AMNWR 05/20

MAPPING DISTRIBUTION AND RELATIVE DENSITY OF AUKLETS AT SELECTED COLONIES ON

HALL AND ST. MATTHEW ISLANDS, 2005

by

Heather M. Renner and Ian L. Jones

Key words: Aethia cristatella, Aethia pusilla, Bering Sea, crested auklet, Hall Island, least auklet, mapping, nesting habitat, St. Matthew Island.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge

95 Sterling Highway, Suite 1 Homer, AK 99603

September 2005 _____ Cite as: Renner, H. M. and Jones, I.L. 2005. Mapping distribution and relative density of auklets at selected colonies on Hall and St. Matthew Islands, 2005. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Rep., AMNWR 05/20.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY One of the establishing purposes of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge is to conserve marine bird populations, which requires the ability to detect large changes in abundance. Monitoring populations of auklets and other crevice-nesting seabirds has proven problematic even though numerous methods have been attempted since the mid 1960’s. Quantifying changes in geographical size of auklet colonies may be useful as an alternative to attempts to directly measure population size. Anecdotal evidence suggests several large colonies have decreased recently in both extent and abundance, simultaneous with vegetation encroachment and succession. We recently developed a new standardized method for colony mapping using a randomized systematic grid survey, which we employed in July 2005 on Hall and St. Matthew Islands. The survey had two components: a simple presence/absence survey and an auklet sign density survey. Quantitatively mapping all large auklet colonies using this method could provide an important, and logistically feasible, baseline for monitoring the status of auklet colonies through time. INTRODUCTION

During late July 2005, we visited Hall and St. Matthew Islands in the Bering Sea Unit of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge. As part of the Refuge’s seabird monitoring program, we systematically surveyed three auklet colonies (one crew surveyed the main colony on Hall Island, while another crew on the north end of St. Matthew surveyed two colonies). To provide baseline data on geographic extent and relative density of auklets in the colonies, we mapped the colonies roughly following Renner and Renner (Renner, H. M and M. Renner. 2004. Mapping distribution and relative density of least auklets at the Ulakaia Ridge colony, St. George Island, 2004. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service unpublished report, AMNWR 04/05. Homer, Alaska.).

Objectives for each team were to 1) complete presence/absence survey of one large colony using 50m grid cell width or 100m grid cell width (according to time available); 2) complete density surveys on systematic subset of plots including at least 20 plots (e.g., every 3rd, 2nd, up to 100% of plots depending on the size of the colony); 3) try to obtain subjective estimate of proportion of each species present by counting birds on several plots; and 4) opportunistically search for additional colonies and obtain coordinates describing their location.

METHODS All surveys were conducted between 20 and 29 July 2005 (early chick rearing period) at the Hall and St. Matthew Islands. Weather in this period was normal for summer in the Bering Sea (fog and occasional drizzle but no major storms). During the survey period, some adults were carrying chick meals (HR, ILJ, personal observations, Alexander Kitaysky, pers. comm.) suggesting hatching had recently begun. Survey methods approximately followed Renner and Renner (ibid). Because we did not have a georeferenced map of the islands and we only knew approximate locations of the colonies, we generated a ‘megagrid’ of square 1 km2 cells that covered the entire islands. To simplify this we used a Universal Transverse Mercator map projection (UTM zone 2N, datum

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WGS 84). Each 1 km2 cell was uniquely numbered (Fig. 1) and corresponded to a pre-generated sampling grid available in both 50- and 100- m cell side lengths (to be selected in the field based on colony size and time available). At each scale, one circular survey plot of 16 m2 was randomly placed within each grid cell. We used an “R” script (see Renner and Renner 2004) to generate UTM coordinates for survey points and randomize them within the grid cell (except points on St. Matthew were not randomized because of technical difficulties in the field). These waypoints (Appendix B) each served as the center of a survey plot. On Hall Island and the St. Matthew ‘Glory of Russia’ colony we used grid cells 50m on each side, but at the St. Matthew Island ‘Pterodactyl’ colony we used grid cells 100m on each side because this latter colony was more extensive. Coordinates of the survey points were uploaded to a handheld 12-channel WAAS-enabled GPS receiver (Garmin GPSmap 76s). By turning on the GPS’s track log (i.e., record a position every 5 sec) while walking around the potential habitat it was possible to automatically discard some points as outside the colony without actually visiting them. The mapping effort consisted of two parts, a presence/absence survey and a density survey. As many points as possible were visited during the auklet activity period. The quantitative density survey was conducted on Hall Island only, where birds were recorded as present on the presence/absence survey at every second point; however, three points were skipped because a recent rockslide obliterated the area where these points fell. At St. Matthew, relative density was qualitatively assessed for every point by ILJ.

