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AUSTRALASIAN ANTARCTIC, EXPEDITION!

1911~14.

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UNDER THE LEADERSHI!' OF SIR DOt)GLA'S I'\AWS?N, b,B.E., B.E,; DoSe., F,R.S,

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" ,. SCIENTiFIC, ·REPORTS.

SERIES C-ZQOLo'GY ANDBOJ..ANY~

Edited ~y .Profes~or T. Harvey, Johnst~!l>University of ·Adelaide. '

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TICKS ,:(IXOD'OJOE~)

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BY'.'

PROFESSOR T. HARVEY JOtlNSTON,, UNIVERSI.TY OF ADELAIDE."

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AUSTRALASIAN ANTARCTIC eXPEDITION

1911-14... .

UNDER THE LEADERSHIP-OF SIR DOUGLAS f'\AWSON, O.6.E., 6.E., D.Se.,. F.R.S

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SCIENTIFIC REP-aRTS..

SERIES C.-ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY..EdIled by Professor I. Harvey· Johnston.

University of Adelaide. ,

VOL. II . FART 3.

TIC'KS' (IXODOIDEA)BY

,'PROFESSOR T. HARVEY dOH NSTON,UNiVeRSITY OF ADeLAIDE,

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• 4588-A

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. Ixodes loricatus Neumann

Ornithodoros taia.ie var. capensis NeUmann

Argas 1'espertilionis Latreille var. . ...

List of hosts and ticks recorded from Antarctic and Subantarcticregions

Southern distribution of ticks

. Introduction

I;;odes putus (Cambridge)

Ixodes eudyptidis Maskell

Ixodes auritulu.; Neumann

Ixode& percavatus Neumann

Ixodes maskelli Kirk

Ixodes unicavattts Neumann

References to literature

CONTENTS.

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,',REPORT :ON· THE':TICKS.'dxOOOTDEA)f ';; OF THE

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AUSTRALASIAN ANTAR0TIC EXPEDITION. :.:." .

.• . ' ~y. T. HARVEY JOlJNSTON, P)'ofessor?f Zoology, University o,f Adelaide,

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INTRODUCTION.

. .My colleague, :rrofessorSirDouglas Mawson; F.R.S., leader <?f.the Aust!l~Ja:sian AntarcticExpedition (1911-1914), asked me to write a reporton the ticks collected, in order thatthe records may be noted in the official.series published by the Expeditio,n and now

. approachIng c?mpletion.· ..' ... ' .', '.. . '. .'.

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The 'material,· all of which was obtained:atMacquarie :Island by H. Hamilton,one of the biologists, was entrusted··to the late Professor L. Harrison, who took it to

.Cambridge :with him. .He evidently' passed' it on for "examination to Professor'G. H. Nuttall, F.R.S., who recor~ed (1916) the determinations, along with those of otherticks sen~ from various parts of the world.

Most of the specimens, nearly allot: which:.were.females, were jdentifi~rl·as Ixodesputus (Cambridge), and'the remainder as 1. ,aur.itulus Neumann: As hosts of I. putusthere 'were mentioned :......:theRoyalpenguin" ..Catarrltactes schlegeli;. King p~ngmn;

ApUmodytes patcwhonica; Rockhopper,·penguin, ;Pygoscelis papua; Victoria penguin,Catarrhactes pachyrhynchus; . and the sooty albatross, Phoebetria fuliginos0: :I. aurituluswas reported from the King penguin, Apten~dytes paiachonica,'andthe skua, lYIegale!Jtribantarctica. " .. . .

The nanl~s gi~en fOf th~ bini hosts are' the 'sa~e ~s those mentioned by Mawson(1915, .306; 1923) and Ai~~worth: (1915)., S'inc~ som'e' ofth~s~ nam~s' w~re based on.I~llsdet~rlllinations, ~;ld since, the report on the bitds collect~d by the expedition has notyet app~ared, the opport~ty is'II,ow taken to correct these errors.*. : . . .' ,

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The penguin' indicated py Nuttall as the .rockhopper;' Pygoscelis papua,· and byMawson and Ainsworth as·the." g~ntoo or rockhopper," is the gentoo, PygosCelis papua.If a 'varietal name be recog~sed, 'then ,it is P. pttpua'taeniata. The Victoria' penguin;Catan'hacteS1Jachyrhynchus, ofthese aut~ors, is the true rockhopper, Eudyptes chrysocom'e

, . , '. . ' .. .,.,'• R. A. Falla's report on the birds .of this expedition together with· those pollected by the British, AURtrsJian. and

New Zealand A~ larclic Re,."."ch Expedition (1929-1931) bas just been published.. ; (B.A.N,Z. Antl\rct. ~es:Exp.;Rep. Ser. 1';~. Au~ust~ 1937~ 288 pp,! . .,' . ...., .:. . '.

