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Atul Kumar VarmaAtmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Group
Earth, Oceans, Atmosphere and Planetary Sciences Area
Space Applications Centre, ISRO, Ahmedabad 380015
(email: [email protected]; Ph.: +91-79-26916045)
Evolution of Meteorological and Oceanographic Observations from
Indian Satellite Missions
Nowcasting and
aviation
applications (for
next few hours)
Numerical
Weather
Prediction (up to
10 days)
Seasonal Forecasts
(up to one season)
Extreme Events
Observational
needs for various
other applications
including climate
research
Sr Parameter Applications
1 Clear sky radiances NWP
2Atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles
NWP, Nowcasting, Cyclone, Thunderstorm
3 Atmospheric stability
Nowcasting, Aviation,
Thunderstorm, cyclone,
Monsoon
4
Cloud Properties
* Cloud Phase (CP),
* Effective Cloud Amount
(ECA),
* Cloud Top Pressure
(CTP)/
* Cloud Top Temperature
(CTT)* Cloud Effective Droplet Size, * Cloud Optical Depth
Nowcasting, Cyclone, NWP
5Atmospheric motion vectors / surface winds
NWP, Cyclone, Air-
Pollution, Thunderstorm, Monsoon
Sr Parameter Applications
6 3-D wind profiles
NWP, Cyclone, Air-
Pollution,
Thunderstorm, Monsoon
7Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Cyclone, NWP
8Land Surface Temperature (LST) NWP, Heat/Cold Wave
9 PrecipitationNowcasting, Cyclone,
NWP, Monsoon,Disaster Management
10 Soil Moisture NWP, Monsoon
11 FogAviation, Nowcasting,Disaster Management
12Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD)
NWP, Air-pollution, Climate, Monsoon
13 LightningNowcasting, Cyclone, Thunderstorm, Climate
14 Surface PressureNWP, Cyclone, Monsoon
Need for Satellite Measurements
Accuracy, timeliness, resolution - Spatial and Temporal Requirements
INSAT-2E
VHRR, CCD
Indian Meteorological Geostationary Satellites
1999
INSAT-1D
VHRRINSAT-2A/2B
VHRR
1992/93
1990
KALPANA-1
VHRR
2002
2013
INSAT-3D
Imager/ Sounder
INSAT-3A
VHRR, CCD
2003
2016
INSAT-3DR
Imager/ Sounder
2019
GISAT
MX-LWIR/MX-VNIR/
Hys-VNIR/Hys-SWIR2019
INSAT-3DS
Imager/ Sounder
2022+
INSAT-4 series
Being defined
INSAT-1A/1B/1C
VHRRApr 1982-Sep 1983
Aug 1983- 1999
July 1988-Nov 1999
Bhaskara-1
SAMIR, 2 TV cameras
at 600 & 800 nm
1979Bhaskara-2
SAMIR, 2 TV cameras
at 600 & 800 nm
1981
Oceansat-1
OCM & MSMR
1999
Oceansat-2
OCM, SCAT and ROSA
2009
Megha-Tropiques
MADRAS, SAPHIR, ScaRab
and ROSA
2011
SARAL
Ka-band Altimeter, radiometer
2013SCATSAT-1
Sactterometer
2016Oceansat-3
Sactterometer,
OCM and SSTM
2019
Indian Meteorological Low Earth
Orbiting Satellites
• Spectral Bands (µm)
Short Wave Infra Red : Six bands
Mid Wave Infra Red : Five Bands
Long Wave Infra Red : Seven Bands
Visible : One Band
• Resolution : 10 km
INSAT-3D/3DR
• Spectral Bands (µm) Resolution
Visible : 0.55 - 0.75 1 km
Short Wave Infra Red : 1.55 - 1.70 1 km
Mid Wave Infra Red : 3.70 - 3.95 4 km
Water Vapour : 6.50 - 7.10 8 km
Thermal Infra Red – 1 : 10.30 - 11.30 4 km
Thermal Infra Red – 2 : 11.30 - 12.50 4 km
6 Channel IMAGER 19 Channel SOUNDER
Improved Understanding of Mesoscale Systems
Sounder Products
T/Q – profile, Integrated Ozone
Derived products: Geopotential Height
Layer precipitable water, TPW, Lifted Index, Wind Index, Dry microburst Index
Imager Products
Precipitation, AMV (CMV, WVW), OLR, UTH, Fire & Smoke, Fog, SST
INSAT-3D: 82o E
INSAT-3DR: 74o E
a) Cloud mask
b) Rainfall
c) Sea Surface Temperature
d) Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR)
e) Atmospheric winds
f) Fog
g) TPW
h) CSBT
i) Upper Troposphric Humidity (UTH)
j) Temperature profile
k) Cloud products
l) Humidity profile
m) Ozone profile and total
n) Value added products
(thermodynamics indices)
INSAT-3D/3DR derived Meteorological ParametersSnow cover
Snow depth
Fire
Smoke
Aerosol
Potential evapotranspiration
Land surface insolation
Land surface temperature
Vertical Pressure Levels (40) in hPa :
1000, 950, 920, 850, 750, 700, 670, 620, 570, 500, 475, 430, 400, 350, 300, 250, 200,
150, 135, 115, 100, 85,70,60, 50, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, 7, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1.5, 1, 0.5, 0.2, 0.1
INSAT – 3D/3DR/3DS & GISAT
Large scale Fog over IGP
Cyclone Cebile in Southern Indian Ocean
cyclone Phailin
• INSAT 3D/3DR – New Products
Algorithms for Clear Sky Brightness Temperatures (CSBT), Cloud Top Pressure (CTP), Cloud
Top Height (CTH), and TPW are developed.
