august 24 (introduction)
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Globalization: An Introduction
Anthropology 3000
Fall 2010
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What is globalization?
• Since 1970s, revolution in transportation and communications has made world more interconnected
• 1. Global capitalist changes
• 2. Accelerated migration
• 3. Changes in state and immigration policy
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• Changes in Global Capitalism• Corporations have relocated parts of labor process
from global North to locations in global South where labor is cheaper
– Outsourcing—
– Offshoring--
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• 2 other important developments:• International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World
Bank encourage developing nations to shift economies from import-substitution to production for export
• Free trade zones—Developing nations relax national tariffs to encourage foreign corporations to relocate there• Have become “assembly lines” for foreign
corporations
Questions: How has this affected labor rights and development?
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– Our areas of focus:– 1. Shenzhen, China– 2. US-Mexico border– 3. Thailand (rural to urban migration) – Question 1: Labor Rights– How does flight of corporations to global South
affect strength of labor movement?
– Fewer protections in Third World in general– --
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Shenzhen
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Deng Xiaoping & Shenzhen
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Shenzhen: drill press operators
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Shenzhen electronics factory
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Maquiladora workers
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How does it affect strength of labor in developed world?
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Question 2: GenderWhy is labor force in EPZs primarily young
and female?
• Dominican Republic--60% of jobs held by women (Safa 1996: 20)
• Ciudad Juarez--70% of labor force female (Cravey 1998: 13)
• How do export processing zones affect gender structures? How does employment of women outside home affect women’s status in the home?
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Question 3: Consumption and StatusWhy do women seek work in EPZs?
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Modern Consumption
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Bangkok, Thailand
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Ciudad Juarez
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Question 4: Third World DevelopmentHow does it affect development?
• US-Mexico border is the largest export processing zone in world
• 11,500 maquiladoras, or export-processing firms along US-MX border
• For past 2 decades, has been fastest-growing sector of Mexican economy, surpassing oil
• Yet effect on Mexican development is mixed:• MX has waived rights to taxes on corporate profits • Corporations can be entirely foreign-owned, thus allowing
profits to leave MX
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II. Migration• Global economic integration has led to…
Transnational migration—increased due to cheap air travel, also media and Internet
And due to cultural similarity fostered by EPZs
• In 2005, 190 million people lived outside their country of birth– 12% of US’ population– 12% of Germany’s– 19% of Canada’s– 23% of Switzerland’s– 71% of United Arab Emirate’s
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Migration: QuestionsImmigration Control Policy:• As both people and corporations cross national
borders, has the nation-state lost its power?
As people are increasingly mobile, how do states attempt to control their borders?
• Has the U.S. always been concerned about its southern border?
• How do nation-states attempt to incorporate new immigrants (or not)?
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III. TransnationalismTransnationalism--people no longer lose ties to
country of origin but have dual national loyalties– E.g., Remittances--in 2004, $45 billion sent to Latin
America--70% of FDI and 5 times development aid• $22 billion to MX in 2005--2% of GDP• $2.5 billion to Haiti--53% of GDP!
– Home Town Associations--organizations migrants create to fund development projects back home
• 550 Mexican HTAs (LA, NY, Chicago, Houston, Dallas, Atlanta, Detroit, Phoenix)
• 200 Salvadoran HTAs (DC, LA, Houston)• Mexican government created a program to allow these HTAs
to send money back through state and receive matching federal money; sent back $15 billion in 2005
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Migrant-funded rodeo in Valparaiso
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Transnationalism: Questions• Why do people migrate, and how does it affect
their status back home? • How do states attempt to accommodate (or not)
migrants’ dual loyalties?• Does the increased power of migrants in the US
change their relationship with their sending country? Does it critique or accommodate circumstances that led them to migrate?
• How do remittances and HTAs affect development?
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Course Objectives• Gain understanding of current global
issues and anthropological approaches to them
• Apply these approaches to real-world contexts
• Develop critical thinking skills
• Develop written and oral expression