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(syn. E. crist?,tus). The true Vktoria pen~uin,.wlll~h it resemlJ-Ies, occurs on the coastsof southern New Zealand, Stewart Island! the Chathams, and the Snares, but not,onMacq~arie. Alexander (i928) doe~' not li~t the last named as one' of the habitats ofthe rockhopper, but dmjng the visit oftheBritish, Australian and New Zealand AntarcticResearch Expediti0I!- to the island in 19~0, we foUnd the species still occuPYing the" rookery" at the northern end of the island, referred to by Mawson. The -Royal penguinthat is so abundant on the island, is EUd~pt~s schlegeli.

, ' The-sooty albatross which nests oj Macquarie, is not Plwibertia fuliginosa, butthe "light"~antled sooty," Phoebetria'pal~ibrata'(Mawson,'1915,2,' plate ·opp. p. 190).Alexander lists it as variety huttoni, whos~ range includes also the Antipodes, Auckland

Iand Campbell Islands. Megalestris antarctica is a synonym of Oatharacta lonnbergi.

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SPECIES RECORDED FROM'THE ANTARCTIC AND,SUBANTARCTIC.

, I '" •As no attempt seems to have been ~ade, as yet, to compile a list of thelxodoidea

recorded frqm the Antarctic and Subant~rctic, it may be of use to do so.' It is notproposed to indicate the limits of these regions, and there have been inc~uded amongstthe hosts, in additibn;the penguins occuiring in South Africa"Southern AustraJi.a andSouthern New Zealand; as well as some petrels whose -range ~xtends into the Southern0~ean. i:

I.The habits of.the southern oceanic birds are such that it is only on certaiIi occasions

that ticks are likely to be able to attackne~hosts, or that larval tidks may,be able to have'access to any ~ost. It is 'only during th~ nesting period which occurs during a short'petiod of the year, that this can happen. IAt'least some o(the ticks feed while the birds, are in the nest and, when replete; hide in the burrow in which the bird is caring for the.eggs or young. These ticks eventually la~ their eggs'in such situations, and the resultinglarvae attack-the adult or young, bird. ' Once the nesting season is over, the;n the burrowsare not visited again until the next breedirig season: It should be mentioned, however,

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that the season varies according to the spe'cies of bird, so that nesting may.be in progress·o~ any particular island or locality: for ciany months of the year. As the burrows of

,sever~l species ,may be very 'close togethei, it is likely' that ticks may migrate from oneto another. Even in the case of those southern birds which do not occupy burrows, e. g.,gian~ petrels, albatrosses, gulls, tern's, sk~as, cormorants; etc., infection can be spreadin much the same way. Some of these birds are,social and others solitary during breeding.Penguins. are social (though far from soc~able) w~en in their" rookeries" (or burrowsin the case onhe species in Southern Au~tralia). ' ,, '.' , ' ,j , ', Some of the ticks referred to in ·the following part of this report ,are mentioned

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:by' Ferg~son.(1925) and by Fi~lding (1927i). 'Acknowledgment is made of the assistance

obtained from the publications of Neum~pn, Nuttall and 'Warburton.

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, TICKS (I~ODOIDEA)~JOR~STON, :7

.Bo,t~damiliesof the Ixodoidea are represented amongs~ the ticks recorded in thisreppr~; the .Ixodidae by species of only one 'genus, ~xodes; ,and. the ,Argasidae by onespecies of each 'of the two genera, Ornithodoros ,and, Argas. '

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IXODES PUTUS (Carnbrilfge) Ne1l1fl,ann.

. This widely distributed' parasite of oceanic birds was described origInally asNyalom'rna lJuta by Cambridge, (1876, 1878),Jrom material collected in ,Kerguelen froma penguin, Pygoscelis taeniatus (= P. pa7JUayar. ta~niata), by l!!,aton of the Transit'of

,Venus Expedit~on., Nerimann (1899"125)·transferred it· to lxodes ~nd gave a .furtheraccountof it, based 011 material-from se,;erallocalities.Later (1902,115; i 17; 1904, ,444)he made it the type of Ceratixodes, which he subsequ<111tly (1911, 2~) regarded as' asub-genus of Ixodes. 'Ceratixodes i~ not recogniserl byN-qttall and 'Varburton (1911, 108)

, as being valid. The biology of the species,hl;ts beell studied by Nutta~l (1913, 74-86;,1915,437-8) whose account was based onmaterialfro-'oU We\shguillemots. He described, the .larval stage in 1912 (p. 60). ' . ,,' '" .,

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Neumann '(1899, 125) recorded the,'tickfrom (t nUlllberof additional localities,based largely on speCimens in the Paris .Museum, but without any mention of hosts. '

, The material was· obtained from St. :pierre 'et;MiqueIOll, King I (? :British Columbia)"Campbell I (Filhol Collect~ol1)" Island ,of St. Paul in, Alaska, and Cape Horn.' Ixodesborealis Kr. and Neum. from Arctic birds (Behring Island, Vega Expedition) wasinchuled

,iil the synonymy. One of the, two islands named St. I Paul, mentioned as :lo,calities ~or

I. p~tus, is probably the French possession in the Southern (or Southern Indian) Ocean,'which is utilised by sea birds' as a ,nesting site" and from ,which specimen1jlilight beexpected to reach Paris'Museunl;:rheother island is: in the Behring Sea., . '. . .

