TavTr]<; eg toctovtou ep(i)To<; rrpo'fjX.Oep

a>? Kol jxprjixa aTToOavovar]^ TTOcrjcraL TrdvTOiv onocra EXXtjo'lv

icTTLV dp^ala Oea<^ /xaXtcrra a^tov.

55 "Ecttl 8e lepop iv (h Kelrai Ayjfx'iqTpo'? kol TTJq TratSo? dydX- 6

fxaTa Koi ^XOrjvd<^ re kol 'AttoXXwi^o? •

^

XttoWwvi 8e eTToirjOy]

fxopu) TO e£ dp^rj<;. KecftaXov yap top Atjlovo^ crvue^eXovTa

XeyovcTLP ^Aix(f>LTpTJ(ovL Tr]Xe/36a'^ ttjp prjcrov olKrjcrai irpcoTOP,

7y vvp dn iKeivov K.e(f)aXX'r)PLa KaXetrat • jxeTOLKelv ok avTov

60 rew? iv ^TJ^aL<; (fyevyovra i^ ^AOtjvmv Sid tov UpoKpuSof; ttJ?

yvvaLK0<; (f)6vov. SeKdrr) 8e vcrrepov yevea XaX/ctvo? /cat

Aatro<? dvoyovoL KecfidXov TrXevcravTe<; e? AeXc^oi;? y]TOvv tov

Beov KaOoSov e? 'AOtjva's 6 Se cr(^tcrt /ceXevet Ovaai irpoiTov i

^AiToXXoivi ivTavOa Trjq ^AttlktJ^, evOa dv IScoacv inl Trjq yrj<;

65 TpLijpr) deovcrav. yevofxevoL^ Se avroi? Kara to ttolklXov Ka~

Xovjxevov 6po<; SpaKcov i(j)dvri cnrovSrj /caret tov (fxoXeov Icov •

/cat ^AttoXXcovl re dvovcriv ev tco ^oipico to-utco /cat vcTTepov

(T(f)d<; eXOovTa^ e? Tr)v ttoXlv daTOV'? enoLyjaavTO \\9r)va2oL.

— jLtera Se tovto 'A(^po8tTT79 I'adg eVrt /cat npo avTov ret^o?

70 dpyoiv XlOcov Bea'i a^iov.

the tomb, showing it must have stood this legendary connection of the Attic

in the pass of Daphni. The site he- lieio Ceplialus with the island of Ce-

longed to the deme Ilermus, of the phallenia is as old as Aristotle, whotribe Acamantis(IIarpocr. Suid.; Steph. spoke of Ceplialus as residing in the

Byz. s.v. "Ep/ixoj). islands called Cephallenian after him

55. Up6v : the site of this sanctuary (Arist. frag. 507, ed.Vd. Kose). Strabo

of Apollo is probably occupied by the (10, p. 450) also tells the story of the

picturesque mediaeval monastery of joint expedition of Cephalus and'Am-

Daphni, which stands at the middle phitryo, and the subsequent settlement

of the pass over Mt. Aegaleus, on the of Cephalus in Cephallenia. The legend

south side of the road. The monas- is probably based merely on the simi-

tery was probably founded in the larity of the names,

thirteenth century by the Burgundian (!0. A<|)po8(TTis vaos : the remains of

dukes of Athens, and is renowned for this temple of Aphrodite are to be seen

its Byzantine mosaics.— 57. K^<|>aXov : in the pa.ss of Daphni about a mile west

THE SACRED WAY 185

Ch.38, 2

38 Ot Se 'Petrol KaXovjxepoL pevfia fxopov irapd^ovTai irora- 1

fxcou, eVet to ye vScop OdXaacrd iari (T(f)Lcn • TreiOoiTO Se av

Tt9 Kat CU9 (XTTO Tov XaX/ctScoji' KvpLTTOv peovcTLv VTTO Trj<; yrj<;

€9 da.\acr(Tav KoikoTepav iixTrLnTOi>Te<i. XeyouTai he ol 'Peirot

5 K6pr)<; lepoL /cat ATJfMrjTpof; elpai, /cat rou? i^^v? e^ avroiv

rot? lepevcriv eariv alpelu /xovot<». ovtol to dp^alov., (o^ iyo)

TTVpOduofxaL, 77/30? *A0r)paiov^ tov^ d\Xov<; opoL Trjs yrjq

*EXevaLVLOL<; rjcrav, /cat Sta/8acrt rou? 'Petrou? Trpairo? w/cet 2

Kpd/cwv, ei/^a /cat i^vz^ ert ySacrtXeta /caXetrat Kpo/ccui^o?. rov-

10 To^* 'AOiqualoL tov KpoKcopa KeXeov OvyaTpl crvpoLKrjaaL Sat-

crdpa XeyovcTL Xeyovcn Se ov irdvTe^, dXX' oo"ot tov Srjfiov

TOV '^Kajx^covLScov elcriv eyoi he KpoKajvo^; fxev dvevpelv

of the monastery, on the nortli side of

the road. Many inscriptions are cut in

niches in a rugged wall of rock to the

rear of the sacred precinct, containing

dedications to Aphrodite (C.I.G. SOT-

GOO; C.I. A. Ill, 3823). The precinct

was excavated in 1891 and 1892 by the

Greek Archaeological Society. Outside

the precinct at its southeast corner are

the foundations of a large quadrangu-

lar building, eighty-two feet by thirty-

eight feet, composed of rude mas.ses of

stone, as at Tiryns, doubtless "the wall

of unwronght stones" mentioned by

Pausanias.

38. The Bhiti— Crocon — Euviol-

jotis— The daughters ofCelexis— Cerijx

— Zarex — The Cephisus at Eleusis—The Rharian plain— The hero Eleusis

— Attic boundaries toward Boeotia—Eleulherae—A ntiope and her children.

1. Oi 8c 'P«iToi: the Rhiti at the

present time consist of a large pond

of clear salt water fed by a number of

copious salt springs, formed by dam-

ming up the water of these springs by

means of a stone dike. It is probable

that in ancient times the water of the

salt springs was not dammed up, but

was allowed to flow directly into the

sea in brooks. Here took place the

first .skirmish of the Peloponnesian war,

resulting in the defeat of the Athenian

cavalry (Thuc. 2, 19).

9. Kp<SKwvos : Crocon was the leg-

endary ancestor of the priestly family

of the Croconids at Alliens. lie is here

spoken of as hu.sband of a daughter of

Celeus, which is inconsi.stent with the

tradition that Crocon wa.s son of Trip-

tolemus, who was a son of Celeus

(Paus. 1, 14, 2). See Bekker's Anec. I,

27'.]; Ilarpocr. s.v. KoipwviSai; Suid.

s.v. KvpuviSai. a. J. Tiipffer, Attische

Genealogie, pp. 101 sqq.— 11. tov SVj-

|xov TOV SKaii^uviSuv : Scamboii idae was

the principal deme of the tribe Leontis

(Harpocr. and Stcph. By/,, s.v. Zko/u/Sw-

viSai). Its site has been much disputed.

Ililzig-Rluemner, following K. <). Miil-

ler, Attika, 223, locates it in the Eleu-

sinian plain, directly behind the Phiti.

186 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh.38, 3

Td(f)OV ov^ oto? re iyevojjirjv, to 8e Ev/xoXttov fxvrJiJLa Kara Tavra

'EXevcrti^tot? a7r€(j)aLuov Kai ^AOtjvolol. tovtov tov FtVfJioXTrou

15 dcfyiKeadai Xeyovcriv e/c SpaKf)^ nocretS&ii/o? TratSa oVra /cat

Xtoi/179 • rrjv Se X.lovtjv Bopeov Ovyarepa tov dvefxov /cat

'Xipet^vtas (ftacrlp etvat. 'OjXTJpcp Se e? joteit^ to yevo^; icmv

ovSev avTOv irenoLrjiJLevov, eTrovofid^eL 8e dyyjvopoL Iv toZ<;

eTrecrt roi^ EujuoXttov. yevop.ivr}'^ Se 'EXevo'ti'tot? /xa^T^? tt/do? 3

20 ^KO-qvaiovi diredave pev 'Epe^^eu? 'AOiqvaLcou j^acrikevq, dne-

Bave Se 'l/x/xapa8o? Ev/xoXttov. KaTokvovTai Se eVt rotcroe

TOV TToXepov, &5? 'EXev<Tti^tou9 eg to, aXXa 'Adrjuaccou Karr]-

k6ov<; 6vTa<; Ihia reXelv rrjv reXeTiji'. rd 8e tepa TotP" ^e-

otv Evju-oXtto? /cat at 0vyaTepe<; SpaxjLP at KeXeoO, /caXovcrt

25 8e (T(f)ds Tldp(f)a)<; re Kara ravrd /cat 'O/xrypo? Aioyepeiap

/cat Happeponrjp kol rpiTiqv Xaicrdpap • TeXevrrjaavTO^ ok

See Milchh. Text ii, 48. By others it

was regarded as a city-deme, located

either to the northwest of Athens, per-

haps at the beginning of the Sacred

Way (so Frazer, I.e. ; Milchh. Demen-ordnung des Kleisthenes, p. 19 ; v.

Wilamowitz, Hermes, XXII (1887),

120 sq.), or south or southeast of the

city (Lolling, Topogr. 308, 3, and Loe-

per, A.M. XVII, 376 f.). Judeich puts

it directly north of the Acropolis, just

beyond Cydathenaion at the south-

west foot of Mt. Lycabettus. See

Topogr. 160.— 14. EvjaoXitov . . . €k

0p(;iKi]s nocciSuvos iraiSa ovra Kal

Xi6vT)s : for a similar tradition, see

Lye. c. Leocr. 98; Apollod. 3, 15, 4;

and Schol. Eur. Phoen. 854. Others

say simply that he was a son of Posei-

don (Isoc. 4, 68 ; 12, 193 ; Ilyg. Fab.

46), See J. Tiipffer, Attische Gene-

alogie, pp. 24 sqq. — 19. tov E{!|i,oX-

irov : Pausanias doubtless refers to the

Homeric hymn to Demeter, v. 154,

where we read in our texts dfiifwvos

Ev/xdXwov, but the epithet mentioned by

Pausanias occurs in the following line,

being there applied to Celeus, irarpos

dyrivopos. In the text used by Pausa-

nias the epithets were perhaps trans-

posed. Eumolpus is not mentioned at

all in the Iliad or the Odyssey.

19. 'EX€uo-iv£ois (idxTis: the legend-

ary war between Athens and Eleusis

probably had its basis in fact. The

usual tradition is that the general of

the Eleusinians was Eumolpus (Thuc.

2, 19 ; Plat. Menex. p. 239 b ; Isoc. 4,

08; 12, 193; Lye. c. Leocr. 98) and

that he was slain by Erechtheus (Apol-

lod. 3, 15, 4; Schol. Eur. Phoen. 854).

Pausanias asserts here and elsewhere

(1, 5, 2; 1, 27, 4) that not Eumolpus

but his sen Immaradus was slain by

Erechtheus. — 25. "OjiT^pos : our text

of the hymn to Demeter mentions

ELEUSIS 187

Cb. 38, 5

30

EtiftdXTTov Kijpv^ ve(iyrepo<; XetVerat TUiv TraCScjv, 6v avrol

Kt]pvKe<; 6vyaTpo<s KeKpoiro^; 'AyXavpov /cat 'Kpfxov iralSa

eLuaL Xeyov(TLu, dXV ovk Ev/xoXttov.

"Kcttl Se 'l7nro66(i}VTO<; rjp^ov, dff}* ov ttjp (f)vXr}v 6vofxd(,ovcn, 4

Kttt irX'qcrtov ZaprjKO^;. tovtov p,a6eiv rrapd A-rrokXcout. p.ov-

aiKrjv (f)a(TLVj iyo) 8e ^evov fiep affyLKOfxevov e? rrju yr]v Aa/ce-

haifxoviov T€ eivai So/cai /cat ZdpaKa iu Tjj AaKcovLKrj ttoXlu

OLTTO TOVTOV TTpo^ daXdcTcrr) KaXeZaSai • el Se rt? Zdpiq^ eVt-

35 ^(optos 'AOrjvaLOLS yjpco^, ovSev e? avTov e^oj Xeyeiv.— pet Se 5

Kr}(f)Lcro<? TTpo<; 'EXevcrti/t ^laLorepov irape^opievo^ tov Trpore-

pov pevfxa- Kat Trap' avrw kuXovctlp ^EpLueou, Xeyovre.'; 70v

UXovTOiva ore rfpirao'e rrjv Kopyjv KaTa^rjvjxi ravTrj. 7Tpo<;

TovTO) rw KrjfjiLaa) Xrjo'Trju HoXvmjixova ovofxa, TlpoKpovo'Tiqv

four daughters of Celeus, as follows

:

KaXXtSiKT; Koi KXeiffiS^/cr; Atj/xw t ipdecraa

KaWiffdi] , ri TU)v irpo-fevearaTt] ^ev

dirdLffewv (vv. 106 sqq.). Various expla-

nations have been given of the utter

inconsistency. It would seem that Pau-

sanias's text differed from ours, or

that the text of Pausanias is errone-

ous, or that Pausanias through inad-

vertence said Homer when he meant

possibly Orpheus or some other poet.

— 27. K^pv|: other traditions are to

the effect that Ceryx was by Hermes

a son of Ilerse (C.T.G. 0280) or Pan-

drosus (Pollux, 8, 103; Schol. Horn. II.

A, 334), the other daughters of Cecrops.

See J. Topffer, Attische Genealogie,

pp. 80-92.

30. 'IiriroOowvTOs T|p2ov: cf. 1, 5, 2;

1, 39, 3. His shrine is mentioned by

Hesychius (s.v. 'Iirirodouivreiov) and by

Steph. Byz. (s.v. Zdpri^), who here cop-

ies Pausanias.

30. Kt)^io-os irpos 'EX«w<rtvi : the

EleusinianCeplii.su.s rises in Mt. Cithae-

ron, near Eleutherae, and flows into

the sea a little to the east of Eleu.sis.

For most of the year tlie bed of the

stream is almost dry, but occasionally

it is filled with a violent torrent, which

overflows its banks and devastates the

plain. Dem. 54, 28, p. 1279, speaks of

the havoc wrought by these destruc-

tive floods. Had rian caused an embank-

ment to be raised for the protection of

Eleusis (Eusebius, Chron. 2, p. 160,

ed. Schone). — 37. 'Epivciv: see Plat.

Theaet. p. 143 b, wliere Eucl ides escorts

the sick and wounded Theaetetus from

the port of Megara as far as Erineus

on the road to Athens, a distance of

about fourteen mile.s.— 30. XTjo-n^v IIo-

Xv-n-^liova 5vo|ia, npoKpovo-rqv : Ovid

(Met. 7, 438) also names the Cephisus

as the dwelling-place of Procrustes, but

Plutarch (Thes. 11) and Diodorus (4,

59) locate the hold of the robber at

Hermes or Heinnis on Mt. Corydal-

his. The famous story of the beds of

Procrustes is given by Apollodorus

THE ATTICA OF PAUSAXIASCh.38, 6

40 Se iTrLK\r)(TLV, Sr)crev<; aireKreivev. 'EXeucrti'tot? Se ecrrt ii.kv 6

TptTTToXe/xov uao'^y ecrrt 8e TipoTTv\aia^ 'Apre/xtSo? /cat 11 o-

cretSwi^o? riarpo? <^peap re Koko-vjxevov KaXXt^opoz^, ei^^a

TTpoiTOv ^^Xevcrivioiv at yv^'atKe9 ^opw ecxTrjcrav /cat xjcrav e<?

T']7i^ ^edi'. rd 8e TreStoi^ to 'Vdpiov cnraprjvai npcoTov Xeyovau

45 /cat TrpwTov av^rjcrai /caprrov?, /cat Sta rovro ovXat? ef avTov

)(^prj(r0aC cr<j)i(Ti /cat TTOieZadai 7re/x/u,ara e? ra? ^vcrta? Kade-

crrrjKep. iuravOa aXw? Kakovfxevr] TptTrroXejotov Kat l3ct)jjio<^

(Epitoma Vat., ed. 11. Wagner, pp.

54 sq.).

40. 'EXtwo-tviois: Eleusis, nowknownas Levsina, a town of about twelve thou-

sand inhabitants, is situated neai' the

southwest corner of the Tliriasian plain,

at the east end of a low rocky hill a

mile long, wliich runs parallel to the

seashore at a distance of a few hun-

dred yards. The ridge of tlie hill was

the acropolis of Eleusis; the town lay

on the level ground at its foot. The

remains of the sanctuary of Demeter

are at the eastern foot of the hill. Here

the rock has been leveled to form an

artificial terrace, on which the group

of buildings which composed the sanc-

tuary was placed. The site has been

completely excavated by the Greek

Archaeological Society, 1882-1887. In

the Homeric hynni to Demeter (vv. 270

sqq.) the goddess bids the people of

Eleusis build her a great temple and al-

tar. The old temple was burned by the

Persians in 480 or 479 b.c. (Hdt. 0, 65).

The new sanctuary was built or at

least begun under Pericles, and Strabo

(9, p. 395) and Vitruvius (7, praef. 10)

name Ictinus as the architect. Plu-

tarch (Pericles, 13) mentions Pericles's

part, but ascribes the work to other

architects. The building ranked in

anti(iuity among the finest examples

of temple architecture. The site of the

temple of Triptolemus mentioned by

J'ausanias is altogether uncertain. —41. vaos: this is, with great probabil-

ity, conjectured to be the small temple

whose foundations are preserved about

thirty paces northeast of the Great

Propylaea. It consists of a cella witli

two porticoes, having two Doric col-

umns between antae.— 42. <f>ptap t€

Ka\ov|ji.£vov KaW^xopov : the well, Cal-

lichorum, is mentioned in the Homeric

hymn to Demeter (vv. 270 sqq.). It

was discovered in 1892 just south of the

Great I'ropylaea. Solemn oaths were

sworn by women beside the well (see

Alciphr. 3, G9). — 44. to 8t ircSiov to

'Pdpiov: see Homeric hynm to De-

meter (vv. 450 sqq.) concerning the

Rharian plain, which lay waste and

leafless while Persephone was under

ground, but became abundantly fertile

with the return of spring. The exact

situation is not known. The name of

the plain is from Rharus, father or

grandfather of Triptolemus, who had

received Demeter hosi)itably on her

wanderings in search of Persephone.

Cf. Suidas s.v. 'Paplas.

FXEUTHERAE 189

Ch. 38, 9

SeLKvvraL • ra Se eWo? tov ret^oug tov Upov to re oveipov 7

aireiTre ypd(j)eiv, /cat roi? ou TeXea^er<Tti^, ottoctwv 04a<; eipyov-

60 rat, Si^Xa hrjirov jxrjSe irvdeadai ixerelvai crfjacrLV. 'EXevcrlua

8e rjpoia, d(f)' ov ttjv it6\lv ouofid^ovcLV, ol p.kv 'Epfjiov valSa

eTvaL Koi Aaetpa? '^iKeavov dvyarpos \iyovcn, toI<; Se eVrt

TreiroLTjixeua flyvyou eluai Trarepa 'EXevcrluL • ol yap dp^aioL

T(ov X6y<ou are ov TrpocxovTOiv (T(f)icrt,v iiroiv akXa re nXdaa-

55 crOaL SeScuKacrt Kat fidXtcTTa e? ra yeprj t(ou r)p(oo)v.

*Ek Se 'EXevcrlpo<; TpaTro[X€voL<; eVt Botwrwp' ecTiv ofxopo^ 8

*A0r]vaLOL<; r) FlXarati?. irporepov jxep yap 'EXev0epevcTLi> opoL

7rpo<^ TTjp 'Attlkt^u rjcrav Trpocr^copr^crdvTOiv Se ^ A.6rjvaioL<;

TOVTcov, ovT(o<; yjSrj Botwria? 6 Kidaipiov iaTLu opoq. irpoae-

60 -^(opiqaau Se 'EXeu^e/aet? ov TToXejxo) ^Lacrdeures, dXXd ttoXl-

reta? re intdvixijaapTeq irapd 'AOrjvaLoju /cat Kar' e)(^o? to

%r]^ai(DV. ip tovtco tw TreStoj i^aos eVrt Atoi^ucrov, /cat to

^oavov ivTevOcv ^Adrjvaioif; iKOfXLcrdr] to dp)(^alop • to Se ip

'EXev^epat? iTo) i(f>' rjjxwp is [JLLfxyjcnp iKcipov TrenoLiqTaL.

65 aTTcoTepo} Se oXiyop cnnjXaLOP icTTip ov p-iya, /cat Trap' avTo '.)

48. tA 8£ €vt6s tov Tttxo^s TOV Upov : gray walls and towers of Eleutherae

Teixosas usual desigiiatesafortification- are at the entrance of the pass over

wall, which, as the excavations have Mt. Cithaeron. The ruins of Elouthe-

shown, surrounded the sacred precinct. rae are important as one of tlie finest

— 50. 'EXcvo-iva Si tjpwa : another form extantspecimens of Greek fortification,

of the name is P21eusinus (Ilarpocr. and Both Strabo (0, pp. 411 sq(i.) and I'au-

Suid. s.v.'EXeuo-tna). According to one sanias (here, and 0, 1, 1, 6) represent

legend Eleusis, or Eleusinus, was the Eleutherae as the frontier town of At-

king who received Demeter when she tica and immediately adjoining Plataca

came to the city in search of her daugh- in Boeotia. Eleutherae claimed to he

ter, but in the common legend it was Ce- the birthplace of Dionysus and to

lens who received Demeter. See Horn. have been founded and named by

HymntoDem. vv. OGsqq.; Pans. 1, 30, him (Diod. 0, 06, 1; 4, 2, 6). Here

6; Schol. Ar. Eq. 698. tradition placed the graves of Argives

57. Spot: from Eleusis the road to slain in the war of the Seven against

Eleutherae, which is at the same time Tliebes (Eur. Suppl. 756-750 ; Plut.

the highroad from Athens to Thebes, Thes. 20). — 62. vads . . . Aiovvwov

:

goes northwest acro.ss the plain. The see 1, 20, 3 and note.

190 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh.39, 1

vSaTos Trrjyr) xjjv^^^pov • Xeyerat oe e? jxeu to cnriqXaiov cJs 'Avri-

OTTt) T€Kovcra KaTadoiTO is avro tovs TratSa?, nepl Se Trj<; tttj-

y^? TOP TTOt/xeVa evpovTa tov<; TratSa? ivTavda (T(f)a<5 Xovcrat

TTpMTov diToXvcravTa tcju aTrapydvcov. 'KkevOepwv 8e '^i> fxeu

70 ert Tov ret^ov?, •i^i^ 8e xat oIklmu ipeCina • SyjXrj Se rovrot? ecrrt

TToXt? oXCyov virep tov TreSiov vrpo? rw Y^idaipoivi oiKLcrBelcra.

39 'Erepa Se 68o? e'|- 'EXevcrti^o? 77/309 Meyapa ayet • TavT'r]v l

e'p^o/xeVoi? TT^t* 680V (fypeap ecTiv "KvOiov KaXovfxevop.

iiroLrjcre Se Ila/x^&j? eVt tovto) tm (fypeaTU KaOrjaOai AijjjLrjTpa

ixerd TTjv dpTTayrjv ttJs TratSo? y/oat elKacrjJievrjv ivTevOev Se

5 avTr)p are yvvaiKa 'Apyeiau vtto tcov OvyaTepoiv tmv KeXeov

KopiicyOrjvai irapd Tr)u [xrjTepa /cat ol Trjv MeTapeLpav ovtcj

TTLCTTevcraL tov TTaiSos TTjv dvaTpo(f)rji>. oXlyoi Se dnajTepo) 2

TOV (f)peaTO<? lepov Meraz^etpa9 e'crrt /cat ^er' avro Td(f>oL twv

66. iriiYTJ : a copious spring at the

western foot of the hill of Eleutherae

is usually identified as this spring, in

which the twin babes Amphion and

Zethus were washed by the shepherd

who had found them in the neighbor-

ing cave. For the legend of Antiope,

see Pans. 2, 6, 1-4 ; Apollod. 3, 5, 5

;

Die Chrys. Or. 15, p. 261.

39. Antiquities on the road fromEleusis to Megara— Tfie spring A n-

thius — Sanctuary of Metanira —Graves of those slain before Thebes—Alope and Cercyon— Theseus— Myth-

ical history of Megara.

1. 'Ercpa 8e 686s: the distance from

Eleusis to Megara by road or railway

is about fourteen miles. After passing

along the low ridge which terminated

in the acropolis of Eleusis, the road

skirts the shore for the rest of the way.

From two pointed summits of Mt. Ci-

thaeron known as Mt. Cerata, or "the

horns," a chain of hills advancing

southward one third of the way from

Eleusis formed the boundary between

Attica and the territory of Megara

(Strabo, 9, p. 305; Diod. 13, 65 ; Plut.

Them. 1). — 2. 4>p^ap . . . "AvOiov Ka-

Xovfxcvov : this is perhaps the spring

now called Vlika, one and one half

miles west of Eleusis. The Flowery

Well is doubtless the UapdivLov (ppiap

(Horn. Hymn to Dem. vv. 98 sqq.), be-

side which the goddess sat, sad at heart,

underneath an olive-tree. The stone

on which Demeter sat was known as

ayiXatTTos irerpa (Schol. Ar. Eq. 785;

Apollod. 1, 5, 1 ; Hesych. s.v.). Pau-

sanias places the meeting of the god-

dess outside the city, not at the well

Callichorum in the city, as some wri-

ters supposed (see 1, 38, 6, note).

8. i£p6v Meraveipas : on Metanira

see Iloni. llynni to Dem. 161 and 206;

Noun. 19, 82 ; Apollod. 1, 5, 1.— Ta<J>oi.

Twv Is 0^Pas : the common soldiers

of the Argive army under the Seven

ROAD TO MEGARA 191

Ch. 39, 3

€9 Br^'/Sa? {aTaXepTOjp) . Kpeojv yo.p, o? iSwdcTTeve Tore iv

10 Bi^ySats AaoSa/Lta^'ra iniTpoTrevcou top 'Ereo/cXeov?, ov na-

prJKe Tols TTpocrrjKovcriv dveXop,€POLS ^ai//af tKcrevcrat'To? Se

*ASpd(TTOV ®T]cr€a kol p,dr^rj^ ^Kdiqvaioiv yevop,€pr]<; tt/oos

BotwTou?, ©T7crevs ws eKpaTiqcre rrj p-d^rj Kopiaa^ e? ri^i^

'EXevcrtt'ta^' rou? v€Kpov<; ipravOa eda^e. ^rjftaloe 8e T']7t'

15 dvaipecTLv to)v veKpcou Xeyovacv ideXovToi hovvai kol crvvd-

\\iaL p,d^r]p ov (paat.— perd Se tcjv 'Apyeitov tov^ Td(f)ov<s 3

icTTLP 'AXottt]^ pvrjp^a, iqp TeKOvaap 'Unrodoiopra eV IlocretSoii-

po'i diToOapelp ipravOd (fyaaip vtto tov Trar/aos Kep/cuoro?. elpat

Se 6 KepKvayp Xeyerat Koi rd dXXa dhiKO^ e'? tovs ^epov^ kol

20 iraXaCeLP ov ftovXopepoL<? /cat 6 totto? ovtos iraXaicrTpa /cat

e's ejLie e'/caXetro Ke/a/cuoro?, oXiyop tov rd^ov ttj^ 'AXottt;?

aTre^MP. Xeyerat Se 6 KepKvayp Tov<i KaTaardpTas is irdXiqp

Sta^^etpat TrXrjp ®r](Tea)<;, ®r](Tev<; Se KaTeTrdXaiaep avTOP cro-

(/>ta TO nXeop • TraXaicrTLKrjp yap re^piqp evpe 0r]<jev<; vpcorof;

25 /cat TTctXi^? KaT€(TTr) vcTTepop an eKetPOV StSacr/caXta • irpore-

pop Se e^pfiiPTo jLteye^et popop /cat pdipxj irpos ra? TictXa?.

TocraOra Kara ypcoprjp rr^p ip,r}p 'A0r]paLOL<; ypwpipunaTa

Tjp ep re Xdyot? Kat deoipripacrip, direKpLpe Se (xtto rwi/ ttoX-

Xq>i/ e'^ dp^T]<; 6 Xoyo? /xot ra e'? (Tvyypa(f)r]p dpyJKOPTa.

against Thebes were buried at Eleuthe- 'A\6irri). Hippothoon gave his namerae (Eur. Suppl. 750-759 ; Plut. Thes. to an Attic tribe (1, 5, 2 ; 1, 38, 4). Po-

29), but the generals were buried near seidon turned Alope at her death into

Eleusis (Plut. Thes. 29). Euripides a spring named for her (Hyg. I.e.),

(Suppl. 634 sqq.) tells the story of The- which was at Eleusis (llesych. s.v.

sens compelling the Thebans by force 'AXiTrrj).— 24. iroXaio-TiKtiv -yap t^x*^"

of arms to give up the Argive dead for tvpt ©iio-tvs : according to I'olemo the

burial, but riutarch (I.e.) follows the Athenian Phorbas, the trainer of The-

story acceptable to the Thebans, that it sens, invented the art of wrestling;

was by persuasion. but Ister, wliom Pausanias perhaps

17. 'AXomis nvrina : see Hyg. Fab. followed, ascribed the invention toTlie-

187 for the story of Alope and Hippo- sens hini.self (Schol. Pind. Nem. 5, 89).

thoon. It was the theme of one of — 27. Too-avra . . . dvVJKovra: at this

Euripides's tragedies (Harpocr. s.v. point ends the description of Attica,

192 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh. 39, 4

30 'EA.€vcrt^'t Se ^817 7r\r](r16)^(0po<; <t7> KaXovfJievr] Meya/ai? • 4

ttJs 'A07}pai,(ou Tjv Kai avrrj to dp^alou, Hvka tov ySacrtXea;?

/caraXtTTOt'Tos UapoCovL. fxapTvpta Se jxol Td(f)o<; re ITai^Sto-

vo<; iv TTj yrj /cat Ntcros Alyel fiev Trpecr^vTOLTO) tov navTo^

yevov^ 7rapa)((i)p'ij(Ta<; AdrjvaLcou ap^eiv, avro? 8e "iAeydpwv

35 KoX Trj<i CLXP'' ^opivdov ^acnXeveiu a^tw^et?- Ntcrata re en

Kol vvv ^eyapeixTiv erriveiov d'n auTov KaXetrat. KoSpov 8e

vorrepop /BaaiXevouTOf; (XTpaTevovcnv eV 'Adrjva^ YleXoirovpT]-

(TLOL Koi o)? ovoeu OLTrooeL^dfjievoL Xafxirpov eKop.it^ovTO oniao),

Meyapa 'AOiquaicop ik6vTe<? KopLpOiojp kol tcju dXXcop crvp.p.d-

40 xoiv Toi^ ideXovaiv eScjKau olKrjaai. Meyapel<i fxep ovroi? 5

edrj /cat (f)(ovr)p [xeTa/SaXoPTef; Awptet? yeyovaai, KXiqOrjpaL 8e

ovTO) Trjv ttoXlv (f)aaLP eVt Kapo? tov <i>opojv€co'i iv Trj yfj

TavTT] ^a(TiXevovTO<^ • tote irputTov Xeyovcnu lepd yeuecrdai

^y]lxr)Tpo<i avTot?, rore dp0pco7rov^ ovopidcrai Meyapa. ovtoj

45 ixkv avTOL TTept (r(f)wu Meyapet? Xiyovcri • Botturot 8e eV

'Oy^T7crT&) Meyapea toi^ ITocretSwi^o? oiKovvTa dcfuKeadat

(TTpaTLa JioLCt)T(x)u (f)aaL Ntcrw tou 7rpo<? MtVw TroXep.ov avv-

hiOLcrovTa, ireaovTa 8e avTov ev ttj p-d^r) Ta^y^vai re avTov

and there follows up to the close of the gara originally belonged together, but

book the description of Megara (ij Meya- he presents better evidence than Pausa-

piKT] (TvyypacpT^., 2, 19, 8 ; ij <Tvyypa(pr] rj nias. — 32. Td<{>os . . • IlavSiovos : see

Meyapis, 9, 19, 2). 1, 5, 3; 1, 41, G. — .30. KoSpov . . . pa-

31. TTJs 'AGrivaCwv ^v Kal auTT) kt\.: o-iXevovTOS o-TpaT«-uov<riv tir' 'AOrjvas

cf. 1, 42, 2. Pausanias here sides with IleXoirovvTio-ioi : Hdt. f), 70, and Stra-

the Attic tradition, so that the whole bo, 9, p. 393, agree with Pausanias's

section is a polemic against the domes- account of the concpiest of Megara by

tic Megarian tradition. The proof that the Dorians.

Megara originally belonged to Attica 40. Mc-yap^a: the paternity of Me-

isnot given, for the statement that the gareus is in dispute. Hyg. Fab. 157

Megarian king Pylas left the land to says he was a son of Poseidon by Oe-

the Athenian Pandion merely indi- nope, daughter of Epopens; Apollod.

cates that Megara was for a time gov- 3, 15, 8, that he was a son of Hippo-

erned by Attic princes. Strabo (9, p. manes and came from Onchestns to

392) also mamtains that Attica and Me- help Nisus, but was killed by Minos

;

MPXiARA 193

Ch. 40, 1

Kol Trj rrdXet Meyapa ouofxa diro tovtov yevecrdai, irporepou

50 Ntcrct KaXovixevr). Swoe/carT^ o€ vcrrepou fxera Kapa tov ^opco- G

veo)^ yevea Xeyovcnv ol Meyapel^ AeXeya a(j)LK6p.€.vov i^

AlyvTTTOv ^acnkevcraL kol tov<? du6pw7rov<; Kk-qdrjvai AeXe-

ya? eVt T179 dp)(rj<; avrov- KXiycrwt'os 8e tov AeXeyo? y€f€-

(T0aL IlvXai^, TOV IlvXa 8e '^Kipoiva • tovtov crvvoLKrjcraL

55 ^a^'Sto^'09 OvyaTpi, koI vcTTepop NiVw roJ Ilai^Stoi^o? e?

dfX(f)Lcr^T]Trf(TLv iXdelu irepl Trj<; dp^rjq [^KipcDPo] Kai a(f>L(TLV

AlaKov StKacrat, /3ao"tXetav /xei/ SiSdi/ra Ntcroj /cat rot? 0.710-

y6uoL<;, ^Kipoivi 8e rfyep-oviav eivai noXefjiov. Meyapea 8e

rot' ITocretSaii/o? OvyaTpl Nicrou crvfoiKijaavTa '](f)Li'6rj 8ta8e-

00 ^aaSai ttjv tov Ntcrou (f)acrLv dp)(7Jp • tov 8e KprjTiKov ttoXc-

/Aoi' Kal TT^i^ €7rt Ntcrou ySatrtXevoi^TO? dXcocnv T179 TrdXew?

ou/c IdeXovaiv ei8eVat.

40 ^Ecrrt 8e eV r^ TrdXet Kprjvr] rjv cri^icriv ^Koh6ix7](Te l

Steph. Byz. s.v. M«'7o/)o, that lie was

a son of Apollo ; Plut. Qiiaest. Gr. 10,

that he was a son of Onchestus.

51. A(Xc-ya d({>iK6|icvov i^ Al^virrow

Pao-iXfvo-ai : cf. 1, 44, 3. Hence Ovid

speaks of "the Lelegian Walls" and"the Lelegian shores " of Megaiis(Met.

7, 443 ; 8, 0). A colony of Leleges from

Megara, led by Tylus son of Cleson,

was said to have founded Pylus in Mes-

senia(4,30, 1).— 54. SKipwva: the Athe-

nians represented Sciron as a murderer

and robber slain by Theseus (1, 3, 1;

1, 44, 8). Megarian writers, on the

contrary, assert that he was an excel-

lent man, the friend of the good and

the foe of the bad (Plut. Thes. 10).

He made the highroad from Megara to

the Isthmus of Corinth (1, 44, (i). TheAthenians distinguished between Sci-

ron the robber and Scirus an early set-

tler of Salamis, but the Megarians

identified them (see 1, 35, 2, note;

Plut. I.e.; Harpocr. s.v. I.Klpov). The

Megarians admitted that he was slain

by Theseus, not however when he was

robber-hunting, but when he wrested

Eleusis from the Megarians (Plut. I.e.;

Pans. 1, 30, 4).

40. SjyruKj of Theagcnes— Sithni-

dian Ni/))i])lts— Imayes of Roman Ent-

perors, of Artemis Soteira, and of the

Twelve Gods— Oli/mpieinn with temple

of Zeus— Statue of Zens by Theocosm us

— Contests of Megarians and Atheni-

ans over Salamis — Antiquities on the

Acropolis— Caria.

1 . "EcTTi if Iv T'ji iroXci Kp'f]vr\ : the

modern town of Megara occupies the

site and preserves the name of the an-

cient city. It is on the slopes of a hill

with a double .summit, about one and

one lialf miles from the sea. The plain

about Megara is six or seven miles long

194 THE ATTICA OF TAUSAXIAS

Ch. 40, 2

HeayeVi79, ov koX npoTepou tovtcov iireixvijcrOrji' dvyarepa av-

Tou crvvoiKicrai KuXwi^t 'AOrjuaCo). ovto<; 6 HeayeVi^g Tvpavvrj-

cra? (pKohofXTQae T'qv Kprjviqv fjieyeOovs eveKa koI Kocrjxov /cat

5 is TO TT\yj9o<; T(op klovmp 6ea<i a^iav • kol vSojp e? avTrjp pel

KaXovjxeuov ^lOi^lScop vvix(f)(x)i>. ra? 8e ^i6viha<s vvp.(f)as Xe-

yovai Meyapets eluai jxcu cr(l)Lcnv eTTt^wptas, fxia Se avTiov

\_dvyaTpV\ crvyyeveaOai Ata, Meyapoj^ re TratSa ovTa Ato?