All points were found with the GPS. Accuracy was usually <10m, often <5m, but only <100 m at some locations in the ‘Glory of Russia’ colony at St. Matthew due to obstruction of the satellite signals by the >300 m high cliffs. For the presence/absence survey, direct and indirect evidence of nesting was used to detect presence (e.g., droppings, feathers, subsurface vocalizations, dander or regurgitated food) as well as birds standing on the surface or flying in or out of crevices. Surface birds were recorded on an opportunistic basis – no determined effort was made to watch surface birds from a distance. The 2-dimensional colony area was calculated as the number of points with auklets present times the area of each grid cell (2500m2 on Hall and 10000 m2 on St. Matthew). We recognize that recording presence/absence within a small sampling plot, and then using this value to extrapolate to a much larger grid cell, results in downwards bias to our estimated colony area (e.g., some grid cells could have been classified as ‘absent’ when somewhere else in the grid cell auklets were indeed nesting). The opposite extreme of this bias would have been to record whether auklets were nesting anywhere within the grid cell. We were interested in this question but found it impractical to rigorously sample at such a large scale as an entire grid cell. In order to learn more about the potential magnitude of this downwards bias, on Hall Island we also recorded whether nesting auklets were likely present anywhere within a 25-m radius (half the width of a grid cell). This provides a crude indicator of homogeneity of the colony. For the density survey on Hall Island, we subdivided each 16m2 plot into eight equal-sized subplots of 2m2 to characterize variability at a smaller spatial scale. Droppings and feathers were counted on each subplot, and percent vegetation cover and its composition were estimated to the nearest 10%.

In order to estimate relative proportions of least and crested auklets within the Hall Island colony, we conducted counts of birds attending the surface on 26 July. Observers sat at two

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different locations near the center of the colony and recorded counts (within defined boundaries) of each species every 10 minutes from 1240-1530.

We conducted opportunistic surveys for additional auklet colonies on Hall Island throughout the entire visit. In addition, Dr. Alexander Kitaysky and Mike Schultz (University of Alaska Fairbanks) provided phenology information based on capture attempts for adults and direct observation of crevices incidental to their research.

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Figure 1. Layout of ‘megagrid’ for mapping auklet colonies on NW end of St. Matthew Island. Grid numbers are located in the SW corner of the grid; grid “A1” is shown. Note that the base map shown here is only crudely georeferenced.

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RESULTS Hall Island

Colony Description.--The main auklet colony on Hall Island is located on the west coast, approximately 2 km from the southern-most tip of the island (Fig. 2). The colony site consists of an actively-eroding scree and boulder slope dropping from a 200-m cliff to almost sea level (Figs. 3 and 4). The colony site is about 1 km long north to south and 400 m wide west to east, and is largely unvegetated, apparently due to frequent rockslides. A flatter bench in the middle consists of larger boulders and has more vegetation. There is only one safe access point to the colony site for observers (other than the beach if reached by skiff), and in 2005 this area was very actively slumping. During our study period, two UAF researchers had a frightening experience in the center of the colony when a rock “the size of two school buses” broke off the cliff and fell to near where they were standing – and obliterated three survey points we had visited the previous day. We propose the auklet colony be named “Massacre Valley” in honor of the many fulmars and auklets that died in this landslide.

Both crested and least auklets breed in the Hall Island colony, with crested auklets making up a larger proportion of birds seen during the day, especially in the center of the colony where the rocks (and therefore crevice sizes) are larger. Auklet attendance on the surface began earlier than 10 AM (on all days we visited the colony, auklets were attending the surface prior to our arrival) and continued until between 1630 and 1730. Our attendance counts on 26 July at two locations near the center indicated that crested auklets consisted of 74 and 78 percent of the total birds. Parakeet auklets (Aethia psittacula) were observed sporadically throughout the entire colony but made up a negligible percentage of the total birds. No other avian species besides McKay’s buntings (Plectrophenax hyperboreus) apparently nested in the auklet colony, although northern fulmars nest on the cliffs above and may account for some amount of the guano observed on the high edges of the scree slopes.

In apparent contrast to many auklet colonies recently visited (including those on St. Matthew), this colony on Hall Island appeared to have a relatively consistent density across the entire available habitat. Only three survey points were recorded as having potential habitat but no birds present – and in these cases the scree was of marginal size for nesting crevices. All other points within the colony periphery showed evidence of activity. No auklets are present on the west coast of Hall Island south of “Massacre Valley” or on the east coast south of camp. During a beach walk north from camp we detected several tiny colonies along the west coast (Fig. 2). We did not survey north of the kittiwake colony shown in Figure 2.