●GSICS Calibration – operational for INSAT-3D/3DR
Figure: INSAT-3D Imager Channel Bias before and after GSICS correction coefficients
Global Space-based Inter-Calibration System:
ISRO as a member agency providing correction coefficients for INSAT-3D/3DR for
generation of climate data records to International community through MOSDAC.
LEO Missions Megha-Tropiques
SCATSAT-1
SARAL-AltiKa
Megha-TropiquesLow inclination (20º)
observations of tropics for
•Water vapour
•Clouds
•Cloud condensed water
•Precipitation
•Evaporation
• Water vapour profile
• Six atmospheric layers upto
12 km height
• Resolution: 10 km
• Swath: 2200 km
• Outgoing fluxes at TOA
• Resolution: 40 km
• Swath: 2200 km
• Swath: 1700 km
• Spatial Res.:
• Precipitation and cloud properties
• 89 &157 GHz : ice particles in cloud
tops
• 18 & 37 GHz: cloud liquid water and
precipitation
• 23 GHz : Integrated water vapour
SAPHIR
SCARAB
MADRAS
Launch Date: 12-Oct-2011
Fr Pol Pixel NE∆T
18.7 V & H ~ 40 km ~0.5 K
23.8 V ~ 40 km ~0.5 K
36.5 V & H ~ 40 km ~0.5 K
89 V & H ~ 10 km ~0.7 K
157 V & H ~ 6 km ~1.5 K
Fr Pol NE∆T
183±0.20 H 2.35 K
183±1.10 H 1.45 K
183±2.80 H 1.36K
183±4.20 H 1.38 K
183±6.80 H 1.03 K
183±11.0 H 1.10 K
Spectral Band (µm)
0.55-0.65 (visible)
0.2-4 (solar)
0.2-100 (total)
10.5-12.5 (TIR)
• Gohil, B S, R M Gairola, A K, A K Varma, C Mahesh, R K Gangwar and P K Pal, Algorithms for retrieval of Geophysical Parameters from MADRAS
and SAPHIR sensors of Megha-TropiquMathures Satellite – Indian Scenario, Quarterly Journal of Royal Meteorological Society, 139: 954–963,
2013.
• Varma, A. K., R.M. Gairola, B. S. Gohil, 2007, Retrieval of Geophysical Parameters over Oceans from MADRAS in Algorithm Theoretical Basis
Document: Retrieval of Geophysical parameters from Megha-Tropiques, report# ISRO/SAC/MT-UP/Retrieval-01/Nov-2007, pp 27-36..
TMI (Wentz Products)
SSM/I (Wentz Products)
MADRAS (SAC Products)CLW OWS TPW
MT-MADRAS
Rain associated with a depression on 9 November 2011
over Oman Sea from (a) MADRAS at ~1410 UTC (b)
TRMM-3B42 3-hourly averaged from 1200 UTC -1500
UTC (c) TRMM-TMI (2A12) at ~ 1510 UTC (d) TRMM-PR
(2A25) at ~1510 UTC and (e) SSMIS (Wentz) at ~1430
UTC.
Global monthly averaged rain rates for
November 2011 from (a) MADRAS and (b) TRMM
3B42 (c) SSM/I (Wentz).
Varma, A. K., D. N. Piyush, B.S. Gohil and P. K. Pal, A radiative transfer calibrated rain retrieval algorithm for MADRAS, Advances in
Space Research, 55, 1576-1589, 2015.