/cat TavTr}^ Sr) tt)? vvix(f)r)<; eKcfyvyelv Tr)v evrt Aev/caX.twt'os ttotc

10 inofx/BpLap, eK<^vyeiv he Trpo? ro, a/cpa ri^s Tepaviaq, ovk e)(^op-

TO'? TTCt) Tov opov<; TO opofjia TovTo, dWa— ^'^7^ec^^at yap ne-

Top.ev(j)V yepdpoju 77^6? ttjp /Sorju tCjv opviOwv avTov— Sta

TovTO Tepaviav to 6po<; ovop,acrdy]vai. ttjs 8e KpT]pr]<; ov 2

TToppco TavTr]^ dp)^al6p ecTTiv lepov, eiKoves 8e e'<^' -qjxcoi'

15 edTOLcnv ev avTco /SaatXecou Vfoixaioiv koll ayaXfxa [re] /cetrat

by as many wide, and is inclosed by

hills except toward the sea. Of the

two citadels mentioned by Pausanias

(1, 40, ; 1, 42, 1), the eastern and

lower hill was doubtless the acropolis

called Caria, the higher western hill was

the Acropolis of Alcathous. The an-

cient remains are extremely scanty.

Megara was noted in antiquity for the

size of its private houses and the

massive style of its public buildings

(Isocr. de Pace, 117).— 2. ©ea-yt'vris

. . . 0vYaT€po . . . KvXwvi : see 1, 28,

1. — 5. v8o>p . . . SiOviScov vv|x(f>uv

:

an aqueduct, half a mile north of

the western hill, furnishing a copious

supply of water, may be the water of

the Sithnidian nymphs. (Baedeker,

Greece^, p. 153.)— 10. irpos to, aKpa ttjs

Fcpavias : see for similar explanation

of the name Gerania, Etymol. Magn.

p. 228, s.v. Tepdveia. It probably origi-

nated in the work of a native Mega-

rian named Dieuchidas, who began his

history of Megara at the point where

Hellanicus's work on Deucalion's flood

left off. (See Frag. Hist. Gr., ed. Mul-

ler, IV, 388.) Mt. Gerania is the

range of mountains traversing Mega-

ris from sea 'to sea, and forming a

natural boundary between Central

Greece and Peloponne.sus. The higli-

est summit is four thousand five hun-

dred feet above the sea-level. The

region is very wild, with only three

passes across the mountain, all of which

are difficult. The railway passes over

the third along the sea-cliffs of the

southern coast.

14. cIkovcs : many of the inscriptions

carved on the pedestals have been

found, with the names of Julius Cae-

sar, Augustus, Tiberius, Nero, Hadrian,

Marcus Aurelius, Caracalla, and Galli-

enus; Hadrian, as a benefactor of Me-

gara, was especially popular. See

MEGARA 105

Ch.40, 4

^akKow 'Apre/xtSos iTTiKk'qcrLv ^(oreipa^. (jyacrl 8e dv^pa<;

Tov MapSovLOv cTTpoTov KaTahpap.6vTa^ ttjp Meyapiha dno-

^mpelv €9 Ory'/8a? onicra) irapd MapSouLOP ideketu, ypojixrj he

*ApTCfjiLOo^ pvKTa T€ ohoiTTopovdiv iiTiyepdadaL koX Trj<; oSov

20 (T<f)d<; ajxapropTas i'5 ttjv opeipy^p Tpa-rrecrdaL t^9 ^wpa? • Tret-

pcofxepovf; oe et crr/actrev/xa eyyv? eirj TTokifxiop dipupai tmp

^ekoiPy /cat Ty)P 7rXr]aiop nerpap (XTepeip ^aXkop€pr]p, tou9

8e av0L<i To^eveiP irpo0vp,La irXeopi. Te\o<; 8e avrot? dpaXco- 3

drjvai TOV<; otcrrov? e? dphpa^ TToXe^tou? To^ev€t^' pop.il,ov(Jip •

25 rjfxepa re VTre^aiVero Kal ot Meyapet? iTrrjecraPy p.a^6fxepoi he

OTrXtrat Trpos dpoTrXov? kol ovhe /SeXwp evTropovPTa<; ert (fyoperj-

ovaip avT(op tov<; ttoXXov? • Kat eVl Tw8e ScoTetpas dyaXfia

eTTOLTJcraPTO ApTe)at8o9. ipTavda /cat twi^ 8w8e/ca opofiai^o-

fji€P(t)P dewp ecr-Tip dydXjxaTa epya elpai Xeyofxepa Upa^tTe-

30 Xov9 • TTyi' 8e "ApreyiLP avrrjp ^rpoyyvXicop eVotT^cre.

Mera ravra e? to roO Ato9 T€ixepo<; ecreXdovcn KaXovfxepop 4

'OXujLtTrtcioi' p'ao9 eVrt ^€a9 a^to9 • to 8e dyaXfxa ovk e^eip-

ydaOr) tov Ato9, e-mXa^opTo^ tov UeXonopprjaLcup TToXefxov

npos A0r]paiov<;, ep (o kol pavcrlp dpd nap eT09 /cat cTTpaTO)

C.I.G.G.S. 62, 03, G5-81, 3401.-17. t«\ovs : archaeologists who believe in

KaraSpaixovras Tr]v Mc-yapCSa : this took two sculptors named Praxiteles (.see 1,

place near I'agae (1, 44, 4). Herodotus 2, 4, note) attribute these images to the

(0, 14) tells how Mardonius advanced elder Praxiteles. This .seems to Fra-

against Megara and his army ravaged zer (note I.e.) and others a gratuitous

the Megarian territory. Theognis (v. and baseless assumption. I'ausanias

775) attributed to Apollo the deliver- mentions other statues by Praxiteles

ance of the city. at Megara (1, 43, 5 and ; 1, 44, 2).

27. SwTcCpas a-yoXfjia: this image was If there were two sculptors of this

by Strongylion (§ 3), and a replica of name and works of both were here,

it was at Pagae (1, 44, 4). Coins of the why did not Pausanias distinguish be-

two cities give an identical type of tween them as between the elder and

Artemis, which may therefore be that the younger Polyclitus (<i. (5, 2)?

of this statue. See Imhoof-Blumerand 31. 4s to tov Aios t^H***®' : this pre-

Gardner, Numism. Comm. on Pans. cinctwassituated in the saddle between

pp. 4, 8 sq., with pi. A, i.— 30. npa|i- the two hills, near the northwest foot

196 tup: attica of pausaniasCli.4<), 5

35 (f)6eLpoi'Te<; Meyapevatu 'AOrjualoL rrfv )(copau rd re koluol

iKciKcocrap kol tSto, tov<; olkov<; r\yajyov e? to ^cryarov dcrOe-

veia<^. TO) 8e dyak^xaTi tov Ato? irpocroiTrov eXe(^avrog Koi

')(pv(rov, rd 8e Xotrra TrrjXov re eVrt /cat yv^ov Trot^crat 8e

avTO ©eoKOCTjU-oz^ \eyovaiv im'^copiou, (jwepydaaaOaL Se

40 ot ^eihlav . vnep 8e T179 Ke(f)a\rj^ tov Ato? etcrtt' 'flpat kol

Molpaf Srjka Se Tratrt ri^v Heirpojixevrji' ixouo) ol TreiOeadai

KoX ra? copa<; tov 9eov tovtov peixeiv e? to Seop. ouKjOe 8e

TOV vaov Ketrat ^vXa TjjJiLepya raura e/xeWeu 6 %e6KO(TyiO<^

ike(f)ai'TL KOL )(pvcrco KOtr/xTycra? to ayakjxa iKTeXecretu tov

45 Ato9. eV 8e avTw rw vaM Tpiiqpov^ dvdKeiTai ^oKkovv efi^o-

\ov TavTiqv ttjv vavv Xa/Selu (ftaat irepi %a\afjuua pavfJLa-

)(7](ravTe<i Tvpo^ ^AOr]vaLov<s ojxoXoyovcn 8e /cat 'AOrjvaloL

'^povov Tivd M.eyapev(Tiv dirocTTrjvai Trjs vqcrov, ^oXcova 8e

vaTepov (fiacTLu iXeyela TTOirjcravTa TrpoTpexjjai (r(f)d<;, /cara-

50 (TTTJvaL 8€ eVt TovTOi<^ €9 dpL(^i(r^^Ty)(Tiv Xeyovcrt, KpaTiq-

cravTe<; 8e iroXep^o) ^aXajxiva avdi^ e^eiv. Meyapets 8e

napd a<f)(t)u Xeyovcriv dvSpa<? (f)vydoa<;, ovg Aopv/cXetov?

of the eastern acropolis. Here many in the attitude of the Zeus at Olympia,

inscriptions iiave been found mention- grasping a sceptre in his raised left

ing the Oiympieuni. See C.I.G.G.S. hand and holding an eagle or a Victory

1-14; Mitth. VIII, 183sq.— 35. <|>eei- in his outstretched right hand. See

povT€s Mc-yapevo-iv 'AOiivaioi ttjv xw- Imhoof-Blunier and Gardner, Numism.

pav: cf. Thuc. 2, 31; Plut. Pericles, Comm. onPaus. pp. 4sq. , withpl. A, iii.

30.— 37. T$ $€ d-yaXjiari : as to Theo- 48. ZoXwva: this is an allusion to

cosmus, see also 0, 7, 2 ; 10, 9, 8. The the story that Solon, to arouse the

remark about the collaboration of Phi- Athenians from their lethargy, com-

dias was probably due to the similarity po.sed verses inciting them to engage

of this statue with the gold and ivory in the struggle once more for the pos-

Zeus at Olympia, on which it was session of Salamis, and, feigning mad-

closely modeled. The passage is of ness, rushed into the market-place and

interest as throwing some light on the recited his verses. The people were

process of making a gold and ivory stirred, once more fought with Megara,

statue. See A. S. Murray, History of and conquered Salamis. See Plut.

Greek Sculpture, II, 117. On coins of Solon, 8; Dem. 19, 252; Diog. Laert.

Megara Zeus is represented as sitting 1, 2, 40 sq.

MEGARA 197

Ch.41, 1

ovo^xdl^ovcrtv, a^tKo/txeVov? irapa tov<; iv "EaXafxlvL Kkrjpov-

^ou9 irpohovvai SaXaplua 'A^r^i^atot?.

55 Mero, 8e tov Ato? to Tefxevoi; i<; ttju aKpoirokiv avekOovai <J

Kokovixeprjv airo Kapo? rou <t>op(oi'€o)<^ /cat e? i^/xa? ert Ka-

ptai^, ecrrt /x-ei/ Atovvcrou j^ao^ NvktcXiqv, ireTToi-qTai 8e \\(f)pooL-

Trj<; *K7n(rTpo(f)La<; lepou kol Nvkto? /caXovyaei^oi^ ecrrt fxauTelov,

Koi Ato9 Kovtov i^ao? ov/c e)(&ji' 6po(f)OU. tov he 'Acr/cXr^TTtou

60 TO ayaXfxa Bpvaft? /cat avro /cat ttji^ TyeCau eTToiiqcrev.

iuTavda /cat Trj<; ^-qjx-qTpo^ to Kakovp,evov Meyapov ttoltJ-

crat Se avro /3a(TCkevoi>Ta Kapa eXeyov.

41 'E/c Se Trj<; d/cpoTToXew? /cartovcrti', r^ Trpo? apKTov rerpaTrrat l

55. (s Tr)v oiKpoiroXiv . . . KapCav

:

Steph. Uyz. s.v. Kapi'a makes a similar

statement, perliaps copied from Pau-

sanias. — 57. NwKTtXtov : see Verg.

Aen. 4, 303; Ovid, Met. 4, 15. In the

nocturnal rites of Dionysus the mys-

tery of the death and resurrection of

the god .seems to have been set forth.

Licentious orgies under the cloak of

these rites were put down by the

Romans. See Servius on Virgil I.e.

— 'A<|>poS(TT]$ *E-iri(rTpo<}>£as : Preller-

Robert, Gr. Myth. I, 308, interprets

'EiriffTpo<pla (from iiriffrp^cpav, to turn

towards) as meaning "she who turns

the hearts of man to love." The con-

verse of Epistrophian Aphrodite was

Apostropliian Aplirodite (9, 10, 3sf].).

There was another sanctuary of Aphro-

dite at Megara (1, 43, ()).— 58. Nwkt6s:

Rohde, Psyche, 342, rem. 1, brings this

in close connection with Dionysus

Nyctelius, and recalls that Dionysus

was established at Delphi before Apol-

lo. See also Bouch^-Leclercq, Histoire

de la divination dans I'anticjuit^, II,

256.— 00. Bpva^is: liryaxis was a con-

temporary and rival of Scopas. He

sculptured the frieze on the north side

of the Mausoleum at Ilalicarnassus

(Pliny, N. II. 30, 30 sq.). Columella

(de re rustica, 1, praef. 31) mentions

him as one of the great masters of sculp-

ture, along with Lysippus, Praxiteles,

and Polyclitus. A considerable num-

ber of his works are known to us by

name. See Bi*unn, Gesch. d. gr. Kiinst-

ler, I, 383 sqq. An Asclepius by Bry-

axis is mentioned also by Pliny (X. II.

34, 73). Both Asclepius and Hygieia,

separately and jointly, appear on coins

of Megara, and the types were prob-

ably modeled after these statues of

Bryaxis. See Imhoof-Blumer and Gard-

ner, Numism. Comm. on Pans. pi. A,

vi, vii; Wroth, Jour. Hell. Stud. V,

(>0. — ()1. TTjs AV)(i,T)Tpos TO KaXovjjit-

vov M«-yapov: for Megarian coins with

image of Demeter, see Imhoof-Blumer

and Gardner, pi. A, xii.

41. Monuuient of Akmena — Rhus

— Tomb of llyUus— Templis of Isis.

of Apollo, and of Artemis — Alcathous

and the Lion of Cithaeron — Ihroum

of I'andion — Hippohjte — Tereus,

I'rocne, U}ul Pfiilumiia.

198 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASOh. 41, 2

TO ^(opiov, jxpyjixd icxTiv AXKfiy]uy)<? irX-qcriov tov 'OXv/x-

TTLeiov. y8a8l^ov(Ta^' yap e? ©i^ySa? e^ ''Apyov<; TeXevrrjcraL

KaO' 6So^' XeyovcTLP avrr^v ev toI<; Meyctpot?, /cat TOv<i 'Hpa-

5 /cXetSas e? dfJt.(f}L(T/3r)Ty]cni' iXdelu, tov<; pep e? ^Apyo? iOeXov-

ra? OTTLcroi Kopicrai tov i^EKpov Trjq ^AXKprjvr)^, tov^ S' avrwi/

€9 ©T^ySa? • /cat yap rot? 'Hpa/cXeov? Tratcrt rot? e/c Meyctpa?

Td(f)Ov elvai /cat 'A/Ac^tr/avwvo? ei^ €>r)^aL<;. 6 Se eV AeX<^ot9

^eo? e^prjcre ddxjjaL KXKprjvrjv ev rot? Meyapotg apeivov

10 eti^at (T(f)L(rLV. IvTevSev 6 tmv iTTi^oypioiv riplv €^y]yy)Ty]<^ 2

rjyeiTO e? ^oiplov Vovv to? €(f)a(TKeu ovopat^opevov, TavTy

yd.p vhojp TTore e/c rwv opwv tmv vnep ttjv ttoXlv pvrjvai •

©eayeVi^? 8e, 69 rdre iTvpavvei, to vScop erepwcre r/oei/za? ySoj-

ju.o^' ivTavda 'A^eX&Jw iTroirjcre. Kat TXXov TrXxjcriov tov

15 'Hpa/cXeou9 pvrjpd icTTLV dvSpl 'Ap/ca8t 'E^j^ejaw rw 'Aepo-

Tvov popopa)(y](rauTO<; • Kat 6(ttl<? p,kv Ft^€po<; ojp dneKTetveu

'TXXov, eTepcoOi tov Xoyov St^Xwctcu, TeOaiTTai Se Kat "TXX09

ei' Tot-s Meyctpot?. cwttj KaXovro dv 6pda)<^ crr/oareta t(op

'H/^a/cXet8aJ^' e'<? neXo7rovi/i7cro^' eVt 'OpecTTOv IBacnXevovTo<i.

2. iJivTJiia . . .

*

A\k|ji^vtis : the story sanias (1, 41, 7). — 14. 'AxtXu'o) : the

of the death of Alcinena in the terri- river god Achelous was worsliiped also

tory of Megara and of the contest of at Oropus. Ephorus, quoted by Macro-

the Heraclidae occurs only in Pausa- bias, Saturn. 5, 18, sq(j., says that

nias. According to Pherecydes in An- Achelous is the only river-god wor-

ton. Lib. 33 (fr. 39), she died in Thebes, sliiped by all men, as the proper namewhere, however, there was no grave of Achelous is used in a general sense to

her (9, 10, 7). According to another designate water. This designation was

legend, her grave was at Haliartus in given by the oracles of Dodona (Schol.

Boeotia (cf. 9, 32, 5; Plut. Lys. 28; II. ft, 616). There was a sanctuary

de genio Socr. 5, p. 578a). of Achelous near the Ilissus at Ath-

11. €sxwpCov'Povv:cf. Plut.Thes.27, ens (Plato, Phaedrus, p. 230 b).—whosays that the Megarians pointed out "YWov: cf. 1, 44, 10, and see 8, 5,

a grave of the Amazons in their city, on 1, where Pausanias corrects his pres-

thewayfromtheagoratotheplacecalled ent statement by saying that this inva-

Rhus. The grave of the Amazons here sion took place in the reign of Echemus,

mentioned by Plutai'ch is probably the not of Orestes. So Herodotus (9, 26)

tomb of Hippolyte mentioned by Pau- represents Echemus, the conqueror of

MEGARA 199

Ch.41,5

20 ov TToppo) 8e Tov TXXov jxpTjixaTo^ *Icrt8o9 vao<; kol Trap" av- 3

Tov 'AttoXXcoi/o? c'cTTt KoX 'Apxe'/xtSo? •

^

AXkolOovv he (fyaat

irotrjaaL diroKTeCvaura \4ovra tov Kako-6p.evov Ki0aLpa)PLOv.

VTTO TOVTov TOV XcovTO^; ScacpdaprjvaL kol aXXoD? kol Meya-

p€(t)<; <f)aal tov (T(f)eT€pov ySao'tXew? TratSa ^vittttop, top Se

25 irpecr^vTepop tcop iraihajp avrw TCfiaXKOv €tl irpoTepop oltto-

dapeip VTTO Sr)a€(t)<;, cTTpaTevopTa e? ''A(f)Lhpap crvp rot? Atocr-

KovpoL<; • Meyapea he ydfiop re v-nocr^ecrOai OvyaTpoq /cat

a>9 hidho^op e^ei Trj<; dp^rj<; 6(TTl<; top KtOacpcoPLOP XeopTa

diroKTeipat • hid ravra *A\KdOovp top rieXoTro? eTn^eiprj-

30 craPTa rw diqpia) KpaTrjcrai, re /cat cJ? i^acriXevcre to lepop

TTOLrjcrai tovto, AypoTepap ApTepup Kai 'A7^oXX&J^'a ^Aypalop

enopoixdcraPTa. TavTa fiep \_ovp~\ ovtco yepeaOai Xeyovaiv • 4

eyo) he ypd^eip jxep edeXoi ^eyapevcrip ofioXoyovpTa, ovk e^a>

he 0770)9 evpuifxai TrdpTa crcfiicnp, dXXa dirodapeZp fxep XeopTa '

35 ep T(o Kidaipcopi, vtto 'AX/ca^ou Treidop-ai, Meyapeoj? he Tt-

fxaXKOP iralha tls p.ep e? "A<^i.hpap eXOelp fxeTa T(op Atocr/cov-

pcjp eypaxjje; ttw? 8' az^ d(j)iK6fJiepo<; dpacpeOyjpaL pofxi^OLTO

VTTO Bi^creaj?, ottov /cat 'AX/c/utai/ Trotr^Va? dcrfjca e? rou? At-

0(TKovpov<;, ct)<; *AOrjpa^ eXoiep KaX T7)p Hi^creajg ayctyotev

40 fxrjTepa al^^fidXcDTOv, o/xw? Sr)(T€a cfyrfcrlp avTOP dnelpat ; TIlp- 5

oapo9 8e TovTotg re /cara ravra erroLrjae /cat ya/x^pop rot?

AioaKovpoL<i Bi^crea eii^at ^ovXap-evop e? o aTreX^eti^ axnop

YleipiOco TOP Xeyojxepop ydjxop crv/JiTrpd^opTa. ocrrt? 8e e'yc-

t'eaXoyi^cre, StJXoi^ w? ttoXXt^p rot? Meyapevcrt crut'otSei^

Ilyllus, as king of Tegea. According Megarian tradition as given by Tausa-

to Diod. 4, 58. I lyllus challenged Eche- nias, Tiinalcus was a contemporary

mus, not Echenius Hyllus. both of Theseus, who slew him, and

28. TovKiOaipwviovX^ovTa: thescho- of Alcathous, who married liis sister,

liasl to ApoU. Hhod. 1, 517 supple- Thi.s, Pau.sanias argues, was impossible,

ments Pausanias's version of the story since Alcathous was the son, and The-

of Alcathous and the lion of Cithaeron. sens the great-grandson, of Pelops

33. Mc-yapcvo-iv : according to the through his mother Aethra.

200 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh. 41, C

45 evTJOeiav, el ye %r)crev^ rjv airoyovo^ DeXoTJ-o? • dXXa yap top

ovra \6yov ol Meyapei? etSore? eTnKpvTTTovcrLv, ov ^ovXojxepoL

SoKelv aXo)vai (y^icriv im r^? dp^rj<^ T179 Nicrov ttjv ttoXlv,

htaSe^acrOai Se Trjf ^acnXeiav yafx^pov Nicrov re Meyapea

Kal avOiS^

AXkolOovv Meyapeo)<;. (j)aiveTai he rekevrrjcravTO^ 6

50 Ntcrou /cat TOiv TrpaypidTOiv yieyapevcriv e^dapyLevoiV vtto

TovTov ^K\Kddov<i d^iKop.evo'^ top Katpov i^ HXtoo?- fxaprrj-

piov Se p,oi- TO yap ret^o? (^KoSojjirjcrep i^ dp-^rj<; oLTe tov

TTepif^okov tov dp^aiov KadaipeBevTO^ vtto tcov Kp-qTMu.

'AXkciOov fxep Kal tov XeopTO<?, etre eV rw KtOaipwvL avTov

55 etre /cat eTepoidi aTTOKTeiva^; j/aoi' 'AypoTepa<; 'Apre^atSo? /cat

'ATr6XX(i)PO<; eTTotrjaev 'Aypaiov, e'9 ToaopSe eaTOi p.prifxrj • e'/c

TOVTOV 8e TOV lepov /cartovcrt Tlaph'iop6<; ecTTtp rjpcoop. /cat

ort /xei' eTacfir] llapSicop ep Aldvia<; ^Adrjpd<; KaXovixepco ctko-

• TTeXcp, heSijXcoKep 6 X6yo<; T^Srj fxoL rt^a? Se /cat ip Tjj iroXei

60 vapd Meyapecop e^et.

nXi^o'tot' oe' eVrt tov TlapoLOPO<; rjpcoov jxprjfjia iTnroXvTr]'? • 7

ypdxjjco oe /cat to. e'? avTrjP onola Meyapet? Xeyovcrip. oTe

^Ap.at,6peq eV 'AdrjpaLOV^ (TTpaTevcracrai St' 'ApTL6TTr]p eVpa-

TTjOiqcrap vtto Hi^crew?, to.? /xe^' TroXXa? crvpe^r) /xa^op^eVa?

G5 avTOiP dTToOapeZp, 'IttttoXvttqp Se doeXffyrjp ovcrap 'Ai/TtoTTT]?

58. AlOvias 'ABiivds: cf. 1, 5, 3. 61. |jivfi)ia 'IiriroX.vTTis : the tomb

Hesych. s.v. ^i* 3' Atdvia says that seems to have been called the Rhoiii-

Athena was worshiped by the Megari- boid (Plut. Thes. 27), but Bursian,

ans under the title Ar^uta," diver-bird," p. 376a, 1, would here translate po/x-

because, transforming herself into a ^oetSis kreiselformig. The Amazonian

diver and hiding Cecrops under her shield is represented as a crescent in

wings, she had carried him to Megara. sliape on some worlds of art. See Bau-

Lycophron (Alexandra, v. 359) refers meister, Denkm. pp. 62, 369, 2015. It

to Athena under this title. The bluff also appears in art as an oval shield

of Athena Aithuia is perhaps the spit with two notches, one on each side

of land now called Skala, jutting into (Baum op.cit. p. 59),or as an unbroken

the sea on the south side of the hill oval. See also Baum. p. 2038 ; Ro-

of Nisaea. seller's Lexikon, I, 272.

MEGARA 201

Ch.42, 1-

Kol t6t€ 'qyovfxeurju TOiv yvvaiKOiv aTTO^vyelv crvv oXiyat? e?

Meyapa, are Se KaKoi? ovt(d Trpd^acrav tw crr/aarw rot? re

irapovaiv d^v/xw? €)(ovaav /cat 7re/3t r^? otKaSe e? T19V ©e/xt-

(TKvpav (r(0Tr]pia<; fxaXXov ert oLiropovcrav vtto Xv7rr]<; reXevrrj-

70 crat • Kal ^ai//at avrrjp OLTroOavovaav, Kai ot roC fxvijixaTO^

(T^7)p.d i(TTLv \\fia^ovLKrj acTTrtSt ijxcfiepeq. tovtov Se laTiv 8

ov TToppo) T(i<f)0'^ Tr]p€o)<; tov TlpoKprfp yiJixaPTO<; ttju UapSi-

ovo^. ifiaaiXevcre Se 6 TT7y9ev<;, o>9 yaei' Xiyovaiv ol Meya-

/3et<?, TTepX Ta? Flaya? ra? /caXov/xeVa? t>J? Meya/DtSo?, w? Se

75 e'yoj re Sokw /cat reKfjajpta e'9 rdSe XetTrerat, AavXtSo? '^PX^

Trj<^ vnep Xatpcot'eta? • TrdXat yap T17? i^w KaXovp.4vrj<^ 'EXXa-

So? ^dpfiapoi TO. TToXXd (^Krjcrau. eVet Se t^v Kat Trfpei rd

e? OtXo/x'/yXai' i^eLpyacrfxeva Kal rd Trepl top \tvu vtto tcov

yvvaiKUiv . . . eXeiv cr(f)d<; 6 T-qpevs ovk ihvvaTO- /cat 6 jxev 9

80 eVeXevTi7cre^' eV rot? Meycipot? avro^etpta, Kat ot Td<^ov av-

TLKa exoicrav /cat dvovaiv dvd irdv ero^ xp-qcfncni' iv rrj Bvcria

dvTi ovXwv ^pw/>te^'ot /cat tov enoTra tov opviOa ivTavda

(pavrjvau TrpotTOv Xiyovcriv • at Se yvvat/ce? e'? /xei^ *Adyjva^

d(fiLKovTO, dpr]vov<Tai Se ota enadov /cat ota dvTeSpacrav vtto

85 oaKpvwv OLa(f)0eLpovTaL, Kai cr(^tcrt tt)!^ e'9 dr^Soi^a Kat X^^''"

odi'a fieTa^oXr^v iTT€(f)7JixL(Tav otl olfxaL Kal avTai at opviOe.^

iXeeivov Kal dpTJvo) ofjiOLOv aSovaLv.

42 ^Ecrrt Se Kat dXXr) Meyapevcnv d/cpoTToXt? aTrd 'AX/cct^ov 1

TO ovofia e^ovcra- e'? tovttjv ttjv aKpoTToXiv dviovaiv icxTLv

iv Se^ta Meyapew? fxvrjfxa, 09 /caret ri^i^ iTTtaTpaTeiav tcov

KprjTcov ^vpLfxaxo^ (T<f>L(TLv rjXOev i^ 'Oy^T^trrov. Set/c^'^r^at

5 Se /cat kdTia 6^o)v Tlpohofxecov KaXovfJievojv dvcrai Se' <j(f)Lcnv

72. Td<|>os Tt)p((os : on the story of — Image of Mem non— Council House

Tereus, I'rocne, and Philomela, see 1, — The temple of Athena— Temple and

5, 4 and note. images of Apollo— Nature of ebony—42. The Acropolis of Akathovs and End of the sons ofAlcathous— IJeroum

its antiquities— Alcathous and Apollo oj Ino.

202 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCli.42, 2

^A\Kadovv XeyovcTi npcjTov, ore t^? oiKoSo/xta? tov rei^ov?

efieXXev dp^ecrdat. rrjq 8e ecrrta? iyyvs TavTrjs ecrrt \ido<;,

i(J)' ov KaradtlvaL Xeyovcnv ATroWcova r-qv Kiddpav 'AkKado) 2

TO ret^o? avvepyat,6ix€.vov. . . . 817X01 re fxoi /cat rdSe w?

10 (Tvv€Te\ovv €9 ^Adrjvoiiovf; Meya/aet?- (^aiverai yap ttju 9v-

yarepa 'AX/cct^ov? Ilepi/BoLav dfxa Br^cret 7re/xi|/at /caret roi'

Sacr/xoi^ e? KpTJrrjv. Tore 8e avrw ret^t^oi^rt, w? ^aaiv 01

Meyapet?, (Xvvepydt^eTai re AttoXXwi^ /cat tt)!^ KiBdpav Kare-

OrfKev iirl tov \i6ov • rjv 8e tv^t^ l^akoiv rt? \\)y)^ZhL, Kara

15 TavTOL ovt6<; re rj^-qcre /cat Kiddpa KpovcrdeicTa. e'/xot 8e 3

TTapicr^e jxeu /cat rovro davjxdcrai, irapecT^e ok ttoXXw yLtct-

Xtora Aiyvvrrtcov 6 /coXocrcro?. ei^ Bi^^at? rat? AtyvTrrtat?,

Oia^dcri TOV NetXoi^ Trpo? ra? St^ptyya? /caXov/xeVa?, €1801^

8. 'AiroXXwva: see 1, 41, C, on the

building of tlie walls of Megara by

Alcathous. Theognis (vv. 773 sq.) rep-

resents Apollo himself as fortifying the

acropolis in honor of Alcathous. Ps.-

Verg. Ciris, vv. 105 sqq., has Megara

fortified by the joint labor of Alcathous

and Apollo and tells how one of the

stones, when struck, gave forth a mu-

sical tone like the note of a lyre. Ovid

(Met. 8, 14 sqq.) calls the walls of Me-

gara "vocal," due to Apollo's laying-

down his gilded lyre upon them ; and

he elsewhere (Tristia, 1, 10, 39) speaks

of " the walls of Alcathous."

17. Al-ywirTiwv 6 Ko\o<r<r6s kt\.: what

the Greeks called the statue of Mem-non was a colossal statue, carved out

of a single block of hard breccia, which

with a companion statue stood in front

of a temple of Amenophis III at Thebes.

The temple is gone, but the statues

still remain. Each is about sixty feet

high. Strabo (17. p. 210) says one was

complete, but of the other the upper

part had been thrown down by an

earthquake, and that once a day, at

sunrise, a sound proceeded from the

part of the broken statue which re-

mained in its chair ; he himself visited

the statue and heard it. The explana-

tion usually given is that the sound

was caused by the expansion of the

air in the crevices at sunrise, due to

the increase of temperature.— 18. irpos

tAs Svpi-yyas Ka\owfj.«vas : the Greeks

gave the name of avpiyyes or "pipes"

to the great necropolis which is hewnout of the rock in the range of lime-

stone hills to the west of Thebes.

Each sepulchral chamber is approached

through a series of passages, all subter-

ranean and hewn out of the rock. The

Tlieban kings of the eighteenth and

nineteenth dynasties are buried there.

See Strabo (17, p. 81G), Aelian (Nat.

Anim. 6, 43), Aramianus Murcellinus

(22, 15, 30), and Perrot et Chipiez,

Ilistoire de I'Art dans I'Antiquite, I,

200 sqq.

MEGARA 203

Ch. 42, 5

ert KaOrjfJieuov ayakyia r^^ovv— Me)u,i/ova 6vo\xdt^ovaiv ol

20 TToWoi, rovTOV yap (f>a(TiP i^ Ai^toTTia? bpyi-qOrjvai e? Atyi;-

TTTov KoX Tr)u OL^pi '^oxxTdiv dXXo. yap ov Mejxpopa ol ('')t]-

^aloL XeyovcTL, (i>afxevo)(f)a Se eti^at tC)v iy^copliov ov tovto to

dyaXfxa rjv, rjKovaa he rjSr) /cat XiaoidTpLv (fyafxevajv elvat

TOVTO TO dyaXfxa 6 Kafx^var)<; 8te/coi|/e- /cat pvv onocrov Ik

25 Ke(f)a\rj<; e? fxeaov acofxa icTTLP dneppLfMixepov, to 8e Xolttov

KaOrjTai re Kat dpd irdaav rjixepai' dvicr^ovTo<; rjXiov /8oa,

/cat Tov ^X^^ ixaXiCTTa elKdaet Tt<? KL6dpa<i rj Xvpa<; payeicnr)';

XopSrj<;.

MeyapevcTL Se ecrrt p.ev /BovXevTT]pLOP , TtfxdXKOv 8e '^v 4

30 TTore (o<; Xeyovai rac^o?, ov irpoTepov oXiyov TovTOiv ovk Icjyrjv

VTTO ^rjcreo}^ dTTodaveiv. (vKoSojxrjTai Se eVt ttJ Kopv(f)-^ Trj<;

d/c/DOTToXeoj? vao<; ^A6rjvd<;, dyaXp,a 8e icTTLP inixpycrov ttXtju

X^i-pcov /cat dKpcjv TTOocou • TavTa 8e Kat to TrpocroiTTOv Icttlv

iX€(f)avTO<;. /cat erepov iuTavOa lepov ^Adrjvd'; TreTTOtT^rat

35 KaXovp.€vr)<; Nt/ci)? /cat dXXo AlavTtSo^ • Ta 8e e? avro Meya-

p€(ov p.kv TrapeLTai rot? i^7]yr]Tal^^ iyo) 8e OTTOta vofiil^a) yevi-

crOaL ypdifjoj. TeXa/xwi/ 6 Ata/cov OvyaTpl 'AX/cd^ov Hepi^OLa

(TVPioKrjcrev • AtavTa ovv ttjv apx^jv Trfv \\XKd0ov SiaOe^d-

fxevov TTOLrj(TaL to dyaXjxa y^yovjxai Trj<; ^A0r)ud<;.

40 Tou 8e *AiroXXajpo^; ttXlvOov fiev vjv 6 dp^aio? va6<; vcrre- 5

pov 8e /3aa"tXev<? (pKohofxrjaep \\SpLapo<; XiOov XevKov. 6 pep

hr) riv^to? KaXovpepo<; /cat 6 AeKaTrj(f)6po<; rot? AtyuTrrtot?

paXicTTa eot/cacrt ^odpoi^, op 8e ^Apx'^y^Tiqp enopopd^ovcrLP,

40. ir\iv0ov : as to the use of the un- 'A8piav6s : Hadrian was a la\ ish patron

burnt brick in ancient Greek archi- of Megara (ef. 1,44, (i) and in return

lecture, see Frazer's note on 5, 16, 1. the Megarians named a tribe after him

An inscription (C.I.G.G.S. 42) dating (C.I.G.G.S. 72, 74, 101) and erected

between 242 b.c. and 223 b.c. speaks many statues in his honor (note on

of the repair of the temple of Apollo 1,40,2).— 6 . . . IlvOtos . . . Kal 6 Af-

at Megara. Here was also another KaTT]<|>6pos tois Al-yvirTCois • . ioLKOtri

sanctuary of Apollo (1, 44, 2). — 41. |odvois : this passage has been cited.

204 THE ATTICA OF PAUSAXIASCli. 42, 6

AlyLi^r)TLKOL<? €pyoL<; icrrlv oixolo<? • i^evov 8e iravra o/xotw?

45 7r€TTOLr)TaL. rjKovaa Se avSpos Kvirpiov hiaKpZvai vrda? e?

av6poiTTwv lacriv etSdro?, o? Tr]v e^evov (f)vXXa ovk e(f)r} (fivetv

ovok elpai Kapnov ovSeva dvr' avryj^ ovSe opacrSai to Trapd-

TTav avTTjv VTTO rjXCov, pit,a<^ 8e VTroyaiovq eluat, ravra? 8e

opvaaeiv tov<; At^toTra? /cat ai^Spa? eivai (rf^ttriv ot tt)!^

50 e^evov icracriv evpicrKetv. ecm 8e /cat ATJfir^Tpo'; lepou He- 6

(Tp.o(j)6pov. KaTLOvai Se ivrevdev Ka\Xt7T-dXtSo<? ixvijixd ianv^

AXkolOov TratSd?. eyevero 8e /cat aXXo? 'AX/ca^w irpea^v-

T€po(; vtd? 'lo'^Y^'^o^''^? ^'^ aTveaTeikev 6 iraTrjp Mekedypo) to

iv AxTOikia drjpiov crvve^aipricrovTa. dTTodav6vTO<; ok iuTavda

55 irpcoTO'; TedveoiTa eirvOeTO 6 KaXXtVoXt?, duaSpapoJu Se e'?

TT^v aKpoTToXiv— TiqviKavTa Se 6 TraTijp ol tm'

AttoXXojpl

ipcKaev— diroppLTTTeL to. ^vXa a,7ro tov /Sojixov • 'AX/ca^ov?

Se dpy]Koo<; wv €Tl Trjq 'icr^eTToXiSo? reXevri^? /caTeSt/ca{e^'

ov 7TOL€LV ocTta TOV KaXXt77oXt^' /Cat ev6eo)<; cog et^et* opyrj';

60 dueKTeLpe TratVa? e'<? 7171^ Ke(f)aXrji^ tmu dTroppL(f)€vT(ov oltto tov

jScofjiov ^vX(x).

Kara Se ttju e'9 to TrpvTaveiov ooop 'li^oC? Icttiv r^pfoov, 7

Trept Se avTO 6piyKo<^ XlOcou • Tre^v/cacrt Se eV avTW Kat

eXatat. povoi Se elcriv 'EXXi^jvcof Meyapet? ot XeyopTe^ top

05 veKpov T7J<? '\pov<i i<; to. napadaXdcrcnd cr(f)L(TLP eK-rreaeZv

TTj^ ^(jopa<;, KXr^crco Se Kat TaupoTToXtv evpelv tc /cat ddxjjat—on very insufficient grounds, to prove modeled, directly or indirectly, on

the direct dependence of early Greek Egyptian statues. See Collignon, Ilis-

art on the art of Egypt. SeeOverbeck, toirede la Sculpture Grecque, I, llTsq.