Presence/Absence and Density Surveys.--Forty-two of 123 plots visited had evidence of auklet activity (Appendix A), corresponding to an estimated two-dimensional colony area of 105,000 m2 (42 x grid cell area of 2500 m2). Droppings, feathers, and subsurface vocalizations were the most frequent indicator of birds present (Table 1). Because vegetation cover was scarce, vegetation wear was infrequently detected and feathers apparently blew away rather than persisting. In addition to the 42 plots with evidence of auklet activity, we noted that 9 additional sampling plots had auklet activity within 25 m (i.e.., there probably were auklets nesting within

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the grid cell). If 51 grid cells had auklet activity, the upper range for colony area at this measurement scale would be 127,500 m2.

We used the presence/absence determination on each of the 120 density subplots to assess homogeneity. Within the 15 plots (all ‘present’), 4.2% of subplots (5) were not classified as present. Counts of feathers and droppings on density plots are shown in Appendix B. Table 1. Frequency of various types of evidence used to determine presence of nesting least and crested auklets at Hall and St. Matthew Islands, 2005. Plots not visited were excluded a priori by walking a GPS trackline around the perimeter of potential habitat. Number of plots Hall St. Matthew Evidence of nesting birds Massacre Valley Pterodactyl Glory of Russia Droppings 39 (93%) 23 (100%) 14 (100%) Feathers 26 (62%) 7 (30%) 6 (43%) Vegetation wear 12 (29%) 11 (48%) 6 (43%) Birds on surface 6 (14%) 3 (13%) 4 (29%) Subsurface vocalizations 24 (57%) 5 (22%) 3 (21%) Feather dander 0 0 0 Regurgitated food 0 0 0 Nests observed 1 (2%) 0 0 Total with birds present 42 23 14 Total plots visited 123 76 54

Auklet phenology.—Dr. Alexander Kitaysky and his crew kindly provided the following information from their auklet captures on 22-24 July.

LEAU CRAU Adults with food 10 4 Adults without food 2 4 Brood patch refeathering 11 10 Molting 4 0

TOTAL: 14 13 Nest site contents LEAU CRAU Abandoned 3 1 Eggs pipping 2 0 < 10 d chicks 4 6 ~3 wk chicks 1 0 Dead at hatching 0 1

TOTAL 10 8

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Figure 2. Map showing location and occupancy status of auklet colonies on Hall Island, Alaska in 2005.

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Figure 3. Photograph of the North side of Massacre Valley auklet colony, Hall Island, 2005

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Figure 4. Photograph of the South side of Massacre Valley auklet colony, Hall Island, 2005.

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St. Matthew Island

Colony Description (‘Pterodactyl’ colony).--This colony is located near the westernmost point of St. Matthew Island, centered about UTM 6715620 0388447 02 V (60°34' N 173°03’W). The colony site includes a remarkable variety of geological features and habitat types, including: steep inland talus slopes(Figure 5; both active and inactive), cliffs (Figure 6), nearly level areas of stable unvegetated boulder fields (Figure 7), eroding coastal cliffs and talus (Figure 8), interspersed with meadows, mudflows and ponds (Figure 9). The colony site is about 1 km wide (northeast to southwest) and 750 m wide (northwest to southeast), and was accessible from both the north and south coastlines and from inland. Rocky slopes with breeding sites at this colony site face compass directions from northeast through west through south. Birds occupied breeding crevices as far as 500 m inland from the coastline and up to 150 m asl. No rockfalls were seen or heard during our visits to this colony. Both least and crested auklets breed at this site. We were not able to make any surface counts but the proportions of the two species did seem to vary considerably among different parts of the colony – overall we were unable to see evidence of a bias towards either species. The colony has a strikingly patchy distribution, with isolated areas of high density scattered among wide areas of unsuitable habitat including grassy meadows. Northern fulmars had breeding sites on the main southwest-facing cliff face adjacent to the center of the colony. ILJ feels this is a medium-sized auklet colony with perhaps 30-50,000 breeding pairs of auklets present (both species combined). We found no evidence of vegetation encroachment into breeding habitat. Most of the rocky auklet breeding habitat at this colony appeared very old and at a climax vegetative stage consisting of crustose lichens.

