attitudes toward wolves presentation at the swedish parliament may 10, 2012 thomas a. heberlein,...
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Attitudes Toward Wolves
Presentation at the Swedish Parliament May 10, 2012Thomas A. Heberlein, Environmental SociologistProfessor SLU, Umeå
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Heberlein Swedish Parliment 2/10/2012
Tom HeberleinSabbatical year in Sweden 1995-96
◦1995 keynote at Wolf Symposium Regular attendee 1995-2012
2004-present, Professor SLU ◦Dept of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental
Studies◦Co teaches Human Dimensions of Wildlife
2006 Organized the US Study visit of the Large Predator Special Investigation
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Heberlein Swedish Parliment 2/10/2012
Wisconsin nowhas about 800 wolves
Michigan now has over 600 wolves
LP
UP
Minnesota hasabout 3,000 wolves
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Heberlein Swedish Parliment 2/10/2012
Meta Analysis of Published StudiesAnalysis of 39 published studies
between 1972-2000Most from the US (27), Canada (2),
Western Europe (3), Norway (3), Sweden (2), Finland (1), Japan (1)
These studies gave us 109 records for analysis because of multiple groups were studied
Published in the Wildlife Society Bulletin
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Heberlein Swedish Parliment 2/10/2012
Surveys in Sweden and the USA National Survey of Sweden in 2001
◦1. The public - 1001 persons (73% response)
◦2. Hunters - 631 (84%)◦3. Public, wolf area - 252 (72%)◦4. Hunters, wolf area- 388 (86%)
Surveys in the state of Michigan (USA)Some data from more recent surveys
in Sweden by my SLU colleagues and students
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Heberlein Swedish Parliment 2/10/2012
Positive Attitudes toward WolvesPositive Support for Wolves (Meta
Analysis)◦51% positive toward wolves ◦58% positive toward restoration
Attitudes toward wolves in Sweden ◦61% positive◦49% positive in wolf areas
Attitudes in Michigan◦64% support in wolf areas (UP)◦57% support in non-wolf areas (LP)
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Heberlein Swedish Parliment 2/10/2012
Many People Don’t Care about Wolves
Average percent neutral or don’t care in Meta Analysis◦24% across all studies
Percent neutral in Sweden◦31% General public◦30% General public in the wolf areas
Michigan◦22% wolf area (UP)◦34% non wolf area (LP)
This among those who returned surveys
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Heberlein Swedish Parliment 2/10/2012
Negative Attitudes in MinorityMeta Analysis
◦25% NegativeSwedish Population
◦General Public 8% Negative◦Public in Wolf Areas 21% Negative
Michigan◦Wolf Area (UP) 15% Negative◦Non Wolf Area (LP) 9% Negative
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Heberlein Swedish Parliment 2/10/2012
Wolf Population Growth Consistent with Positive Attitudes
Western US ◦ 1976 virtually no wolves in Montana, Idaho, Wyoming◦ Today over 1600 wolves (hunting seasons in Montana
and Idaho)Sweden
◦ 1980 virtually no wolves◦ Today about 225
Michigan◦ 1990 about 20 wolves◦ Today over 600 wolves
Wisconsin◦ 1980 about 25 wolves◦ 2012 about 800 wolves
For the last 40 years there has been good “social habitat”for wolves
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Heberlein Swedish Parliment 2/10/2012
Hunters are favorable toward wolves 51% of Hunters were favorable (Meta Analysis)
◦ Of 9 studies that looked at the relationship between hunting and attitudes 5 showed a positive relationship,
Hunters more positive than comparisons groups 1 showed no relationship 3 showed a negative relationship
1976 (One of the five studies mentioned above)◦ 63% of Swedish Hunters supported wolf restoration◦ 51% of the general public
Michigan Hunters◦ 76% supported wolf restoration (highest of all groups)
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Heberlein Swedish Parliment 2/10/2012
Swedish Hunters Attitudes 2001
Positive Neutral Negative0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%40%
37%
23%24%
35%
41%
Hunters Hunters in Wolf Areas
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Heberlein Swedish Parliment 2/10/2012
Believe Wolves Have the Right to Exist
Public Hunters Public in Wolf Area
Hunters Wolf Area
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%90%
77% 79%
65%
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Heberlein Swedish Parliment 2/10/2012
Attitude Change
Naturally Occurring Change
Planned Change
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Heberlein Swedish Parliment 2/10/2012
A Little Attitude Theory
Attitudes are generally stableDirect Experience Principle
◦These are stronger and less likely to changeIdentity Principle
◦Attitudes tied to identities are stronger and less likely to change
Attitudes have an emotional component this can be especially true with wolves
Attitudes toward wolves are often linked to broader values and identity based attitudes
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Heberlein Swedish Parliment 2/10/2012
Positive AffectLiking Wolves
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Heberlein Swedish Parliment 2/10/2012
Attitude DimensionAffect:Fear
But Like-DislikeOver Simplifies
Attitudes
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Heberlein Swedish Parliment 2/10/2012
This a ScientisticAttitude—RationalBased More on Beliefs than Affect
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Meta Analysis—Variability and Change
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
AN
DE
L P
OS
ITIV
A
ÅRHeberlein Swedish Parliment 2/10/2012
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Heberlein Swedish Parliment 2/10/2012
VariabilityVariability in Support for Wolves
◦Groups that showed less than 16% support Southeast Norwegian residents Cattle ranchers who graze on public land
in Utah Swedish reindeer owners
◦Groups that showed more than 87% support Swedish conservationists New England (US) residents Arizona Environmentalists
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Heberlein Swedish Parliment 2/10/2012
Change in Sweden with Direct Experience
40%
51%
61%63%
0%
25%
50%
75%
1976 2001
And
el p
ositi
va ti
ll va
rg
Hunters Non-hunters
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Heberlein Swedish Parliment 2/10/2012
Cohort Replacement Change
Older people show less support◦18 of 19 studies showed a negative
relationship with age◦One of the most consistent findings
in the wolf attitude researchAs the old with more negative
attitudes toward wolves die out they are replaced with those with more positive attitudes◦But this is a slow process
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Heberlein Swedish Parliment 2/10/2012
BUT RAPID NEGATIVE CHANGE IS POSSIBLE
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Heberlein Swedish Parliment 2/10/2012
Adirondack Park in NY
Set as a preserve in 1892
Nearly twice as large as Västerbotten with half as many people
Seen as a good place to reintroduce wolves Bennington
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Heberlein Swedish Parliment 2/10/2012
Public Support for Wolves1996
Support 76%Oppose 18%
1997Support 46%Oppose 42%
1999Support 42%Oppose 41%
Thirty point dropin one year!!