;

Gesch. d. gr. Tlastik'*, I, 37 sq.; A. S. Furtwaiigler, Meisterw. d. gr. Plastik,

Murray, History of Greek Sculpture^, pp. 712sqq.^— 40. ({>v\XaoxiK €4>t] 4>vei,v:

I, 70 sq. This dependence, however, this absurd belief was not shared by

has been maintained on other grounds Theophrastus (Hist. Plant. 4, 4, 6) or

by some writers. Thus the archaic Pliny (N. H. 12, 17 sqq.). Cf. Pans,

male figures known as the Apollos 2, 19, 3 ; 4, 32, 1 ; 7, 5, 5.

of Orchomenos, Tenea, etc., are be- 04. tov vsKpov ttjs 'IvoCs : cf. 1, 44,

lieved by these authorities to have been 7 sq. ; 4, 34, 7.

MEGARA 205

Cb. 43, 2

BvyaTepaf; Se avra? elvai KXr/crwi'o? rov Ae'Xeyo?— Kai Aeu-

Kodeav re ouofxacrOyjpaL irapa cr^iai Trpuyroi'i (f>acrLu avrrjv

Kai dvcrCau dyeup dpa ttolp €T0<;.

43 Aeyovcrt Se eti^at /cat 'l^tyfi^eta? r^pwop • aTTO^ai'eri' yap 1

/cat Tavriqp ip Meyapot?. eyto 8e T^KOvcra fiep /cat aXXoi/ €<?

*l(f)Ly€P€Lap Xoyop vtto 'ApKoiSop Xeyofxepop, otSa Se 'HcrtoSoi'

TToiTjcraPTa ip /caraXoyw yvpauKwp 'l(f)Ly€P€i,ap ovk oiTroOapeip,

5 ypcofXT) Se 'ApreJLttSo? 'E/cctrryi' eti^at • rovrot? Se 'HyadSoro?

ojLtoXoyoui'Ta eypai/ze Tavpous rov? Trpo? ttJ ^kvOiktj 0v€lp

Trap0€pa> tov<s pavayov<;, (jidpaL Se aurov? ti71' irapdepop 'l^t-

yepeiap elpai tt^p 'Ayafxcfxpopo^;. e^et Se napd Meyapevcn

Kol ^ASpacrro? Tip,d^ • (^acrt Se diroOapeZp vapd crcfiCai kol

10 rouTot', ore eXwi/ ©r^'/Sa? aTrrJyei^ OTTLcro) top arparop, atrta Se'

ot Tou Oapdrov yyjpa<? Kac ttjp AtytaXew? yepdadai reXevTijp.

/cat 'A/Dre/>ttSo9 Upop 6 ^AyafxepLPCop iwoLrjaep, rjPLKa rjXOe

Kdk^aPTa OLKOvPTa ip Meyctpot? e's iXtoj' eVecr^at TTeiaajp.

ip Se rw TrpxrrapeLcp T€0d(f)0aL pep F^vLinrop Meyapew? TratSa, 2

15 T€0d<f)0aL Se Tov 'AX/ca^ou Xiyovcnp 'icr^eVoXtz^. ecrrt Se roi)

43. Iphigenia — Adraslus— Graves was a temple with an image of her.

iu t^e rrytaneum— The rock Anacle- Herodotus does not mention tiie iden-

thra— Graves in the city— TheAesym- tification of Iphigenia with Hecate.

—

niuui— Worship of Iphinoe— Temples 9. "ASpao-ros: Dieuchidas, the native

of Aphrodite and of Dionysus with their historian of Megara, (juoted by Schol.

images— Temple of Tyche ivith image Pind. Nem. 9, 30, says that the ac-

by Praxiteles— Temple with statues by tual grave of Adrastus was in Megara,

Lysippus— Coroebus and his tomb in wiiile acenotapli of him was at Sioyon.

the market-place. —12. 'Apr^iiiSos Upov: not identical

1. 'I<{>i.'Y(v((as TipSov : on the Iphi- with the temiiie <if Artemis Soteira

genia legend, consult Roscher, Lexi- mentioned above, but situated prob-

kon s.v. Hdt. 4, 103 relates the story ably in the neighborhood of the Pryta-

here referred to him. Strabo, 7, p. 308, neum.

mentions a sanctuary of the Virgin in 14. Iv St t£ irpvravtlw : it is per-

the city of Tauric Chersonese, and says haps to be inferred that when a hero

that on a cape called Parthenium, enjoyed especial honor, his grave also

about eleven miles from the city, there was placed in a prominent position.

—

206 THE ATTJCA OF PAUSANIASCh.43, 3

irpvTaveiov irerpa TrXrjcrLOu- ^AuaKXrjdpiSa rrjv Trerpav ovo-

[xdt,ovcnv, CO? ArjfXTJTrjp, el to) iricTTd, ore ttjp TratSa ivXavaTO

^rjTovcra, /cat ipravda dveKoXecrev avTtjv. eot/cdra Se roj

Xoyo) SpcocTLv 69 rjixd'^ en at ^eyapewv yvvaiKe^;.

20 Etcrt 8e Td(f)OL Meyapevaiv ev Trj TToXec kol rov fxeu tols 3

OiTTodavovcnv eTToiiqa'av Kara ttjv eincrTpaTeiav tov Mr/Sov,

TO he AicnjjxvLou KoXoTupievov jjivrjixa rjv /cat tovto rjpcocoi>.

'Tirepiovo'^ he tov 'Ayajxefju/opos— ovTo<i yap Meyapeo)!/ e/3a-

atXevarev v(TTaTo<i— tovtov tov duhpo<; dTTo9av6vTO<i vtto

25 %avhiovo^ hid TrXeove^iav /cat vjSpiP, ftacnXevecrdai jxep ov-

/ceVt VTTO ipo<; eSd/cet (T^iatv, elvai he dp^ovTa^ atperov? /cat

dvd ixepo<s aKovetv dXXijXcop. ivTavOa Al(Tvp,vo<^ ovhevo<; ra

€9 ho^av Meyapecof hevTepo<; napd tov Oeov rjXOev e? AeX-

(f)Ov^, eXdcov he rjpcoTa Tpoirop rtVa evhaiixovijcrovcrL • /cat ol

30 /cat aXXa 6 deo<; ey(^prjcre /cat Meyapea<; ev Trpd^eLu, rjv fxeTa

TOiv TrXecopcov ^ovXevcriovTaL. tovto to eTro<^ e? Tov<i TeOueo)-

ra? e^eiv vofJLi^opTe<; jBovXevTyjptou evTavOa wKohojxrjcrav, Iva

(T<^i(Tiv o Td(f)o<? Toju rjpcocov eVro9 tov /BovXevTiqpLov yeVryrat.

'Fji>Tev9ep Trpd? to 'AXKddov ^ahil^ovcnv -qpcoop, w Meyapel<; 4

16. 'AvaKXtjOpiSa: in the Etymol. Maj^n. Euphron in that of Sicyon (Xen. Hell.

p. 96, s.\.' AfaKX-rjOpis, this rock is called 7, 3, 12) ; Philopoenien in that of Mega-

Anaclethris, and a similar story is told lopolis (C.I.G. 1530.); and Hrasidas in

of the origin of the name. front of the agora of Amphipo]is(Thuc.

20. Td4>oi MsYapevo-iv : only the he- 5,11).— 22. to Be Al(rv|j.viov: according

roic and worshiped dead were buried to Pausanias the Ae.synmium, which

within the walls of a city. The account was the grave of the heroes, must have

shows that the men who fell in the bat- been within the Council House. It was

ties against the Persians were regarded probably a chamber in wliich the offi-

as heroes in the religious sense. The cials called Ai(Tv/j.v7]Tai (C.I.G.G.S. 15)

epitaph composed by Simonides on the met. Here was probably a tomb of

Megarian dead is preserved (C.T. G. Aesymims, a mytliical personage in-

G.S. 53). Of other great Greeks, Co- vented to explain the name. See Pauly-

roebus and Orsippus were buried in the Wissowa, I, 1090, s.v. Aisymnetes;

agora of Megara (1, 43, 8; 1, 44, 1); Busolt, Griech. Staats-undKechtsalter-

Thersander in that of Elaea (9, 5, 14); turner^, pp. 46 ff.

MEGARA 207

Cli.43, 6

35 es ypafJLfiaTUjp (f)vXaKr)p i)(p(t)UTO in ifxov, fxprjua eXeyov

TO fxiP Ilvpyov<; elvai yvvaiKO'; ^AXkolBov TrpXv rj ttju Mc-ya-

peo)^ avTov kafielv KvaL^^jxiqv, to oe ^l(f)Lu6r)<; 'AX/ca^ov Ovya-

Tp6<;- dirodavelv Se avnju (f)a(TLP en TrapOevov. KadecrTrjKe

Se Tat9 Kopai^ X°^^ npos to Trj<; lcf)Lv6r}<; ixvrjfxa Trpo(T(f>€-

40 peLP TTpo ydfxov koI dndp^ecrOai, t(ov TpL^wv, KaSd /cat ttj

'EKaepyrj Koi "llTrtSt at dvyaTcpes ttotc direKeipovTo at Ai)-

f Xioiv. TTapd 8e Trjv ecroSov Trfv e? to Alovvctlov Td(f)o^ icTTLV 5

'A<TTVK/3aT€ta9 /cat Marrov? • 0vyaT€p€^ 8e rjcrav IloXvetSou

Tov Kotpdpov Tov "A^auTO'i tov MeXa/x7ro8o9 e's Meyapa

45 ik06pTo<; 'AXKdOovu eVt tw (poi^o) T(o KaXXtTrdXtSo? Kadrjpai

tov TratSd?. (pKohofiiqae S17 Kat tw Atoi^vtrw to tepoi' IloXvet-

S09 /cat ^oavov dveOrjKev dnoKeKpyfJifxei/ou i<j) rjfxiov ttXtju

TOV TTpoaMTTOv TovTo he icTTL TO (f)av€p6v. SdTvpo'i he irape-

(TTrjKev avTio U pa^LTeXov<; epyov Uapiov \l6ov. tovtou

50 fiev Srj UaTp^ov KaXovcxiv • erepov he Aiopvaov AacrvXXiou

eTTovop,dl,ovTe<; l^v)(TJvopa tov KoLpduov tov IloXvetSou to

ayaXfxa duaOeZvai Xeyovcn. fxeTa he tov Alopvctov to lepov 6

ecTTLu 'A^/3oStTT7? vao^, dyaXfxa he eXeit^ai^TOS ' AffypohiT-q ire-

TTOtyjixevop ITpa^t? iiTLKXyjaLu. tovto e<TTtv dp^aiOTaTov iv

65 Tw pa(p lleido) he /cat eTepa de6<i, rjv Ylaprjyopov 6vop.dt,ov(Tiv,

40. rfi 'EKae'pY]] Kai"I2Tri8i: cf. 5, 7, 01. 13, 105, with Schol.). Echenor is

8, iK tQv 'TirepPop^coi/ Kai avrai . . . a.(pi- called .son of Polyidus in Iloni. I.e. and

Kotn-o ii ArjXov, Hyperborean niaiden.s Schol. Find. 01. 13, 78.

perhaps identical with Artemis herself. 53. 'A<{>po8(Tt)s vouSs : named Aphro-

See Roscher, Lexikon, I, 2810 sqq.; disium in I'lut. Agesilaiis, 27; Xen.

Preller-Robert, p. 209. Hell. 5, 4, 58 mentions this temple,

46. IIoXvciSos . . . Evx^jvopa: here and says that once when Agesilaus

two descendants of Melampu.^!, Polyi- was in Megara a vein in his leg burst

dus and Echenor, are named as found- as he was ascending from the sanctuary

ersof sanctuaries of Dionysus. MelaTu- of Aphrodite to the government ofHce.

pus him.self was an important patron — 55. IIciOw : Peitho is the personiii-

of Dionysus worship. Polyidus was an cation of persuasion to love, and Pare-

illustrious seer (II. N, 663 sqq. ; Pind. gorus of consolation in unfortunate

208 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

Ch. 43, 7

epya TIpa^LTeXov; XKoira 8e "Kpco'; koI Ijutepo? kol

ll6do<;, el Sr] hLd(j)opd ian /cara ravxo roi? opofxaaL kol rd

epya (T(f)i.(rL. irXrjcTLOv 8e tov ttjs 'A^/3o8tn79 vaov Tv)(r]s

icrrlu lepou, H pa^LTeXov<; Kac avrrj re^urj- Kai eV rw vaco

60 Tw TTXr](TLOv Movaa<i /cat )(aXKovu Ata iTroLr](re Av(mnro<;.

"EcTTi Se Meyapeutrt /cat Kopoi^ov Td<f)oq • to. 8e e? avrov 7

€7717 Koti/ct o/xw? oVra rot? 'Apyetcov ivravOa S-qXaxro). eVi

KpoTcoTTOv Xeyovcriv iv "Kpyei ^acriXevovTO'; '^afxddrju ttju «

KpoTcoTTOv TEKelv TTolSa i^ 'ATT6XX(i)vo<;, i)^oix€i'rji> 8e tcrp^v/aw?

65 rov 7rar/309 8et/xart roi/ 7rat8a eKOelvai • /cat roi^ /lei' oia^Oei-

povaiv eVtrv^oi^re? e/c r'^g TToip.vrj^ Kvpe<^ T7]<i KpoTconov,'

AttoXXcou Se 'Apyetois is rrjv ttoXlp rrefXTrei UoLpyju. TavTTjv

Tovs 7rat8a9 o-Tro raji^ fxr^Tepajv (^acrlv apird^eiv, e? 6 Kdpot-

^og €? -^dpuv 'ApyeLOL<; (fyovevcL rrjv Uoivrji'. <f)Ovevcra<^ 8e—70 ov ydp dvUi a(f)d<; SevTepa iTmrecrovcra vocros XotyLtwSi^?—

KopoLJSos iK(i>p TjXOev eg AeX(^ov? v^i^wv 8i/ca9 rw ^ew tov

(jyopov Trj<; lloLprj^. iq jxep Srj to "Apyo<i dvacTTpi^eiv ovk eta 8

Kopoifiov 7] UvOia, Tpiiro^a 8e dpdp^evov (jiipeiv eKeXeveu eV

love. Peitlio is frequently portrayed lier left, may be copied from Praxitr-

in art, especially on vases, but Vnvf - les' statue. See ludioof-Blumer and

gorus is not elsewhere mentioned.

—

Gardner, Nunnsm.Conim.onPaus. p. 7,

56. "Ep(os Kal "I(i€pos Kal IIoBos : see with pi. A, xiv. — 00. Avcriiriros : prob-

Preller-K()bert,p.502,concerningtheHe ably a pedestal found in Mcgara, con-

personifications of Love, of Desire, sisting of a number of ancient blocks

and of Yearning. Urlichs, Skopas, of gray marble, and bearing the in.scrip-

p. 89, conjectured that these three tion Qtfpaixivrjz Tif^o^epov dv4d7]Ke, \v-

images of Scopas stood facing the old miriros iiroiei, supported this group of

ivory image of Aphrodite and the two statuary. The inscription seems to

images of Peitho and Paregorus by date from the end of the fourth century

Praxiteles, each triplet of images being b.c. See A.M.. X (1885), 145-150.

placed on a single pedestal.— 58. Tv- 01. KopoCpov Td<|)os" rd 8s is avrov

\r\s: the type of Fortune on coins of iin\KT\.: Statius, Theb. 1, 579sqq., and

Megara, representing the goddess as a Conon, Narrat. 19, tell the story of

draped woman standing with a cup in Coroebus and Psamathe, with moreher right hand and a horn of plenty in picturesque details.

MEGARA 209

Ch.44, 2

Tov lepov, Kat evda av iKneorr) ol (pepovn 6 rpiVov?, iuravOa

75 'A7r6Xk(x)PO<; otKoSo/xrJtrat i^aoi^ kol avTOv oi/c>ycrat. Kat 6

Tpmov^i Kara to 6po<^ ttjv TepavCav drroXLaOcju eXaOeu avTov

iKirecroiv • koX TpLTTohL(rKov<i Kcoprjp ivravSa OLKicrai. Ko-

poL^o) Se icTTL rd(j)o<; iv rfj Meyapeoji> dyopa • yeypaiTTai

8e eXeyeta to. e? "^ap-ddrju /cat ra €? avTov e^ovra Kopot/Sop,

80 Kat hrj Kat iTriOrjpd icTTt t(o Td(f)co K6poi^o<; (ftovevcjv Trjv

HoLvrju. Tavra dydX/xara TraXatdrara, oTTOcra \idov TreTTOir]-

fxeva icTTLu EXXrjcni', ISdu olSa.

44 Kopoi/^ov 8e reOanTaL ttXtjctlou "Opcmnro';, 09 Trepte^wcr/jte'- 1

I'aj^' eV rot? dyoicrt Kara 87) TraXatot' ei^o? roii^ dOXrjTcov 'OXv/x-

TTta (TTp(OTO<;'> ipLKa crrdSLOP hpap-div yvfxvos. <^acrt 8€ Kat

(TTpaTTjyovuTa varepou tov Opcnmrop aTroTefxeadaL ^(opav

5 TOiV TTpOCrOLKCOV " 8oKa> 8e ol KOL ip 'OXu/XTTta TO TTepL^ojfxa

eKOPTL irepLppvrjpat, ypoPTi oj? dpSpo^ TTepLeC,ojcrp,epov hpapelv

pdojp icTTiv dpTjp yvfxpos- iK 8e ttJs dyopdq KaTiovcTL ttj^ 2

77. TpiiroSCo-Kovs Kii|niv : Thucydi- plai/er Telephnnes— ThcScironianWny

des (4, 70) speaks of this as a village and the rock Moluris— Ino and Melt-

in the territory of Megaris at the foot certes— The robber Sciron — Temple

of Mt. Gcrania. The remains of the of Zeus Aphesius— Images of Aphm-village are to be seen about six miles dite, of Apollo., and of Pun — Tmnb 0/

northwest of Megara, at the entrance Eurystheus— Temple ofLatonn Apollo.

to the pass which leads through tlie 1 . "Opcriinros : a copy of the epitaph

mountains to the Isthmus of Corinth. on Orsippus's grave was found in Me-

Three forms of the name occur, Tripo- gara in 17C9 engraved on a bfock of

discus (Thuc. I.e.), Tripodiscium (Stra- stone, in the Megarian dialect (C.I. G.

bo, 0, p. 304), and Tripodisci (Paus.). 1050 ; C.I.G.G.8. 52). This epitaph

— 78. y^'YpairTat 8( ^Xcycia ktX. : these was manifestly the source of Pausa-

versesarepreservedin Anthol.Palat. 7, nias's information. The victory of Or-

154. sippus was won in 01. 15 (720 b.c).

44. Orsippns— Temple of Apollo See Eu.seb. Chron. vol. 1, p. 105, ed.

Prostaterius with statues— A Gymna- Schiine. The war in wliich Orsippus

slum ivith antiquities— Antiquities of gained distinction was jjrobably waged

Nisaea and of Pagne— Worship of against Corinth, which claimed, under

Melanthus in Aegosthena — Grove of the Racchid dynasty, suzerainty over

Autonoe in Erenia, and of the flute- Megara, till the Megarians revolted and

210 THE ATTICA OF PACSANIAS

680U Trjs Eu^eta? /caXou/xeVr^g ATr6W(ouo<i lepov icTLv iu

Se^ta Upo(TTaTr]piov tovto oXCyou iKTpairevTa ecTTLu ck T179

10 ohov duevpelv. 'AnoXkcjv 8e iu aurw /cetrat ^ea9 oi^LO<; kol

"AprefiL'; /cat At^tcu /cat aXXa ayakfxaTa eVrt . . . II/Da^tre-

A.OU9 TTOLTJcravTos ArjTU) kol ol Tratoe?. ecrrt oe eV rw yvjxpa-

cri(i> T(p dp^aLco TrXrfaiov ttvXoju KaXovyievwv Nvp.fjidocji' Xidos

7rap€^6p.evo<^ TTvpap.iho<^ (T^rjp.a ov fxeydXrj'^- tovtov 'AttoX-

15 XcDva d^'o/xa^ouo"t Kaptuou, Kat EtXet^vtwi^ icmv ii>Tav9a lepov.

Tocravrd acfaaLv i<; eVtSet^ti' Trapet^ero rj TrdXt? • €9 8e to

iiTLveiov, KaXovpeuou /cat e's r^pid'^ ert Ntcratai^, e? rouro /ca-

TeXdovaiv lepov H^rjprjTpo^ ecrrt MaXofftopov Xeyerat 8e Kat

threw off the yoke (Schol. Find. Nem.

7, 155).

8. 'AiroXXwvos Upov : two inscrip-

tions, dating from the third century

B.C., with dedications to Tutelary

Apollo have been found at Megara

(C.I.G.G.S. 39, 40).— 12. A^tJ. Kal ol

iraiSes : there were also images of La-

tona and her children by Praxiteles in

a temple at Mantinea (8, 0, 1). The

one group was perhaps a replica of the

other. Coins of Megara present a group

of Apollo standing between Latona and

Artemis, probably a copy of the Praxi-

telian group. See Imhoof-Blumer and

Gardner, Nuniism. Comm. on Pans. pp.

7, 154, with pis. A, x, FF, ii.— 13. Nvji-

<t>d8wv : since Pausanias, after mention-

ing the old gymnasium, quits Megara

and proceeds to the port, the Gate of the

Nymphs must have been on the south

side of Megara, and probably through

this the road to the poi't passed. An in-

scription (C.I.G.G.S. 31) mentions a

certain Matroxcnus, who was "master

of the gymnasium in the Olympieum."

This gymnasium in the Olympieum (1,

40, 4) was probably the new one. ^14.

xvpa}ii(8os <rxfi|i.o : on some coins of Me-

gara an obelisk appears between two

dolphins, probably a copy of the pyram-

idal image of Apollo. See Imhoof-

Blumer and Gardner, Numism. Connn.

on Pans. p. 0, with pi. A, viii. — 15. El-

\€iOviwv . . . Upov : Homer (II. A, 270)

mentions these goddesses in the plural.

10. «s 8s TO €ir£v€iov: Thuc. 4, GO says

the distance from Nisaea to Megara

was about eight stadia. Wiien Megara

joined the Athenian alliance about 459

B.C., the Athenians constructed and

garrisoned two long walls between Me-

gara and Nisaea (Thuc. 1, 103). But

in 424 B.C. the Megarians seized the

walls and razed them to the ground.

Phocion rebuilt them in the following

century (Plut. Phocion, 15); and Stra-

bo speaks as if they still existed in his

time. At present hardly any remains

of these walls can be pointed out. The

hill of St. George on the eastern side of

the harbor appears to have been the

acropolis of Ni.saea, mentioned by Pau-

sanias. lluins of the fortifications may

NISAEA 211

Cli.44, 4

aX\a es t-tjv liriKkiqcnv /cat Tov<i TrpatTov^ vpo^aTa iu rfj yrj

20 0p€\f}avTa<i ATjfJLTjTpa ovojxaaai Ma\o(f)6pou, karappx/rjuat 8e

T(o lep(o TOP 6po(f)ou TeKfiaipoLTO av rts vtto tov \p6vov. koI

OLKpoTToXif; ecTTLP ivTuvda 6vop.at,op.ev7) /cat avTr^ NtVata-

/cara/3acrt Se e/c T179 a/cpoTToXew? pprjixd ecTTv Trpo<; daXdaaj)

Ae\eyo9, oV onfuKoixeuov ^acriXevo'at Xeyouo'tt' e^ AtyvTrrov,

25 TratSa 8e eti^at IlocretSwi'os /cat At^ur^s ttJs 'ETTct^ou. irapij-

/cet Se irapd ttju Niaatau vrjcrof; ov ixeydkr] Mti'wa- IvravOa

Iv TIO TToKefXCi) TO) TT/DOS NtCTOt' TTapoipjxei TO VaX/TlKOV TWU

Kpr]T(x)v. r) 8e opeipr) r^? MeyaptSo? 7179 BotcKTaJv laTiv 4

ofxopos, ^vfj

Meyapevdi Ilayat 770X19, irepa Se Atyoc^ei/a

30 w/ctcrrat. toucrt Se e? to,? Ilayag eKTpaTTop.4voi^ oXiyov rrj^

X€(o(j)6pov nerpa Sei/ci/vrat Sta Trctcn^s e\ov(ja e'/xTrcTn^yora?

be traced.— 26. vfi<ros ov (ic-ydXt] Mt-

v(ja: the lower hill on the western side

of the harbor appears to have been

what Thuc. 3, 51, and Pausanias call

the island of Minoa. Thucydides (I.e.)

speaks of it as an island off Megara,

not far from the shore, to which it was

united by a bridge built over a shoal.

The Megarians u.sed the island as a

fort, but in 427 n.r. it was captured by

the Athenians and fortified by them,

with a view to blockading Megara. In

424 they captured Nlsaea also (Thuc.

4, 69). In the treaty of 423 they re-

tained Minoa and Jv'isaea but under

rigid restrictions (Thuc. 4, 118).

29. Ila-yaC: I'agae or Pegae (so, Attic

writers and others, Thuc. 1, 103, 107,

111, 115; Plut. Pericles, 19) was a port

on the w'estcoastof Megaris,on the Gulf

of Corinth. The distance from I'agae

to Ni.saea was one hundred and twenty

stadia (Strabo, 8, p. 334). When Me-

gara joined Athens in 459 b.c, the

Athenians took and held Pasac for

some years, but evacuated it in 445 n.c,

w hen they concluded the Thirty Years'

Peace with Sparta (Thuc. I.e.).— Al-

yoo-Ocva: the ruins of Aegosthena are

to be found on the west shore of Mega-

ris, at the head of a bay now called

Porto Germano, formed by a western

projection of Mt. Cithaeron on the

north and by the mountains of Megara

on the south. The walls of the town are

amongst the finest and best preserved

of ancient Greek fortifications. The

place is rarely mentioned by ancient

writers. Xen. Hell. 5, 4, 17 sq. tells of

a storm which in 378 n.c. wrought

havoc in a Lacedaemonian army imder

Cleombrotus as they were approaching

Aegosthena; and Xen. Hell. 6, 4, 25s(i.

tells how the I,acedacmonian army,

retreating after the disaster at Leuctra,

were met at Aegosthena by reenforce-

ments under Archidanuis.— 31. ir^rpa:

Pausanias has now turned northward

and is following the road to Pagac,

a port on the Gulf of Corinth. In tho

212 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh. 44, 5

oiaTovs, £5 17V ol MrjSoL irore iro^evov iv Trj vvktL iv Se

rat? nayat? ^e'a? VTreXeineTO a^iov 'Apre/xtSos Xwretpa? eVt-

kXtjctlv ^aXKOu^' ayaXfjia, fxeyedei rco irapa M.eyapevcriv laov

35 /cat cr)(yjixa ovoeu Oia(f)6pco<; €)(^ou. /cat AtytaXew? iuTavOd

icTTLU TJpWOV TOV ^AhpOLCTTOV TOVTOV JOip, OTE 'A/3yetOt TO

Sevrepov e? Hyj^a<; icrTpaTevcrav, vtto tt^v TrpwTrjv p.d)(rjv

77^69 TXicrdi'TL diToBavovTa ot 7Tpocry]KovTe<; e? ITaya? ttJ?

MeyaptSo? KoiJLLcravTe<; dd-rTTovat, kol AlyidkeLov ert KaXetrat

40 TO Tjpcoov. iv Alyocrdevotq Se MeXayiA77o8o9 tov 'A/xv^aoi^o? 5

icTTiv lepov Kai dvrjp ov /xeya? CTretpyacr/xeVo? eV (TTTJXr) /cat

0-uov(TL Tft> MeXayLtTTOot Kat ai/a Trai^ ero? lopTTjv dyovcrt. jxav-

Tev€(T0aL oe ofTe ot' oveipdrav avTOP ovre aXXw? Xeyovac.

/cat ToSe Se dkXo rjKovcra iu 'Epej^eta t^ Meyapecov Kcofxr),

45 AvTovorfv TTfv Kdofxov T(p T€ 'A/cTatojvo? davdroi, <jvp.^dvri

W9 XeyeTai, /cat t^ vdarj tov olkov tov TTarpuiov T-u^rj Treptcr-

crorepov dXyovcrav ivravda ek Stj^wv ixeTOLKyjcraL • /cat Av-

Tov6r)(; fjLurjfxa i(TTiv iv rfj Kcofxr) TavTy.

'loucrt Se e'/c M.eydpo)V e'9 Kopuvdov aXXot Te etcrt rdtfiOL /cat 6

50 avXiqTOv %apiiov TrjXe(f)dvov<i • TTOirjcrai Se TOt* Td(f)ov KXeo-

Trdrpav rrjv ^LXtmrov tov 'AfivvTov Xeyovcrt. Kat Ka/oo? tou

^opoivio)'; jxvrjfxd icm, to jxev i^ dp)(yj'g ^Wjota y>??, vcTTepov

Se Toi) ^eov ^prjcravTo^ iKoajxyjOr] XiOco Koy)(LTr]. fx6voi<; Se

neighborhood of Tripodisci there rises and railway, along the southern shore

on the south of the road a height now close to the sea. He therefore passed

called Karydi ("walnut-tree"), on the through the necropolis now to be seen

rocky summit of which there are many a little to the southwest of Megara.

holes. Tiiese holes gave rise to the fable — 50. Tt]Xe<|>dvovs : Telephanes, the

which is cited here by Pausanias. Samian flute-player, was a contempo-

40. McXd|j.iro8os : Mr. A. B. Cook, rary of Demosthenes, who speaks well

CI. Rev. VIII (1894), .381 sqq., presents of him (21, 17, p. 520). He is men-

some specious reasons for holding that tioned also in Athen. 8, p. 351 e. The

Melampus was originally a goat deity. epitaphouhistombbyNicarchusispre-

49. CK Me-ydpoiv : from Megara Pan- served in Anthol. Palat. 7, 150. — 53.

sanias proceeded to Corinth by the Xt9w ko-yx'tt] : Dodwell (Tour, II, 178)

route now followed by the highroad thus describes this stone : "A soft and

SCIRONIAN ROAD 213Ch. 44, 8

Fi\krjv(op Meyapevaiu 6 Koy^irr]^ ovto'; ecrrt, /cat cy^icriv

55 [/cai] eV TTj TToXet TrenoirjTai ttoXXo, i^ avTov. ecm 8e ayav

\evKO<i /cat aXXou Xidov /xaXa/coirepo? • /coy^ot Se at daXdcr-

(Ttat 8ta TTtti'TO? eveicriv ot. ouro? /xe^* Totovro? eVrtz/ 6 \ido<; •

TTjv Se 6po^a[,ofji€vr]v ano ^Kipoivo<; /cat e? roSe <6Soi'> S/ct-

pwi^, yjvLKa Meyapevcnv eVoXe/Ltap^et, irpoiTo^ cu? Xeyovati^

60 iTToirjcev avhpdaiv oheveiv ev^copoi^- \\.SpLavo<; 8e [6] y8a-

crtXev? Kttt ovT(W9 tu? /cat appara ivavria ikavprjTat KaTecrrrj-

creu €vpv)^(oprj re /cat imTrjSeLap elpai,.

Aoyoi 8e etcrtt' e? ra? TreVpa? at /caret to cTTevov Trj<; oSov i

pLokicrTa dve^ovcriv, i<; p.kv Tr)p MoXovpiSa, w? diro ravri^?

Go avTTjv e? dakacrcrav 'li^co pixjiaL MeXiKepTrju e^oucra rait' Trat-

ooii^ Toj/ p€(OT€pov * Toi^ yci/a o-]^ Tvpe<j^vTepop avTcjp Aeapyop

oiTT€KT€LPep 6 TTaTijp. XeycTat fxep oij kol papevra Spacrat

Tavra ^AddpapTa, Xeyerat 8e /cat cJ? e? tt^i' 'ifoi /cat roix; i^

avTrj<; 7rat8a? ^prjcraiTO dKparel tco Bvpco top crvpfidpra '0/3-

70 ^opepioif; Xipop /cat top SoKovpTa ^pC^ov OdpaTov alcrdope-

po<;, ov TO delop oltlop ov yepecrOai, ^ovXevcrai 8e eVt TO-uTOL<i

irdcTLP 'it'w prjTpvLap ovcrap- TOTe 8e (f)evyovaa i<; ddXaaaap 8

porous compound of pelrifled sliells built a fortification-wall across tlie isth-

and marine substances, that are easily mus (Ildt. H, 71).

decomposed and crumbled into dust." 04. cs \i.iv tt]v MoXovpiSa . . . 'Iv«

Cf. Curtius, Peloponnesus, I, H. — ... M<XiKepTT)v : Seliol. I'ind. Istlim.

58. TTjv St 6vo|ia^o|i€vt]v diro 2K£pw- Introd. p. '>!'), ed. Boeckh, and Schol.

vos Kttl ^s ToSc ktX. : Strabo (9, p. :5!tl) Lycophron, 229, agree in saying that

describes the difficulties and dangers Ino fled with the infqnt Melicertes over

of this famous pass along the sea-cliffs, Mt. Gerania and thing herself and him

known in antiquity as the Scironian from the Molurian rock into the sea.

road (Hdt. 8, 71). Alciphron (:], 70) Cf. Zenob. 4, MB ; Lucian. Dialog! Mar-

speaks of the robbers who here lay in ini, 8, 1.— 08. Xiytrai: this is the well-

wait for travelers. It was easy to make known story of Helle and Phrixus, whosuch a pass impassable. Hence, after wereonthepointofbeingkilled through

tlie annihilation of Leonidas and liis the wiles of their stepmother Ino, and

men at Thermopylae, the Peloi)onne- who were carried away through the air

sians blocked the Scironian road and on the ram with the golden fleece. It is

214 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIASCh. 44, 9

avrrjv koL rov TraiSa airo Trj<; Trer/Da? T179 MoA.ov/9tSo9 0,^117-

(Tiv, efeve^^eWo? Se e? roi/ KopLvdicov ladixov vtto SeX^ii^o?

75 0J9 \4yeTai tov Tratoo?, rt/xal /cat aXXat to* M.eXLKepTrj oloou-

rai jxeTovojjiacrdei'Ti UaXaifjiovL kol to)v ^Icrdfiioju eV avT(o

TOV aywva ayovcri. ttjv jxep orj MoXovpioa TTerpav AevKO-

0€a<; Koi ITaXatjaofO? lepav rjyrjPTO • ra? Se /xerct ravrqv

vojXL^ovcnp ivayelf;, oti TrapoiKOiv cr^icriv 6 SKipoiv, ottoctol^

80 T(x)v ^evcDV iireTvy^avev, rj(f)Lei o"<^a? e? Tr]i> OdXacrcrav. ^€-

XoiVT) 8e vTT€i>y]^eTo rat? Trerpai? rou? eV^XT^^eWa? dpTrdl^eLp •

ettrl Se at OaXdcrcnaL ttXt^v jxeyeOov; Kal tto^cop ofxoLaL rat?

^epcratat?, TToSa? Se loiKora'^ e^ofcrt rat? (f)(OKaL<s. tovtcdv

TreptyjXOev rj Slkt] XKipcova d^eOevra e? ddXatrcrav rrjv avrrfv

85 VTTO ©T^creoj?. evrt Se rov 6pov<? rfj aKpa Ato? icmv ^Acfyecrtov 9

KaXovfxevov vao?* (f>aal Se eVt rou crvfifidpTO'? irore. toI<;

KXXyjcrip av)(fJiov 6v(javTO<; AlaKov Kara ot] tl Xoyiop t(o

TlaveXXrjvLO) Att eV Alyivrj . . . KOfxicravra Se dcfyelvaL kol Sta

rovTo 'A(f)€(TLOv KaXelcrdat top Aia. evTovOa /cat 'A(f)pooLTri<;

90 dyaXjjLa /cat 'AttoXXoji/o? eVrt Kat Ilai'o?. irpoeXBovcn Se e'9 10

told at greater length by Zenobius (4, Xwvq : hence Sciron was said to feed the

38) and Hyginus (Fab. 2). tortoise (Schol. Eur. Hippol. 979). The

70. Twv 'I<r9(j.£«v : cf. 2, 1, 0. Schol. death of Sciron is depicted on vase-

Pind. Istlun. Introd. p. 514, ed. Boeckh, paintings, and in some of them the tor-

explains that when the corpse of Meli- toise is represented as waiting below

certes was washed ashore on the Isth- for its prey. It is also the subject of

mus, a famine befell Corinth, and an one of the sculptured metopes of the

oracle declared it would not cease until so-called Theseum at Athens,

the people paid the due obsequies to 85. Aios . . . *A<J)€<riov KaXovpi^vov

Melicertes and honored him with fu- vaos: the site of this sanctuary, about an

neral games. When they afterwards hour and a half southwest of Megara,

omitted the games, the famine came on an eminence above the road to Cor-

again, and the oracle told them that inth,was excavated in 1889. The temple

the honors paid to Melicertes must be was a tiny building, about twenty feet

eteriial. All the most famous Greek long and fourteen feet wide, consisting

games— the Isthmian, Nemean, Olym- merely of a cella with a portico facing

pic, and Pythian— appear to have southeast. See A.M. XIV (1889), 327;

been originally funeral games.— 80. \t- 'E0. 'kpx- 1890, pp. 35 sqq., 03 sq.

LATOAN APOLLO 215

<:b. 44, 10

TO irpocro) fxvrjfxd Icttiv EvpvarOeuj's • (f>€V'youTa Se e/c rrjq 'Arrt-

Krj<; fieTOi Tr)p 7rpo<; 'H^a/cXetSa? jaa^T^j/ ivravOa airoOavilv

avrov VTTO 'loXaou Xeyovaiu. e/c raun^? r^? oSov KaTa^acnv

Att6W(i)vo^ lepou icTTL Aarwov /cat /ler' avro Meyapevcnf

95 o/Dot 77/309 Trjv Kopivdiap, €P0a TWop top 'H/aa/cXeou? fiopo-

ixa^rjaai irpo^; top 'A/D/caSa "E^e/xov Xeyovcrti'.