Colony Description (‘Glory of Russia’ colony).--This colony is located southeast of Glory of Russia Cape, St. Matthew Island, centered about UTM 6717093 0394805 (60°34.6’N 172°55.2'W). The colony site consists mostly of active talus slopes below cliffs up to 300 m high, with some birds using cliff crevices. The colony site is about 300 m wide (north to south) and 300 m wide (west to east), and was accessible from both the north and south coastlines and from inland. Rocky slopes with breeding sites at this colony site mostly face east. Birds occupied breeding crevices as far as 300 m inland from the coastline and to at least 250 m asl. GPS reception was poor under the cliffs making it difficult to locate plots. Frequent rockfalls were seen and heard during our visits to this colony, making it a highly dangerous place to visit. A huge mudslide less than 25 years old virtually bisects the colony (covering extensive areas used by breeding auklets in the 1970s, Art Sowls, pers. comm.). Both least and crested auklets breed at this site. ILJ feels this is a small-sized auklet colony with perhaps 3-5,000 breeding pairs of auklets present (both species combined). We were not able to make any surface counts but the proportions of the two species did seem to be biased towards crested auklets. Northern fulmars had breeding sites on the main southeast-facing cliff face north of the center of the colony. Most of the rocky breeding habitat at this colony appeared relatively new with little vegetation growth although some birds were breeding among vegetated boulders on top of a protruding, nearly inaccessible, mesa within the larger slide area.

Figure 5. Steep inland talus slope, Pterodactyl colony. Figure 6. Cliff habitat, Pterodactyl auklet colony, St. Matthew Island.

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Figure 8. Eroding coastal cliff, Pterodactyl colony, St. Matthew Island. Figure 7. Stable boulder field, Pterodactyl colony, St. Matthew.

Figure 9. Meadows and ponds in the Pterodactyl auklet colony, St. Matthew Island.

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Figure 10. Photograph of the Glory of Russia auklet colony, St. Matthew Island, Alaska, 2005.

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Figure 11. Map of Pterodactyl auklet colony, St. Matthew Island, 2005 showing points surveyed for indirect evidence of nesting auklets. White dots indicate absent or no habitat (i.e., auklets did not nest there). Plots with auklets present are coded according to ILJ’s subjective density estimate, with red=high density, orange=medium density, and yellow= low density. These are not based on the quantitative density index (such as used on Hall Island; Appendix B).

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Figure 12. Map of Glory of Russia auklet colony, St. Matthew Island, 2005 showing points surveyed for indirect evidence of nesting auklets. A georeferenced aerial photo was not available at the time of printing.

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Presence/Absence and Density Surveys (both St. Matthew Colonies).--Among 76 plots surveyed in the Pterodactyl colony, 23 had evidence of auklet activity (Appendix C), corresponding to an estimated colony area of 230,000 m2 (23 x grid cell area of 10,000 m2). We subjectively assigned 7 of these plots to a high density category, 6 to medium density and 10 as low density (Figure 11). Throughout much of the colony site, the patchy distribution of breeding birds meant that plots fell between occupied areas. Droppings were observed on every plot with auklets present (Table 1).

In the Glory of Russia colony (Fig. 12), 14 of 54 plots visited had evidence of auklet activity (Appendix D), corresponding to an estimated colony area of 35,000 m2 (14 x grid cell area of 2500 m2). Droppings were observed on every plot with auklets present (Table 1). Quantitative density surveys were not conducted at the colonies on St. Matthew Island. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Evie Witten and Anne Morkill for their hard work surveying the colonies on Hall and St. Matthew, respectively. Dave Klein kindly shared the aerial photos taken in 1953 which are used as a basis for the maps in this report. Randy Hagenstein spent lots of time visiting control points on Hall in order to georeference the photos. Sasha Kitaysky shared auklet phenology data from his visit in 2002 and this trip (summarized by Morgan Benowitz-Fredericks). We received safe and comfortable transport to the islands by the captain and crew of the M/V Tiglax.

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APPENDIX A UTM coordinates and presence/absence status of survey points selected at Hall Island. Datum is WGS84, UTM zone is 2N. Plot Easting Northing StatusH b3-308 386373 6723776 NH H b3-309 386450 6723757 NH H b3-310 386461 6723775 P H b3-311 386515 6723765 NH H b3-312 386564 6723788 NH H b3-313 386616 6723792 NH H b3-328 386392 6723821 NH H b3-329 386436 6723827 NH H b3-330 386496 6723813 NH H b3-331 386531 6723822 NH H b3-348 386399 6723870 NH H b3-349 386405 6723867 NH H b3-350 386496 6723891 NH H b3-351 386523 6723882 NH H b3-352 386571 6723854 NH H b3-369 386448 6723929 NH H b3-370 386467 6723943 NH H b3-371 386521 6723935 P H b3-372 386555 6723938 NH H b3-373 386640 6723928 NH H b3-388 386377 6723967 NH H b3-389 386402 6723992 NH H b3-390 386489 6723980 P H b3-391 386536 6723959 P H b3-392 386559 6723997 P H b3-393 386640 6723986 NH H c3-10 386499 6724042 NH H c3-103 386128 6724300 NH H c3-104 386183 6724286 P H c3-105 386204 6724265 P H c3-106 386295 6724258 P H c3-108 386358 6724287 P H c3-109 386450 6724252 NH H c3-110 386457 6724272 NH H c3-123 386123 6724330 A H c3-124 386160 6724307 P H c3-125 386211 6724309 P H c3-126 386300 6724309 P H c3-127 386319 6724308 P H c3-128 386388 6724349 P H c3-129 386435 6724328 NH