Correlation MADRAS 3B42 F15 F16
MADRAS 1 0.67 0.56 0.54
TRMM-3B42 0.67 1 0.58 0.64
SSMI F15 0.56 0.58 1 0.39
SSMI F16 0.54 0.64 0.39 1
Comparison of daily averaged rain
Rain from MADRAS
Challenges:
• Varying incidence angle across the scan –
(00 to 500).
• Varying pixel size across scan – 10 km
(nadir) – 40 km (pixel# 1 & 182).
Weighting Functions
• Layer averaged relative humidity was operationally
retrieved and provided from MT-SAPHIR.
Megha-Tropiques SAPHIR
SAPHIR: Rain identification and Measurement
Rain identification is probabilistic and specific to Scan location and for surface type
Over both land and oceans Rainy points that are
classified as non-rainy and otherwise would
contribute only to the very low rain
11 May 2013
Rain Measurement is based on difference of and
specific to Scan location and for surface type. It is
based on RT supported study and is based on
difference of Tbs measured at S1 and S6 channels
This provides R= 0.70rms , RMSE = 0.81 mm/h, Bias= 0.04 mm/h Varma, A. K., et al., Rain Detection and
Measurement from Megha-Tropiques Microwave
Sounder, JGR, 121, 2016,
doi:10.1002/2016JD024907.
Instantaneous @ ~2050 hr
3hourlyaveraged
hourlyaveraged
hourlyMW
cyclone Phailin on 11 Oct, 2013
LW Flux SW Flux
2014 2015 2014 2015
Year RMSD
(Wm-2)
Bias
(Wm-2)
2012 5.25 -2.48
2013 5.36 -2.53
2014 5.60 -2.64
2015 5.53 -2.63
Year RMSD
(Wm-2)
Bias
(Wm-2)
2012 24.48 5.87
2013 25.17 6.59
2014 27.93 5.87
2015 28.04 7.59
LW Flux
SW Flux
Validation @ 2 lat. × 2 lon. Boxes and Half hour interval; Under sampling is avoided; All scenes, all angles, Day & Night.
ScaRaB/MT Vs CERES/Aqua
MT-ScaRaB
Radio Occultation
GNSS-RO
• MT ROSA products such as T, P, RH
and refractivity profile are
operationalized at MOSDAC. MT-
ROSA products disseminated through
GTS to international agencies..
• Planetary RO mission:
• Work on retrieval of atmospheric profiles (T, P, H2SO4)
on Venusian atmosphere from Akatsuki mission
continuing.
Cyclone: OCKHI
High
Resolutio
n winds
SCATSAT-1:• IMS-2 Bus
• Ku-Band (13.515 GHz) Pencil beam Scatterometer
• Ground resolution: ~50 km x 50 km
• Swath: 1440 Km
• Polarization: HH and VV
• Wind Direction: O-360 deg with accuracy of 20 deg
• Wind Speed: 4 -24 m/s with accuracy of 10% or 2m/s
• Wind Vector is Retrieved with high accuracy
• High Resolution Wind (~6.25 km) is also being retrieved
• A new algorithm is developed for the retrieval of winds under rainy
conditions.
• Retrieved winds are used to generate ocean currents.
Range L2B 25 km (3-30 m/s)
(V.1.1.3A Oct, 2016-Jul, 2017)
WS BIAS
(m/s)
WS RMSE
(m/s)
WS URMSE
(m/s)
NP(#) (*106)
Rain free 0.02 1.10 1.10 124.21
Rain flagged – w/o Corr. 2.12 3.79 3.16 5.98
Rain flagged – With Corr. -0.07 1.93 1.93 5.96
Rain-Free Rainy
SCATSAT-1 Rain Corrected Measurements
SARAL – SAtellite for Argos and ALtiKa
AltiKa – Ka band Altimeter
ARGOS – Advanced Research and Global Observation
Satellite – data collection platform
Sunsynchronous orbit
Launch date: 25 Feb 2013
SARAL-AltiKa
FUTURE INDIANGEO SATELLITES: (GISAT)
Launch Schedule: ~2019, Geostationary orbit, 83EMX-VNIR: Multispectral - Visible Near Infrared, HySI-VNIR: Hyperspectral Imager - Visible Near Infrared,
HySI-SWIR: Hyperspectral Imager - Short Wave Infrared, MX-LWIR: Multispectral - Long Wave Infrared.