91. Evpv<r6c<i>s : according to Apol- to Alcmena, who had him put to death,

lod. 2, 8, 1, Eiirystlieus, after hi.s de- — 94. 'Air^XXwvos Upov : after passing

feat in Attica, fled in his chariot, but tiie long line of tlie Scironian cliffs the

was overtaken at the Scironian rocks road descends into a little plain beside

and slain by Ilyllus, who cut off his the sea, where at present is a small

head and brought it back to Alcmena. .settlement named Kincta. The sane-

According to Eur. Ileracl. 859 sqq., tuary of Latoan Apollo was probably in

lolaus took Eurystheus prisoner at tlie this neighborhood.— 95. tv9a "YXXov ;

Scironian rocks, and brought him back see 1, 41, 2, note.

APPENDIX

A. MANUSCRIPTS

The text of Paiisanias lias been liaiided down to us in wretched condi-

tion. It contains a number of bad faults and a great many lacunae for which

the author is not to blame. The extant manuscripts are without exception

of late date and were not transcribed by the best copyists. Schubart, to

whom we are indebted for the first careful collation of the manuscripts,

has shown that they go back to one archetype, but that there already

existed in the archetype a raria Jfctio, introduced above the lines and on

the margin, so that the copyists had really two recensions to choose from.

In some instances they preferred the reading of the text ; in otliers they

chose the marginal reading; and at times they even took both, either by

noting the variation on the margin or by embodying the two ideas in the

text. The manuscripts are more than twenty in number and date chiefly

from the loth century. Ilitzig has brought the critical ajij^aratus of the

Schubart-Walz edition up to date and has revised the text in the light of

forty years of modern scholarship. For a full discussion of the manu-

scripts consult the prefaces of Schubart, Hitzig, and Spiro. The princi-

pal manuscripts are divided by Ilitzig into three classes, in order of

excellence as follows :

Class I.^— Codex Leidensis 10 K, La, of the loth and 16th centuries;

in five parts by four different hands.

Codex Parisinus 1410, Pc, written by Michael Suliardus in

1491 ; closely related to La.

Codex Parisinus 1411, Pd, of the 15th century; closely re-

lated to Pc.

Codex Angelicus 2 c ii, Ag, of the 14th or the beginning

of the 15th century; akin to La and Pd.

Codex Laurentianus Pint. LVI 10, Fa. of the 15th century,

with marginal glosses; it accords very frequently with Ag.

Codex Laurentianus Pint. LVI 11, Fb, of the 15th century;

it is perhaps copied from Fa.

2](J

APPENDIX 217

Class II.— Codex Vaticanus 50, Vt, of the 16th century.

Codex Mos(iueii.sis, M, probably of the 14th century.

Codex Monacensis 404, Mo, of the Kith century; it is al-

most identical with M.

Codex Venetus 413, Vn, of the l.lth century.

Codex Leidensis 1(5 L, Lb, of the lilth century.

Class III. — Codex Pari.sinus 1:599, Pa, of the l.")th century.

Codex Xeapolitanus iii A 10, N, of the ].5th century.

Codex Vindobonensis Ilist. Gr. XXIII, Va, of tlie ICth

century.

Codex Vindobonensis Hist. (ir. LI, Vb,of the 10th century.

B. EDITIONS

Editor Plack PlBLISHER Date

Editio Princeps (M. Musurus) Venice Aldus bjK!

Xylander-Sylburgius Frankfort Hered. A. Weclieli \rmXylander-Sylbu rgius Hanover Typis Wechelianis 1013

Kuhnius Leipzig Fritsch lOiMJ

Facius Leipzig Weigel 1704

Clavier Paris Eberhart 1814

Siebelis Leipzig Weidiuann 1822-1828

Bekker Berlin Reimer 1820-1827

Schubart and Walz Leipzig Ilahn 1838-1839

Dindorf Paris Didot 1845

Schubart Leipzig Teubner 1853-1854

Schubart Leipzig Teubner 1875

Weise Leipzig Tauchnltz 1877

Hitzig and Bluemner Leipzig Keisland 1890

Spiro I^ipzig Teubner 1003

For a full description of the early editions and translations, see Dibdin,

T. F., An Introduction to the Knowledge of Rare and ^'aluable Editions

of the Greek and Latin Classics, London lSi27; Mons, J. 11'.. Manual of

Classical Bibliography, London LS^.j; S<-liiirif/ei\ F. L. A., Ilandbuch der

klassischeu Bibliographie, Leipzig 1830-1834.

218 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

C. TEANSLATIONS

Language TRAXSLATOn

Latin Calderinus

Latin Amasaeus

Latin Loesclier

Latin Amasaeus

LatinAmasaeus (with

Sylburg ed.)

Italian Bonnaccinoli

Italian Nibby

German Goldhagen

German AViedasch

German Siebelis-Keiclian

German Schubart

French Gedoyn

Frencli Clavier

English U. Price

Englisli Thomas Taylor

English Frazer

Place Publisher Date

Venice

RomeBernardin 1498

1547

Basle Oporimis 1550

Florence Torrentinus 1551

Frankfort Wechelri624

tlG70Mantua Osanna 1593

Rome Poggioli 1817

Berlin Reimerf 171)5-17(56

1 1798-1799

Munich Fleischmann 182(5-1833

Stuttgart Metzlerri827

U858Stuttgart Hoffmann 1857-18(53

'1731

Paris Nyon - 1733

^1797

Paris Eberhart 1822-1828

London Evans 1780

London

London

Jeffry

Macmillan

r 1793

1 1824

18tK)New York

D. COMMENTARIES AND WORKS BEARING ONPAUSANIAS

1. WHOLE BOOKS AND LARGER TREATISES

Harrison, Jane E., and Verrall, Margaret de G.: Mythology and Monu-

ments of Ancient Athens, being a translation of a portion of the Attica of

Pausanias by Mrs. Verrall with introductory essay and archaeological com-

mentary by Miss Harrison, London and New York, Macmillan, 1890;

Ilitzig, II., and Bluemner, II.: Pausaniae Graeciae Descriptio, edited witli

apparatus criticus by Ilitzig, with commentary etc. by Hitzig and Bluem-

ner, Leipzig, Reisland, 189G ; Frazer, J. G.: Pausanias's Description of

Greece, translated with a commentary. Six volumes, London and NewYork, Macmillan, 1898; Imhoof-Blumer, F., and Gardner, P.: Numismatic

Commentary on Pausanias (J. H. S. vi, 1885, 50-101; vii, 1886, 57-113;

APPENDIX 219

viii, 1887, 6-63); Kalkmann, A.: Pausanias der Perieget, Untersuchungeu

tiber seine Schriftstellerei und seine Quellen, Berlin 1886; Gurlid, W.:

Ueber Pausanias, Graz 1890; Bencker, M. : Der Anteil der Periegese an

derKunstscliriftstellerei der Alten, Munich 1890; Ileherdey, R.: Die Reisen

des Pausanias in Griechenland (Abh. d. arch, epigr. Seminars der Uni-

versitat Wieu x, Vienna 1894).

2. IMPORTANT ARTICLES

V. Wiknnowllz, Hermes xii (1878), 365 ff. ; Schoell, Hermes xiii (1879),

432 ff.; Brunn, Jb. f. Kl. Philol. xxx (1884), 23 ff.; Enmann, ibid. 497 ff.;

r. Si/lel, ibid, xxxi (1885), 177 ff.; Lolling, Gott. Gel. Anz. 1890, 627 ff.;

Well, Berl. Philol. Woch. 1890, 1101 ff.; Flschbach, VVien. Stud, xv (1893),

161 ff. ; Kalkmann, Arch. Anz. 1895, 12 ff.; Woch^muth in Pauly-Wissowa,

Realencycl. Suppleni. i, 200 ft"., 1903; Carroll, George Washington Univer-

sity Bulletin vi (1907), No. 3, 61 ff.

3. SELECT DISSERTATIONS

Bikkh : De Pausaniae stilo Asiano, 1824 ; Braiisf : Commentationes cri-

ticae de quibusdam locis Pausaniae Periegetae, 1851 ; Krueycr: Theologu-

mena Pausaniae, 1860; Ilitziy: Beitr. z. Texteskritik d. Pausanias, 1873;

Ilitzly : Weitere Beitr. z. Texteskritik d. Pausanias, 1876; Koeniy : DePausaniae fide et auctoritate in historia mythologia artibusque fJraecorum

tradendis praestita, 1832; Pfundtner: Pausanias Periegeta imitator Ilero-

doti, 1866 ; Pfuiultner: Des Reisebeschreibers Pausanias Lebens- und (Jlau-

bensanschauungen, 1868; Sclteffler : Ueber die Personlichkeitdes Periegeten

Pausanias, 1880; Starch: Syntaxeos Pausanianae part. I de anacoluthis,

1869; Starch: Syntaxeos Pausanianae capp. viii, 1872: Wernicle: De.

Pausaniae Periegetae studiis Ilerodoteis, 1884 ; Tiueyer: Die Pra]K)sitionen

bei Pausanias. Beitrag zur historischen Syntax der griechischen Sprache,

1889.

E. ATHENS AND ATTICA

1. GENERAL WORKS

On the older literature pertaining to Athenian topography, consult Le'on^

Comtc lie Lahorde, Athenes aux xv«, xvi" et xvii« siecles, Paris 1854,

and Judeich, Tojxjgraphie von Athen, pj). 14 ft". We give below the more

important works that have appeared since the beginning of the seven-

teenth century.

220 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

Span, J., and Wheler, G.: Voyage dTtalie, de Dalmatie, de Grece et du

Levant, fait aux amines 1675 et 1076. Vols, i, ii, iii, Lyons 1078; vols, i,

ii, Amsterdam 1679 and The Hague 1721; Wheler, G.: A Jom-ney into

Greece by George Wheler, Esq., in company with Dr. Spon of Lyons, etc.,

London 1082 ; Stuart, J. and Revett, N. : The Antiquities of Athens, 4 vols.

London, i 1762, ii 1789, iii 1791, iv 1816 ; new edition 1825-1830; Chan-

dler, R.: Travels in Greece ; or an account of a tour made at the expense

of the Society of Dilettanti, Oxford 1776 ; Clarke, E. D.: Travels in Vari-

ous Countries of Europe, Asia, and Africa, London 1814 : Athens in ii,

462-596 ; Dodwell, E. : A Classical and Topographical Tour through Greece

during the years 1801, 1805, 1806. Vols, i, ii, London 1819 ; Muller, K. 0.:

"Attika,"ErschandGruber's Realencyklopadie Sekt. l,Bd. vi, 1820, 228 ff.;

Hatokins, J.: On the Topography of Athens. AValpole's Memoirs relating

to European and Asiatic Turkey, etc., London 1817, 2d ed. 1818, 480 ff.;

Gell, W.: Itinerary of Greece, containing one hundred routes in Attica,

Boeotia, Phocis, Locris, and Thessaly, London 1819 ; Unedited Antiquities

of Attica, by the Society of Dilettanti, London 1817; 2d ed. 1833 ; Leake,

W. M.: The Topography of Athens, London 1821 ; Topography of Athens

and the Demi of Attica, 2 vols., London 1841; Leake, W. JM.: Travels

in Northern Greece, vols, i-iv, London 1835; Pitlukis, K.: L'Ancienne

Athenes, Athenes 1835; Wordsworth, Chr.: Athens and Attica, London

1836; 4th ed. 1869; Wordsworth, Chr.: Greece, a Descriptive, Historical,

and Pictorial Account, London 1839 ; 2d ed. 1859; revised by II. F. Tozer

1882 ; Mu7-e, W.: Journal of a Tour in Greece and the Ionian Islands, with

remarks on the recent history, present state, and classical antiquities of

those countries. Vols, i, ii, Edinburgh and London 1842; Ross, L.: Wan-derungen in Griechenland, Halle 1851 ; Ross, Z..- Archaologische Aufsatze

(i Leipzig 1855, ii hrsg. v. K. Keil 1861); Rochette, R.: Sur la topogra-

phie d'Athenes, Paris 1852; Breton, E.: Athenes d^crite etdessin^e, Pai-is

1862; 2d ed. 1868: Welcker, F. G.: Tagebuch einer griechischen Reise,

vols, i, ii, Berlin 1865; GottUng, C. W.: Ges. Abhandlungen a. d. klassi-

schenAltertime, vol. i Halle 1854,vol.ii Munich 1863 ; Forchhammer , P , W.:

Topographic von Athen, Kiel 1841 ; Penrose, F. C. : Principles of Athenian

Architecture, London 1851 ; De Lahorde, L. : Athenes aux xv«, xvi«, et xvii**

siecles, Paris 1854 ; Vischer, W. : Erinnerungen und Eindriicke aus Grie-

chenland, Basel 1857, 103-216 ; Bursian, K.: Geographic von Griechenland,

Leipzig 1862-1868: Attica in i, 264-325; Ulrichs, H. N.: Reisen und

Forschungen, Berlin 1863 : ii, 133 ff.

; Di/er, T. If. : Ancient Athens, its His-

tory, Topography, and Remains, London 1873 ; Milchhoefer, A.: "Athen,"

APPENDIX 221

Baumeister's Denkinaler, Munich 1885: i, 111 ff.; MUchhotfer, A.: Die

attischen Demen, lierliii 1887 ; Mdchhoefer, A.: Schriftquellen zur Topo-

graphie vou Atheii (published with Curtius' .Stadtgcschichte von Atlien,

Berlin 1891); Hertzberg, G. F. : Athen, Halle 1885 ; Mahaffy , J . P . : Kani-

bles and Studies in Greece, 3d ed. revised, London 1887; Citrtim, K.:

Attische Studien, Gottingen, vol. i 1862, vol. ii 1865 ; Curtius, E. : Die Stadt-

geschichte von Athen, niit einer Uebersicht der Schriftquellen zur Topo-

graphic von Athen von A. IMilchhoefer, Berlin 1891 ; Curlius, E. : Ges.

Abhandlungen, Berlin 1894; Wachamuth, C: Die Stadt Athen ini Altor-

tum, vol. i 1874, first half vol. ii 1890, Leipzig; Wachsmuth, C: Xeue

Beitrage zur Topograpliie von Athen (Abh. d. K. S. Ges. d. AViss. xli);

LolUn(j, II. (!.: Topographic von Athen, IMuUer's Ilandbuch d. kl. Alt., 1st

ed., iii, 290 If.; Jahn, O., and Michnelis, A.: Arx Athenaruin a Pausania

descripta, Leipzig 1901 ; Mirhnelis, A.: Tabulae arcem Athenarum illus-

trantes, Leipzig 1901 ; Gardner, I'J. A.: Ancient Athens, New York 1002;

Butler, II. C: The Story of Athens, New York 1902; Kao-Tptoris : To.

fxvrjfiua Twv 'AOr]vu)v, 3d ed., Athens 1895; AmhrosoU, S.: Atene, brovi

cenni sulla citta antica e moderna, Milan 1901 ; Baedeker, K.: Greece, 4th

ed., Leipzig 1904; Meijrr : Turkei und Griechenland, 5th ed., 1901;

Murray: Handbook for Travellers in Greece, 7th ed. revised, London

1900; Guides Joanne: Athenes et ses Environs, Paris 1890; Wachsmuth

:

" Athenai," Pauly-Wissowa, Realencycl. Suppleni. i, 159 ff., Stuttgart

1903; Harrison, Jane E.: Primitive Athens as described by Thucydides,

Cambridge 1906.

2. PERIODICALS

A inerican •Journal of Archarolof/y, founded 1885: Series i, vols, i-xi

(1885-1896); Series ii, since 1897. (A. J. A.)

Annual of the British Sduxd at Athens, since 1894-1895.

Antike Denkinaler, a collection of valuable plates published at irri'gular

intervals. (Ant. Denkm.)

Archaol(>f/ij<che Zeituny, vols, i-xliii (1843-1885). (Arch. Zeit.)

Archaoloyischer Anzeiyer: appendix to the Jahrbuch, but paged sepa-

rately. (Arcli. Anz.)

Bulletin de Correspondance helle'nique, since 1877. (B. C. II.)

'E<f>r]fiepU 'ApxaioXoyiKT^, published at irregular intervals from 1837 to

1883, and since then annually. ('E<^. 'Ap;^.)

Jahrbuch des Kaiserlich-Dcutschen A rchiioloyischen Instituts, since 1886.

(A. Jb.)

222 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

Jahreifhefle des Oesterreichischen Archdologhchen Instituts in Wien, mit Beihlatt,

since 1898. (Jh. Oesterr. Arch. Inst.)

Jownal of Hellenic Studies, since 1880. (J. H. S.)

Mittheilungen des Kaiserlich-Deutschen Archdologischen Instituts, Athenische

Abtheilung, founded 1876, since 1886 with slight change of title. (A. M.)

Papers of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens: vols, i-vi

(to 1897).

UpaKTiKo. Tr]<; iv 'A^T^vats Ap^aioXoyiKrj<; EratptaS) vol. i published in

1871. (lip.)

Revue archeologifiue : Series i, 1844-1860 ; Series ii, 1860-1882 ; Series iii,

1883-1902 ; Series iv, 1903- . (Rev. Arch.)

Revue des Etudes grecques, since 1888. (R. Et. Gr.)

3. ATLASES, MAPS, PLANS, VIEWS

Atlases. — Curtius, E.: Sieben Karten von Attika, Gotha 1868; Cur-

tiu^, E., and Kaupert, J. A.: Atlas von Athen, Berlin 1878, 12 large folio

plates ; Curtius and Kaupert : Karten von Attika, mit erlauterndem Text,

Berlin 1881 ff.

Wall Maps. — Reinhard, II.: Athenae in us. scholarum, Stuttgart 1868;

Curtius and Kaupert: Vienna 1900; Loeper, R.: Cybulski's Tabulae xiv,

a. b., Leipzig 1903.

Views. — The photographs of Rhomaides, the English Photograph Co.,

and the collection of the German Archaeological Institute; Earth's Book-

store's <<'EAAas, a collection of views of Athens and Greece"— all in

Athens ; Reconstruction of Ancient Athens by Joseph HolTmann, Ed.

Holzel's Kunstverlag in Vienna, 1880 ; Paul Acker, Les Vijles antiques,

Athenes. Restauration arch^ologique, Paris 1899 ; Model of Ancient

Athens, after Curtius and Kaupert, H. Walger, Berlin 1880.

4. SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR EXCURSUSES

(1) Walls and Fortifications

For the earlier literature, consult Wachsmuth, Curtius, Frazer, and

Hitzig-Bluemner (11. cc).

Leake: Topography of Athens, 300-375 ; Wachsmuth : Stadt Athen, ii,

1-50; Curtius: Stadtgeschichte, 104 ff. : Milchhoefer : "Peiraieus," Bau-

meister's Denkm., ii, 1195 ff.; Karten von Attika, Text i, 24 ff.; ii, Iff.; von

Alten: Karten von Attika, Text i, 10-22 ; Angelopoulos: Hepl neipaiws koI

APPENDIX 223

Twv A.i/i.ev<uv avTou, Athens 1898 ; Carroll: The Site of Ancient Phalerum,

George Washington University Bulletin iii, 1904, No. 3, 82 ff. ; Frazer:

on Pans. 1,1,2; 1, 2, 2 ; 1, 2, 4 ; 1, 28, 3 ; Hitzig-Blucmner : on Pans. 1,

1, 2 ; 1, 2, 2; 1, 2, 4; 1, 28, 3 ; Gardner: Ancient Athens, 36-72, 542-563;

Judeich: Topographic von Athen, 107-154.

(2) The Makket-Place of Athens

The literature on the Agora is ino.st fully given by Wachsmuth, ii,

305, note 1, and Hitzig-Bluemner, note on Pans. 3, 1. The most inqxjr-

tant references are :

Wachsmulh: Die Stadt Athen, i, 152-172, 180-182, 199-212 ; ii, 305 ff.;

Pauly-Wissowa Supplem. 1, 181 ff.; Curlius: Attische Studien, ii, Der

Kerameikos und die Geschichte der Agora von Athen ; Stadtgeschichte,

169 ff.; Ges. Abhandlungen, i, 339 ff.; Leake: Topography of Athens,

98-134; Kaupert: Die Rekonstruktion der Agora des Kerameikos, Berl.

Philol. Woch. vii (1887), 571 ff.; Laiuje : Haus u. Halle, 1885, 60 ff.;

Weizsacker: Jahrb. f. kl. Philol. 1887, 577 ff.; Verh. d. 39. Philologen-

vers. in Zurich 1888, 210 ff.; Miss Harrison: Ancient Athens, 14 ff.;

Fallis: Pausanias auf der Agora von Athen, Munich 1895 ; Diirpfeld: Ant.

Denkm. ii, Taf. 37, Text p. 1; Milchhoefer: Berl. Philol. Woch. 1900,

351 f., 379 ff.; Frazer: Pausanias ii, pp. 55 ff., etc.; Hitzig-Bluemner: on

Paus. 1, 3, 1, etc.; Gardner: Ancient Athens, 126 ff. , 381, 455; Judeich:

Topographic von Athen, 293-339.

(3a) "The Exneacuuxu.s Episode"

For a more complete statement of the literature on the Enneacnmus

question, consult Hitzig-Bluemner, i, 160 ff., and Frazer, Pausanias. ii,

114, 117 f. Here follow the more important titles:

Leake: Topography of Athens, i, 127 ff.; Curtitis : Attische Studien, ii,

15 ff.; Stadtgesch. 88-294; Ges. Abhandl. ii, 401-408; Wachsmuth: Stadt

Athen, i, 272-284 ; Rh. Mus. xxiii, 35 ff.; Unger : Sitzungsber. d. Akad.

Munch, phil. hist. CI. (1874), 263 ff.; Lnschke: Die Enneakrunos-t^pisode

bei Pausanias, Progr. Dorpat (1883), 9 ff.; Diirpfeld: A. M. xvi (1891),

•444 ff.; xvii (1892), 92 ff., 439-445 ; xix (1893), 143 ff.; Miss Harrison:

Ancient Athens (1890), 88 ff.; Gardner: Ancient Athens, 18-23, 149-151,

535-538; Graher : Die Enneakrunos, A. M. xxxi (1906), 1-61; Judeich:

Topographic (1905), 180 ff.; Watzinger: A. :\r. xxvi (1901), 305 ff.; Miss

Harrison: Primitive Athens as described by Thucydides, Cambridge 1906.

224 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

(3/>) The Dionysium ix Limnis

Curtius: Stadtgesch. 76 ff.; Wilamowitz: Hermes, xxi (1886), 615 ff.

Oehmichen: Sitzungsber. Akad. Miinch. phil.-hist. Kl. ii (1889), 122 ff.

V. Maass: De Lenaeo et Delphinio, Progr. Greifswald, 1891/1892, 111 ff.

Pickard: A^ J. A. viii (1893), 56 ff.; Dorp/eld: A. M. xvii (1892), 439

xix (1894), 506 ff.; xx (1895), 161 ff., 368 ff.; Milchhoefer : Philol. Iv

(1896), 171 ff.; Wachsmuth: Abh. Gesellschaft d. W. Leipz. (1897), 33 ff.;

V. Pratt: A. M. xxiii (1898), 205 ff.; Bates: Trans. Am. Philol. Assoc, xxx

(1899), 97 ff.; Carroll: Class. Rev. xix (1905), 325 ff.; Gardner: Ancient

Athens, 111 ff., 123 ff., 148 ff.; Judeich : Topographic, 261 ff.; 3/ks Harri-

son: Primitive Athens, 83-100; Schrader : A. M. xxi (1896), 265 ff.

;

Capps: Class. Philol. ii (1907), 25 ff.

(4) The So-called Theseum

Wachsmuth: Die Stadt Athen, i, 357-365 ; Leake: Athens, i, 498-512;

Curtius: Stadtgeschichte, 120-136, 294-290; Dorpfeld : A. M. ix (1884),

326 ff.; Miss Harrison : Ancient Athens, 112-122, 146-149 ; Gardner: An-

cient Athens, 410 ff.; G'mp/'and Baumeister : Baumeister's Denkm. 1774-

1786 ; Ross : Das Theseion iind der Tempel des Ares in Athen, Halle 1852;

Pervanoglu: Philologiis, xxvii (1868), 660-672; Sauer : Das sogenannte

Theseion nnd sein plastischer Schmuck, Leipzig and Berlin 1899 ; Bates:

A. J. A. V (1901), 37 f.; Lollinfj : Nachr. der Gott. Ges. d. Wissensch. 1874,

17 ff.; Judeich: Tojwgraphie, 325 ff.

(5) The Olympieum

Stuart and Rcrett: The Antiquities of Athens, London 1794, 11-17;

Dodicell : Travels in Greece, i, 387 ff. ; Leake: Athens, i, 513-516 ; Dyer:

Ancient Athens, 272-279; Milchhoefer: Athen, 177 f.; Bevier : Papers of

Am. School at Athens, i (1882-1883), 183-212; Guide Joanne: i, 98 f.;

Baedeker: 49 f.; LolVmg : Athen, 321 f.; Miss Harrison: Ancient Athens,

188 ff.; Penrose: J. II. S. viii (1887), 272 ff.; Penrose: Principles of

Athenian Architecture (ed. of 1888), with pi. xxxvii, xxxviii, xxxix;

'E</). 'Apx-, 1883, 195 f.; Berl. Philol. Woch. vii (1887), 702; Frazer

:

Pausanias, ii, 178 f.; Gardner: Ancient Athens, 116-119, 498-499, etc.;

Judeich : Topographie, 340 ff.

APPENDIX 226

(6) The Thkatkk of Dioxysus

/)yer; Ancient Athens, 307-343 ; Julius: Zeitschr. f. l)il(l. Kunst, xiii

(1878), 193-204, 236, 242 ; UpaKTiKo. rrj^ 'Ap)(aLo\oyiKrjs 'Eraiptas for 1877,

6 if.; ibid, for 1878, 8 ff.; Wheeler: Papers of Am. Scliool at Athens, i

(1882-1883), 123-179 ; MUchhnefer : Athen, 190-192 ; Millbr: Die griech.

Biihnenalterthunier, 82-101; Diirpfdil : ibid. 41.") IT.; Kdmrou : Hauniei-

ster's Denkni. 1734-1738; (ntide Joanne: i, 09-72; Brndeker : 53-55;

BoUicher: Die Akropolis von Athen, 230-255 ; JIiii(/li: The Attic Theatre,

Oxford 1898; Miss Harrison: Ancient Athens, 271-295; Frazcr : Pau-

sanias, ii, 222 ff.; Gardner: Ancient Athens, 123-125, 398-399, 453-454,

etc.; Dorpfeld and Reisch : Das griechische Theater, Athen 1890 ; Ddrj)feld

:

A. M. xxii (1897), 439 ff.; xxiii (1898), 320 ff.; xxiv (1899), 310 ff.; xxviii

(1903), 383 ff.; Puchstein: Die griechische Biihne: eine architektonische

Untersuchung, Berlin 1901; Judeich: Topographie, 270 ff. ; Capps : Uni-

versity of Chicago Studies in Class. I^hilol. i (1893), 93 ff. ; Class. Rev.

viii (1894), 318 ff. ; A. J. A. x (1890), 287 ff.

(7) The Acropolis of Athens

Benlc: L'Acropole d'Atlienes, 2 vols. 18.33-1854 (2d ed. 1802); De

Lnhorde: Athenes aux xv^, xvi", xviie siecles, 1854; Warhsmuth : Die

Stadt Athen im Altertum, 1874 ; Burnoiif: La Ville et I'AcrojKjle d'Atlienes,

1877; Bolticker: Die Akropolis von Athen, Berlin 1888; Cirf(/ororius:

Geschichte der Stadt Athen ini Mittelalter, 1889; Curliiis : Die Stadt-

geschichte von Athen, 1891 ; Miller : History of the Acropolis of Athens,

A. J. A. viii (1893), 473 ff.; Lnckenhach : Die Akropolis von Athen, 1896;

dross: Die Akropolis von Athen und ihre Kiinstdenkniiiler, Progr. Kron-

stadt, 1900; Michaelis: Arx Athenaruni a Pausania descri[)ta, with atlas,

1901 ; Ilachlinann : Die Akropolis von Athen ini Zeitalter des Perikles,

Gymnasialbibl. Ileft 35, Gvitersloh 1903 ; Miss Harrison: Ancient Athens,

343 ff.; Primitive Athens, 5-65; (lardner: Ancient Athens, 208 ff.; Judeich:

To]K)graphie, 190-255 ; Dorpfeld, Petersen, Walters: Die Ausgrabungen der

Akrojwlis, A. M. xi (1880) -xiv (1890).

(8) The Pkopylaea

Wheler : Journey in Greece, 358 f.; Stitarf and lierett : ii (1787), 37 ff.,

with pi. i-xiii ; Leake: Athens, i, 527 f.; BenU': L'Acropole d'Atlienes, i,

162 ff.; Ivanaff: Sulla grande Scalinata de'propilei deH'Acropoli d' Atene,

Annali dell' Institute, xxiii (1861), 275-293; Dyer: Ancient Athens,

226 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

362 ff.; Julius: A. M. i (1876), 216-228; ii (1877), 192-194 ; Robert: Aus

Kydathen, 172-194; Bnkn: Die Propylaeen der Akiopolis zu Athen (Ber-

lin and Stuttgart 1882); Milchhoefer : Athen, 200-202; Dnrpfeld : A. M. x

(1885), 38-56, 131-144; White: 'Ecf>. 'Apx- 1894, 1 ff. ; Boetticher : Die

Akropolis von Athen, 175-187; Lolling: Athen, 339-341; Baumeister's

Denkm., 1414-1422; Miss Harrison: Ancient Athens, 350-367; Curtius

:

Stadtgesch. 130 ff.; Weller: A. J. A. [N. S.] viii (1904), 33-70; Judeick:

Topographie, 207 ff.

(9) The Temple of Athena Nike

MichaelLs: Arch. Zeit. xx (1862), 249-267; Botticher : Philologus xxi

(1864), 41-72; Pervanoglu, Bulletino dell' Institute, 1868, 162-164;

Julius: A. M. i (1876), 224 ff.; Michaelis, ibid. 279 if.; Curtius: Arch. Zeit.

xxxvii (1879), 97 f.; Bohn: Arch. Zeit. xxxviii (1880), 85-91; A. M. v

(1880), 259-267, 309-316 ; Kekule: Die Reliefs an der Balustrade der

Athena Nike (Stuttgart 1881); Petersen: Zeit. f. d. oest. Gym. xxxii

(1881), 261-282; Baumeister's Denkm., 1021-1027; Walters: Bonner

Studien, 1890, 92-101; Friederichs-Wolters : Gipsabgiisse, Xos. 747-804,

pp. 281-290 ; Yorke: J. H. S. xiii (1892-1893), 272-280; Kmwadias : 'E<^.

'Apx- 1897, 174 ff.; Dorp/eld: A. M. xxii (1897), 227 ff. ; v. Wilamowitz:

Deutsch. Lit. Zeit. 1898, 383 ff.; Furtwcinyler : Meisterw. 207-222 ; Judeich:

Topographie, 204 ff.

(10) The Parthenon

The literature on the Parthenon is given fully in Jahn-Michaelis, Arx,

53 ff.^ We give only the principal titles:

1. Architecture. — Michaelis: Der Parthenon, Leipzig 1871; Fergusson,

The Parthenon, London 1882; Penrose: Principles of Athenian Archi-

tecture, new ed., London 1888 ; Magne : Le Parthenon : Etudes faites

au cours de deux missions en Grece 1894-1895, Paris 1895; Dorp/eld:

A. M. vi (1881), 283-302; xix (1894), 529-531 ; xxvii (1902), 379 ff.;

V. Syhel: Baumeister's Denkm. ii, 1171-1188; Boetticher: Akropolis, 110 ff.;

Fwtwdngler : Meisterw. 162 ff.; Miss Harrison : Ancient Athens, 430-480

;

Gardner: Ancient Athens, 257-352; Judeich: Topographie, 225-237.

2. Sculpture. — Petersen: Die Kimst des Pheidias, Berlin 1873; Wald-

stein: Essays on the Art of Phidias, Cambridge 1885 ; Puchstein: A. Jb.,

V (1890), 79-117 ; Sauer: A. M. xv (1891), 59-94; Furtwangler: Meisterw.

184 ff., 223-250 ; Six: A. Jb., ix (1894), 83-87 ; Pernice : A. Jb., x (1895),

1 For subsequent literature see Frazer, ii, 310 f.; Hitzig-Bluemner, 1, 271-273;

Judeich, 225-237, 1-7.

APPENDIX 227

93-103; Wizemanti : Die Giebelgriippen des Parthenon, Stuttgart 1895.

Schwerzek : Erliuiterungen zu der Reconstruction des Westgiehels des Par-

thenon, Vienna 1896; Michaelh: A. .lb., xi (189(i), 300-3(11; Mnlenhenj.

A.Jb.,xii(1897), 92-90; Treu: A. Jb., xii (1897), 101 ft".; Omout : De.s-

sins des sculptures du Parthenon, Paris 1898 ; Murray: The Sculptures of

the Parthenon, London 1903.

(11) Thk Ekkchtheum

For literature on the Erechtheum,cf. Frazer, ii, 338 f.; Ilitzig-Bluemner,

i, 284 f.; Judeich, Toi>ographie, 213-245.

Fergusson: The Erechtheum and the Temple of Athena Polias, Trans.

Royal Institute British Architects, 1876-1879, and J. H. S. xi (1882),

83 ff.; Fowler: Papers of Am. School at Athens, i (1885), 21.5-236;

Michaelis: A. M. ii (1877), 15-37 ; Burrmnnn: A. M. vi (1881), 372 ff.;

Rhamjave: A. M. vii (1882), 258 ff., 321 ff.; Petersen : A. M. x (188-5), 1 ff.;

Dorpfeld: A. INI. xxviii (1903), 465 ff.; xxix (1904), 101 ff.; Srhultz and

Gardner: J. II. S. xii (1891), 1 ff.; Barnslei/ : ibid. 381 ff.; Midilleton

:

J. II. S. Supplem. iii, pi. 9-17 ; Slerenson: A. J. A. [X. S.] x (1906), 47-

71 [pi. vi-ix] ; Washburn and Frickenhaus : ibid. 1-17 [pi. i-iv] ; Mhs Ilar-

i-ison : Ancient Athens, 483-496 ; Primitive Athens, 37-48 ; Furtii-ivujler

:

Meisterw. 192-200 ; Gardner: Ancient Athens, 353-372; Judeich: Tojiog-

raphie, 243-255.

(12) Thk Old Athexa Tkmple

For literature on the Old Athena Temple, cf. Judeicli, Topographie,

238-240, 2, 3.

Dorpfeld: A. M. x (1885), 275 ff.; xi (1886), 337-351; xii (1887),

25-61, 190-211 ; xv (1890), 420-439 ; xxii(1897), 159-178 ; xxviii (1903),

468 f.; xxix (1904), 106-107; Petersen: A. M. xii (1887), 62-72; TlVr-

nicke: ibid. 184-189; Schrader : A. M. xxii (1897), 59-112; Frnzer

:

J. II. S. xiii (1892-1893), 153-187, reprinted with a few slight clianges

as App. Pau.s. ii, 553-582; Fowler: A. J. A. viii (1893), 1-17; Miller:

ibid. 473 ff.; White: Harvard Studies vi (1895), 1-54 ; Belger : Berl. Philol.

Woch. xvii (1867), 1372 ff., 1405 ft"., 1438 ff'.; Coolei, : A. J. A. [N. S.] iii

(1899), 355 ff.; Mks Harrison: Ancient Athens, 496-513; Gardner: An-

cient Athens, 78-81, 209-210, 363-364 ; Judeich: Topographic, 237-242;

W^iegand: Die arcliaisclie Poros-Architektur der Akropolis zu Athen,

Leipzig 1904; Lechai: La Sculpture attique avaut Phidias, Paris 1904;

Schrader: A. M. xxx (1905), 305-322.

EXCURSUSES[For Bibliography see Appendix E]

EXCURSUS I. THJ] HARBORS AND FORTIFICATIONS OFGREATER ATHENS

In this discussion it may be said that I accept the following :

(1) The site of Old Phaleriim is to the west of the Bay of Phalerum, on

the eastern slope of the hill of Miinychia and extends eastward along the

Bay, the view held by Leake and Gardner. Other topographers locate it

either (a) at Trispyrgi, crowned by the chapel of St. George at the south-

east corner of the Bay, as Ulrichs and Frazer, or (/y) on a conspicuous

rocky elevation about one and one fourth miles north of St. (Jeorge and

1400 yards from the sea, near the cha})el of the Savior, as Milchhoefer

and Judeich.

(2) AVhere Thucydides and Pausanias refer to the three harbors of

the Piraeus, they always mean («) the greater harbor, (/y) the oval basin

southwest of the hill of Munychia, now known as the harbor of Zea or

Pashalimani, and (c) the small harbor, southeast of Munychia and west of

the Bay, the old harbor of Phalerum now known as Munychia or Fanari.

(3) Cape Colias was what is now known as the promontory of St. George,

at the southeast corner of the Bay, frequently falsely called the site of Old

Phalerum.

(4) The so-called Third Long Wall of Athens, usually called the Pha-

leric Wall, has never existed except in the fancy of certain topogra-

phers, notably Wachsmuth, Curtius, Frazer, and Judeich. In this I

agree with Leake, Angelopoulos, and Gardner.

For a complete discussion of these views and of the passages in an-

cient authors involved, see my paper, "The Site of Ancient Phalerum,"

The George Washington University Bulletin, Vol. Ill, no. iii, pp. 82-00,

October, 1904.

A. History. — Three periods are to be distinguished in the history

of the fortifications of Athens: (1) The period of the Acropolis fortifica-

tions, dating from prehistoric times; (2) that of a pre-Persian city wall in

228

HARBORS AND FORTIFICATIONS 229

addition to the Acropolis fortifications ; and (3) tliat of the fortifications

of Greater Athens, including Piraeus, dating from the rebuilding of tlie

city after the Persian Wars.

1. The fortifications of the Acropolis date from prehistoric times, but

were not of any practical imjKjrtance after the Persian Wars, when the

Acroix)lis ceased to be a citadel and became the sacred precinct of Athena.