Plot Easting Northing StatusH c3-130 386477 6724321 NH H c3-143 386115 6724382 NH H c3-144 386162 6724387 NH H c3-145 386201 6724398 P H c3-146 386259 6724360 P H c3-147 386318 6724383 P H c3-148 386368 6724382 P H c3-149 386405 6724387 P H c3-150 386484 6724396 NH H c3-162 386056 6724444 NH H c3-163 386100 6724428 NH H c3-164 386176 6724402 P H c3-165 386229 6724448 P H c3-166 386292 6724418 P H c3-167 386321 6724415 P H c3-168 386395 6724449 NH H c3-169 386419 6724429 NH H c3-170 386478 6724404 NH H c3-182 386055 6724460 NH H c3-183 386110 6724453 NH H c3-184 386177 6724467 P H c3-185 386201 6724483 P H c3-186 386256 6724450 P H c3-187 386302 6724491 P H c3-188 386370 6724487 A H c3-189 386403 6724455 NH H c3-202 386064 6724542 NH H c3-203 386104 6724511 NH H c3-204 386164 6724505 NH H c3-205 386208 6724518 NH H c3-206 386264 6724524 P H c3-207 386341 6724532 P H c3-208 386361 6724506 NH H c3-209 386449 6724538 NH H c3-222 386051 6724553 NH H c3-223 386117 6724559 NH H c3-224 386163 6724560 NH H c3-225 386218 6724559 NH H c3-226 386287 6724571 NH H c3-227 386313 6724579 NH H c3-228 386364 6724552 NH

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Plot Easting Northing StatusH c3-242 386081 6724610 NH H c3-243 386100 6724608 NH H c3-244 386161 6724636 P H c3-245 386212 6724605 P H c3-246 386278 6724638 NH H c3-247 386300 6724648 NH H c3-262 386096 6724698 NH H c3-261 386040 6724677 NH H c3-263 386145 6724679 NH H c3-264 386157 6724698 NH H c3-265 386239 6724693 NH H c3-266 386288 6724651 A H c3-267 386329 6724664 NH H c3-28 386352 6724068 NH H c3-27 386319 6724072 NH H c3-29 386422 6724057 P H c3-30 386460 6724080 P H c3-31 386521 6724064 NH H c3-32 386554 6724073 NH H c3-45 386213 6724103 NH H c3-46 386278 6724150 NH H c3-47 386346 6724123 P H c3-48 386397 6724113 NH H c3-49 386431 6724120 NH H c3-50 386463 6724145 NH H c3-51 386514 6724115 NH H c3-66 386289 6724151 NH H c3-67 386307 6724158 P H c3-68 386363 6724177 P H c3-69 386429 6724196 NH H c3-70 386470 6724191 NH H c3-8 386364 6724046 NH H c3-84 386173 6724213 NH H c3-85 386204 6724219 P H c3-86 386295 6724238 P H c3-87 386313 6724224 P H c3-88 386367 6724242 P H c3-88 386367 6724242 P H c3-89 386417 6724241 P H c3-9 386409 6724020 NH H c3-90 386487 6724239 NH