Band Ch SNR/
NEdT
IFOV
(m)
Range
(m)
Channels
(m)
MX-
VNIR
4 > 200 50 0.45 -
0.875
B1: 0.45-0.52B2: 0.52-0.59B3: 0.62-0.68B4: 0.77-0.86B5N: 0.71-0.74B6N: 0.845-0.875
HyS-
VNIR
60 > 400 500 0.375
- 1.0
< 10 nm
HyS-
SWIR
150 > 400 500 0.9 -
2.5
< 10 nm
MX-
LWIR
6 NEdT
<
0.15K
1500 7.0 –
13.5
CH1: 7.1-7.6CH2: 8.3-8.7CH3: 9.4-9.8CH4: 10.3-11.3CH5:11.5-12.5CH6: 13.0-13.5
GISAT Scan scenario Scan area for two scan scenario (5 & 10 )
Every 10
minute
interval
30-minutes triplet
every 6 hour for winds
• Tropical Cyclone
• Nowcasting
• Cloud properties
• SST/LST
• Rainfall
• Radiance Assim
• Winds
• Ozone wind
• Total Ozone
• SO2 Monitoring
• Atmospheric turbulence
• Fog application
• Climate application
Proposed PMR: Required Configurations
Freq.
(GHz)
Pol. NEDT Beam
Width
(in °)
Utilization Spatial
Res.
(Km)
Band
width
(MHz)
Justification
6.6 V+H 0.5K 2° SST and WS 38 * 62 350 SST and ocean wind speed variability is generally
muted below the 50-60 km range..10.65 V+H 0.5 K 1.6° SST and
wind speed31 * 50 200
18.7 V+H 0.5K 1° Oceanic RR 19 * 31 200 Require ~30 km or better foot print size to
characterize variability in ocean wind and
humidity parameters and get realistic ocean rain
distributions.
23.8 V 0.5K 0.8° IWV, WV
correction in
RR retrievals
15 * 25 400
36.5 V+H 0.5K 0.8° CLW, Ocean
RR, WS15 * 25 500
89 V+H 0.5K 0.3° RR over land
/oceans, WS5 * 9 2500 Require 10 km or better footprint size to
adequately characterize isolated convective rain.
157 V+H 1.5K 0.3° Ice at cloud
tops, cloud
microphysics
5 * 9 1200
183 V 1.5K 0.19o Light rain,
snowfall,
UTH
3.3*5 1000 A footprint of ~5 km allow the detection of small-
scale light rain or snowfall that is invisible at the
lower frequency channels with larger footprint
Channel observations to be resampled at 10 km spacing
along-scan with coincident pixel centres for all low and
mid-frequency channels (similar to MADRAS).
Swath=~1400km; Scan Rate=18
Altitude=725km
Sl.
No.
Channel
Name
Centre
Freq. (GHz)
Channel
Bandwidth
(MHz)
Polarization Weighting function peak
altitude at nadir/scan-edge
NEΔT(K)
(NF=5dB)
1 TS1 23.8 300 V, H Window+ water Vapor 0.27
2 TS2 31.5 300 V, H Window+ water Vapor 0.27
3 TS3 50.3 300 V, H Surface emissivity upto 1km 0.27
4 TS4 52.9 300 V, H 1km/ 2km 0.27
5 TS5 53.4 300 V, H 3km/ 4km 0.27
6 TS6 54.4 300 V, H 7km/9 km 0.27
7 TS7 54.95 300 V, H 10 km/11 km 0.27
8 TS8 55.5 300 V, H 13 km/14 km 0.27
9 TS9 56.65 300 V, H 16 km/18 km 0.27
10 TS10 57.55 100 V, H 26 km/28 km 0.47
11 TS11 58.8 300 V, H 18 km/19 km 0.27
12 TS12 59.38 240 V, H 21 km/22 km 0.3
13 TS13 58.39 60 V, H 29 km/30 km 0.6
14 TS14 56.97+0.02 20 V, H 32 km/33 km 1.06
15 TS15 56.97-0.02 20 V, H 30 km/32 km 1.06
16 TS16 59.59+0.01 10 V, H 36 km/38 km 1.5
17 TS17 59.59-0.01 10 V, H 39 km/40 km 1.5
Proposed TSU Channel specifications
Ch. No
Centre
Frequency (GHz)
Channel
Bandwidth (MHz)
Polarization
Weighting function
peak altitude at nadir/scan-edge
Sensitivity (K)
1 89 3000 V, H Surface 0.42
2 183.31±0.96 300 V, H 8 km/10 km 1.33
3 183.31±2.8 600 V, H 5 km / 7 km 0.94
4 183.31±5.8 700 V, H 3 km / 5 km 0.87
5 183.31±11.56
900 V, H 2 km / 4 km 0.77
6 183.31-15.7 1000 V, H 1 km / 3 km 0.73
Proposed HSU Channel specifications
More Future Sensors
• C & Ku band scatteromter
• Ka-band Radar Altimeter
• GNSS-R
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