The primitive wall about the hill was similar to the walls about the cita-

dels of Mycenae and Tiryns, and tlie story goes that the Athenians em-

ployed the Pelasgians to fortify the Acrojx)lis. The wall was known as

the IliXapyiKov Ta;!(os, or JleXapyiKov, later IleXaayiKov. It followed the

natural contours of the rock, and its course may be traced on plans of the

Acropolis, where remains are indicated on the south, east, and west sides.

At the west end Avas a kind of terraced outwork, known as the Ennea-

pylon, or the Nine Gates, to which the name Pelargikon was given jxir

excellence. The exact arrangement of the gates is not known, but they

were doubtless set within one another in a series of bastions or terraces.

The Pelargikon doubtless existed intact up to the sixth century u.v.

The Pisistratidae made use of the Acropolis with its fortifications as their

citadel. After their occupation the Pelargikon was held to be under a curse

and was no longer used for profane purposes. It was either demolished by

the Persians or was removed for the embellishment of tlie Acropolis as

a sacred precinct. It was never restored, but considerable jtortions of the

outworks doubtless survived to imperial times.

2. The Pelargikon was for a long time the only fortification of Athens.

It is probable that in the seventh century, certainly not later than the time

of Solon, the enlarged city was surrounded with a wall. The course and

extent of this wall cannot be determined in detail, as actual remains

fail us, but we can in general identify its course. We infer that it was

of narrower compass than the Themistoclean Wall (Thuc. 1, 93), that

the older city developed round the Acropolis (Herod. 7, 140), and that the

rivers, the Ilissus and the Eridanus, were recognized as boundaries to the

south and north respectively (Plat. Critias, p. 112 a). An im|>ortant factor

for the course of the earlier wall is the gate of Hadrian with its inscrip-

tions, which distinguish "the city of Theseus" from "the city of

Hadrian." A similar landmark to the north is seen by some topogra-

phers in the gate mentioned by Pans. 1, 15. 1. at the north entrance of

the market. (Judeich.)

Assuming these two points as fixed, on the northeast and southwest

sides, we can conjecture the course of the wall from the configuration of

230 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

the land. Thus the wall probably ran from where the arch of Hadrian was

built later, westward to the Philoj)appus hill, thence northwest over the

Pnyx to the Hill of the Nymphs, thence over Market hill to the north-

west gate. From there it ran in semicircular fashion, first eastward, tVien

southeast, then southwest, to the Arch of Hadrian. Thus could originate

very well the oracle's observation regarding tlie wheel-formed city, with

tlie Acropolis as the hub. The entire course was about three miles. Others

regard the Dipylum as the site of the northwest gate of the early city wall

as well as of the later, basing their argument on Thucydides's (6, 57) narra-

tive of the assassination of Hipparchus. Hijjpias is superintending the ar-

rangements for the J'anathenaic festival " outside in the Ceramicus (e^o)

iv TO) Kepa/xiLKw KaXou/xcVo)). " The conspirators, fearing they have been

betrayed, rush within the gates (lo-w twv irvXuiv) and slay Hipparchus near

the Leocorium. This would make the circuit somewhat greater. Concern-

ing the material and the style of building we can only conjecture, but

probably they were much the same as in the later wall. This wall was

probably neglected in the sixth and early part of the fifth centuries, as it

seems to have afforded no protection wliatever against the Persians. After

the Persian War very little of it was left standing. Cf. Time. 1, 89, 8, rrjv

TToAtV dvOLKO^OfJLtLV Trap€(TK€vd^OVTO KOt TO. TtL^Tj " TOV T€ yap TTtpLfSoXov /S/Ott^^Ol

elarrjKeL ktX-

•i. The first strong fortification of Athens falls in the time when the

enthusiasm of the Athenians was stirred over the victories of Salamis and

Plataea, and is coincident with the expansion of the city whicli began

soon after those battles. We have an account of the rebuilding in Thuc.

1, 93 : TovTio Tw TpoTTw oi AOrfVotoL Tr)v ttoXlv iT€L)(Lt^ovTo iv oAtyo) ^povo}-

Kal StJAt^ r) oiKO^Ofjiui ert kol vvv itrriv otl Kara (nrovBjjv iyevcTO. oi yap Oe/xeXioi

7ravTOL(Dv XlOmv viroKtivrai kol oi crvviLpyacrpcvoyv tariv y, aXX a>s iKaarot ttotc

'7rpo(Te<j)epoy, iroXXat re (tt^Xul oltto arjpdrwv Kal Xidoi. tlpyaap.cvoi iyKareXiyrj-

aav, fxei^wv yap u 7repif3oXo<; Travra^y i^y'/^Or] ttJ<; ttoAcws, kol Sta tovto irdvTa

6p.0L(i)<; KLvovvT€<i rfireiyovTO. cTrctcre 8k kol tov Hetputtos to, AotTra 6 ©e/xtfrroKArys

oiKodo/xeiv. VTrrjpKTo 8 avrov vporepov iirl Tr]<i €K€lvov dp)(rj<i ^? /car' ivuivTuv

'A0r]vaLOt.<i rjp^e • kuI toKoSoprjcrav Trj Ikuvov yvu)p.r] to Tra^os tov tu'^ov; oTrep

vvv tTL 8rjX6v icTTL irepl tov Hupaia ktX-

The date of Themistocles's archonship during which he induced the

Athenians to begin the fortification of the Piraeus was 498-492 b.c. It

is likely, however, that the work was not prosecuted in earnest until after

the Persian Wars, when the city walls were being built and brought to a

finish. The work of fortification was inaug-urated under Themistocles,

HARBORS AND FORTIFICATIOXS 231

continued under Cinion, and completed under Pericles. Similarly the north

wall of the Acroiwlis dates from the time of Themistocles. The south and

east walls were built by Cinion out of the spoils won by him from the

Persians at the battle of the Euryniedon in 468 b.c.

The construction of the Long Walls was a later work. According to

Thuc. 1, 107, the Athenians began to build the Long Walls to the sea,

namely the wall to Phalerum and the wall to Piraeus, about 400 <!.c.

The walls were completed within four years, apparently soon after the

battle of Oenophyta in 456 B.C. (Thuc. 1, 108 ; Pint. Cimon, 1:5). Those

who hold to the construction of a JMiddle Wall, usually known as the

South Piraeic Wall, date its construction in 445 u.c. on the untrustworthy

evidence of Andocides (3, 7) and Aeschines (2, 174). For a full discus-

sion of the so-called Third Long Wall, see the paper already mentioned,

pp. 88-90. At the beginning of the Peloponnesian War the fortifications

were still intact (Thuc. 2, 13). The Piraeus fortifications and the Long

Walls were demolished by\he Lacedaemonians after the defeat at Aegos-

potami in 404 b.c. (Pint. Lysander, 14 ; Diod. 13, 107 ; 14, 8.")). The walls

of Athens were apparently spared.

During 394-302 B.C. the Piraeus fortifications and the Long Walls were

restored, chiefly under Conon (Xen. Hell. 4, 8, 9-10, Diod. 14, S'>). The

Long Walls may have been destroyed again in 256 b.c. by Antigonus when

he withdrew his garrison from Athens (Pans. 3, 6, 6) : at any rate they were

half in ruins in 200 b.c. when Philip V of Macedon attacked Athens

(Livy, 31, 26). During this time the city wall had undergone extensive

improvements after the battle of Chaeronea, 338 b.c. (Aeschin. 3, 27, 31;

Liban. ad Dem. 30, 221, 1), and had been restored, according to inscrip-

tions, under Habron, the son of Lycurgus, in 307/306 B.C. (C.I. A. 11. 167),

and under Euryclides and Micion (C.I.A. II, 379). The final ruin occurred

when Sulla in 87-86 b.c assailed Athens. He razed the fortifications of the

Piraeus and burnt the arsenal and the docks ; lie utilized w hat was left of

the Long Walls in building the mound against the city close to the Dipy-

lum ; and he destroyed the city wall from the Dipylum to the Piraeus

gate (Plut. Sulla, 14 ; Appian, Mithrid. 41 ; Strabo, 9, p. 396). Probably

from that time the Piraeus fortifications and the Long Walls were a

memory only. The extension of the 'city circuit occurred under the Em-l>ei-or Hadrian. This enlargement of the city to the south and southeast

is confirmed by the inscription on the gate of Hadrian, and by actual

remains of the wall, which enable us to tract' its course. The extension

measured nearly Ij miles. With the Hadrian Wall, the story of the ancient

232 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

fortifications is completed. Not to antiquity but to the later Middle Ages

belongs what has been usually known as the "Valerian Wall," which con-

nected the northern part of the city with the Acropolis (see W. Vischer,

Kl. Sclir. II, 385 Anni. 1, and Judeich, Topographic, 103 and 154).

B. Description. — The fortifications of Greater Athens naturally fall

into three sections, which we shall treat in the following order : (1) The

E:!ftent and Course of the City Wall; (2) Fortifications of the Piraeus

and its Harbors; (3) The Construction of the Long Walls uniting the

city with its port.

1. To determine the line of the wall, we must rely partly on the liter-

ary evidence, partly on the study of the configuration of the land and of

extant remains. We naturally begin at the Dipylum, where substantial

remains of the Themistoclean wall, with later additions, were excavated

in 1872-1874. The Dipylum was a doidile gate, that is, there was an outer

and an inner entrance, separated by an inclosed court about 133 feet long;

and each of these entrances consists of two gatfes, each about 11 feet wide,

hinging on a pillar in the middle. The outer gate stands about 25 feet

back from the outer surface of the city wall, and the approach to it is

flanked by towers on both sides. So strong a defense was doubtless con-

structed because the low land abovit this gate made it the most vulnerable

spot of the city. Here Philip V of Macedon in 200 n.c. made his unsuccess-

ful assault (Livy, 31, 24) ; with a body of cavalry Philip forced his way

through the outer gate into the court, where the missiles of the enemy

poured down upon him, and he had great difiicidty in extricating himself;

beside this gate Sulla built the mound by which he captured the city

(Plut. Sulla, 14).

The same excavations brought to light what was taken to be another

gate, southwest of the Dipylum at a distance of GO yards. Some have

named it the Sacred Gate, but Dorpfeld believes it was merely an open-

ing in the wall for the passage of the Eridanus, and that the term " Sacred

Gate " is merely another name for the Dipylum, as through it the sacred

processions passed on their way to Eleusis. (A. M. XIII, 1888, p. 214;

XIV, 1889, pp. 414 f.)

Between the Dipylum and the so-called Sacred Gate there are consid-

erable remains of the old city walls-, consisting of an inner wall of polygo-

nal limestone blocks nearly 8 feet thick, and an outer wall, built at a

later time to strengthen the inner, about 14 feet thick, composed of an

outer and inner facing of conglomerate blocks with the space between

filled with earth. Beyond the Sacred Gate to the southwest both walls are

HARBORS AND FORTIFICATIONS 233

prolonged for about 40 yards to the rocky slope of the Athanasius hill, where

they come to an end. Here the inner wall, mostly of limestone, reaches at

times the height of 13 feet. The outer wall is about 'M) feet distant from the

inner ; it consists of quadrangular blocks of conglomerate, and is preserved

in part to a height of sixteen courses. Northeast of the Dipylum the inner

and the outer wall may be traced for about 55 and 40 yards respectively;

the inner wall is well i)reserved, but the outer is in a ruinous condition.

Of these walls and gates, the lower polygonal part of the inner wall dates

from Themistocles's fortifications. The Uipylum was probably built by

Pericles. The outer wall probably dates from the Macedonian period.

From the Athanasius hill, the course of the wall up to the Hill of the

Nymphs is clearly marked. Thence it ran in a southeasterly direction,

following the configuration of the land, over the Hill of the Nymphs,along the ridge of the Pnyx to the Hill of the Muses. Beyond this point

we can conjecture its course partly from certain landmarks, partly from

literary evidence. Thus the wall continued eastward from the summit of

the Hill of the Muses, and probably included the terrace of the Olym-

pieum, the southeast corner of which seems to have formed the angle

whence the wall turned northward (see Strabo, 9, 404, and Judeich I.e.).

Its course northward prol)ably extended in the direction of the present

English Church, thence northwestward on the line of the present Stadion

Street as far as the Police Court on the 'O809 No/utr/naTOKOTretou, where

there was unmistakable evidence of its presence. Thence, making a turn,

it proceeded in a southwesterly direction in a line parallel with the Piraeus

Street, until it met the double wall extending northeast from the Dipylum.

2. In spite of the ruin effected by time and the hand of man, enough

has been preserved to enable one to trace the line of fortification-wall

almost entirely round the peninsula of Piraeus. The sea-wall skirts the

shore at a distance of about 20 to 40 yards. It is from 9 to 12 feet thick

and consists of carefully cut blocks of native limestone without mortar

;

in some parts the wall is still .standing to a height of 9 feet, and is flanked

by towers at intervals of 55 to 66 yards.

The mouths of the harbors were contracted by moles which ran out to

meet each other and left only a narrow entrance between their extremi-

ties. Thus the harbor of Cantharus, which has a mouth 336 yards wide,

was protected by moles each 141 yards in length, narrowing the entrance

to about 54 yards. As Zea consisted of a circular basin extending inland

with a mouth only about 108 yards broad, it needed less elaborate fortifi-

cations. Walls ran along the channel leading to the basin on each side,

234 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

and at the inner end of the channel on either side were towers of solid

masonry built out into the water. Munychia, being semi-elliptical in shape,

was originally altogether too accessible, and required extensive construc-

tions to convert it into a harbor that was safe in time of war. Its moles

have been regarded as the most magnificent specimen of ancient Greek

fortification that has survived. The southern mole built on a reef is

about 206 yards long ; the northern mole, resting partly on a spit of land,

partly in the sea, is about 31 feet wide and 184 yards long. The entrance

to the harbor, between towers terminating each mole, was 40 yards in

width. In times of danger heavy chains, coated with tar, were stretched

across the entrances of the harbors from tower to tower. The wall run-

ning round the peninsula joined the harbor fortifications.

On the landward side, the wall started from the northeast corner of the

Munychia harbor, ran along the coast a short distance northward, ascended

the hill and followed the plateau first westward and then northward, con-

nected with the Long Walls, then turned westward across a bight of the

harbor, and then followed the rocky promontory of Eetionia southwest-

ward to the sea. Four gates can be distinguished on the landward side,

the principal one being just outside the northern Long Wall.

The hill of Munychia was from early times the acropolis of Piraeus.

In the latter part of the sixth century a strong fortress was here con-

structed by the tyrant Ilippias (Arist. Resp. Ath. 38). After the Spartan

occupation it was seized by Thrasybulus and his band of patriots who

restored the democracy. Demetrius Poliorcetes (294 B.C.) demolished the

Munychian fortress, and built a fortress on the Museum hill at Athens.

3. Tliough but scant traces of the Long Walls can now be detected,

remains were visible to seventeenth and eighteenth century travelers. In

1676 Wheler noticed the foundations in many places (Journey, p. 420). Acentury later Stuart (Wachsmuth, Stadt Athen, II, 188) saw remains of

the walls 12 feet thick, with square towers at intervals. Leake (I, 295 if.)

traced the foundations of the northern Long Wall for a mile and a half,

beginning half a mile from the head of the great harbor, and running in

the direction of the entrance to the Acropolis. These foundations, 12 feet

thick, consisted of large quadrangular blocks of stone. The southern Long

Wall was not so easily traceable, except at its junction with the wall about

Munychia, and for half a mile thence toward Athens. See Leake, I,

417 ff. The modern highroad from Athens to Piraeus, constructed in

1835, is largely laid on the foundations of the northern Long Wall

(Wachsmuth, II, 188).

THE AGORA 235

The southern Long Wall joined the landward Piraeus Wall directly north

of the summit of the Munychia hill, and west of the Bay of Phalerum;

the northern, where the Piraeus Wall turned westward, toward the north

of the harbor. Starting northeastward, they first converged, then ran

parallel to each other at a distance of 550 feet until they approached

Athens, when they again diverged. " The northern wall seems to have

joined the ring-wall of Athens on the west side of the Xymphaeum hill

near the modern Observatory ; while the southern wall joined the city

wall on the summit of the Museum hill. At the point where the Long

Walls began to diverge as they approached Athens, they were joined by a

cross-wall in which there was a gate."

Thucydides's estimate (2, 13) of the extent of the fortifications of Greater

Athens is as follows : Circuit of city (exclusive of space between Long

Walls), 43 stades ; Piraeus Wall, 40 stades ; Phaleric Wall, 35 stades ; circuit

of Piraeus peninsula, GO stades, of which 30 were guarded, (iardner (p. 71)

shows that, as judged by extant remains and geographic conditions, the

circuit of the city wall as stated by Thucydides is far too great; the length

of both the Long Walls is too short ; the figures given for the circuit of

Piraeus is about correct. lie says the discrepancy may be adjusted by tak-

ing the figure for the city walls to include the portions of the Long Walls

down to where they became parallel, and where a cross-wall is marked in

Curtius's map. Roughly measured, the circuit of the old city wall was

28 stades ; the additional piece thus added is about 15 stades, making a

total of 43 stades. This enables the two Long Walls to diverge more widely

at the Piraeus so that about half the wall might be left undefended, as

Thucydides states.

By the completion of the Long Walls the city of Athens and its port

were converted, a.s the orator Aristides says (13, vol. J, 305, ed. Dindorf)

into one vast fortress a day's journey in circumference. Taking Thucy-

dides's figures the total was 178 stades or nearly 20 miles.

EXCURSUS IL THE AGORA OF ATIIEXS

The determination of the site of the ancient Agora of Athens and its

monuments is the turning-point of almost the whole study of Athenian

tojxjgraphy. Yet it is this section of the city which presents the most difli-

cult problems to the archaeologist, and about which there exists the most

uncertainty. This is due to a number of causes. Of all parts of the city,

the market-place and its neighborhood have been most sensitive to changes

236 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

of population, most subject to growth and decay, and thus its appearance

has changed with every important epoch of Athenian history— Greek,

lloman, Byzantine, Venetian, Frank, and Turkisli. Of the many build-

ings in and about the Agora of the fifth century only one remains, an evi-

dence of the destruction and decay that have here taken place. Again,

with the passing centuries the lie of the land has changed, and relief-maps

of Athens of the fifth century and of the twentieth century would show

decided differences of level. Furthermore, while literary references to the

market-place are numerous, they tell us of its life, of its frequenters and

their occupations, but give scant information as to its site, its extent, and

the relative location of its buildings and monuments. Even Pausanias's

hints as to direction are indefinite and obscure, and throw little light on

many questions of the utmost importance to modern scholars.

Finally, archaeologists and topographers differ among themselves in

their interpretation of tlie testimony of antiquity. Basing their conclusions

iipon tlie description of the one authoi-ity, Paiisanias, they liave so differed

in their interpretations of the same statements that we have eight or more

ground-plans meant to sliow the relative location of the various buildings.

The topography of the Agora is accordingly uncertain, and it will re-

quire further excavations to put it on a basis of sound knowledge. In the

meantime we shall follow the lead of Dr. Dorpfeld.

A. Historical Development of the Aijnra The Agora of Athens, like the

Roman Forum, was at all periods the centre of the political and commer-

cial life of the city. There are likewise many analogies in the historical

and topographical development of the Agora and the Forum.

Wlien the Greeks first established communities tliey were in danger of

robbers by land and of pirates by sea. Hence they built their settlements

iipon a rock which they fortified against the attacks of their enemies.

Tluis originated the citadels, or 'A/cpoTroXeis, of primitive Greece, of

which the Acropolis of Athens became the most celebrated. The low

ground nearest to the citadel became the place of parley and of barter

with neighboring tribes. And this constituted the primitive 'Ayopa, a

term first used to denote a gathering of the people at the call of the king

or chief, then the place of such gathei-ings, and later the general place of

meeting for commercial and political purposes.

Thucydides (2, 15) says that before the centralization under Theseus

the Acropolis constituted the primitive city, together with the ground

lying under it, especially to the south. In proof of this statement he cites

the location of a number of ancient sanctuaries, and of the spring which

Fig. 1. The Athenian Agoua (Antike Denhndler, II, 37)

THE AGORA 237

furnished water for the early inhabitants. From this it seems clear that

the hollow ground to the southwest of the Acroixjlis, bounded by the Are-

opagus, Pnyx, and Museimi hills, was the site of the original Agora. TheRoman Forum presents a striking analogy. The hollow ground between

the Palatine and Capitoline hills, with its spring of Juturna and its primi-

tive cults, there became the place of parley and of barter, the embryo centre

of the later jwlitical and commercial life of Rome.

Thus the Agora, at first a place of truce-making and of buying and

selling, became with the growth of the city the place for law courts, for

shrines of the gods, for business centres— for in ancient times law and

religion and commerce went hand in hand. But as society became more

highly organized, the Agora for business would gradually separate from the

Agora of i»olitics and religion, and thus the territory covered by the vari-

ous activities of the market-place would gradually spread.

B. Course and Extent of the Agora. — We can trace in general terms the

course of the Athenian Agora. The centre of the growing city gradually

shift-ed northward and westward. Hence, as law and politics and business

demanded greater accommodations, the Areopagus became the ceutre round

which the market spread, chiefly round its western slope, until the dis-

trict lying north and northwest of it was entirely devoted to public build-

ings. The political Agora naturally kept as much as ix)ssible to its old

haunts, while the business Agora spread in a northwesterly direction, toward

the principal gate of the city— the Dipylum.

Hence the Agora is not to be regarded as a rectangular sj>ace carefully

laid off, as in the plans of Curtius and of others, but rather as a long

rambling (juarter of the town, approached by tlie avenue from the Dipylum,

with the Colonus Agoraeus as its northwest limit ; east of this liill and

north of the Areopagus was its principal section, but it stretched roiuid

the western slope of the Areopagus and embraced the older sites between

the Aj-eopagus and the Pnyx and extending toward the Acropolis.

C. Site o/Biiilffinfjs and Monuments meutioned Itij Pausnnias. — AVe shall now

endeavor to locate the buildings and monuments mentioned by Pausanias.

Pausanias entered Athens at the Dipylum, and proceeded along the Dro-

mos, a broad avenue extending in a southeasterly direction, until he entered

the Ceramicus at the foot of the Colonus Agoraeus. He then mentions as the

first building on the right-hand side the Royal Colonnade, and in its imme-

diate neighborhood the Colonnade of Zeus the Deliverer and the temple of

Apollo the Paternal. These three buildings were doubtless in a line just be-

neath the Colonus hill, as indicated on the plan. (See Fig. 1 , facing p. 236.)

238 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

The next group, which Pausanias expressly says were near each other,

—

the Metrouni or sanctuary of the Mother of the Gods, the Buleuterium or

Council House of the 500, and the Tholos or Rotunda,— appear to have

stood at the southern end of the market-place, just at the northern foot

of the slope of the Areopagus, for reasons given in the IVotes. Above this

group of buildings on the northern slope of the Areopagus stood the statues

of the Eponynii. Pausanias now follows the main thoroughfare round the

western slope of the Areopagus, with these buildings to his left, while oppo-

site, on his right, in a conspicuous spot known as the <' orchestra," were

the statues of Harmodius and Aristogiton.

The next group—^the Odeum, the fountain Enneacnmus, the temples

of Demeter, Persephone, and Triptolemus or the Eleusinium, and the

temple of Eucleia—^are discussed in Excursus IK. As is there argued

(p. 251), the Enneacnmus is at the foot of the Pnyx hill, the Odeum near

i't on the traveler's right, the temples of the J^leusinian deities to the south

of the Areopagus, and the temple of Eucleia a little farther on.

After visiting the Eucleia shrine, Pausanias turns directly back and

gives us a clew to his movements by stating that the monuments he next

visits are aVjove the Ceramicus and the Royal Colonnade. These are the

temple of Hephaestus, and the shrine of Aphrodite Ui'ania located on the

Colonus hill, as shown in Excursus IV, the former being identical with

the so-called Theseum.

After describing these temples to the west of the Agora, Pausanias

once more enters the market-place and describes three objects whose site

has aroused considerable discussion— the Painted Colonnade, the Hermes

Agoraeus, and a market-gate with a trophy upon it.

The exact site of the three depends upon (1) the site of the buildings

earlier mentioned, (2) the point at which Pausanias again entered the

market-place, and (:]) whether we assume that the Agora was single in its

form or double, consisting of a business and a political section.

Another factor to be taken into consideration is one not mentioned by

Pausanias, namely a row of Hermae noted in Harpocration s.v. 'Epfua:

(XTro yap ti^s ttoikiAt/s kol tt^s tov /SttCtXcws oroas elcriv ol Epfud Kakovjxti/oi.

In what direction, then, did these Hermae run? Other important passages

for the solution of this important topographical question are Xen. Hip-

parch. 3, 2, where the Hermae are mentioned as the starting and conclud-

ing point for the sacred processions ; Schol. Aristophanes, Eq. 297, which

says that the Hermes Agoraeus stood Iv fJitfrr] rrj ayopa ; and Lucian Jupp.

Trag. 33, which locates the Hermes as 6 ayopalos 6 Trapa rrjv ttoiklXtjv.

THE AGORA 239

The Ilarjwcration passage has been variously interpreted, and tlie theo-

ries as to the site of the Painted Colonnade, and in fact as to the form of

the market-place, liave turned largely on the direction given the row

of Hermae.

1. Some take it to mean that the row of Hermae connected the Royal

with the Painted Colonnade. So Curtius(Att. Stud. 1 1, 2"), .Stadtgesch. p. 170),

who locates the latter on the east side of the market, just below the Colon-

nade of Attains. The market-gate he locates between the Painted and

the Attains Colonnades, with the Hermes Agoraeus just before it.

2. Many tt)i>ographers, however, set the Painted Colonnade on the west

border of the market, north of the Royal Colonnade, the gate between the

two halls, with the Agoraeus close by, and the row of Hermae extending

across the market from the two colonnades. Sec Wachsmuth, I, 201 if.,

Lange, Haus und Halle, p. 64, Bursian, De Foro, p. 12.

8. Lolling (p. 314) and Miss Harrison (p. 12(i) locate the Painted Col-

onnade on the northern boundary of the market ; the former has the

Hermae running from the market-gate right and left to the two Colon-

nades ; Miss Harrison, however, has it meet at its right corner the north

side of the Colonnade of Attains, while west of this is the gate with the

Hermes Agoraeus, but she has the Hermae extending in two rows from

the northwest corner of the market, one eastward to the Painted Colon-

nade, the other southward to the Royal Colonnade.

Thus there is considerable doubt as to the site of this celebrated Colon-

nade. The choice seems to lie between the north side and the southern

half of the ea.st side, just below the Colonnade of Attains. The advantage

of the latter hypothesis is that it permits the row of Hermae to run from

west to east, dividing the market into a jwlitical and a commercial section,

the Colonnade of Attains being at the southeast corner of the latter. This

would account for Pausanias's failure to mention this Colonnade, and this

view is perhaps open to fewest ol)jections. Rut tlie whole question is pi"ob-

lematical, and can only be settled, if at all, by excavations.

D. Sites in the Neli/hhorhood of the Af/ora, mentioned hij Paiisanids. —Pausanias now fairly leaves the Agora, and passes to the descrijition of two

buildings not far distant to the east — the gymnasium of Ptolemy and the

sanctuary of Theseus. All we know as to their site from Pausanias is that

they were near each other and "not far from the Agora." Further cm

he comes to the Anaceum or sanctuary of the Dioscuri, while near at hand

just above the Anaceum lay the ]>recinct of Aglaurus, the site of which can

be approximately determined, and which serves as a fixed jK^int for the

240 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

determination of all the monuments mentioned as in its vicinity. About

65 yards west of the northern porch of the Erechtheum is the staircase used

by the Arrephori in descending to the precinct of Aglaurus on the northern

slope of the Acropolis. Hence the monuments previously mentioned were

at intervals north of the Acropolis and east of the Agora. Hard by was

the Prytaneum, the centre and hearth of the state. As Pausanias is mov-

ing regularly eastward, it probably lay a little to the east of the Aglaurus

precinct, and it doubtless stood somewhat high on the Acropolis slope,

since when Pausanias leaves it to go to the Serapeum he speaks of de-

scending to the lower parts of the city.

E. Sites and Monuments of the Afforn, not mentioned \»j Pausanias. — It is

natural that Pausanias should not mention every building and statue in the

region of the Agora, especially as he leaves the commercial market alto-

gether out of consideration. "We append therefore a brief list of objects

known from other topographical and literary sources as being in or near

the Agora at the time of his visit

:

i. The Colonnade of Attains, to the east of the market, of which exten-

sive remains still exist.

ii. The Colonnade of Hadrian, east of the Attalus Colonnade and north

of the Acropolis— the northern side of the western fagade of which is still

in good condition, consisting of a wall before which stand a row of de-

tached Corinthian columns, originally eighteen in number.

iii. A Propylaeum of four columns, known as the Propylaeum of Athena

Archegetis, regarded as the entrance to a Roman market-place. The gate and

broken columns of the market still stand south of the Hadrian Colonnade.

iv. The Tower of the Winds, or the Horologium of Andronicus Cyr-

rhestes, one of the most conspicuous extant monuments of Athens, east

of the Roman market-place.

V. The Altar of the Twelve Gods, erected by Pisistratus in the market-

place, to which the various roads of Attica converged and from which miles

were measured. Of this there are no remains and the site is uncertain.

vi. The Leocorium, in the neighborhood of which Ilarmodius and

Aristogiton slew Hipparchus. Its site, though it cannot be definitely

fixed, was certainly in the Agora.

F. The Commercial Acjora.— The commercial market surrounded the

political Agora on all sides excepting the south, as we conclude from Pau-

sanias 's description, from certain approximately determined limits of the

market, and from the site of the Colonnade of Attalus. More accurate

boundaries cannot be determined. We must regard the whole commercial

THE AGORA 241

market, in the manner of oriental bazaars, as a quarter of the city inter-

sected by narrow streets, lined with stalls or booths. At least in classical

times it had this form, and preserved it in large measure in Hellenistic and

Roman times. The sections for shops were called kvkXoi (Harpocr., Hesych.,

s.v. kvk\o<;, Suid. s.v. kvkXoi, Schol. Ar. Eq. 137, Poll. 10, 18, 82, etc.), or

(TKiyvai (Harjx)cr., Suid., s.v. a-KrjviTrj^, Isoc. 19, 83, Dem. 18, KH), 54, 7, etc.),

or kAivou (Theophr. Char. 23, 8). In them stood the counters (Tpdnt^ai,

Plat. Ajiol. p. 17 c, Hipp. Min. p. 308 b, Theoph. Char. 9, 4), with the wares

of the merchants. The market-halls came relatively late, chiefly after the

middle of the fourth century (Xen. de Vect. 3, 13), and jireviously to that

time were used only for flour and grain.

As in the bazaar of to-day, only certain goods were sold in certain kv-

kXoi, and the sections took the name of the goods offered for sale in them.

Unfortunately, we cannot determine the exact location of any of them, ex-

cept, j^ierhaps of the metal and iron market (to. )(aXKa, Bekk. Anecd. I, 31 f>,

23, 6 a-iSrjpo^ Xen. Hell. 3, 3, 7), on the Market hill, and the rag market,

KepKWTTwv ayopd, near the Heliaea, ajqiarently to the southeast of tlie

political Agora (Hesych. s.v. KepKWTrwv ayopd).

The names of the kvkXol preserved to us are very numerous. This is

especially true of provisions of all sorts. The general name for the pro-

vision market was probably to oij/ov (Aeschin. 1, 65 Schol.). Provisions

were sold in separate kvkXoi, as e.g. meats (ra Kpea, cf . Theoj)hr. Char. 9, 4,

22, 7, I'oll. 7, 25), birds (ol opvidts, Dem. 19, 245, Ar. Av. 13 and Schol.). and

fish (ol L)(6v(.<i, Alciphr. Ep. 1, 3, 2). In the great fish market (t;(^uo7ra)Ais

sc. ayopd, Ps.-Plut. vit. x Or. p. 849 i>), single groups were distinguished,

as that of salt fish (Tapi;(07rwAts, Athen. 3, p. 120 A, Theophr. Char. 6, 9,

4, 15), and that for cheap sea fish (at /xe/M/SpaSes, Ar. Vesp. 493, etc.).

In the vegetable market (ra Xd^ava, Ar. Lys. 557, etc.), were separate

stalls for garlic (ra aKopoSa, Schol. Ar. Ran. 1008), onions (ra Kpop-p-va,

Eustath. Od. 6, 260), etc. We might name also the kvkXol for fresh cheese

(j(XiafM<i Tvp6<i, Lys. 23, 6), perfumeries (to. apw/xara, Schol. Ar. Pac. 1158),

lottery (aX ^vrpai, Ar. Lys. 557), clothing ( lyuiaTioTrwXts or oTreipoTrwAis

dyopd, Poll. 7, 78), etc. An esi)ecial place was assigned to the bankers

(at Tpdnt^ai, Theophr. Char. 5). There was, finally, also a horse market

(oi iTrTToi, Theophr. Char. 23, 7) and a slave market (to. avSpdiroBa, Poll. 7,

11, 10, 19).

The great territory covered by the commercial market, apart from the

circles and rows of booths, was itself intersected by streets, dwellings, and

public buildings. Most prominent of all were the streets leading to the

242 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

Thriasian gate and the great Dromos leading to the Dipylum. The buildings

along this are known especially from Pausanias's description (1, 2, 4-6).

Traces of single buildings mentioned by him are found, as for instance of

the Pompeium, near the gate, and of the monument of Eubulides. Another

fixed point is the northeast corner of the Market hill. The northern

boundary is uncei'tain. From the Dipylum to the Market, colonnades

lined the Dromos, before which were bronze statues of eminent men and

women (Pans. 1, 2, 4, cf. Himerius, 3, 12). They served as places of barter

and trade, which alternated with sanctuaries mentioned by Pausanias. Of the

places on the southern side of the Dromos we hear nothing from Pausanias,

but near the end of the Dromos we may with certainty set the Long Colon-

nade (MaKpa Sroa). This was doubtless the sanie as tlie Sloa Alj)hi(oj)olis,

the great grain-hall of Athens. On the Market hill directly behind the

Long Colonnade was the Hephaesteum. On the southwest corner of the hill

was located the Eurysaceum (C.I. A. IV, 2, 597 d 22), in which the son of

Salaminian Ajax was honored.

What we know of the territory north and east of the Dromos all

arranges itself apparently along the old street extending from the Thriasian

gate.

EXCURSUS III. THE ENNEACRUNUS AND ITS

NEIGHBORHOOD

There is great truth in Leake's statement (Topography, p. 45) that

" the fountain Enneacrunus is the most important point in Athens for the

elucidation of the topography of Pausanias." The discussion that has cen-

tred about the site of this fountain, mentioned by Pausanias in 1, 14, 1,

has involved many other important monuments and has occasioned so muchdebate that the so-called " Enneacrunus Episode " has called forth a vast

amount of literature and a coimtless mimber of divergent views from

classical scholars and archaeologists.

Fortunately, the actual discovery of the original Callirrhoe and the in-

vestigation into the system of water-works installed by Pisistratus— the

result of Dr. Dorjifeld's scientific work — have made possible the final

solution of the problem and have caused many other difficulties in Athenian

topography to disappear. With the greater light we now possess it seems

surprising how far afield the early topograjthers were. Yet they did not

have the benefit of those excavations which have made pre-Persian Athens

almost as well known to us as the Athens of the Periclean age.

ENNEACRUNUS 243

The questions involved in the Enneacrunus investigation liave been so

thoroughly discussed by Miss Harrison (who i>resents Dr. I)oii)f('ld's views)

in her latest work, Primitive Athens as Described by I'hucydides, Cam-bridge, 1906, that it will be necessary in this Excursus merely to state the

points at issue and the results attained, referring the reader to this work

for the arguments. As I agree with Dr. Dor])feld and Miss Harrison in all

particulars, with one important exception, my statement is largely a sum-

mary of their views.

The problem that vexed the earlier tojx)graphers was this : The place

in the text devoted to Pausanias's description of the fountain Enneacrunus,

earlier called Callirrhoe, and the adjacent buildings, naturally denuiuds that

the fountain and these monuments should be in close proximity to the

objects in the market-place described in adjoining chapters. Yet tradition

and classical authors locate a fountain Callirrhoe, called at times Ennea-

crunus, on the banks of the Ilissus, and Thucydides (1, 1")) sj)eaks of a

sanctuary of Olymjaan Zeus (and other shrines) as being in its neighbor-

hood— naturally identified with the celebrated Olympieum and adjacent

sanctuaries.

The exjilanations that have been given may be classified as follows :

1. Leake, Curtius, and others, relying chiefly on Thucydides 1, 15, hold

that the Enneacrunus was certainly in the valley of the Ilissus, an<l believe

that the fountain and the other buildings mentioned as adjacent to it are

for some reason inserted here out of the t()pograj)hical order. Various tlie-

ories are propounded to justify the break in the narrative. 2. Wachsmuth,

Frazer, and others who agree with Leake as to the jiositioji of the Ennea-

crunus, but who cannot accept so great a deviation from the topographical

order in Pausanias's description, think that Pausanias must have seen or

been shown .some other spring close to the end of the Agora, which he mis-

took for Enneacrunus. 3. Dr. Diirpfeld, on the contrary, both insists on

the topographical order, and takes the testimonies of Thucydides and

Pausanias as evidence of the presence of the fountain called Enneacru-

nus within the limits of the Agora, adjacent to the Pnyx hill. Proving

his faith by his works, he made excavations to find it, and in so doing he

has not only discovered what he believes to be the fountain Callirrhoe-

Enneacrunus, but has also demonstrated the ancient .system of water-works

installed by Pisistratus.

The difficulties involved'have been removed by showing that the nature

of the primitive city required the fountain to be not far from the Acropo-

lis ; that the statements of Thucydides and Pausanias are entirely in accord

;

244 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

that there were really two fountains named Callirrhoe, one of which— that

in the market-place— changed its name, with its enlarged functions, to

Enneacrunus ; that there was a duplication of certain sanctuaries about the

Acropolis and adjacent to the Ilissus ; and finally that excavations have laid

bare and explained the Pisistratean water-system and proved the accuracy

of Pausanias.