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APPENDIX B Data from density survey on 15 systematically-placed points within the colony where birds were recorded as present. Plot Subplot Feathers Droppings Vegetation cover H b3-310 A 0 26 0 H b3-310 B 0 10 0 H b3-310 C 0 4 0 H b3-310 D 0 3 0 H b3-310 E 0 2 0 H b3-310 F 0 4 0 H b3-310 G 0 1 0 H b3-310 H 0 3 0 H b3-391 A 1 52 0 H b3-391 B 0 8 0 H b3-391 C 0 20 0 H b3-391 D 0 26 0 H b3-391 E 0 19 0 H b3-391 F 0 21 0 H b3-391 G 0 18 0 H b3-391 H 1 23 0 H c3-104 A 0 15 7 - cover 25-50% H c3-104 B 0 10 6 - cover 12-25 (1-2 diam apart) H c3-104 C 0 13 6 - cover 12-25 (1-2 diam apart) H c3-104 D 1 22 7 - cover 25-50% H c3-104 E 0 14 6 - cover 12-25 (1-2 diam apart) H c3-104 F 0 13 7 - cover 25-50% H c3-104 G 0 15 9 - cover 75-100% H c3-104 H 1 10 9 - cover 75-100% H c3-106 A 3 11 9 - cover 75-100% H c3-106 B 8 6 9 - cover 75-100% H c3-106 C 1 15 8 - cover 50-75% H c3-106 D 3 16 8 - cover 50-75% H c3-106 E 8 28 6 - cover 12-25 (1-2 diam apart) H c3-106 F 3 26 6 - cover 12-25 (1-2 diam apart) H c3-106 G 4 33 9 - cover 75-100% H c3-106 H 1 39 8 - cover 50-75% H c3-108 A 9 24 7 - cover 25-50% H c3-108 B 2 14 5 - cover 5-12% (2-3 diam apart) H c3-108 C 16 62 5 - cover 5-12% (2-3 diam apart) H c3-108 D 3 18 5 - cover 5-12% (2-3 diam apart) H c3-108 E 10 39 5 - cover 5-12% (2-3 diam apart) H c3-108 F 11 57 0 H c3-108 G 2 53 5 - cover 5-12% (2-3 diam apart) H c3-108 H 4 61 5 - cover 5-12% (2-3 diam apart)

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Plot Subplot Feathers Droppings Vegetation cover H c3-125 A 2 5 8 - cover 50-75% H c3-125 B 3 24 8 - cover 50-75% H c3-125 C 0 14 7 - cover 25-50% H c3-125 D 1 20 6 - cover 12-25 (1-2 diam apart) H c3-125 E 1 33 6 - cover 12-25 (1-2 diam apart) H c3-125 F 0 89 6 - cover 12-25 (1-2 diam apart) H c3-125 G 4 6 7 - cover 25-50% H c3-125 H 0 41 6 - cover 12-25 (1-2 diam apart) H c3-127 A 2 22 8 - cover 50-75% H c3-127 B 5 8 8 - cover 50-75% H c3-127 C 1 12 8 - cover 50-75% H c3-127 D 0 17 8 - cover 50-75% H c3-127 E 2 10 8 - cover 50-75% H c3-127 F 0 6 8 - cover 50-75% H c3-127 G 0 11 8 - cover 50-75% H c3-127 H 1 14 8 - cover 50-75% H c3-145 A 0 3 9 - cover 75-100% H c3-145 B 0 2 9 - cover 75-100% H c3-145 C 0 0 9 - cover 75-100% H c3-145 D 0 0 9 - cover 75-100% H c3-145 E 0 0 9 - cover 75-100% H c3-145 F 0 0 9 - cover 75-100% H c3-145 G 0 1 9 - cover 75-100% H c3-145 H 0 0 9 - cover 75-100% H c3-147 A 0 8 0 H c3-147 B 0 12 0 H c3-147 C 0 7 0 H c3-147 D 0 4 0 H c3-147 E 0 9 0 H c3-147 F 0 20 0 H c3-147 G 0 4 0 H c3-147 H 0 7 0 H c3-165 A 0 4 6 - cover 12-25 (1-2 diam apart) H c3-165 B 1 22 6 - cover 12-25 (1-2 diam apart) H c3-165 C 1 12 6 - cover 12-25 (1-2 diam apart) H c3-165 D 0 10 6 - cover 12-25 (1-2 diam apart) H c3-165 E 0 2 6 - cover 12-25 (1-2 diam apart) H c3-165 F 0 5 6 - cover 12-25 (1-2 diam apart) H c3-165 G 1 10 6 - cover 12-25 (1-2 diam apart) H c3-165 H 0 1 6 - cover 12-25 (1-2 diam apart) H c3-185 A 0 5 6 - cover 12-25 (1-2 diam apart) H c3-185 B 2 28 6 - cover 12-25 (1-2 diam apart) H c3-185 C 1 7 6 - cover 12-25 (1-2 diam apart) H c3-185 D 0 2 6 - cover 12-25 (1-2 diam apart) H c3-185 E 0 4 6 - cover 12-25 (1-2 diam apart)

