attributional complexity, depression, and self-esteem among college students syeda ambreen fatima...
TRANSCRIPT
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Attributional Complexity, Depression, and Self-Esteem
among College Students
Syeda Ambreen FatimaAnila KamalAisha Zubair
National Institute of PsychologyQuaid-i-Azam University, Pakistan
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Attributional Complexity• Attributions are causal statements formulated by individuals to
explain life events. • Causal judgments have been investigated in wide range of
contexts varying from person perception to self-perception, emotional reaction to success and failure (Brown, William, & Lees-Haley, 1994).
• Attributional theory specifies the cognitive, affective, and behavioral consequences of assigning particular causes of event (Weiner, 1986)
• Causal cognitions can be either simple or complex (Kelley, 1993).
• Simple causal structures exist when merely one cause produces only one effect
• Complex structures, either several causes or their interaction bring about one or several effects
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Depression and Attributional Complexity• Rawlins and Heacock defined (1993) depression as “a
pathological mood disturbance characterized by a wide variety of feelings, attitudes, and beliefs, that a person has about self and world” (p. 133).
• Concurrent association between explanatory style and depression using demographically diverse samples and varied instruments (Goodwin & Guze, 1994).
• Interaction between explanatory style and negative life events (Barnhill & Myless, 2001).
• Pessimistic explanatory style may increase the risk of experiencing depressive deficits in response to bad events (Cutrona, 2003).
• Depressed and non-depressed individuals differ in their attributional style (Horter, 1993)
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Self Esteem and Attributional Complexity• Self-esteem is a person’s global orientation towards the own
self (Brown, 1993) • People with high self esteem tends to use self serving
attributions (Schwartz, Kaslow, & Jennifer, 2000).• subjects high in self esteem used an ego-protective
attributional response and failure of an individual to use a self-protective attributional response may lead to lowered sense of self-esteem (Sterling, Yeisley-Hyness, Little, & Cater, 1991).
• Internal attributions for failure are posited to result in decreased self-esteem; unchanging attributions affect the perseverance of subsequent cognitive and motivational deficits (Peterson & Seligman, 2004)
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Rationale• Studying attributional phenomena and its
correlates in Pakistan culture context is a bit difficult owing to within culture diversities
• Focused on the complex vs. simple dimension of attributional process
• Attributional process is strongly influenced by depression and self esteem
• Gender differences in attributional complexity
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Hypotheses1. There will be an inverse relationship between
attributional complexity and self-esteem.
2. Attributional complexity will be positively associated with depression.
3. The higher the depression among college students, the lower will be their self-esteem.
4. Girls will reflect more attributional complexity, depression and low self esteem as compared to boys.
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Method
Purposive sample of (N = 160) college students
Age range of 15 to 20 years (M = 17.56, SD =
1.38).
Different colleges of Lahore (n = 80), Rawalpindi
(n = 27), and Wah Cant (n = 53).
Boys (n = 80) and girls (n = 80)
Students of first year (Grade 11) to third year
(Grade 13) (science and humanities groups both).
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MeasuresScale Title No. of
ItemsResponse Options Alpha
Attributional Complexity Scale (Fletcher, Danilovics, Fernandez, Peterson & Reeder,1986 translated Kausar, 2001)
28 items 7-point ratingSA (7) – SD (1)High score on subscales of complex explanation, internal explanation & past causes = more attributional complexity
.87
Self Esteem Scale (Rifai, 1999)
29 items 5-point ratingSA (5) – SD (1)High scores = high Self Esteem
.85
Siddiqui-Shah Depression Scale (Siddiqui, 1992)
36 items 5-point ratingAll the time (4) – Never (1)High scores = high Depression
.89
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RESULTS
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Self-Esteem
Attributional Complexity
Self Acceptance
Self Competence
Social & Physical
Acceptance
Academic Self
Competence
Total SES
Motivation .16* .16* .18* .18* .21*
Complex Explanation -.17* -.15* -.17* -.18* -.19*
Metacognition .19* .21* .20** .24** .26***
Internal Explanation -.15* -.17* -.20* -.17* -.29**
External Explanation .18* .19* .18* .20* .16*
Past Causes -.17* -.19* -.21* -.16* -.22*
Total AC -.16* -.07 -.24* -.17* -.35***
Table 1Correlation between Attributional Complexity and Self-Esteem (N = 160)
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Attributional Complexity Depression
Motivation -.17*
Complex Explanation .22*
Meta-cognition -.19*
Internal Explanation .15*
External Explanation -.18*
Past Causes .22***
Total Attributional Complexity .25***
Table 2Correlations between Attributional Complexity and Depression (N = 160)
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Self Esteem
Depression
Self-Acceptance -.32**
Self-Competence -.46**
Social and Physical Acceptance -.32**
Academic Self-Competence -.37**
Total Self Esteem -.58**
Table 3Correlation between Self-Esteem and Depression (N = 160)
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Table 4Gender Differences on Attributional Complexity, Depression, and Self Esteem (N = 160)
Variables Boys(n = 80)
Girls(n = 80)
M SD M SD t pAttributional Complexity
127.50 12.16 132.50 10.56 3.36 .05
Self Esteem 108.31 9.33 102.23 10.41 4.26 .01
Depression 65.27 8.95 66.91 9.24 1.29 .40
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Conclusion
• Attributional complexity has shown significant positive association with depression and negative correlation with self esteem
• Meta-cognition, motivation, and external explanation are positively associated with self-esteem and negatively related with depression
• Significant gender differences in attributional complexity and self esteem
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Limitations and Suggestions
• Sample consisted of college students only; thereby inclusion of other segments of population would provide comparative perspective.
• Sample size may limit the generalizability of findings; hence inclusion of larger sample may enhance the generalizability of results.
• Inclusion of other demographic variables such as varying age groups, parental education, ethnic and sub cultural affiliations would enhance the diversity of the phenomena.
• Relation of attributional complexity with other related constructs like decision making styles, problem solving skills, and other higher order functions would offer in-depth insight in the construct.
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Thank You !
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