In this Excursus it will suffice to notice, first, the statements of ancient

writers bearing on Enneacrunus ; second, the probable sites of adjacent

shrines; third, the results of excavations.

A. Anciknt Writers on Enneacrunus

1. The famous passage in Thucydides, 2, 15, 3-G,^ is to this effect

:

Before the synoikismos under Theseus, " what is now the Acropolis

was the jiolis, together with what is below it, especially towards the

south " (^t6 0€ irpb tovtov rj aK^ooTroXis r} vvv ovcra ttoAis fjv, kol to vit avrrjv

n-pos voTov fidXiara TCTpafxfJiivov), the latter phrase being added evidently

as a detail or afterthought. Then follow many reasons in proof of this

statement. reKfi-^piov 8e • to. yap lepa iv avrfj rfj aKpoTroXtt kol oAAcov 6tu)v

i(TTi, " The sanctuaries are on the Acropolis itself, those of other deities

as well (as of the Goddess)." Then proceeding : kol to. I^w Trpo? tovto to

fi€po<; Trj<i TToAews fiaXXov tSpvrat to t€ tov Atos tov 'OXvfxirCov koI to HvOtov

KUL TO Trj<; Trj<; kuI to cV Xifxvai<i Atovvaov, ktX. " And the sanctuaries out-

side are situated toward this part of the city more than elsewhere, as that

of Zeus Olympius, and the Pythium, and that of Ge, and that of Dionysus

in the Marshes, etc." The usual interpretation, making Trpos tovto to fiepo^

T^s iroXeois refer exclusively to tt/sos votov above, is obviously incorrect.

Thucydides is arguing that the ancient city was limited to a certain por-

tion of the later city, namely the Acropolis and its slopes especially south-

wards, and proves it by naming certain primitive shrines in or near this

section. "Furthermore," he proceeds, "other ancient sanctuaries are

situated here " (J8pvTai Sk kol aXXa Upa TavTy dp^aia). Then follows the

statement about the Enneacrunus : kol tjJ Kprjvrj Trj vvv p.\v twv Tvpavviav

owTO) CKf.vao'a.vTwv 'EvveaKpouvo) KaXovfitvr], to oe TrdXat (jiaveputv tu)v Trrjyiov

ovawv K.aXXipp6r) wvofjui<Tp.ivr], Ikuvol tc eyyi/s ovo'rj to. irXuaTOv d^ia e^puivTO,

KOL vvv €Ti diro TOV dp)(aiov irpo re yapLKW kol e? dXXa twv Upiov vofu^eTai tuI

v8aTL )(prja-dai,— " And the spring which is now called Enneacrunus, from

1 Oil the interpretation of this passage, see A. W. Verrall, Class. Rev. xiv (1900),

274 ff. ; Mitchell Carroll ibid, xix (190.5), .S2.5 ff. ; Judeich, Topographic, 51-56 and n. 4

;

Miss Harrison, Primitive Athens, 7 ff. ; Capps, Class. Philol. ii (1907), 25 ff.

ENNEACRUXUS 245

the form given to it by the tyrants, but which formerly, when the wells

were visible, was named Callirrhoe— this sjning, being near [i.e. to the

Acropolis district], they used for the most important purjHjses, and even

now it is still the custom derived from the ancient (habit) to use the water

before weddings and for other sacred purposes." The concluding sentence

adds an argument from the local use of language : KaAtirui, 84 8ta rrjv

TToAatav TavTT) KaToUyjatv Koi 17 aK/jOTroAis fJ^^XP'- Tovhf. tri vv 'AOrjvaiwv ttoAis,

"And furthermore the Acropolis is still to this day called by the Athenians,

because of the ancient settlement here, the polh."

Thus the whole argument was merely to ]>rove that the primitive city

comprised the Acropolis together with such territory about it, especially

but not entirely towards the south, as could in a loose and jKipular waybe regarded as actually pertaining to and included in the Acroi)olis.

Thucydides states that those ancient sanctuaries which are outside are

placed towards this part of the city more than elsewhere and that the

Enneacrunus is near.

It seems then, on the face of it, that a settlement stretching from the

Acropolis to the Ilissus, half a mile off, would be much too large for primi-

tive Athens. Hence this passage calls for the determination of ancient

sanctuaries of Zeus Olympius, of Pythian Ai)ollo, of (Je, and of Dionysus

in the Marshes, on the slopes of the Acropolis, and of the Enneacrunus

fountain near at hand.

2. Pausanias, after his account of the statues of the Tyrannicides and

his mention of the Odeum, speaks thus of Enneacrunus (1, 14, 1) : irkyj-

(TLOv 0€ €crTi KpTjVTf, KaXovcTL §€ avTr]v 'EvvtaK/aoDvoj/, oiJtw Kocrfi-qOiiaav inro

UtLaiarpdrov • <f>p€aTa jxev yap koI 8ta Tratrr^s Trj<: TrdAeois eort, Tn^yr; 8c uvtt]

p.6vrj. lie next s^ieaks of temples above the fountain : vuol 8c vnep rr/v

Kpi^vrjv o fxev ArJ/nr/rpo? irCTroiT/Tat kol Kdpv^s, fv Sc toI TpnTToXe/xov K€ifX€v6v

iariv ayaXpxi. After thus mentioning temples of Demeter and Kore, and

of Triptolemus, Pausanias continues (1, 14, 1-4) in a way that suggests,

though it does not assert, that these temples were in a precinct known as

the Eleusinium. In section 5 Pausanias remarks, " .Still farther on is a

temple of Eucleia " (In 8c diriDTepu) i/aos EwActas). Hence the narrative

of Pausanias calls for evidence as to the site of (1) the Odeum. ("J) the

temples of Demeter and Kore, and of Triptolemus, and (:}) the temple of

Eucleia— all of which were in the Enneacrunus neighborhood.^

' Other imix)rtaiit passages bearing on Callirrhoe are as follows:"^

Hdt. (5, 137 : avrol AOyjvaioi X^yovffi . . . (pOLrav yap dd rds ffcfxTipai Ovyar^pas

iir v5wp iirl rrjv Kvi'fdKpovvoi' . . . Skois 5^ (Xffoiev avrat, tovs IIe\o(T7oi)j KaroiKTjfiivovs

246 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

B. Sites of Monumknts in Neighborhood of Enneacruxus

1. The Objmpkum.— This is one of the sanctuaries luentioned in the

passage of Thucydides as being "outside " the Acropolis, but towards this

part of the city (to. e^co tt/dos tovto to jxipoii r^s TrdXews fiaXXov ktX.), in

conjunction with the Pythium and tlie sanctuaries of Ge and of Dionysus

in the Marshes. Cf. Pans. 1, 18, G-8, where tlie gi-eat precinct of Olympian

Zeus near the Ilissus is described in detail, with which also a Pythium is

associated. Till recently it Mas inferred that this was the sanctuary

Thucydides had in mind ; if this is too remote we must show there is

evidence for another Olympieum and another Pythium in Athens, adjacent

to the Acropolis. Dorpfeld cites, as proof of such a sanctuary northwest

of the Acropolis, Strabo, 9, p. 404, where we are told the Athenians

watched the Harma on Mt. Cithaeron for the lightning ano t^s i<r)(a.pa<; tov

acTTpaTraiov Aid? which is €v tuJ T€L)(a /xeTa^v tov HvOlov koI tov 'OAv/xttiou.

There is convincing evidence of a Pythium on the Long Rocks northwest

of the Acropolis, and Dorpfeld interprets this passage as referring to the

Acropolis Wall. Though thei-e are no certain remains of this Olympieum,

it must have been adjacent to the Pythium, the exact site of which has

been determined.

virb T<f 'T/XT/fTcr^) . . . ^laffOal arcpeai. This natixrally refers to a spring adjacent to

the primitive fortified settlement and gives the later name.

Ps-Plat. Axiocli. p. 364 a: i^ibvTi fxoi is Kvvda-apyes Kal yevoixivifj fxoi Kara 'l\i<rffbi>

. . . KXeivlav 6pu> t6v A^i.6xov 0^o;^a eirl KaWipporjv — a manifest reference to the

spring by the Ilissus.

Etymol. Magn. s.v. ISvvedKpovvos : Kp-qvn) ' A.dr)vrj<ri. irapa rhv 'Wiacrhv tj irpirepov

Ka\\ipp6ri iffKev. TloKv^-qKos A-qfiorvvSiipeij} Sk (Com. Att. Frgm., ed. Kock, I, p. 790, 2)

" i'^et TTpbs 'EvveaKpovpov, evv8poi> rdnov.'''' This and similar statements of late date

may result from a confusion of the Callirrhoe with the Enneacrunus tradition. Bythe time this work was compiled, the old Callirrhoe at the Pnyx had been long for-

gotten. Over against tliis set tlie statement of another lexicographer, Suidas, s.v.

vviJ.(f)iKa \ovTpd. : to, els yd/xovs iK ttjs dyopas dirb Kprjvrjs \afM^av6fj,€voi.

Cratinus, frgm. 186, in Schol. Ar. Eq. 526 : 'Ava^ "AiroWov, tCjv iirCsv twv pev/jidruv

Kavaxovffi Urjyal dojdeKdKpovvov rb crbp-a.^ 'IXicrcrds fv rrj ipdpvyi. Frazer considers this

certainly an allusion to the Enneacrunus, though the poet speaks of twelve instead of

nine jets of water.

Hierocles Hippiatr. praef. : TapavrXvos dk Iffropet rbv tov Ai6s veiiv KaraaKtvd^ov-

TttS A0r)valovs KweaKpovvov wXTjcriov eiaeKadrjvai \f/r)(plffa(r0ai rd iK rrjs'

Attiktjs et's rb

Affrv ^f'LiyT) diravTa- ktX., discussed by Miss Harrison, pp. 154-156, who shows that

Tarantinus, an author of uncertain date, tells of the Olympieum a story told by others

of the Parthenon; he is not worthy of credence.

ENNEACRUNUS 247

2. The Pythium. — The Pythiiini is the second sanctuary named l)y

Thucydides (2, 15, 4). Pausanias (1, 10, 1) speaks of ar iiiia.y;e of AjioUo

near the great temple of Olymjiiau Zeus (Mera 8c tov vaov tov Aios tov

'OXvfJLTTiov TrXrjaiov dyaXfxd iariv AttoAAwj/o? llv^i'ov) and we know there

was a Pythium or sanctuary of Pythian A^kjIIo in that quarter of Athens

(see note I.e.).

But literary evidence of itself proves that there was anotlier Pythium,

naturally that referred to by Thucydides, somewhere on the Long Rocks

at the northwest end of the Acroj>olis. Pausanias (1, 28, 4) speaks of '• a

sanctuary of Ajxjllo in a cave " on the Acro]>olis slope, and another writer

applies to it the name of Pythium (cf. Philostr. Vit. Soph. 2, 1, 7, where it

is stated that the route followed by the ship in the Panathenaic procession

was from the Ceramicus to the Eleusinium, tlien round the Eleusiuium

and past the Pelargicum to the Pythium, where the shij) was n)oored). As

Pausanias (1, 29, 1) says the ship was kejit near the Areopagus, this can-

not well be the Pythium on the Ilissus. Cf. also Eur. Ton, 7 ff., 285 ff.,

where the caves of the Long Rocks are made the scene of the nuptials of

Ajiollo and Creusa.

The actual cave of Apollo has also been found and thoroughly cleared

out, and numerous votive offerings with in.scriptions have come to light

which make the identification certain. The Olympieum probably lay some

what east of the Pythium, but there is no archaeological evidence to jirove it.

It .stands or falls with the Pythium. .See ^liss Harrison, Primitive Athens,

pp. 67-82, for an extended description of the Pythium.

3. The Sanctuary of (le.— This is the third sanctuary cited by Thu-

cydides (2, 15, 3). In 1, 18, 7 Pausanias mentions the temenos of (Je

Olympia within the peribolus of the great Olympieum ; and in 1, 22, 3

he si>eaks of the shrine of Ge Kourotrophos and Demeter Chloe, in de-

scribing his approach to the Propylaea along the southern sloj)e of the

Acropolis. The sanctuary of Ge was probably at the southwest corner of

the Acropolis, presumably somewhere along the winding road followed by

Pausanias. It is doubtless to this latter sanctuary that Thucydides refers.

4. The OtU'um (V&n^. 1,8,0; 1, 14, 1).— This is the first object of int<M-est

mentioned by Pausanias after leaving the statues of Ilarmodius and Aris-

togiton on the northwest sloi)e of the Areopagus. Frazer (note I.e.), Dorji-

feld in A. M. xvii (18!)2), 252-200, and Judeich (To]>ographie, 312) agree

in concluding that " the theatre called Odeum " (Pans. 1, 8, 0) was iden-

tical with the theatre in the Ceramicus called the Agrippeum nuMitioned by

Pliilostratus (Vit. Soph. 2, 5, 4 ; 8, 4). Dorpfeld thinks it occu2)ied the

248 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

site of the old market orchestra, southwest of the Areopagus and north of

the Hill of the Xyniplis. Cf. Tim. Lex. Plat. ^Op)(T^aTpa tottos €Tn4>avr]<; ets

iravrjyvpLv, evda ApfjioSiov koI 'AptoroyetVovos eiKoves. Those who place Enuea-

crunus and adjacent structures along the llissus consider this a suburban

Odeum, situated in Agrae. There are no definite data as to such a site.

The two other well-known Odeums are the Odeum of Pericles near the

theatre (Pans. 1, '20, 4) and the Odeum of lierodes Atticus on the southern

slope of the Acropolis. '< Xear the Odeum," says Pausanias, "is a foun-

tain called Ehneacruniis "(1, 11, 1).

5. The Temple?: of Demeter and Persephone, and of Trlptolenms. — " Above

the fountain," continues Pausanias, " are temples ; one of them is a temple

of Demeter and Kore, in the other is an image of Triptolemus " (1, 11,

1-3). lie then proceeds to tell the story of Triptolemus and says he pur-

posed to describe all the objects "in the sanctuary at Athens called the

Eleusinium," but was prevented by a vision in a dream.

All who see in Enneacrunus the Callirrhoe on the llissus distinguish

the two temples from the Eleusinium, and locate tlieni in Agrae where the

fXLKpa p-va-Typtu were celebrated (see Milchh. S. Q. xxiv). Dr. Dorpfeld and

Miss Harrison, on the contrary, believe that the two temples were com-

prised in the Eleusinium. Judeich, p. 257, locates the temples somewhere

south of the Areo^tagus, but asserts they were not in the Eleusinium. Tlie

site of the Eleusinium is well attested as being south of the Areopagus

and west of the Acropolis. Cf. Clem. Alex. Protrept. p. lo, who speaks of

the Eleusinium " which was beneath the Acropolis "; Philostr. Vit. Soph.

2, 1, .5, who in describing the Panathenaic i)rocession says that "the ship,

starting from the Ceramicus with a thousand oars, sailed up to the Eleu-

sinium, and, having made the circuit of it, passed the Pelargicum." The

natural inference is that the two temples were conqtrised in the Eleusinium.

G. T'emple of Eucleia.— "Further on" (ert 8e ctTrwrepw), says Pausa-

nias, after Ids account of tlie Eleusinium, "is a temple of Eucleia"

(1,1-1..-.).

The goddess Eucleia, or Good Fame, is identified with Artemis Eucleia by

Dr. Dorpfeld and ]\Iiss Harrison on the authority of Plutarch (Aristid. 20),

who think this temple is identical with a shrine of Artemis xVristoboule

dedicated by Themistocles and located " in Melite near to his own house

(Pint. Them, l.j, 22)." Others deny the identification and locate tlie tem-

])le of Eucleia on tlie left bank of the llissus. Ilitzig-Bluemner (note I.e.)

think the identification altogether uncertain, as in inscrii)tions Eucleia is

joined with Eunoihia (see S. Q. xxix). rludeich, pp. 355, 330, also regards

EXNEACRUNUS 249

the identification as improvable and ini probable, but locates the temple

somewhat distant from the Triptolenms temple, and certainly not far from

that of Artemis Aristoboule.

7. The Dionysium in Limnit.— This is the last of the sanctuaries men-

tioned by Thucydides ("2, 15), as being -'outside" the AcroiKjlis, but

within the limits set for the primitive city.

We observe that up to this jwint in the discussion there have develo])ed

in different localities two Callirrhoes, two sanctuaries of Zeus, two of Apollo,

two of Ge, two or more of the Eleusinian deities, two or more Odeums, and

two Eucleias. Fortiuiately there is only one Dionysium in Limnis, and if

we can determine the site of this we have the key to the whole topograph-

ical situation. True, there have been many sites assigned to it. The early

tojxigraphers and the latest authority on the Dionysiac cult, Paul Foucart

(LeCultede Dionysos en Attique, Paris, 190.")), locate it in the Dionysus pre-

cinct containing the theatre, on the southwest slope of the Acropolis.

Others located it in the Ilissus neighborhood or outside the city. Dr. Dorp-

feld, on the contrary, is firmly convinced that he has excavated its site and

determined the authenticity of it in the territory excavated by the German

school, between the Areopagus, Pnyx, and Acro^xilis. Miss Harrison de-

votes pp. 83-100 of Primitive Athens to proving this identification and to

describing the precinct.

The precinct in question is northwest of the ancient road laitl bare by

Dr. Dorpfeld, just south of the western end of the Areopagus. It is tri-

angular in shape, being bounded by three streets, and is about GOO scpiare

yards in area. It is surrounded by a limestone wall which shows several

styles of construction from the Cyclopean to the quadrangular. It consists

of two jiarts, divided by a wall with a door, the southern section being

the smaller. In the southern part is a snuill temple ; in the mi<ldle of the

northern jiart is a table-like altar, and in the northwest corner is a wine-

press. Above a considerable portion of the precinct are the foundations of

a building of Roman date, which contained a large hall with two rows of

columns, dividing it into a central nave and two aisles. IIer(* was found

an altar decorated with scenes from the worship of Dionysus, and the drum

of a column on which is an inscription giving the statutes of a club of per-

sons calling themselves lobah-hoi, and showing the name of the hall to be

the Rakcheion. Xo inscriptions of an earlier date were found anywhere

in the precinct, and no orchestra has come to light. The altar, the wine-

press, and the small ttMuple of very early date are taken as sufficient evi-

dence that this is the Dionysium in Limnis.

250 THE ATTICA OF TAUSANIAS

Dr. Dorpfeld and Miss Hamson present their arguments so cogently

that the i-eader feels impelled to accept their conclusions without hesita-

tion ; but when he reviews once more the literary evidence cited by them

he finds that what ap])lies strictly to the Dionysium in Lininis does not

afford conclusive proof of this identification, any more than do the archae-

ological remains. If this precinct is not the Dionysium in Limnis, what

is it then ? This question I am not prepared to answer, but I shall sum-

marize the arguments to prove that the Dionysium in Limnis was embraced

mthe Dionysiac precinct on the southwest slope of the Acropolis, referring

the reader to my paper in the Classical Review, xix (lOO.j), .^2o-328, for a

fuller statement.

1. The oft-quoted passage in Thucydides mentions foiar sanctuaries,

three of which we have seen to be on the Acropolis slopes, namely, the

Olympieum to the northwest, the Pythium west of it, the sanctuary of Geon the southwest ; then follows the Dionysium in Limnis in regular order

from northwest to southeast, and here it is on the southeast slope. This

order suggests that Thucydides was thinking of the site of the Dionysiac

theatre, and not a locality some distance away southwest of tlie Areopagus.

Did not Thucydides add the phrase Trpos votov fjidXiara, "chiefly to the

south," so as to include this site?

2. Pausanias (1, 20, 3) says : ToS Alovvctov Si iari Trpos rw Otarpio to

ap^aioTarov Itpov, kt\. The ap^atorepa Aiovvcriaol tlie Tliucydides passage

were celebrated £v tw d/o^atorarcp up(2 rov Aiovvaov kol ayi<oTara) iv At/xvui?

(Ps.-Dem. 59, 76), and Pausanias tells us that tou ALovvaov ... to ap^^aLo-

TaTov lepov was Trpo<; tw Oedrpw. Though Pausanias does not mention the

Dionysium in Lininis by name, he doubtless had the Thucydides passage in

mind, and the Pseudo-Demosthenes passage serves as a connecting link to

justify this intei-pi-etation.

3. I hold with M. Foucart (p. 109), in regard to the famous chorus of the

Frogs (218 ff.),

7]v dfx<pl ^vffrjiovI

Ai6s AiSvvffov iv

\Lfj.vais iax'Tlffafxev\t)vIx o Kpanra\6Kii>ixos

TOIS iepOlCL X'^TpOKTl

Xwpe? Kar ifjibv rifievos XaCiv ^X^^s, ktX.

that the scene of the Frogs is the actual theatre itself, where the play was

celebrated, with the neighborhood. The word Ai/xvat probably denotes the

sacred ^iools, round which Xantliias runs instead of crossing in a ferry boat.

The statement that the sanctuary of Dionysus in the Marshes was

opened once only in each year on the 12th of the month Anthesterion, as

ENNEACRUNUS 251

given in Ps.-Demosthenes I.e., is no conclusive objection to this interpre-

tation, as the primitive shrine was probably closed, not the whole sacred

precinct which contained also the orchestra and the temple of Dionysus

Eleuthereus.

C. Excavations

J^xcavations made in the bed of the Ilissus on the traditional site of

Callirrhoe by the (Jreek Archaeological Society, in lS9;i, reveal artificial

methods of embellishment which, Frazer and others believe, may have

caused the water to issue from nine spouts in such a way as to justify the

name Enneacrunus. But, as Judeich (p. IS'J) and Miss Harrison (p. 158)

lX)int out, these remains show conclusively that in classical times no con-

siderable fountain could have existed there ; and there are no traces of

an artistic treatment and no evidence whatever that the work was of an

early date.

Dr. Dorpfeld's excavations, however, have revealed the Pisistratean

system of water-works and have given the unanswerable s(jlution to the

Enneacrunus problem. It is beside our purpose to describe in detail the

artificial water supply of ancient Athens.^ Suffice it to say that in the Pnyx

rock, as indicated on the plan facing p. 280, is the spring Callirrhoe. It

has been reenforced by water from the district of the Ilissus, brought in a

conduit laid by Pisistratus. In front of the ancient Callirrhoe once stood

a fountain house called Enneacrunus, or Nine Spouts. Several stones have

been found which belonged to this artificial fountain. That these remains

belong to the Pisistratean epoch is indicated by the materials, the stamps,

and the similarity of construction with other Pisistratean buildings and

with the fountains of Alegara and Corinth of similar date. The plan

gives the general disposition of the place of the Enneacrunus, showing

the spring Callirrhoe in the Pnyx rock, the large reservoir, immediately

in front of it the draw-well, and to the right of the reservoir, and e(iually

fed by it, the fountain house, Enneacrunus. In front of the fountain house

is a great open space, which was at one time the heart and centre of

the Agora.

Conclusion On the whole the balance of evidence seems to justify the

following inferences :

1. Pausanias and Thucydides are in accord in locating the Enneacrunus

in the neighborhood of the Acropolis, and Pausanias did no violence to

the topographical order of his narrative,

1 See especially Fr. Grilber, Die Einieakruuos, A.M. xxxi (liHI.")), 1-64.

252 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

2. Of the sites mentioned by Pausanias and Thiicydides in connection

with Enneacruuus, there were primitive sanctuaries of Olympian Zens, of

Pythian Apollo, and of Ge, on the Acropolis slopes as well as along the

Ilissus, and Thucydides doubtless refen-ed to the former ; the Odeum was

doubtless in the Agora just southwest of the Areopagus ; there were sanc-

tuaries of the Eleusinian deities both west of the Acropolis, south of the

Areopagus, and in Agrae across the Ilissus, but the Eleusinium was in

the former locality ; if Eucleia is Artemis Eucleia, her sanctuary was in the

Areopagus region, but if the shrine mentioned by Pausanias was of Eucleia

merely, the site is imcertain ; the Dionysium in Limnis is either where

Dr. Dorpfeld locates it, south of the western end of the Areopagus, or

more probably it is identical with the theatre precinct where Pausanias

locates the most ancient sanctuary of Dionysus.

3. The excava:tions of Dr. Dorpfeld and the recent investigations into

the water supply of ancient Athens, together with the testimony of ancient

writers, afford conclusive evidence that the site of the Enneaci'unus of Pisis-

tratus has been identified at the foot of the east slope of the Pnyx hill.

EXCURSUS IV. THE THESEUM

It has been already stated that the Royal Colonnade was doubtless situ-

ated at the eastern foot of the hill known as Colonus Agoraeus, on which

the Doric temple commonly known as the Theseum now stands. XowPausanias informs us : 'Yirep Be tov Kepa/xetKov kol crroav ttjv KaXovfiivrjV

/SaaiXcLov vaos iariv 'ilcf)aiaTov (1, 14, G). Hence it seems evident that the

temple of Hephaestus " above " the Agora and Royal Colonnade must have

been on this hill. Add the testimony of Harpocration (s.v. KoXdovcVas)

that the Hephaesteum and the Eurysaceum stood on the Colonus Agoraeus

near the Agora, and that the Eurysaceum was in the quarter Melite (s.v.

T!,vpv(TaKeiov) , which we know from other sources lay to the west and south-

west of the market-place.

Since the evidence is strong that the temple of Hephaestus was on the

Colonus Agoraeus, it raises the interesting question whether the temple still

standing there, known as the Theseum, is not actually the Hephaesteum.

This temple, the best-preserved architectural relic of the ancient world,

has been the subject of an interesting controversy as to its identity. It

has been by various writers at different times attributed respectively to

Ares, Apollo, Heracles, Aphrodite, the Amazons, Theseus, and Hephaestus.

But before entering upon this controversy let us briefly describe the temple.

THE TIIESEl'M 253

The so-called Theseum is a peripteral hexastyle in nulls. It stands upon

a marble stylobate raised three st^'ps from the ground, the lowest step being

of Piraeus limestone. The building is 104 feet long, and io feet wide.

To front and rear are six Doric columns, and at the sides are thirteen, the

corner columns being twice counted.

The columns are 10 feet in lieight, varying in diameter from '4 feet

5 inches at the base to 2 feet 7 inches at the top ; tliey are accordingly

somewhat more slender than those of the Parthenon. The intercolumnia-

tion is 5| feet, at the corners 4^ feet. Above the architrave runs a Doric

frieze of triglyjihs and metopes, encircling the whole building ; only a few

of these, however, are sculi)tured. Above the frieze is the usual cornice

and pediment.

The cella, which is about 40 feet in length by l20 feet in breadth, has a

fore-chamber (pronaos) at the east end and a back-chamber (opistliodomus)

at the west end, formed by the prolongation of the side walls terminating in

antae ; at each end a pair of columiLs occupied the space between the antae.

Of the sixty-eight metopes only eighteen were endiellished with sculp-

tured reliefs, namely, the ten on the east front, and the four on the north

and south sides respectively at the eastern end. The metx)'i)es of the east

front represent the labors of Heracles. The scenes from left to right are

as follows : (1) Heracles and the Nemean lion; (2) Heracles and the Ler-

naean hydra; (8) Heracles and the Cerynaean hind

; (4) Heracles and the

Erymanthian boar; (5) Heracles and the horses of Diomedes

; (0) Heracles

and Cerberus; (7) Heracles and Hippolyta, queen of the Amazons

;(S) Hera-

cles and Eurytion; (9) Heracles and Geryon

; (10) Heracles and one of the

Hesperides. The eight reliefs on the side walls, which are better pre-

served, celebrate the achievements of Theseus. Those on the soulli side,

beginning from the east, are : (1) Thesens and the ]\Iinotaur ; (2) Theseus

and the bull of Marathon ; (o) The.-eus and the robber Sinis; (4) Theseus

and Procrustes. Those on the north, beginning from the east, are :

(1) Theseus and the robber Periphetes; (2) Theseus and the Arcadian

Cercyon ; (8) Theseus and Sciron; (4) Theseus and the C'rommyonian sow.

There is also a scidptured frieze at each end of the cella, over the inner

columns, the western frieze extending merely from anta to anta, while the

eastern frieze extends beyond the antae to meet the ejiistyle. The west

frieze is about 2'> feet long ; the east frieze is about ^57 feet long. The

subject of the former is the battle between the Centaurs and La]>iths ; of

the latter, a battle fought in the jireseuce of six seated deities divided into

two groups of three each. The subject is uncertain.

254 THE ATTICA OF PAUSAXIAS

The date of the temple and its sculptures is agreed to be about the

middle of the fifth century b.c. ; but whetlier it falls soon before, or soon

after, or contemporaneous with, the Parthenon, is disputed. Dorpfeld and

other architects would place it later, because of its more advanced tenden-

cies to lonicism in architectural details. The sculptures, furthermore,

favor the later date, as for example the resemblances between the west

frieze of this temple and the metopes of the Parthenon. Similarly certain

Attic vase-paintings suggest the later date, as the metopes are frequently

imitated on Attic vases, but never of an earlier date than 430 b.c, whereas

the Parthenon dates from 447-432 b.c. It has been conjectured from the

style of the metopes that the sculptures were the work of ^lyron or of

pupils of Myron ; but the names of the sculptors are not known.

Frazer thus summarizes the arguments for and against the view that

this Doric temple is actually the Theseum, described by Pausanias (1, 17,

2-6), Trpos 8e toJ yvfxvaa-iw ©T/aews ia-rlv Upov, ktX.

In favor of its being the Theseum are, (1) the tradition which for

some centuries at least has designated the temple as the Theseum; (2) the

evidence of the sculptured metopes, representing the deeds of Theseus, and

of the west frieze, representing the contests of Centaurs and Lapiths,

in which Theseus took jiart; (3) the fact that the inside walls are covered

with stucco, which suggests that they were once embellished with paint-

ings, as we know from Pausanias to have been true of the Theseum.

In regard to (1), the anonymous author of a Greek tract on the

topograj^hy of Athens, of the fifteenth centuiy, preserved in the Paris

library, was the first writer in modern times to call the temple Theseum.

Henceforth the temple bore this name without question until the middle

of the nineteenth century, when Ross proposed to identify it with the

temple of Ares (Paus. 1, 8, 2), a name earlier suggested by the traveler

Cyriacus of Ancona.

The arguments against its being the Theseum are, (1) Theseus was

not a god but a hero. The heroum of the latter was always sharply dis-

tinguished from the nnos of the former. The terms used by Pausanias

(1, 17, 2 and 6) for the Theseum and other memorials of Theseus better suit

a heroic shrine. Besides, this temple is a regular temple facing east with

three steps, whereas the heroum has two steps and faces west. (2) This

temple, as we have seen, is of the age of Pericles, while the Theseum was

built in the age of Cimon and seems to have been begun not later than

493 B.C. (see 1, 17, 6, note). (3) The evidence as to the site of the Theseum

derived from Aristotle, Plutarch, and Pausanias (note I.e.) is in favor of

THE thesp:um 255

placing it to the east of the Agora, and north of the Acropolis. (4) The

argument based on the fact that eight of the metopes and at least one of

the friezes represented the exploits of Theseus is met by showing that the

subject of metopes and friezes had no necessary relation to the deities of

the temples, as e.g. the labors of Heracles on the metopes of the temple

of Zeus at Olympia, and the Centaurs on the Parthenon metopes.

On the whole the preponderance of evidence is against identifying the

temple with the Theseum.

If not, then, the Theseum, to what god was the tem]»le dedicated?

Various have been the answers given : (1) Ross thought it was the temple

of Ares (see 1, 8, 4, note). (2) Wachsmuth and Curtius identified the temple

with the famous sanctuary of Heracles, Averter of Evil, in Melite (cf . Schol.

Ar. Ran. 501). But Pausanias makes no mention of a temple of Heracles.

(3) Kohler, Loeschke, and Milclihoefer make it a temple of Apollo the

Paternal. But that temple, as we have seen (see 1, 3, 4, note), was in the

Agora. (4) Lange would regard it as the sanctuary of Aj)hrodite Urania

(Paus. 1, 14, 7, note), and (5) Dr. Dyer conjectured it might have been

the sanctuary of the Amazons (see Plut. Theseus, 27). (0) Finally, the

proposal first made by Pervanoglu, to identify the so-called Theseum

with the temple of Hephaestus described by Pausanias (1, 14, (5), has been

accepted by Lolling, Dorpfeld, and Miss Harrison.

Arguments in favor of the temple being a Hephaesteum are as follows:

(1) It fits the topographical requirements. We know from Pausanias that

the temple of Ilepliaestus stood on high ground, above the market-place

and the Royal Colonnade, and from other sources that together with the

Eurysaceum it stood on the hill Colonus Agoraeus. The hill on which

the so-called Theseum stands has been identified as the ]\Iarket hill. Theonly objects mentioned as being on this hill are the naos of Heiihaestus,

the hieron of Aphrodite Urania, and tlie Eurysaceum. As this temple is a

naos, this is strong evidence that it was the Hephaesteum. (2) There was

a natural fitness in having the temple of Ilephaestjis overlook the potter's

quarter. (3) An inscription of 440-410 n.c. sjieaks of the revival or insti-

tution of the worship of Hephaestus and Athena, and the setting up of an

altar or an image to Hejihaestus. This would harmonize with the date

approximately assigned to this temple. (4) In answer to the objection that

in none of the sculptured meto]K's nor in the frieze is there any reference

to Hephaestus, it may be said that, as we have seen, these scuijitures appear

to have often had little or no relation to the god of the temple, while the

pediment sculptures, which generally had a direct reference to the temple

256 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

deity, have entirely disappeared ; Bruno Sauer connects tlieni with the

Hephaestus legend.

The balance of probabilities, therefore, seems in favor of identifying as

the temple of Hephaestus the temple poi)ularly known as the Theseum,

and we shall provisionally accept this designation.

EXCURSUS V. THE OLYMPIEUM

Sixteen imposing Corinthian columns sixty feet in height, situated on a

broad plateaii to the southeast of the Acropolis, lorm one of the most con-

spicuous features in the landscape of Athens. These columns form two

groui)S : eastward are thirteen surmounted by an architrave ; separated

from these by a gap of 100 feet are three others, two standing, one pros-

trate. During the Middle Ages the name given these remains of antiquity

was the palace of Hadrian ; among the modern Greeks the ruin is popularly

known as SUies Kolonmies (ets rats KoAdwats, '"at the columns").

The grounds for identifying these massive ruins with the 01ym})ieum

are fortunately beyond doubt. (1) The great size of the columns and of

the foundation of the structure comports with the statements of Livy

(41, 20, 8, unum in terris inchoatum pro magnitudine dei) and of Aris-

totle (Pol. 5, 11), who compares tliem with the works of the Cypselidae in

Corinth, the pyramids of Egypt, and the public buildings of Polj-crates of

Samos. (2) Vitruvius says that the temple of Olympian Zeus was dipteral

of the Corinthian order (7, praef. 1.), 17) and octostyle (o, 1, 8), as is the

case here. (3) Pansanias states tliat the p(!ribolus was full of statues of

Hadrian ; and among the ruins luive been found many bases with dedi-

catory inscriptions to this emperor (C.I. A. Ill, 479-482, 484, 48(), 487,

'491, 494). (4) The four sides of the peribolus are GG8 m. in length, which

agrees roughly with Pausanias' statement (1, 18, 6) that the whole in-

closure was four stadia in cii'cuit. And, finally, (.">) Yitruvius states that

the architect selected by Antiochus was named Cossutius, and the base of

a statue has been found with the inscription : Ack/aos Kotro-ouTtos HoTrAtbv

'Pw/mio? (C.I.A. Ill, 561).

The site was hallowed from the earliest time, for here, as says Pausa-

nias, was the primitive sanctuary of Zens founded by Deucalion in the

neighborhood of tlie cleft through which the water of the flood disap-

peared. This primitive sanctuary probably gave way in eai-ly times to a

temple in which was kept the bron/e statue of Zeus mentioned by Pau-

sanias. But the work of building the massive temple we are considering

THE OLYMPIEUM 257

belongs to three epochs separated by long intervals : (1) under Pisistratus

and his sons; (2) under Antiochus Kpiphanes of Syria; (3) lyider the

Roman Emperor Hadrian.

About 530 B.C. the tyrant Pisistratus began on this site the erection of

a temple of such massive jiroportions as to rival the temples of Hera at

Samos and of Artemis at Ephesus. He employed four architects, Antista-

tes, Callaeschrus, Antimachides, and Pormus (Vitruv. 7, praef. 15). The

original style employed was Doric, as is evident from its early date and its

colossal size. Aristotle charges (Pol. 5, 11, 8) that the building of the

temple was a device of the tyrant to keep the minds of the people diverted

from revolutionary projects. The work was stopped at the expulsion of

the Pisistratidae in 510 B.C., and it is impossible to determine how far it

had progressed.

The interval between the expulsion of the tyrants and the reign of

Antiochus TV, Epiphanes, of Syria (510-175 n.c.) is a blank in the history

of the Olympieum. During the acme of Atlienian greatness the temple was

disregarded, and we have no mention of it whatever in classical literature.

At length, about 174: ii.c., Antiochus determined to continue the Avork of

building the temple at his own expense. Vitruvius (l-c.) gives the par-

ticulars. A Roman Cossutius was the architect who planned and super-

intended the construction of the temple, cella, columns, epistyle, and

ornamentation ; he chose the Corinthian order and surrounded it with a

double row of columns. The death of Antiochus [nit an end to the work,

which mvist have been very far advanced. From the evidence of the earlier

Greek taste seen in the carving of the capitals and the curve of the abacus,

the extant columns belong to this period, and we may conclude that the

entire peristyle was set up by Antiochus.

Much, however, remained to be done— certainly the roofing, the finish-

ing of the interior, the sculptural embellishment of the whole. Yet almost

three centuries passed by, leaving the half-finished temple substantially

unchanged. Strabo speaks of it (0, p. 30G) as half-finished ; Plutarch

(Solon, :V2) compares it to Plato's Critias as an unfinished Avork ; and

Lucian (Icarom. 24) represents Zeus as impatiently asking whether the

Athenians ever meant to complete his temple. Sulla in <S0 B.C. carrieil off

some columns, probably from the cella, for use in building the temple of

Capitoline Jupiter in Rome (Pliny, N. H. •U!. 45).