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Plot Subplot Feathers Droppings Vegetation cover H c3-185 F 0 3 6 - cover 12-25 (1-2 diam apart) H c3-185 G 1 1 6 - cover 12-25 (1-2 diam apart) H c3-185 H 0 1 6 - cover 12-25 (1-2 diam apart) H c3-245 A 1 7 0 H c3-245 B 0 5 0 H c3-245 C 0 10 0 H c3-245 D 0 8 0 H c3-245 E 0 6 0 H c3-245 F 0 5 0 H c3-245 G 0 1 0 H c3-245 H 0 4 0 H c3-29 A 0 2 8 - cover 50-75% H c3-29 B 0 8 8 - cover 50-75% H c3-29 C 0 3 8 - cover 50-75% H c3-29 D 0 3 8 - cover 50-75% H c3-29 E 0 2 8 - cover 50-75% H c3-29 F 0 2 8 - cover 50-75% H c3-29 G 0 2 8 - cover 50-75% H c3-29 H 0 7 8 - cover 50-75% H c3-68 A 0 46 0 H c3-68 B 0 16 5 - cover 5-12% (2-3 diam apart) H c3-68 C 0 36 6 - cover 12-25 (1-2 diam apart) H c3-68 D 0 17 6 - cover 12-25 (1-2 diam apart) H c3-68 E 0 33 5 - cover 5-12% (2-3 diam apart) H c3-68 F 0 26 5 - cover 5-12% (2-3 diam apart) H c3-68 G 0 42 5 - cover 5-12% (2-3 diam apart) H c3-68 H 0 4 5 - cover 5-12% (2-3 diam apart) H c3-88 A 7 3 8 - cover 50-75% H c3-88 B 3 6 8 - cover 50-75% H c3-88 C 14 5 8 - cover 50-75% H c3-88 D 7 5 9 - cover 75-100% H c3-88 E 3 4 8 - cover 50-75% H c3-88 F 3 4 8 - cover 50-75% H c3-88 G 7 17 6 - cover 12-25 (1-2 diam apart) H c3-88 H 1 8 7 - cover 25-50%

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APPENDIX C UTM coordinates and presence/absence status of survey points selected at St. Matthew Island. Datum is WGS84, UTM zone is 2N. Site Plot Easting Northing Status Ian's density Pterodactyl A-00 389000 6716000 A 0 Pterodactyl A-01 388900 6716000 NH 0 Pterodactyl A-02 388800 6716000 NH 0 Pterodactyl A-03 388700 6716000 NH 0 Pterodactyl A-04 388600 6716000 NH 0 Pterodactyl A-05 388500 6716000 NH 0 Pterodactyl A-06 388400 6716000 NH 0 Pterodactyl A-07 388300 6716000 NH 0 Pterodactyl A-99 389100 6716000 NH 0 Pterodactyl B-00 389000 6715900 A 0 Pterodactyl B-01 388900 6715900 NH 0 Pterodactyl B-02 388800 6715900 NH 0 Pterodactyl B-03 388700 6715900 P low Pterodactyl B-04 388600 6715900 NH 0 Pterodactyl B-05 388500 6715900 P med Pterodactyl B-06 388400 6715900 P low Pterodactyl B-07 388300 6715900 P low Pterodactyl C-00 389000 6715800 NH 0 Pterodactyl C-04 388600 6715800 A 0 Pterodactyl C-05 388500 6715800 P high Pterodactyl C-06 388400 6715800 NH 0 Pterodactyl C-07 388300 6715800 P low Pterodactyl C-08 388200 6715800 P low Pterodactyl C-09 389100 6715800 NH 0 Pterodactyl D-00 389000 6715700 NH 0 Pterodactyl D-01 388900 6715700 NH 0 Pterodactyl D-02 388800 6715700 NH 0 Pterodactyl D-03 388700 6715700 NH 0 Pterodactyl D-04 388600 6715700 P low Pterodactyl D-05 388500 6715700 P med Pterodactyl D-06 388400 6715700 P med Pterodactyl D-07 388300 6715700 P high Pterodactyl D-08 388200 6715700 P low Pterodactyl D-09 388100 6715700 NH 0 Pterodactyl E-04 388600 6715600 NH 0 Pterodactyl E-05 388500 6715600 P med Pterodactyl E-06 388400 6715600 P high Pterodactyl E-07 388300 6715600 P high Pterodactyl E-08 388200 6715600 P high Pterodactyl E-09 388100 6715600 NH 0 Pterodactyl F-04 388600 6715500 NH 0 Pterodactyl F-05 388500 6715500 P high Pterodactyl F-06 388400 6715500 P high Pterodactyl F-07 388300 6715500 A 0 Pterodactyl F-08 388200 6715500 A 0