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Heberlein Swedish Parliment 2/10/2012
How: Discourse reframed
Local politicians tied restoration to broad values of independence and support for home
City people and scientists are “telling us what to do.”
Media picked up framing
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Heberlein Swedish Parliment 2/10/2012
Summary
Attitudes toward wolves are positive◦Negative attitudes are in a distinct
minorityEven among hunters and those who
live in wolf areas attitudes are more positive or neutral than negative
Attitudes become less positive with direct experience with wolves
Because of the large neutral component public attitudes can rapidly shift in a negative direction
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Heberlein Swedish Parliment 2/10/2012
Changing Attitudes by Educating the Public?Common solution to environmental
problems◦The Cognitive Fix or the Knowledge
Deficiency Model. What kind of information about wolves
will get these groups to hate wolves? Swedish conservationists New England (US) residents Arizona Environmentalists
Strong identity based attitudes don’t change
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Heberlein Swedish Parliment 2/10/2012
Changing Attitudes by Educating the Public?Or get these groups to love
wolves? Southeast Norwegian residents Cattle ranchers who graze on public land
in Utah Swedish reindeer owners
What about 25-50% who don’t care about wolves?◦The problem is getting the
information to them◦They skip to the next page in the
newspaper
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Heberlein Swedish Parliment 2/10/2012
Even Worse!
In Michigan we found no relation between accurate scientific knowledge about wolves and attitudes◦Those who had the most knowledge had no
more positive attitudes toward wolves Same was true in Sweden
◦In fact some of those who knew the least about wolves had the most positive attitudes
So should we “de-educate” the public to gain support for wolves???
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Heberlein Swedish Parliment 2/10/2012
Michigan Wolf StoryFour wolves released in the
1970’s◦All died “at the hand of man” in 6
monthsAbout 20 wolves1990 Surveys show positive attiudesToday there are over 600 wolves
in Michigan
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Heberlein Swedish Parliment 2/10/2012
Final Point: Attitudes are UnevenNot all city people have strong positive
attitudes toward wolves◦Those with the least ties to the countryside
3rd generation urbanites Or those who have don’t spend time in the
countryside Are less positive toward wolves than others urban
residents
Not everybody in Dalarna HATES wolves◦Thanks to my student Emma Kvastgård for
these last slides
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Heberlein Swedish Parliment 2/10/2012
Support the Right of Wolves to Exist in Sweden
2004 2009
Sweden: 64 %
Dalarna: 63 %
Sweden: 71 % Increase!
Dalarna: 56 % Decrease!
Not everyone in Dalarna hates wolves—Still majority support
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Heberlein Swedish Parliment 2/10/2012
Dalarna County 36 % WANT TO DECREASE THE NUMBER
OF WOLVESvs 16% in Sweden as a whole
64 % highest!
23 % lowest!
Above line > 44 % and increasing
Why the differencebetween Älvdalen
and Smedjeback
en?
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Heberlein Swedish Parliment 2/10/2012
My experience
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Heberlein Swedish Parliment 2/10/2012
Last Conclusions
Attitudes toward wolves are very positiveSimply providing information will not
change attitudesAttitudes are tied to your community,
way of life, and ties to the country sideThey become more negative when
people get experience with wolvesOne needs to look for structural solutions
to make wolves more valuable to all whose lives are affected by wolves
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Heberlein Swedish Parliment 2/10/2012
Structural Fixes vs. Cognitive FixesMake wolves valuable for the community
◦ Collective rewards for wolf population increase Collective losses for decreases Has worked well for snow leopard conservation
Make wolves into a resource for the least positive group (Hunters)◦ Through a managed hunting season
Reduces feelings of powerlessness Mitigates effects of urban dominance Hunted populations almost always increase in numbers
And prepare for the eventual wolf attack◦ Which can change the neutral and weak positive
attitudes
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Thank You
Heberlein Swedish Parliment 2/10/2012
For more about attitudes and pro-environmental behavior seeforthcoming book, Oxford University Press, August 27, 2012
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Heberlein Swedish Parliment 2/10/2012
Does this look like an increase in poaching to you?-Summer farms (predation 6/)