The temple was finally completed by the Emperor Hadrian at his ownexpense (Philostr. Vit. Soph. 1, 25, fi ; Dio Cass. (59, 1(5 ; Schol. Lucian I.e.)

and was dedicated by him in person during his second visit in Athens in

258 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

130 or 131 A.D. By command of the Emperor, the sojihist Polemo, the

most popular orator of the day, delivered the inaugural address. The

temple was dedicated to the honor and worship of Hadrian as it was of

Zeus. Pausanias saw the temple in its full beauty, and it is unfortunate

that he gives so bi-ief a description of it.

The later history of the temple is very obscure, nor do we know the

cause of its destruction. AVhen Cyriacus of Ancona visited Athens about

1150 A.D., only '^1 columns were standing with their architraves (Wachs-

niuth. Die Stadt Athen, I, 127). These had been reduced to 17 in the

seventeenth century, and about 1700 the Turkish governor pulled down

one of these to make lime for building a mosque. Of the surviving sixteen,

the prostrate column was thrown down by a hurricane in 1852.

The temple rested on a platform of solid masonry, strengthened with

buttresses on the south side. This platform is 076 feet long by 420 feet

broad. The stylobate of the temple itself measured 354 feet in length by

135 feet in breadth. The temple was octostyle (Vitruv. 3, 2, 8), dijjteral.

The ])eristyle comprised nuire than 100 Corinthian columns, with double

rows of 20 each on the northern and southern sides, and trijile rows of 8

each at the east and west ends. The columns were 56 feet 7 inches in

height, and 5 feet 7 inches in diameter at the base, with 24 flutings. The

total height of the front is estimated to have been 91 feet. The existing

columns are of Pentelic marble. The thirteen surmounted by the architrave

are at the southeastern angle ; the remaining three, one of which has fallen,

are of the interior row of the southern side not far from the southwest cor-

ner, and are at a distance of about 100 feet from the thirteen mentioned.

The excavations of ]\Ir. Penrose laid bare walls and pavement and a

number of unfluted drums of large columns of common stone. One of these

drums has a diameter of not less than 7 feet inches. These are attrib-

iited to the temple begun by Pisistratus, of which the cella was esti-

mated to be 116 feet long and 50 feet wide. The orientation differed from

that of the later temple, which was exactly east and west. A rough wall

of still earlier date, of hard limestone, was attributed by Mr. Penrose to

the primitive temple ascribed to Deucalion.

THE THEATRE OF DIONYSUS 259

EXCURSUS VI. THE THEATRE OF DIONYSUS

On the southeastern slope of the Acropolis, in the precinct sacred to

the wine-god, is the ancient theatre of Dionysus— the cradle of the dra-

matic art of Hellas. The remains are not extensive, consisting merely of

the orchestra, a portion of the stone seats and retaining-walls of the audi-

torium, and the front of the late Roman stage and the foundations of the

stage buildings, but what is left is sufficient to enable us to determine with

considerable accuracy the historical development and the construction of

the best-known of all Greek theatres. For our knowledge of the theatre

we are most largely indebted to Dr. Doipfeld.

Of all ancient theatres, the Dionysiac theatre at Athens has had the

most continuous history, going back almost to the very V>eginning of drama,

and continuing in use until late Roman times. We shall, iliercfore, first

notice the most important stages in its development, so that in studying

its architectural remains we may be prepared to attribute to the different

periods what properly belongs to each.

In the sixth century n.c, at the dawn of Athenian drama, there was

in the sacred precinct on the southeastern slope of the Acropolis a circu-

lar dancing-place, or orchestra, consisting of beaten earth surrounded by a

ring of stones, used for the chorus of the wine-god. Within the circle was

an altar on the jilatform of which stood the coryphaeus or leader of the

chorus. All arrangements for spectators or performers were of a purely

provisional character.

In the following century, when dramatic art reached its acme under

Aeschylus, Sophocles, J>uripides, and Aristophanes, the theatre also under-

went great development and reached the form which obtained in its main

features during its subsequent history. According to a statement made

by Suidas (s.v. H/auTiVas) the first permanent theatre was erected in

consequence of an accident which occurred in 01. 70 (.")00-497 h.c).

Aeschylus, Pratinas, and Choerilus were contending for the tragic prize,

when the wooden benches (iKpia) on which the spectators were seated col-

lapsed. This led the Athenians to build a more substantial theatre.

Dr. Dorpfeld is of the opinion that this earliest theatron consisted of

a massive retaining-wall of stone and earth to support wooden seats, as

we have no evidence of the existence of stone seats in any fifth-century

theatre. In digging down into the foundations of the present auditorium

it has been found that there are two layers : the upper one, as shown

by the fragments of pottery buried in it, of the fourth century, and the

260 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

lower, by the same evidence, of the fifth. Tu place of the provisional

arrangements for the actors, in the early part of the century a wooden

stage building was erected — an innovati(Hi attributed by Dr. Dorpfeld

to Aeschylus. This consisted merely of a (juadrangular chamber, whose

fagade represented a palace or a temple. Tt is manifest that the theatre of

the great period of Attic drama was a much less imposing structure than

is usually assumed.

In its third stage of development the theatre of Dionysus, from being a

simple structure with wooden seats and wooden skene, became a magnificent

edifice with stone seats and an imposing stage building of the same mate-

rial. We have many references in Greek literature pointing to the fact

that about the middle of the fourth century or lattn- a new theatre of un-

usual splendor was constructed. This building was completed under the

administration of the finance minister and orator Lycui-gus. (Pans. 1, 29,

IG; Ps.-Plut.vit.xOr.pp. 841 v, 852 n ; C.T.A. 11.2-10; IIyperides,ed.Blass,

Frag. 121). This must have occurred before 82.'3 n.c, the year of the death

of Lycurgus. Dr. D6rj)feld shows on technical grounds that in the main

the existing theatre is that of Lycurgus. ]\Iost of its walls and founda-

tions, as shown by the luaterial used and the character of the work, belong

to this ei:)och. Tlie Piraeus limestone and Ilymettus and Pentelic marble

in use are combined in a manner customary in buildings of this period.

The technique of some of the work corresponds to that of the C-horagic

Monument of Thrasyllus, whose date is known to be ;321 b.c. TIk^ evi-

dence gathered from all sources indicates that the theatre was begun about

the year 350, and completed not later than 82G n.c.

After the fourth century the literary record is very imjierfect, and our

knowledge of the development of the theatre rests largely on technical

gromids. In the time of Lycurgus and earlier, stage scenery was rejn-e-

sented by movable proscenia, i.e. scenery painted on canvas on wooden

panels stretched between posts. In Hellenistic times, however, when the

New Comedy prevailed, a stone proscenium was built, i.e. a permanent

scene or background, adorned with columns about ten or twelve feet high,

in which the scene was varied by changing the pinnkes, or panels of wood,

that were placed between the stone columns.

From certain walls of the foundation, the fragments of a fagade, and

an inscription extant on a piece of the architrave, it is evident that an

extensive reconstruction of the stage building and orchestra took place in

the first century a.o., at the command of the Roman Emjieror, Nero, Astage was built with its front adorned with reliefs after the manner of

Fig. 2. The Theatuk of Diosvsus

201

262 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

Asia ]Minor and Roman tlieatres, the orchestra was paved, and other minor

changes were made.

Finally, abont two centuries later, a certain archon Phaedrus lowered

and moved forward the stage of Nero, cutting down its fagade as shown

by the extant reliefs, and commemorating the fact by an inscription (C.I. A.

Ill, 239) to be seen on the highest of the five steps leading from the orchestra

to the top of the stage, translated as follows :

Phaedrus, Zoilus' son, in life-giving Attica ruler,

Euilt in thine honor this beautiful stage,

Thou god of the orgy.

Here ends the ancient history of the theatre. For centuries all record

of it ceases. Buried under the deep accumulation of soil, the theatre of

Dionysus disaj)peared so completely from view that seventeenth-century

travelers were entirely in the dark as to its site. p]ven as late as 1748,

Stuart speaks of the Odeum of Ilerodes Atticus as "the theatre of Bac-

chus." Robert Chandler, in 17G5, was the first to suspect the true site.

Leake, by calling attention to a coin in the Payne-Knight collection in the

British ]\Iuseum, removed all doubt as to its identity, for the coin shows

the east front of the Parthenon above the theatre. In 1862 excavations

were l)egun by tlie German architect Strack, who exposed to view large

portions of the auditorium. Taking up his work, the Greek Archaeolog-

ical Society cleared the whole sacred precinct. Further excavations, as of

the western retaining-wall, were made in 1877. Finally, in 1880, 1889,

and 1895, Dr. Dorpfeld completed the work of excavation by laying bare

the foundations of the building in its various epochs.

We shall now briefly describe the tlieatre, considering first the actual

remains and tlien its three natural divisions— the auditorium, tlie orclies-

tra, and the stage buildings. Observe Dr. Dorpfeld's jilau, reproduced in

Fig. 2, p. 201.

Tlie precinct of Dionysus is bounded on the north by the Acropolis

rock ; on the west by the precinct of Ascle])ins ; on the south by the modern

road; on the east the boundary is not definitely determined. Within the

precinct are the foundations of two temjdes. Tlie older is near the stage

buildings of the theatre and limited the extent of the colonnade at the

rear ; the remains show that it dates from before tlie Persian A>"ar. The

later temple, to the south of this, is somewhat larger. Both consisted

merely of naos and pronaos. The later temple was probably erected at the

close of the fourth century (Pint. Nicias, 3).

THE THEATRE OF DIONYSUS 263

The actual remains of the theatre consist of a confusing mass of

foundations and walls of various periods. Of the sixth century is the

section of a wall of hard limestone, forming part of the circular boundary

of the original orchestra, somewhat to the south of the later orchestra.

Of the fifth century is a jwrtion of a straight wall, which was probably

part of the supporting wall of the earlier auditorium. Tlie great bulk

of the foundations and walls belong to the Lycurgvis theatre erected,

as we have seen, in the fourth century. The remains of the stone ])ro-

scenium are of Hellenistic times. AVorthy of note, also, are the Romanfoundations under Xero and what survives of the stage erected under

J*haedrus.

The auditorium was built on the slope of the Acropolis, which served

as an elevation for the tiers of seats. Yet artificial substructions were

necessary. These retaining-walls consisted of two stout walls in i)arallel

lines, with cross-walls at intervals, the intervening space being filled in

with dirt. These walls are of consideral)le strength and thickness, the

outer being of Piraeus limestone, the inner of conglomerate. The two

wings of the auditorium are terminated by two walls of unecjual length,

the eastern being about 111 feet, the western only 88 feet. 'J'he unsym-

metrical circumference of the aiulitorium is due to the conformation of

the ground. Side entrances or ixtrdskcnid between the south walls of the

auditorium gave admittance to spectatoi-s and performers.

The inside boundary is a semicircle, with its two sides prolonged. The

distance between the inside corners is 72 feet. The interior consisted of

a series of stone seats, with marble ch.airs in the front row, rising tier

above tier to the bounding walls of the theatre. All that remain are from

twenty to thirty rows at the bottom and portions of a few rows at the top.

The curve of the seats did not correspond to the curve of the orchestra.

Fifty-eight of the sixty-seven marble seats originally in the front row

remain. Behind the line of marble seats, after an interval of about

three feet, began the first of the ordinary tiers of seats, which continued

in the same style to the limits of the auditorium. The seats were about

fifteen inches in height ; lines cut in the stone indicate the space devoted

to each person. Fourteen passages, running in divergent lines like the

spokes of a wheel from the orchestra to the outside boundary, two being

along the bounding walls, divided the auditorium into thirteen sections

called kerklilrs. In addition to the vertical aisles, the auditorium was

divided into three parts by two curved longitudinal passages called diazo-

iiiatd. Only the upper dia/oma is now recognizable ; it is aijout fifteen

264 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

feet wide. Dr. Dorjifeld calculates that the theatre would comfortably

accommodate about 17,000 spectators.

The circular orchestra is not only the mathematical but also the ideal

centre of the Greek theatre. The present orchestra occupies the identical

site of the orchestra of Lycurgus, but it aj^pears as it was after consid-

erable changes were made in the time of Xero, who limited its extent to

the south by erecting a stage the front of which was on a line connect-

ing the two corners of tiie auditorium. A marble pavement was put on the

orchestra, which was previously of solid earth. The gutter bounding the

orchestra, intended to drain off the water from the auditorium, dates from

Lycurgus. The pavement consists of slabs of Pentelic and Hymettus marble,

variegated with strips of a reddish marble. In the centre the marble is

arranged in a large rhomboidal figure, with a circular depression in the

centre, intended to receive the altar of Dionysus. A marble balustrade sur-

rounded the orchestra, and the gutter was covered over with slabs of marble.

The width of the orchestra is about 781 feet ; and its depth from the stage-

front of l^haedrus to the front row of spectators is about .58| feet.

The stage buildings constitute the third and last division of the Greek

theatre. The term for these was skein'; originally the tent or booth in

which the single actor of the Thespian period prepared for the perform-

ance, the word continued in use to express the lai-ge and elaborate stage

buildings of later periods.

The skene of Lycurgus had as the principal room a large rectangular

hall, the roof of which was perhaps borne by interior columns, with a

total length of about 152 feet, and depth of about 2\ feet. At each end

were two projecting wings facing north, 23 feet by 16\ feet, called para-

skenia. The space between the wings was about 0(5 feet. The central part

and the wings were adorned with a fagade of Doric columns, of which

there are remains. The total height of the columns, architrave, trigly])h

frieze, and cornice was about 13 feet. A provisional proscenium was put

up between the sktai^ and the orchestra. In the Lycurgus theatre there

was no trace of a logeion. The orchestra drawn as a complete circle just

touched the front line of the paraskenia. For about three centuries the

stage buildings of Lycurgus remained unchanged. At length in Hellenistic

times a stone proscenium was erected, the foundations of which can be

traced ; its toji formed a jiodium or platform about 13 feet high and

9 feet deep. Also the paraskenia wei-e drawn in a few feet.

The foundations of the skene and proscenium of Nero's reconstruction

can be traced on the plan, as well as the paraskenia to right and left. He

THE ACROPOLIS 265

also built a logeion extending forward from the sken^ to tlie line indicated

on the ])lan. Of this the existing scnili>tiired niarhle blocks formed the

facade. These have been cut down about five inches, so that the stage of

Nero was about five feet, the usual height of a Kouian logeion. As stated,

this stage was in the third or fourth century moved forward about eight

yards and lowered by Phaedrus, so as to stretch across the orchestra betwe'en

the inner corners of the two wings of the auditorium. The western half of

the front of this stage, adorned with four groups of figures in high relief,

is preserved.

EXCURSUS Vir. THE ACROPOLIS

The Athenian Plain is triangular in shape, extending in a southwesterly

direction from Mi. Pentelicus to the sea. ^It. Parues and its s}>ur Aega-

leus form the north and northwest side of the triangle, Pentelicus the apex,

Ilymettus the south and southeast side, and the Saronic (iulf the ba.se.

Down the centre of the plain there stretches a range of hills, now called

Tourko A'ouni, forming the watershed of the Cejihisus and the Ilissus, and

terminating in the lofty i>eak of Lycabettus (900 feet). Nearly a mile to

the southwest, and .sei)arated from Lycabettus by a broad valley, lies a

precipitous rock, about 512 feet above the sea and 250 feet above the sur-

rounding }>lain. This rock is the Acropolis of Athens.

Geologically considered, the rock consists of a coarse semi-crystalline

lime.stone with which red .schist is mixed. Its form is very irregular and

its surface jagged and broken. The .surface of the rock is by no nu'ans a

flat table-land surrounded by precipitous .sides. In its long axis from west

to east there is from the Propylaea to the Parthenon a rise of nearly forty

feet, so that the capitals of the columns of the one are about on a line

with the ba.ses of the columns of the other. The conformation of the

surface is largely artificial. The seemingly level surface from north to

south is due to the numerous fillings-in that have been made from time

to time. The length from west to east is about 1528 yards, the width from

north to south about 148 yards.

Grottoes and caverns and projecting cliffs alxnind on three precipitous

sides of the rock, Avhiie the fourth desceiuls in a terraced slope. The north

side especially contains ])rominent cliffs and deep hollows. Starting from

the northea.st corner and coming west there is a remarkable line of outly-

ing rocks containing numerous small grottoes used in anti(piity as niches

for shrines and votive ott'erings. Kurther west is a long cavern, with under-

ground steps from the P^rechtheum above, which has been identified as the

266 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

Sanctuary of Aglaunis. Toward the northwest are the Long Cliffs, called

MaKpaL These form the scene of the early legends embodied in the Ion

of Euripides, and embrace the grotto of Pan, the grotto of Apollo, and

the ancient spring Clepsydra.

At the eastern side, the rock runs out in two bold projections like

natural bastions ; the space between has been in great part artificially

filled up. The largest of all the caves is to be found on this side; how it

was utilized has not been definitely determined. The southern side, pre-

cipitous at the east end, slopes gradually westward forming three terraces.

First are found the sacred precinct of Dionysus and the theatre, witli the

choregic monument of Thrasyllus above on a projecting rock. Westward,

on the lowest terrace, are the Odeum of Ilerodes Atticus and the Colonnade

of Eumenes ; on the middle terrace is the jirecinct of Asclejiius", and still

higher is a small terrace with the shrines of Ge, Demeter, and perhaps

other deities. The west side slopes gradually toward the Areopagus, and

forms the natural approach to the Acropolis.

The history of the Acropolis falls naturally into eight pei-iods :

A. Priiniiive Athens. — Relics of the Stone Age indicate that the Acro-

polis was tlie abode of man from an inconceivably remote period. IVIyce-

naean remains are extensive ; the Acropolis takes rank as a Mycenaean

citadel along with Tiryns and Mycenae, and as Thucydides^ states, "what

is now the citadel was the city." Cecrops is the first mythical king, who is

supposed to have migrated from Egypt and to have established himself on

the rock with his retainers. Erechtheus is the next king of prominence,

who dwelt in his prehistoric jmlace, wherein was the shrine of Athena.

The worship of Zeus, Athena, and Poseidon was already established.

Finally came the lonians, Aegeus and his son Theseus ; the latter consoli-

dated the twelve Attic townships into his famous synoikismos, ami the

Acropolis becauie the centre of the political life of Attica.^

H. 71ie Epoch of PIsifitratus. —^Vh.h King Codrus (1068 n.c.) the his-

torical period of Athenian history is supposed to begin, but we hear almost

nothing of the Acropolis until the time of Pisistratus. The old pediment

reliefs in the Acropolis Museum prove conclusively that long before his

time there existed on the Acropolis temples of Athena and other deities.

The tyranny of Pisisti-atus and his sons is a most momentous period in

the history of the . Acropolis. Here they took up their residence, and

strengthened the fortifications. The finds of archaic sculptures, and of the

1 Thncydides, ii, 15, (liscnsscd in Excursus III. Of. Miss Harrisou, Primitive Athens

as described by Thucydides, Cambridge, 1906.

THE ACROPOLIS 267

columns and pediment sculptures of the Old Athena Tejiiple, enil>ellished

by Pisistratus, indicate the attention paid to art under this enlightened

tyranny. Sculptors and architects were summoned from a distance to

assist the native artists in their work. This eixjch natiu'ally closes with

the sack by the Persians in ISO ii.c., when temples were burnt, votive

sculptures were thruwn down and broken, and general havoc was w rought

on the Acropolis.

C. The Periclean Age. — After the victory of Salaniis and the recogni-

tion of Athens as the foremost state of Hellas, the .\theiiians undertook

to rebuild their ruined city in a manner adeijuate to tlieir increasing im-

portance. Cimon and Themistocles began the movement to make the

Acropolis a fit dwelling-place for the goddess Athena. Tlie fortifications

of the citadel were extended and strengthened ; the surface w as leveled

up by filling in the hollow spaces w ith the debris of the Persian sack. Anew jx)rtal or entrance-way was begun and the colossal bronze Athena

of Phidias was set up. Then followed the golden age of Atliens under

Pericles (461-129 n.c), who wislied the Acroi)olis to become the con-

crete ex])ression of the greatness of the Athenian empire. Phidias was his

chief adviser in carrying out his plans. The restdts were the building of

(1) the Parthenon (447-438 n.c), by the architects Tctinus and Callicrates;

(2) the Propylaea, with Mnesicles as architect (4:$7-4:52 n.c); (:i) the temple

of Athena Nike, planned 4o0 b.c. but probably not built until after the

Propylaea; (4) the Erechtheum — doubtless })lanned by Pericles, as his

building oi)erations were interrupted by the Peloponnesian War, but not

erected until 409-395 n.r.

D. The Acropolis in llellenislir Tintfix. — J^rom tlie death of Pericles

(429 B.C.) to the battle of Chaeronea (33S B.C.) the Acropolis underwent

no material change. From that date its history is involved in the liistory

of the foreign patrons and foes of Athens. From tlie close of the third

century the Acropolis profited greatly by the gifts of foreign benefactors.

King Attains I of Perganiiuu (241-197 b.c.) made many dedicatory gifts,

especially the groups commemorating his victory over the CJauls ; Antio-

chus P^piidianes of Syria (175-1G4 B.C.), who began rebuilding the Olym-

pieum, hung a Gorgon's head as an apotropaion on the south wall ; and

Eumenes II (197-159 b.c.) of Pergamum erected the colonnade bearing

his name, betw'een the two theatres on the southern slope.

E. The Acrojmlis mulcr the I'oinniis ami the lUjznnliiifis.— Rome, recog-

nizing the intellectual ]>reeminenc<' of Athens, took pride in adorning the

city. A circular temple of Rome and Augustus was built to the east of the

268 THE ATTICA OF TAUSANIAS

Parthenon about the beginning of the Christian era. M. Vipsanius Agrippa

was honored with an equestrian statue to the left of tlie approach to the

Propylaea, the pedestal of which is still standing. The marble steps leading

up to the Acropolis probably date from this time. Hadrian (117-lo8 a.o.),

the most generous of Athenian patrons, adorned the theatre with statues,

and completed the Olympieum, but does not seem to have devoted especial

attention to the Acropolis. The acceptance of Christianity by the Romanemperors and their changed attitude toward paganism contiibuted largely

to the mutilation of the AcroiK)lis. Theodosius H (JrOS-ioO) is supposed

to have removed the gold and ivory image of Athena ; in 485 he issued a

decree comnumding heathen temples to be torn down or converted into

churches. The Parthenon, in consequence of this policy, became in the

latter part of the fifth or the early part of the sixth century the church of

St. Sophia, and extensive changes were made in the interior. The name

was later changed to the church of the Mother of God. The Erechtheum

suffered a similar fate. Of the fortunes of Athens l)etween the sixth and

twelfth centuries, very little is known.

F. The Acropolis under the Franks and Florentines. — On the conquest of

Constantinople l)y the Crusaders in 1204, Boniface, Marquis of ]\Iont-

ferrat, obtained the sovereignty of Hellas, with the title of King of Thes-

salonica. The following year he appeared in Athens with his victorious

Burgundians and Lombards, and his vassal, Otho de la Roche, was installed

as Duke of Athens. The (ireek churches on the Acropolis became Latin,

but we know nothing of other changes on the Acropolis made by Otho and

his descendants, who held the city from 1205 to 1311 ; nor under their suc-

cessors, the usurping Catalans, who were in power for the next twenty

years ; nor during the Sicilian domination, when the city was governed by

regents of Frederick of Aragon and his successors.

In 1.387 Athens fell into tlie hands of the Florentine Nerio Acciajuoli,

Lord of Corinth. Xerio took up his residence in the Propylaea, which,

under him or his successor Antonio, was transformed into a castle. The

six Doric columns of the west portico were joined by a wall, with one

entrance, and the four side doors of the portal were walled up, thus

forming a large vestibule. The Pinacotheca was turned into executive

offices, and another storj' was l)uilt al)Ove the entalilature. At the same

time the huge tower was built on the southwest wing fi-om blocks of this

wing and from neighboring buildings— a tower that long remained one of

the most })icturesque features in the Acropolis. Tliis jieriod was, in conse-

quence, not favorable to the preservation of monuments.

THE ACROPOLIS 269

G. The Acropolb under the Turks. — Tii 1 1.')() Franco, last duke of

Athens, after two years' heroic defense, surrendered the Acropolis to

Omar, general of Mohammed IF, who had conquered Constantinople in

1453. The Propylaea became the residence of Dasdar Aga, the Turkish

governor. The Sultan Mohammed, who himself visited Athens in 1 l')U,

at first treated Athens with great moderation, even letting the Parthenon

remain a Christian church, hut after an insurrection against him lie ruled

with great severity and in 1400 liad the Parthenon converted into a moscpie.

The Turks made l)ut few changes in the building, merely removing the

sacred image of the Virgin, whitewashing the walls, on which were pic-

tures of saints, and building a minaret in the southwest corner. For nearly

two centuries we hear almost nothing of the Acropolis. At length, in 1656,

lightning struck a heap of powder, stored by Isuf Aga the commander in

the east court of the Propylaea in [»re2)aration for cannonading a Christian

church on the morrow. A frightful exjdosion followed, killing Isuf, and

denuilishing a large portion of the Propylaea. The architrave was shat-

tered, the rich ceiling fell, columns were thrown down, and the portal was

reduced almost to its present condition.

In 1674 the ^lanpiisde Xointel, French Ambassador at Constantino])le,

had drawings made of the pediment sculptures and frieze of the Partlie-

non, which are usually attributed to the artist, Jacques Carrey. A 1 tout

1676 Spon, the antiquarian, and Wheler, the naturalist, visited Athens, and

the accounts of their journey, appearing in 1678 and 16(S"2, are im])or-

tant sources of information about the Acro|>olis at this jx'riod. In l(i.S(5

drawings of the Parthenon were made by French officers under (Iravier

d'Ortieres.

In 1687 the Venetian commander, Francesco Morosini, laid siege to the

Acropolis, placing cannon on the Areo]iagus, the Museum hill, an<l the

Pnyx. A Turkish deserter gave infornuition that the Parthenon was being

used by the Turks as a powder magazine. The guns were aimed at tiie

Parthenon : and on Friday, the 20th of September, 1687, at half past seven,

the Parthenon of Pericles was rent in twain. For two days and nights

a fearful conflagTation ccmtinued. On October :) the Turkish garrison

capitulated, but the Acropolis was reoccupied in April. 1688, by the Turks,

who were not again dislodged from their jmssession of the citadel until

1822, when they were com]>elled to surrender to the (Jreek insurgents. The

Greek garrison on the AcrojM)lis was forced in 1827 to capitulate {o the

Turks, who did not finally depart from it until iSo^S, the year in which

Prince Otho of Havaria was proclaimed King of Greece.

270 THE ATTICA OF PAUSAAIAS

A few important archaeological events occurred during this interval. In

1750 Stuart, the painter, and Ilevett, painter and architect, visited Athens,

under the auspices of the Society of the Dilettanti, and in 1762 appeared

the first volume of their " Antiquities of Athens," which marks the begin-

ning of the scientific study of Athenian monuments. In 1765 the second

expedition of the Society of the Dilettanti was sent out. In 1790 appeared

the second volume of the "Antiquities of Athens." In 1801 Lord Elgin,

British Ambassador to the Sublime Porte, removed to London almost all

the frieze, a number of metopes, and nearly all the extant pediment sculp-

tures of the Parthenon, a caryatid and column of the Erechtheum, and

various smaller marbles, which were finally placed in the British Museumand are now universally known as " the Elgin Marbles."

II. The Acro/mlis and the Nein (Ircek Kingdom In 1885, upon the re-

moval of the Greek government from Nauplia to Athens, the Acropolis

was delivered over to King Otho, with appropriate ceremonies, and forever

ceased to be a citadel. The following dates are important for archaeolog-

ical work since done :—

183.3. First excavations, by private subscription.

1835. Ludwig-Ro-ss, Conservator of Anticiuities, removed tlie fortifications,

rebuilt the Nik6 temple, and cleared the west front of the Propylaea.

1836. Pittakis, Ross' successor, completed the clearing of the Propylaea, andlaid bare the foundations of the Erechtheum.

1853. The Beul^ Gate and marble stairway were cleared.

1862. Excavations by a Prussian Expedition consisting of Botticher, Curtius,

and Strack.

1885. Excavations of the Greek Archaeological Society.

1899-1905. Partial restoration of the Partlienon and the Erechtheum,

EXCURSUS VIII. THE PROPYLAEA i

The Propylaea, the great portal of the Acropolis, was l)iiilt by the archi-

tect Mnesicles on the foundations of an earlier gateway;^ it was begun in

the archonship of Euthymenes (437-436 B.C.), and was never completed,

as the work was interrupted by the Peloponnesian War. The sum ex-

pended on it was said to be 2012 talents, or something over ^2,000.000

(see Ilarpocr. and Suid. s. v. TrpoTrvAaia ; Pint. Pericles, 13 ; Diod. 12, 40;

cf. Thuc. 2, 13). It was always regarded, along with the Parthenon, as

1 See Dorpfeld's restoration of the ground plan of the Propylaea, given in

Fig. 3, p. 273.

2 See Weller, C. H., "The Pre-Periclean Propylaea on the Acropolis of Athens,"

A. J. A. viii (1904), 33-70.

THE PROPYLAEA 271

one of the glories of Athens (Dem. 22, lo ; 2:5, 207 ; Pint. <le glor. Ath.

7, 8 ; Aeschin. 2, 105 ; Dio Chrys. Or. 2, vol. T, 27, ed. Dindorf, etc.).

Fragments of inscrijjtions giving accounts of moneys expended are extant

(C.I.A. I, Xos. 314, 315 ; IV, No. 315 a, h, c ; Jahn-Micluu-lis, ]>. :5!>).

The approach to the Propylaea is tlirough an ancient gate between two

quadrangular towers. This gate is known as the Beul6 Gate, because it

was in 1853 discovered and excavated by the French archaeologist lieul6,

who freed it from the Turkish bastions that previously concealed it.

Dr. Dorjifeld has shown that materials for the gate were taken from a

choregic monument of Nicias, dating from the archonship of Neaechmus,

320-319 H.c. He thinks the monument was removed from its original site

at the time of the building of the Odeum of Herodes Atticus, between KiO

and 177 a.i>., and that the gate was most probably built soon after. Pass-

ing through the gate, we observe the remains of a great marble staircase

72 feet in width. The staircase and the towers facing the gate date from

the first half of the first century after Christ. The staircase prol)ably

replaced a winding approach going back to primitive times. On the left

is the pedestal of the statue of Agi-ippa ; on the right is the huge bastion,

on which rests the temple of Athena Nike.

To understand the plan of the Propylaea let us imagine first of all a

cross-wall running north and south between two parallel walls, which it

meets at right angles. The cro.ss-wall is 59 feet in length, and is pierced

by five gateways, the central of which is 24 feet 2 inches high by 13 feet

8 inches wide ; the two on either side of this are 17 feet 8 inches high

by 91 feet wide; and the two extreme gateways are 11 feet 3 inches high

by 4 feet 9 inches wide. Through the middle gateway ran the road for

jirocessions ; the four side gateways were approached by a flight of five

steps, four of marble, the fifth of black Eleusiuian stone.

At their western and eastern extremities the cross-walls have placed

before them porticoes of six Doric columns. The*outer or western portico

is very deep, measuring 59 feet in width by 49 feet in depth. Besides the

six Doric columns along the front, we have at right angles to them two

rows of three Tonic columns each, flanking the central passage through the

portico to the middle gateway, and su])iK)rting originally the marble roof

ornamented with golden stars, the wond(>r of ancient travelers. Tlio roof is

gone, and all the Ionic columns have lost their capitals. The inner portico

facing east is of the same width, but is very shallow, being only 19 feet

deep. Five of the six Doric columns fronting it retain their capitals, and

two are united by an architrave block.

272 TIIJ] ATTICA OF TAUSAXIAS

This is the main portion of the structure. But the whole breadth of

rock here is 178 feet, whereas what we have ah-eady described takes up only

about 60 feet. Dr. Dorpfeld has reconstructed the ground plan of Mnesicles

to cover the field, though only a portion of the subordinate sections of the

Propylaea was completed.

Adjoining the main portico at right angles to it north and south, two

wings were planned, only one of which, however, was completed. Tlie

northwest wing consists of a chamber nearly square, being •i~) feet ;} inches

wide by 29 feet 5 inches deep, with a portico on its southern side, 13 feet

deep, fronted by three Doric columns between antae.

Above the columns is an architrave with a plain frieze of triglyphs and

metopes. The main chamber was lighted by a door 11 feet high by 9| feet

wide and by two small windows. This chamber was the ancient Pinaco-

theca or picture gallery.

The southwest wing, as we have it, consists of merely a portico facing

nortli with no rear chamber. The front consisted of three Doric columns

between antae, corresponding exactly to the front of the northwest jiortico.

Yet the rear wall stops not opposite the northwest anta, but the third col-

umn, thus leaving the anta stranded. This is evidence that the architect

has made a change in his plans, and Di-. Dorpfeld has endeavored to re-

cover the original design by a study of the architectural details, especially

the antae. His conclusion is that Mnesicles contemplated for the south-

west wing a structure of the same dimensions as the opposite wing, but with

this difference : the chamber with its portico was to be entirely open to

the west facing the Nike temple, and instead of a wall as in the northwest

wing, four columns between two antae should face west. The difference of

plan was due to the fact that the Pinacotheca abutted on a precipice, while

the southwest wing could serve as a colonnade before the Nike temple.

Besides the two western wings Dr. Dorpfeld has shown from a study of

architectural details tl-Ait the original ])lan ])ro\ided also for two eastern

wings. Thus, the anta at the northeast corner of the east portico is double,

thus calling for a row of columns running north, as well as the extant I'ow

running south. The eastern wall of the northwest wing juts beyond the

rest of the building. If continued to the Acropolis wall it would furnish

the western wall of the northeast colonnade.

Similar arguments prove that a colonnade of like dimensions was pro-

jected as the southeast wing of the Propylaea. But these great ideas were

never carried out, most likely on account of the outbreak of the Pelopon-

nesian War, and the consecpieut lack of funds.

:^^\~^^^r^~ \jy-

273

274 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

EXCURSUS IX. THE TEMPLE OF ATHENA NIKE

The temple which Paiusanias (1, 22, 4 ; 3, 15, 7 ; 5, 26, 6) ascribes to

Wingless Victory is more appropriately styled the temple of Athena Xike,

that is, Athena in the character of Victory (Harpocr. and Siiid. s.v. Nikj;

"kdrjva; Soph. Philoct. 134; Eustath. on Horn. II. 4>, 410; CI. A. I,

p. 88 f., No. 189 a; II, Nos. 163, 471). Victory was regularly 2)ersoni-

iied with wings in Greek art. As Athena is always represented wingless

it is natural that here too, though under a special type, she should

be wingless.

The temple has had an interesting modern history. It was seen and

described by Wheler in 1(576. It was pulled down by the Turks, about

1687, and the material was used in making a battery on the site. In 1835

the temple was discovered by Ross, Schaubert, and Hansen, who rebuilt it

as it now stands. The roof is almost gone, and the gables are wanting.

Yet the temple is fairly well preserved.

Tlie temple rests on a massive bastion 26 feet high to the south of the

staircase. The material is Pentelic marble. The temple is of the Ionic

order, amphiprostyle tetrastyle. It rests on a base of three stejis, the stylo-

bate being 27 feet 2 inches long from east to west by 18 feet 3i inches

broad from north to south. The height of the columns including base and

capital is 13 feet 4 inches ; the diameter, 1 foot 10 inches ; the shaft of

eacli column is of a single block of marble, with 24 flutes. The height of

the entablature is 3 feet 8J inches. The frieze, 86 feet in length and

1 foot 5^ inches high, sculptured in high relief, runs all round the temple.

The cella is 16 feet long ; the entrance was between two pillars connected

with the antae by a balustrade.

The date of the temple has been long disi)uted : some archaeologists

attributed it to the Cimonian period, others to the Age of Pericles, others

to the middle of the Peloponnesian War. An inscription discovered a few

years ago by Cavvadias, and dating probably about 450 is.c, calls for the

construction of a gate, a temple, and an altar of marble, according to the

specifications of the architect Callicrates. Both Dorpfeld and Cavvadias

think that the temple referred to can be no other than that of Nike.

They hold that this temple was actually built soon after the middle of the

century. The style of the sculptures and architectural refinements strongly

contradicts this view, as they point rather to the period after the Parthenon

and the Propylaea. It is likely that the decree of 450 B.C. was not imme-

diately carried out and that the temple was erected after the Propylaea had

THE PARTHENON 275

been begun, if not completed. See 'E<^. ^Ap)(^. 1897, 174 ff.; A. M. XXII

(1897), 2-26 ff.; Judeich, 200 ff.

The Ionic frieze was sculptured in high relief. The .sc«'ne jjorlrayed on

the east front was an assembly of gods, with Atheiui iu the midst ; on

the other three sides are scenes of battle, Greeks lightiug with Persians

on the north and south sides, (ireeks against Greeks on the west side. Aportion of the frieze was carried off by Lord Elgin, and is in the British

Museum ; it has been replaced by a terra-cotta replica, ^^ithin the temple,

says Pausanias (3, 15, 7), there was an ancient wooden image rejiresenting

Athena wingless, with a ix)megranate in her right hand, and a helmet in

her left. Round the three jirecipitous sides of the temple along the edge

of the ba.sti()n ran a breast-high parapet of marble slabs, with reliefs on

the outer surface. A number of these slabs are preserved in the Acropolis

Museum. One represents a winged Victory kiu'eling ujion an ox, about

to plunge a knife into its body ; another, two Victories leading a cow;

a third, a Victory tying her sandal. The reliefs are renowned esj)ecially

for the graceful proportions of the figures, and the delicate treatment of

the drapery.

EXCURSUS X. THE PARTHENON

The Parthenon is situated on the highest part of the Acropolis, about

half way between its ea.stern and western limits, but much nearer the

southern than the northern wall. It has suft'ered much in the passing

centuries. There remain the stylobate complete ; the double rows of col-

umns at the two ends, and much of the colonnade on the northern and

southern sides, with the exception of the central portions ; the entablature

at the ea.stern and western ends ; most of the west j)ediment and a ]>ortion

of the east ])ediment ; and the walls of the west cella and jxjrtico, with

only portions of the rest of the walls.