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Site Plot Easting Northing Status Ian's density Pterodactyl F-09 388100 6715500 NH 0 Pterodactyl G-03 388700 6715400 NH 0 Pterodactyl G-04 388600 6715400 P low Pterodactyl G-05 388500 6715400 NH 0 Pterodactyl G-06 388400 6715400 P low Pterodactyl G-07 388300 6715400 A 0 Pterodactyl G-08 388200 6715400 P med Pterodactyl G-09 388100 6715400 A 0 Pterodactyl H-02 388800 6715300 NH 0 Pterodactyl H-03 388700 6715300 A 0 Pterodactyl H-04 388600 6715300 NH 0 Pterodactyl H-05 388500 6715300 NH 0 Pterodactyl H-06 388400 6715300 NH 0 Pterodactyl H-07 388300 6715300 NH 0 Pterodactyl H-08 388200 6715300 P med Pterodactyl H-09 388100 6715300 P low Pterodactyl I-03 388700 6715200 NH 0 Pterodactyl I-04 388600 6715200 NH 0 Pterodactyl I-05 388500 6715200 NH 0 Pterodactyl I-06 388400 6715200 NH 0 Pterodactyl I-07 388300 6715200 NH 0 Pterodactyl I-08 388200 6715200 NH 0 Pterodactyl I-09 388100 6715200 NH 0 Pterodactyl I-10 388000 6715200 NH 0 Pterodactyl J-03 388700 6715100 NH 0 Pterodactyl J-04 388600 6715100 NH 0 Pterodactyl J-05 388500 6715100 NH 0 Pterodactyl J-06 388400 6715100 NH 0 Pterodactyl J-07 388300 6715100 NH 0 Pterodactyl J-08 388200 6715100 NH 0 Pterodactyl J-09 388100 6715100 NH 0 Glory of Russia P-01 394900 6717300 NH 0 Glory of Russia P-02 394850 6717300 NH 0 Glory of Russia P-03 394800 6717300 NH 0 Glory of Russia Q-01 394900 6717250 NH 0 Glory of Russia Q-02 394850 6717250 NH 0 Glory of Russia Q-04 394750 6717250 A 0 Glory of Russia Q-05 394700 6717250 NH 0 Glory of Russia Q-06 394650 6717250 NH 0 Glory of Russia Q-07 394600 6717250 A 0 Glory of Russia Q-08 394550 6717250 A 0 Glory of Russia R-01 394900 6717200 NH 0 Glory of Russia R-02 394850 6717200 NH 0 Glory of Russia R-03 394800 6717200 P low Glory of Russia R-04 394750 6717200 NH 0 Glory of Russia R-05 394699 6717200 NH 0 Glory of Russia R-06 394650 6717200 P low Glory of Russia R-07 394600 6717200 NH 0 Glory of Russia R-08 394550 6717200 NH 0

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Site Plot Easting Northing Status Ian's density Glory of Russia R-09 394500 6717200 P low Glory of Russia S-01 394900 6717150 NH 0 Glory of Russia S-02 394850 6717150 A 0 Glory of Russia S-03 394800 6717150 P high Glory of Russia S-04 394750 6717150 A 0 Glory of Russia S-05 394700 6717150 NH 0 Glory of Russia S-06 394650 6717150 P med Glory of Russia S-07 394600 6717150 NH 0 Glory of Russia S-08 394550 6717150 A 0 Glory of Russia S-09 394500 6717150 A 0 Glory of Russia T-01 394900 6717100 NH 0 Glory of Russia T-02 394850 6717100 P high Glory of Russia T-03 394800 6717100 P low Glory of Russia T-04 394750 6717100 P high Glory of Russia T-05 394700 6717100 NH 0 Glory of Russia T-06 394650 6717100 P med Glory of Russia T-07 394600 6717100 A 0 Glory of Russia T-08 394550 6717100 P low Glory of Russia T-09 394500 6717100 A 0 Glory of Russia U-01 394900 6717050 NH 0 Glory of Russia U-02 394850 6717050 NH 0 Glory of Russia U-03 394800 6717050 P med Glory of Russia U-04 394750 6717050 P high Glory of Russia U-05 394700 6717050 P low Glory of Russia U-06 394650 6717050 P low Glory of Russia U-07 394600 6717050 NH 0 Glory of Russia V-01 394900 6717000 NH 0 Glory of Russia V-02 394850 6717000 NH 0 Glory of Russia V-03 394800 6717000 NH 0 Glory of Russia V-04 394750 6717000 A 0 Glory of Russia V-05 394700 6717000 NH 0 Glory of Russia V-06 394650 6717000 NH 0 Glory of Russia W-04 394750 6716950 NH 0 Glory of Russia W-05 394700 6716950 A 0 Glory of Russia W-06 394650 6716950 NH 0 Glory of Russia W-07 394600 6716950 NH 0

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