The foundations, which are very deep at the southeast corner, are the

foundations of an earlier temple never erected, which have been extended

to meet the change of form adojrted for the new t<>mple. 'Iliis substructure

is 250 feet long by 105 feet broad, while the stylobate of the Parthenon is

228 feet long by 101 feet broad, its proportions being as 4 to 9. I )r. I )i)r]ifeld

at first ascribed this earlier construction to Cimon (A. M. XVII, 157 ft'.),

but at length after a closer study of the foundations he has carried liack the

origin of the building to ])re-Persian times, basing his theory on a study

of the marks of fire on the .stones. The.se led him to the con<'lusi<in that

the scaffolding was .standing when the Persian sack of the Acropolis took

276 THt: ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

jilace, and he now ascribes the inauguration of the undertaking to the new

democracy founded by Cleisthenes sliortly before tlie Pei'sian War. This

theory well accords with the extension and embellishiuent of the Old

Temple of Athena. See A.M. XXVII (1902), l\S-2 If. The Periclean

Parthenon took over the foundations of tlie earlier building, but adapted

them to its change of form and dimensions.

The Parthenon was built to be a concrete expression of the glory and

power of Athens incident to the rise in its fortunes as a result of its vic-

tories in the Persian Wars. Pericles was the father of the idea, and

Phidias was liis counselor. Inscriptions show that the present Parthenon

wasbegunin447 B.C. See A.:\I. XVH (18!)-2), ].-).Sff.; B.C.H. XIII (18S!>),

174 if. It was so far completed that the gold and ivory .statue of Athena

was dedicated at tlie Panathenaic festival in 4;)8 i?.c. (Schol. Ai-. Pa.x;, GO.")).

The architects were Ictinus and Callicrates, but the general supervision

was exercised by Phidias, who made the gold and ivory statue (Plut.

Pericles, 1:3; Strabo, 9, pp. 395, 396; Pans. 8, 41, 9).

Although in inscriptions the name Parthenon was restricted to the west

chamber, it became in time the popidar designation of the whole temple.

Demosthenes was the first who is known to have used it thus. See Dem.

22, 70. Cf. [Dicaearchus] Descrijitio firaeciae, 1 (Geogr. Gr. Min., ed.

Miiller, 1, p. 98); Rhet. Gr., ed. Walz. 7, p. 4 ; Strabo, 9, pp. 395, 390;

Plut. Pericles, 13 ; Demetrius, 23 ; Philostratus, Vit. ApoUon. 2, 10.

The Parthenon is of the Doric order, octostyle peripteral. Three steps

run all round the building. Upon the stylobate rises the temple, with

eight columns to tlie front and rear and seventeen on the sides, the finst

known exam])le of this arrangement. The average height of the col-

umns is 34 j feet ; their lower diameter, feet 3 inches; the upper, 4 feet

10 inches. The flutes of the columns are 20 in number. The capitals

of the columns consisted of the cushion-shaped echinus, and the abacus

or jilinth.

The architrave consisted of a series of three blocks of marble placed

beside each other from the centre of one column to that of the next, about

41 feet in height. The triglyjih frieze rose above this to a like height, the

metopes of which were adorned with sculptures in high relief. Above the

triglyph frieze at the east and west ends rose the j^ediments, the inclosing

liues of which were at an angle of 13|° with the horizonal cornice. Thetop and bottom members of the pediment project, framing the tympanum,

or field of the pediment, M'liich recedes 3 feet from the inclosing cornice.

The tympanum is 93 feet long, and 111 feet liigh in the centre.

Fig. 4. Folnuations of the Faktiiknon

277

278 THE ATTICA OF PAUSAXIAS

The temple proper, as distinguished from the peristyle, formed a hand-

some ani2)hiprostyle temple of the Doric order, 194 feet long and 71 feet

wide, with 6 columns at each end, 38 feet in height. All round the top of

its outer walls, and above the architrave over these columns, ran a frieze, or

sculptured belt, nearly 3 feet 4 inches high.

The temple interior consisted of four parts, namely, the pronaos or

eastern portico ; the naos or cella, being the eastern chamber 90 feet long

and 63 feet wide ; the western chamber, called Parthenon in the restricted

sense ; and the western portico, jjrobably called the opixtlmdoinox. The naox

was also known as the IJf'l-(tt(nnpe(!as from the fact that its length, includ-

ing the thickness of the partition wall (5.^ feet), is exactly e(pial to 100

ancient Attic feet.

The cella was divided longitudinally into three aisles by two rows of

Doric columns. In the central aisle, on a spot marked by a quadrangular

space of Piraeus limestone, towards the west end of the chamber, stood

the chryselephantine statue of Athena. There was no door between the

cella and the western chamber. The great door at the eastern entrance

adiuitting to tlie cella was about 16 feet wide and 33 feet high, and afforded

suHicient light for the chamber.

The architectural features of the exterior of tlie temple invited sculp-

tural embellishment in three parts of the building, namely the metopes,

the pediments, and the frieze ; and when it was completed no other building

was comparable to it in the extent and variety of its sculptures.

The metopes are the flat slabs of marble between the triglyphs running

round the building above the architrave. In the Parthenon all the ninety-

two metopes were adorned with sculptures in high relief, rej^resenting

usually single combats. The subject on the metopes of the east front is

generally taken to be contests of Gods and Giants, on the west of Greeks

and Amazons. The metopes on the south side had suffered comparatively

little when Carrey drew them in 1674, and fifteen of the best of these

are among the Elgin marbles. The metopes toward each end represented

Lapiths and Centaurs, engaged in the struggle that ensued at the marriage

feast of Pirithous, while the metopes in the middle of the series contained

figures' of stately women. The jnetopes on the north side had the same

subject, but with the order of composition inverted.

The pediments were adorned with sculptures in the round. Pausanias

tells us that the scene represented on the eastern end was the birth of

Athena, on the western the contest of Athena and Poseidon for the

supremacy of Attica. The pnncijile of composition in each case was a

thp: rARTHP:NOX 279

great central group, flanked on each side by secondary cliaiacters. I'he

west pediment group, though now the greater wreck, is better known

to us through the drawings ascribed to Carrey. The two contending

deities were conceived as present on the Acroj>olis beside the actual

olive tree and pool which they had created, and their charioteers and

chariots are also present. The groui)S of interested spectators in the

two wings have been variously interpreted, either as deified followers of

Athena and Poseidon respectively, or as local heroes, or as i>ersonifica-

tions of the mountains and coast of Attica. Of this group only one torso

remains, usually known as the river-god Cephisus. The two mutilated

figures still on the pediment are supjK)sed to be Cecrops and one of his

daughters.

Of the east pediment we have no drawing to show what the great cen-

tral group, now missing, was like. The great void in the centre, double

less, was occupied originally by the deities regarded as present at the

birth of the goddess Athena from the head of her father Zeus. Thetwo central figures are usually represented as Zeus seated, with Athena

standing beside him, full grown and full armed. The arrangement of the

two angle groups is known from Carrey's drawings and fortunately they are

all preserved among the Elgin marbles. The scene is located on Mt.

Olympus, and the extreme figures are Helios rising from the sea in the left

angle and Selene descending behind the hills in the right. The reclining

male figure next to Helios, popularly known as Theseus, is now generally

regarded as the personification of Mt. Olympus. The three draped womenin the left angle are generally identified as Horae, or as two Ilorae and Iris,

the messenger goddess, and the three drajied women in the right angle as

the three Fates, appropriately present at a birth, or as Hestia, Ge and

Thalassa (Waldstein), or as the three peculiarly Attic personifications of

morning dew, Aglaurus, Herse, and Pandrosus (Murray).

The frieze consisted of a band in low relief ruiniing along the walls of

the temple and over the inner rows of six columns of the east and west

ends, just beneath the roof of the peristyle. The total length was 522 feet

10 inches, of which 240 feet inches are among the Elgin marbles. The

western frieze is still in situ. The height of the frieze was 3 feet 4 inches,

and the average depth of the relief is li inches. The subject jwrtrayed

was the great Panathenaic procession. The west frieze represented the

stage of preparation ; the north and south portions that of progress ; and

the east frieze the culmination of the procession. The slab just over the

entrance to the temple represents the delivery of the sacred j^eplus to

280 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

the high priest or chief magistrate, and on each side of this is a group of

slabs representing the Olympic deities present on the Acroix)lis to witness

the ceremony.

^V'inckelnlann's characterization— "noble naivete and placid grandeur "

aptly describes the art of the Parthenon sculptures. All the external

decorations of the temple were intended to give honor to the goddess

Athena, sublimely represented by the colossal gold and ivory image within

the cella.

Pausanias describes the image of Athena Parthenos in great detail.

From him we learn that the goddess stood upright, clad in a tunic reach-

ing to the feet ; that on her breast was the head of Medusa and on her

head a helmet adorned with gryphons and a sphinx ; that she held in

one hand a Victory four cubits high, and in the other a spear, while at

her feet was set a shield, and beside her spear a snake ; and that the birth

of Pandora was represented on the pedestal. Pliny (N. 11. 36, 18) adds

some important particulars : " He wrought on the convex side of the

shield the Battle of the Amazons, on the concave the Battle of the Gods

and Giants, on the sandals the battle of the Lapiths and Centaurs. . . .

On the basis the subject carved is what they call ' the birth of Pandora,'

and the gods present at the birth are twenty in number." From other

passages and inscriptions (cf . Overbeck, Schriftquellen, pp. 645 if.) we learn

that the height of the image was twenty-six cubits, that the face, feet,

and hands were of ivory, and the pupils of precious stones. In addition

to these literary sources the following works of art add to our knowledge

of the image, namely : the Varvakeion and Lenormant statuettes in the

National Museum at Athens ; the Strangford shield in the British Museum ;

the Hermitage medallion at St. Petersburg, and various Athenian coins.

EXCURSUS XI. THE ERECHTHEUM

The temple generally known as the Erechtheum is situated on the

northern side of the Acropolis, not far from the wall, in a slight depres-

sion about half way between the east and west ends.

As we observe from the study of the ground plan, the form of the

Erechtheum is unique. The main structure is a quadrangular edifice 65|

feet long and 37 feet wide, resting on a basis of three steps. This main

building has three vestibules (wpocrTdaw;), on the east, north, and south,

forming entrances to the temple. As the temple was on a slope, the stereo-

bate of the north and west sides is about 9 feet lower than that of the south

THE ERECHTHEUM 281

and east sides. At tlie eastern end we have a portico lined with- six Ionic

columns; at the northwest corner is a portico, with four Ionic columns in

front, and one on each side behind tlie corner column ; and at the south-

west corner is a small porch with the roof supported by six Korai or ( 'uri/a-

tides. The eastern portico, being fronted by six Ionic columns, gives the

building the appearance of an Ionic hexastyle temple. At i)resent the

northernmost column is missing, having been cai'ried off by Lord Elgin.

=rtER^HEHA

i 10 to 50 •» 40',«'"t/"--

FiG. 5. Ereciithkum and <)i,i> Tkmi-i.k ok Atukna

The Ionic columns of the east portico are about 2', feet in diameter,

and 22 feet high. The base consists of two convex moldings (tori), sep-

arated by a trocliiltis or hollow molding. The upper torus is jMovided with

4 horizontal flutings. The shaft has 21 flutes separated by narrow fillets.

As to the capital, the neck has a beaded molding and a frieze of pal-

mettes; above this is an egg-and-tongue molding, and a i)lain band sup-

porting the echinus or central cushion of the cai)ital, which is adorned with

282 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

flutes and beads ; the volutes are strongly marked with a double channel,

and above this is a narrow abacus, enriched with an egg-and-tongue mold-

ing. The architrave consists of three horizontal members, as is usual in

Ionic buildings, the second projecting a little beyond the first, and the

third beyond the second. Above this is the frieze, about 2 feet in height,

which ran completely round the building. The background is of black

Eleusinian marble, to which were fastened figures sculptured in white

marble. Owing to the mutilated condition of the fragments, the subject of

the frieze has not been definitely determined. Stevenson, in A. J. A. X(1900), 47-71 [pi. vi-ix], has shown that the east wall was provided

with windows, contrary to the usage of Greek tem2:)les.

The northwest portico is in the depression facing the north wall of the

Acropolis. It is approached from the east by a flight of twelve steps, lead-

ing down to a paved area. The porch is bordered by six Ionic columns, four

on the front, and one on each side between the corner column and the anta

of the wall. The columns are larger and more beautiful even than those

of the east front, exhibiting much more ornamental carving. On them

rested the architrave, the frieze, and the cornice. The beautiful doorway

has been frequently imitated. It narrows slightly as it approaches the top.

Noteworthy are the heavy door-jambs with their enriched moldings and

carved rosettes; the lintel of a similar ornamental nature with an addi-

tional molding on the top ; the cornice with a richly carved band of orna-

jnent along its face ; two carved brackets or consoles, one of which is

now missing ; and finally, above two courses of plain marble, a band of

richly carved honeysuckle ornament and enriched molding fornung a

continuation of the capitals of the antae, immediately below the heavy-

beamed and coffered ceiling.

Along tlie southern wall, at the southwest corner, is a third portico,

much smaller than the other two. The roof is supported by six figures of

maidens somewhat larger than life, standing on a parai)et 8^ feet high,

which incloses the porch. Inscriptions call these figures simply I oral,

" maidens," and the portico is very properly styled " the portico of the

maidens.'" However, the term caj-ijatid has come to be regularly applied

to female figures serving as supports in architecture (cf. Vitruv. 1, 1, 5).

Tiie figures are arranged four in front, and two at the sides behind each

corner figure. Two of the figures have been restored ; one is a terra-cotta

copy of the original carried off by Lord Elgin ; the other three are the

original figures m situ. The arms and hands of all six are missing. The

figures form an admirable substitute for columns. The folds of the drapery

THE ERECHTHEUM 283

correspond (o the flutings of a column; the rich masses of hair give an

architectural roundness of outline similar to the echinus, so that the

maidens seem fully equal to the burden they have to bear.

At the western end there is not an opisthodomos, as is usual in Greek

temples, but the fagade consists of a parapet of considerable height, on

which rest four engaged columns, with rectangular windows in the inter-

columniations. A small door in the wall admits to the western hall of

the Erechtheum.

In the interior of the building we have the foundations of a cross-wall

running from north to south just east of the great doorway opening to the

north porch. Further, there are indications of the existence of the founda-

tions of a cross-wall, or, more probably, a row of columns, a little more

than half way between the first cross-wall and the west end of the temple.

Thus the building was divided into three parts which may be conveniently

called the east cella, the west cella, and the west hall. The east cella was

entered from the east, the west cella and hall from the north portico.

There was also a door in the cioss-wall, and a row of steps leading down

into the west cella from the east cella.

Under the north porch is a small crypt, entered from the interior of the

building through a small door in the foundations of the north wall. The

floor of the crypt is the native rock, and upon this are some irregular

fissures which are supjiosed to be the marks shown in antiquity as those

of Poseidon's trident (Paus. 1, "2(5, 5 ; Apollod. '.), 14, 1 ; Strabo, 9, p. :]9()).

Some think the crypt may possibly have been the abode of the sacred ser-

pent (Ar. Lysistr. 7r)8 ; Ildt. 8, 41 ; Pint. Themistocles, 10).

In the west wall is a huge block of marble, ') feet in thicknos.s, one end of

which rests on the same foundations as the caryatid portico. Beneath the

middle of this block is a vacant space, later filled in witli rough masonry

of mediaeval date. The purpose of the block was manifestly to support the

weight of the southwest corner of tlie Erechtheum, so as to kee)> intact some

object below it. The presumption is that here was the Cecropium — proba-

bly a primitive vaulted toml), mentioned in inscriptions (C.I. A. I, ;»"2"i. 2).

Under the west hall are remains of a cistern, which was ]>rolial)ly the

6d\a(T(ra formed by Poseidon when he struck the rock with his trident

(Hdt. 8, ");-)).

West of the Erechtheum we have indications of the boundaries of a

sacred precinct, running westward about 100 feet. This inclosure was

doubtless the Pamlrodnm, or precinct of I'aiidrosws, mentioned by Pau-

sanias (cf. C.I. A. I, '.V22, 11. 44, 4")). In this precinct was the sacred

284 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

olive-tree of Athena, which sprang up in lier contest with Poseidon, and,

though burnt by the Persians, was found to have sprouted a cubit's length

on the following day. Cf. Hdt. 8, 55 ; Philochorus, frag. 146 (Dion. Hal. de

Din. 3) ; Apollod. 3, 14, 1, 2.

Pausanias is our cliief authority as to the uses of the building and

the relative position of the various sacred objects which it contained. In

spite of the arguments of Dr. Dorpfeld and of Miss Harrison, it seems

certain that the Old Athena Temple did not exist in Pausanias's time

and that the whole of the text from 26, 6 to 27, 4 is a description of the

building now known as the Erechtheum.

It is altogether probable that by the phrase oLKyj/xa 'Epi^i(^9eiov KaXovficvov

Pausanias referred merely to the west cella and hall, not to the whole

building. The word 'Epe^Ouov occurs elsewhere only in Ps.-Plut. vit. x

Or. p. 843 E, where it refers apparently to the chamber dedicated to

Erechtheus. This is the view of JVIichaelis and Furtwangler. See also

Schubart (Philol, 15, 385), who discusses Pausanias's usage of the word

oiK-qiML. The designation 'F,pi)^Oaov came to be used, however, for the whole

building, just as did the term Parthenon for the greater temple.

Pausanias's description falls, therefore, into two parts, (1) the Erech-

theum (1, 26, 5) or west cella and hall, (2) the naos of Athena Polias or the

east cella (1, 26, 6-1, 27, 1). Adjacent was the sanctuary of Pandrosus (1,

27, 2). Now Pausanias speaks of the Erechtheum as double. In the west

cella were doubtless (1) the altars to Poseidon-Erechtlieus, to Butes, and to

Hephaestus, and (2) the paintings of the Butadae ; in the west hall was

the salt well of Poseidon, or "the sea of Erechtheus" as it was also called

(Apollod. 3, 14, 1 ; Hdt. 8, 55 ; Paus. 8, 10, 4), and in the crypt beneath

were shown the marks of Poseidon's trident (cf. Strabo, 0, p. 306). Thence

passing up the steps through the central door he entered the east cella,

which was known as the naos of Athena Polias, wJiere he saw chief of all

(1) the old Athena agalma, (2) the lamp of Callimachus, and (3) various

votive offerings.

Such was the construction of the Erechtheum as it was left unfinished

by its architect, and as it exists to-day. Its plan has puzzled ai'chaeologjsts

and architects of every period, for it is obviously anomalous. As in the

case of the Propylaea, so in the case of the Erechtheum, it has been Dr.

Dorpfeld's ^ good fortune to reconstruct the complete design as it was prob-

ably conceived in the mind of its architect.

1 See Diirpfeld, " Der ursprungliche Plan des Erechtheion," A.M. xxix (1904),

101 ff. and Taf . G, reproduced above, p. 281.

THE ERECIITIIEUM 285

Dr. Dorpfeld holds tliat the temple was intended to consist of two cellas

each fronted by a pronaos. The east cella is styled on the plan " Athena-

Polias Temple," the west cella " opisthodomos." Between the east and west

cellas is a building consisting of three chambers, bearing the designation

" Poseidon-Erechtheus Temjile." The middle chamber of this central por-

tion is approached by two porticoes— the well-known northwest porch and

the caryatid porch to the south. Thus the temple is given a symmetrical

though somewhat complex form.

The complexity of form was occasioned by the fact that the temple

was designed to replace both the Old Athena Temple and the old t«mple

of Erechtheus with its manifold uses. Dr. Dorpfeld believes he has found

traces of the old Poseidon-Erechtheus temple running diagonally under

the western part of the new Erechtheum. The remains of the Old Athena

Temple just to the south are well known. In supplanting the earlier tem-

ples by a common sanctuary Pericles planned that the east cella of the

Old Athena Temple should be replaced by the east cella of the combined

structure, and the opisthodomos of the old temple by the opistliodomos of

the new. The old Erechtheum was reproduced in the building with three

chambers, between the two parts of the structure, that took the place of

the Old Athena Temple. The two porches to the north and south formed

entrances to the Erechtheum proper, and at the same time gave suitable

recognition to the mark of Poseidon's trident and the grave of Cecrops.

The sublime conception of the architect was not to be carried out. The

new temple was doubtless begun before the outbreak of the Peloponnesian

War. When it was found to be impossible to carry out the plan in its

entirety a compromise was effected. The east cella was completed ; two

of the three chambers of the middle building were finished with the one

to the west slightly reduced in size, and the western wall with its win-

dows between engaged columns was given the form with which we are

familiar.

Such is the theory of Dr. Dorpfehl in regard to the building of the

Erechtheum. For historical evidence on this subject we are chiefly in-

debted to the famous Chandler inscription (C.I. A. I. ^'2'2), the date of

which is 409 ii.c. This inscription tells of the a]>i>ointment of a commis-

sion to exaniine into the state of the building in order to ascertain what

was still necessary for its completion. It shows that the work was already

far advanced, and in all probability the temple was completed during the

following year. The temple described is s|X)ken of as that " in which is

the ancient image," referring primarily to the east cella.

286 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

Xenophon (Hell. 1, 6, 1) states that the ancient temple on the Acro-

polis was set on fire, the date being 406 B.C. This probably referred to

the Erechtheuin which had replaced the old tem]i)le. The damage was not

repaired immediately, as it appears to have been still incomplete in 395 u.c.

(C.I.A. n. No. 829), but it must have been finished by ;}76 b.c. (C.T.A. IT,

Xo. 672). In Christian times the Erechtheum was turned into a church,

with the necessary changes in its internal arrangements. The Turks used

it as a dwelling-house, and to make an extra room the columns of the nortli

portico were walled up. The biulding underwent great damage during the

siege of the Acropolis by the Turks in 1827. It was repaired to some ex-

tent in 1838 and 1846, but in 1852 a storm blew down the engaged col-

umns and the wall between them on the west end.

Within the past few years extensive restorations have been made on

the Erechtheum, in order to preserve intact what has survived to us from

ancient times.

EXCURSUS XII. THE OLD ATIIENA TEMPLE

In 1885-1886, during the excavations conducted by tlie Greek Archaeo-

logical Society, in the rectangular space long regarded as a sacred precinct

Just south of the Erechtheum, the foundations of a large ancient temple

were discovered and excavated. Dr. Dorpfeld, who superintended the

excavations, soon identified these remains with the sanctuary of Athena

that had been burnt by the Persians when they sacked the Acropolis in

480 B.C., and styled it the "Old Athena Temple," which has become its

popular designation. Fortunately from time to time architrave blocks,

drums of columns, broken statues, and other architectural and sculptural

fragments, many of which were built into the north wall, have come to

light, and have been identified as belonging to this temple. As a result of

these discoveries, a rather complete reconstruction of the building in all

essential details has been made by Dr. Dorpfeld and his associates. The

first ground plan of the temple appeared in the Antike Denkmaler of

1886. The results of the study of the arcliitectural remains and of the

fragments of sculpture preserved in the Acropolis INIusemn were given in

the Athenische Mittheilungen of 1886 and succeeding years ; and a com-

plete account of this pre-Persian Doric temple, with elaborate illustrations,

is given in Wiegand-Schrader-Dorpfeld, Poros-Architektur der Akro[iolis,

Liepzig 1904. In this excursus we sketch merely the results of nearly a

score of years of study as presented by the authors of this work.

THE OLD ATIIEXA TEMPLE 287

The surface of the Acropolis where thi; teTiii>le was located was not

naturally level, but sloped from southeast to northwest. Hence tl»e site

had to be artificially leveled. At the southeast corner the stylobate lay

directly on the rock ; on the northwest, however, foundation walls were

built to the height of about ten feet ; along the sides the height of the

foundation walls steadily decreases from the northwest to the south and

east, and their preservation is in proportion to their height. From a study

of the ground plan^ determined by the actual renuiins, we observe that

there is a rectangular foundation wall surrounding the whole temple, on

which rested the peristyle. Within this is a somewhat smaller rectangle

which is divided by cross-walls into several compartments. At the east w«!

have a rather narrow portico leading into the cella of the temple which is

nearly square (33^ ft. x 33 ft.); at the west, behind the portico, there is a

somewhat larger chamber (38.3 ft. x 33 ft.) which contains two smaller

rooms to the east, lying north and south of each other. The partition wall

between the cella and the west chamber was without a door, suggesting

that the former was for religious, the latter for secular purposes. From a

study of the remains it is evident that we have here a temple about 100

Attic feet in length and 41 feet in breadth, around which was built a colon-

nade of the Doric order, with six columns at each end and twelve at each

side, making it a hexastyle peripteral temple. Owing to its length the

sanctuary was known as the Hekatompedon.

The foundation walls of the temple are not all of the same material.

The foundations of the colonnade, including the stylobate, are of lime-

stone from Kar.l at the foot of Mount Hymettus ; those of the teinple

propel', of the bluish limestone of the Acropolis. The remains of columns,

architrave blocks, and triglyphs are of poros ; the metopes and pediment

blocks are of a white coarse-grained marble. There are similar differences

in technique between the colonnade and tlie building it surrounds. Both

the material and the workmanship show that the naos was an early tem-

ple dating certainly not later than the seventh century, aiul that this

primitive sanctuary of Athena was enriched with a colonnade and its

marble embellishments during the supremacy of Pisistratus.

Thanks to the discovery of Athenian sculptures hidden away in the

-debris of the Acropolis after the Persian Wans, we can speak with definite-

ness of the plastic adornment not only of the enlarged temple of Pisistratus

but also of the simpler amphiprostyle temple that existed long before his

time. We shall take up first sculptures of the pediments of the pre-

Pisistratean cella.1 See Fig. 5, p. --'81.

288 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

In the Acropolis Museum are several groups of highly colored poros

pediment sculptures that undoubtedly belonged to primitive temples on

tlie Acropolis. Certain of these are attributed by Wiegand and Schrader

on good grounds to this earlier teniple. The design of the western pediment

fell into two parts. In one angle Heracles was represented as wrestling

with the huge serpent Triton ; the right-hand portion of the pediment was

occupied by the strange figure with three liuman heads and bodies uniting

in one snaky coil, extending to the end of the pediment, whose correct

mythological name is supposed to be " Typhon." Yet he was no protago-

nist, only an interested spectator. The centre of the pediment was doubt-

less occupied by accessories, as the stem of a tree on which hung the bows

and arrows and superfluous raiment of Heracles.

The eastern pediment was even more gorgeous in its embellishment.

It may be briefly described as follows: Athena was seated in the apex;

to her right was a seated and crowned figure which survives, and which

must be regarded as a king or a god. The balancing figure to the left

of the goddess is gone ; the extant figure is usually called Zeus, but it

was probably a subordinate god or a hero. Possibly Athena was repre-

sented as seated between Poseidon and Erechtheus. In each angle there

was a great snake, the one blue and orange, the other a vivid emerald

green, which were in all probability the two guardian snakes of the Acro-

polis, sometimes identified with Cecrops the snake king and his daughter

Pandrosus.

When the colonnade was provided by Pisistratus, these rude poros sculjv

tures were replaced by more imposing works in marble, and of these several

figures of the group that were in the west pediment are in the Acropolis

Museum. These consist of a colossal statue of Athena, and three figures of

giants, V)esides other fragments, showing that the scene portrayed was the

Battle of the Gods and Giants. Schrader concludes that the composition

originally consisted of eight figures, of two of which we have no fragments

whatever preserved. In the centre Athena bends over a fallen giant with

the plume of his helmet grasped in her left hand. The two corners of the

triangle were each filled by a giant, leaning forward with body supported

on one knee and by one hand. As to the intervening parts between the

centre and the extremities of the pediment, Schrader supplies to the right

and left of Athena two groups consisting of a god standing and a giant

fallen on one knee. The gods, probably Zeus and Heracles, rush from the

centre against their adversaries who recoil toward the extremities., These

eight figures would fairly occupy the space of the pediment..

THE OLD ATHENA TEMPLE 289

Herodotus, 8, 53-55 records the burning and mutilation of tlie ()1<1

Athena Temple by the Persians. A sixth-century inscriiition (CJ.A. 1\',

pp. 137 ff.) six»aks of a temple known as the Hekatonipedon, and contains

a provision that the chambers shall be opened by the treasurers. Dr. Durfv

feld ho.lds that the reference here is to the compartments of the western

end of this temple, which in his opinion were used as a treasury, while

the naos contained the wooden image of Athena that fell from heaven.

After the Persian Wais the poros and marble blocks of the colonnade were

used in repairing the north wall, but the temple itself was restored and

was the principal sanctuary on the Acropolis until the completion of the

Parthenon in 438 B.C. We have already considered Dr. Dorpfeld's ground

plan of the great marble temple wliicli Pericles intended should replace

the two poros temples of Athena and Erechtheus and embrace the holy

" signs " and the grave of Cecrops. It is not known when the Old Athena

Temple ceased to exi.st. Dr. Dorpfeld holds that the temple without the

peristyle was restored shortly after the Persian War, serving as the princi-

pal temple on the Acropolis until the completion of the Parthenon, and

that it continued to exist until the Roman or Byzantine period.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN NOTES,

INTRODUCTION, AND APPENDIX

PROPER NAMES AND TITLES

Aesch. = Aeschylus

Aeschin. = Aeschines

A. Jb. = Jahrbucli des Archaologi-

schen Instituts

A.M. = Athenisclie Mittheilungen

Anacr. = Anacreon's genuine frag-

ments

Anacreont. = Anacreontica (spurious)

Anth. P. = Anthologia Palatina

Anth. Plan. = Anthologia Planudea

Antiph. = Antiphanes

Apoll. Dysc. = Apollonius Dyscolus

Apollod. = Apollodorus

App. = Appianus

Ap. Rh. = Apollonius of RhodesAr. = Aristophanes

Arat. = Aratus

Arcad. = Arcadius

Archil. = Archilochus

Arist. = Aristoteles

Aristid. = Aristides

Arr. = Arrianus

Ath. = Athenaeus

Att. = Attic

Ausg. Aufs. = Ausgewahlte Aufsatze

Babr. = Babrius

Bekk. Anec. = Bekker's Anecdota

Graeca

Berl. Philol. Woch. = Berliner Philo-

logische Wochenschrift

Biog. Gr. = Biographi Graeci

Call. = Callimachus

C.I. A. = Corpus Inscriptionum Atti-

carumC.I.G. = Corpus Inscriptionum Grae-

carumClem. Al. = Clement of Alexandria

Dem. = DemosthenesDem. Phal. = Demetrius Phalereus

Dio C. = Dio Cassius

Diod. = Diodorus

Diog. L. = Diogenes Laertius

Dion. II. = Dionysiusof Ilalicarnassus

Droysen = Droysen's Geschiclite des

Ilellenismus

E.M. or Etym. Magn. = Etymologi-

cum MagnumEng. = English

Ep. = Epic

Eur. = Euripides

Eust. = Eustathius

G. = Goodwin's Greek GrammarGMT. = Goodwin's Moods and Tenses

Gr. = Greek

H. = Hadley's Greek GrammarHarp. = Harpocratio

Hdn. = Herodianus

Hdt. = Herodotus

Ileliod. = Heliodorus

Ilephaest. = Hephaestio

lies. = Hesiodus

Hesych. — Hesychius

h. Hom. = Homeric hymnsHipp. = Hippocrates

290

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 201

H.N. = Pliny, Historia Naturalis

Horn. = HomernsII. = Homer's Iliad (A, B, T, etc., are

used in referring to the different

books)

Isocr. = Isocrates

Jb. f. Ph. = Jahrbiicher fur Philologie

J.H.S. = Journal of Hellenic Studies

Lat. = Latin

Long. = LongusLongin. = Longinus

Luc. = Lucianus

LXX — Septuagint

Lys. = Lysias

L. & S. = Liddell and Scott's Lexicon

Menand. = MenanderOd. = Homer's Odyssey (a, /3, 7, etc.,

are used in referring to the differ-

ent books)

Paus. = Pausanias

Plat. = Plato

Plut. = Plutarch

Poet. Seen. Gr. = Poetae Scenici Graeci

Poll. = Pollux

Polyb. = Polybius

Kb. Mus. = Rheinisches Museum fur

Philologie

Roscher = Ausfiihrliches Lexikon der

griech. und rom. Mythologie, ed-

ited by W. Roscher

Schol. = scholiast

Simon. = Simonides

Soph. =: Sophocles

S.Q. — Schriftquellen zur Topographic

von Athen, by Milchhoefer, in Die

Stadtgeschichte von Athen, by E.

Curtius, pp. i-cx.\iv

Steph. Byz. = Stephanas of ByzantiumStesich. = Stesichorus

Stob. = Stobaeus

Suid. = Suidas

Theoc. = Theocritus

Theoph. = Theophrastus

Time. = Thucydides

Tyrt. = Tyrtaeus

Verg. = Vergilius

Vitruv. = Vitruvius

Xen. = XenophonXenoph. = Xenophanes

In abbreviating the names of Greekauthors and of their works, Lid-

dell and Scott's List has been

generally followed.

OTHER ABBREVIATIONS

App. = Appendixch. or chap., chaps. = chapter, chap-

ters (when numerals follow)

etc. = and so forth

f., ff. = following (after numerical

statements)

gen. = genitive

ibid. = in the same place

id. = the sauie

i.e. = that is

imv. = imperative

intr. = intransitive, intransitively

kt\. = Kai TO. \onrd

I.e. = loco citato

p., pp. = page, pages

Rem. = remark

sc. = scilicet

s.v. = sub voce

viz. = namelyv.l. = varia lectio

§» §§ = section, .sections

INDEX

Tliis Index names only the principal places and temples. See the Topographical

Outline for detailed references to all the monuments cited by Pausanias. The num-bers give chapter and section of the text of Pausanias, under which is the note desired.

Reference is made also to the Excursuses.

Academy, 30 1-2

Acropolis, 22 4 — 28,']; Exc. VII

Aglaurus, Precinct of, 18 2

Agora of Athens, 3 1 - 18 :5 ; Exc. II

Agrae, 19 (i

Aphrodite in the Gardens, Temple of,

19 2

Aphrodite Urania, Temple of, 14 7

Apollo, Cave of, 28 4 .

Apollo, the Paternal, Temple of, 3 4

Areopagus, 28 5-7

Ares, Shrine of, 8 4

Aristogiton, Ilarmodius and, 8 5

Artemis Agrotera, Temple of, 19 (i

Artemis Brauronia, Sanctuary of, 23 7

Asclepius, Sanctuary of, 21 4

Athena Ergane, Temple of, 24 3

Athena Nike, Temple of, 22 5 ; Exc. IXAttalus, Digression on, 6 1 — 81

Buleuterium, 3 5

Clepsydra, 28 4

Colias, ('ape, 1 5

Colonus Hippius, 30 4

Cynosarges, 19 3

Denies of Attica, 31-33Demeter, Temple of, 2 4

Demeter Ciiloe, Sanctuary of, 22 3

Demeter and Kore, Temple of, 14 1-4

Dionysium in Limnis, Exc. Ill

Dionysus, Temples of, 20 3

Dionysus, Theatre of, 20 3, 211-2;

Exc. VI

Dioscuri, Shrine of, 18 1

Dlpylum, 2 4 ; Exc. I

Eleusinium, 14 3

Eleusis, 38 ()-7

Enneacrunus, 14 1; Exc. Ill

Eponymi, Statues of, 5 5

Erechtheum, 26 5-27 1; Exc. XIEridanus, 19 5

Eucleia, Temple of, 14 5; Exc. Ill

Galatae, Digression on, 4 l-(i

Gardens, The, 19 2

Ge Kourotrophos, Sanctuary of, 22 3

Hadrian, Buildings of, 18 9

Harbors and Fortifications, 1 2 ; Exc. I

Harmodius and Aristogiton, 8 5

Hephaestus, Temple of, 14 <>

Hermes Agoraeus, 15 1

Hymettus, 32 1

Ili.ssus, 19 5

Ilithyia, Temple of, 18 5

Laurium, 1 1

Law Courts, Athenian, 28 8-11

292

INDEX 293

Long Walls, 2 1; Exc. I

Lyceum, 19 3

Lysiiuachus, Digression on, 9 5-10

Megara, 39 4-4410Metroum, 8 5

Munycbia, 1 4

Nike, Temple of Athena, 22 5 ; Exc. IX

Odeum of Pericles, 20 4

Odeum, Theatre called, 8 (J

Old Athena Temple, Exc. XII

Olympieum, IStJ; Exc. V

Painted Colonnade, 15 1-4; Exc. II

Fames, 32 1-2

Pan, Cave of, 28 4

Paudrosus, Temple of, 27 2

Parthenon, 24 5-7 ; Exc. XPatroclus, Island of , 1 1 ; 35 1

Pentelicus, 32 1

Phalerum, J 4

Picture Gallery, 22 r^7

Piraeus, 1 2-.'?

Propylaea, 22 4 ; Exc. VIII

Prytaneum, 18 a

Ptolemies, Digression on, 9 l-.T

Ptolemy, Digression on, 5 (J — 8 1

Ptolemy, Gymnasium of, 17 2

Pyrrhus, Digression on, 11 —13Pythium, Exc. Ill

Royal Colonnade, 3 1

Sacred Way, 363-387Salamis, Island of, 35 1 - 36 2

Seleucus, Digression on, 16 1-3

Serapeum, 18 4

Stadium, 19 (i

Sulla, Digression on, 20 4-7

Sunium, 1 1

Themis, Temple of, 22 1-2

Theseum, Exc. IV^

Theseus, Sanctuary of, 17 2-(;

Tholus, 3 5

Tombs, Street of, 29 3-30Tripods, Street of, 20 1

Triptolemus, 14 1-4

Walls, Long, 2 1-3 ; Exc. I

Zeus Eleutherius, Colonnade of, 3 2

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES

THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYThis book is DUE on the last date stamped below

jUN 101961

'<5URL

IS

wBKBKMLEOURL

FEB 2 6

RARllMARl

-Dins

fEtroiMpi*

:"!PI? I]

HWiiloinsllJN i 1980<*

—

m 161980DtSCHARGE-URC

I J ^.-joi

JUN

SEpa&r.

Form 1,-9

20m -1,' 42(85111)

ATLOS ANGELESLIBRARY

UC SOUTHERN REGION/iL LIBRARY FACILITY

A 001 354 317

J

3 1158 00588 6