,.."." Similar inforrnation'was :incorporatedbj 'Neumann'in subsequent papers (1901,,283; 1902,1 i 5), and data :relating t6ihe ticks-taken'by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition, 'were added. His'report on the "Belgiea'" coUection(1903,:36) mentioned, that!. putuswas the only species obtained and t~atit:was taken fiorriBpheniscus magellanicus,andPhalacrocorax magellanicus from Chilean Tierra del Fuego, and from P. carun~uiatus

"fromStaten Island, ArgentineTierra,del:Fuego"'J;Ie~lsoref~rred to the' eaTlier records, . of the species from Pygoscelis (Ke~guelen),and Jrc;>m ,no!tpern, gmllelllots (U~,ia.,t~?fle),

,al~d, indicated that, thecormorants~espe~iallyPhalacrocoraXgraeulusL.;.which.:ha~a', 'very widerallge,'.jncluding the Arctic fLnd'Antarctic; as weUas the intervening reg~~ms

,of Brazil' and;iAfrica,~might ·have-been,.the di~tributing, agent of th~ species; Ey;4ns(1.906) in a paper r~ferringtoJxodesbQrealis ('rhich he:regarde~ as distinct from I·P1i.tuS)pointed out N~ulllann's error regarding the ,ralfg'! of,P. grf1cul~ts; and the latter 'author

,:, (1907, 23\) then modified his forme:q ~tf1teme.qt., , I~ .1~07 Eyap.s recognised the ide1!-tityQf the two svecies (1907~ 3'6~ of tic~, . . ';,

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AUSTRALASIAN ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION,

S~me of the host names used by: Neuin~nn call, for comment. Pha"loorocorax·graeulus L. (or P. aristotelis) has a range, according to Alexander, extending from Icelandand Northern Europe to Morocco and is thel" shag" or Green Cormorant of-British coasts.Gray in his Handlist of Birds, quoted tHe species as a synonym of P. eristatusFabr.at:\d mentioned that Illiger\, graculus wa~ P. capensis, The. most· widely distributedspecies, and perhaps the one to whIch Neu~arin intended to refer, is P. carbo L., the large

· cormorant of ,the British Isles, its' range,! includlllg ,that of its subspecies or varieties,extending from Greenland, Iceland and~orthern Europe to South Africa ,Australia,Tasmania,N~w Zealand and the Chatham Islands (Alexander, 1928).' P. caru'IWulatus.is'restricted to southern New Zealand 'an4 its subantarctic islands, including CampbellIsland (subsp. campoolli) from, which locality FiThol had collected the ticks identified byNeumann as I. putus. Since. penguins ~nd albatrosses, in addition to cormorants,

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breed on that island, and all of these are reported as hosts for the tick, it wonld be unwiseto'make it snggestion as to which ,ofthese birds was the likelY,host of Neum'ann's material.'1'hebird referred to by him as P. caru1WUlqtu's fro.qI Staten-Island, must have been eitherP. magellanicus or, mote probably, P. at~iceps, the three species being closely relatedand' exhibiting considerable similarity in :col()uration, The report on the birds of the" Belgica " Expedition is not available for Feference, but Mr..T. Iredale, of the AustralianMliseum, stated, in reply to a query; that phe bird in question belong~dto P. atriceps.

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. In 1905 Lahille recorded the tick fJ;om'P. verrucosus and Spheniscus magellanicus•ftoin Tierra del Fuego (Navarin and Tussac 1. respectively), In regard to the former·of these two hosts, which was mentioned also by Lahille, Neumann. and Nuttall ,(seelatet iIi this report), it shoul~be point~d out that this species is restricted to the Kerguelen¥ea, but is represented in the American ;sector of the Antarctic by P. atriceps, whose:range includes Tierra del Fuego, Falklands,: South Georgia, South Shetlands (Lnd Graham'sLand. P. mli1Jellanieu~ is restricted to t~e Falklands and 'adjacent parls of Patagonia.

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T.wo years later, Neumann (1907, 229) referred to some of the earlier.referencesto ,the parasite, mentioning the hosts and localitIes already gi\;en. by him (1899). Hehad preViously (Hl02) indic~ted. that!. fi'ri(briatus,in addition to 1. borealis Kramer and

. N~umann,. 1883; from ArctIC bIrds, was 11:. synonym of 1. '[YlltUS • .. ' ': . '. '

, . I. '.In his Monograph (1911, 29, 30).N~umann gave as hosts Pha"loorocorax verrucosus,

Uria troile, Pygoscelis taeniatus', Sphenishus magellanieu~, and Fratereula arctica" thesecond and' fifth being arctic birds. He ~tated that the host list probably included the

• I·. .greater part of the Palmipeds of the Atc~ic and Antarctic regions. The localities givenb~ hini ate ·Alaska, Behring I~land, St. rierre et' ~iqu.!llon, ~ing Island; Cape Horl~,

Kerguelen, Campbell I., the Falklands, Beagle StraIt (TIerra del Fuego), Gerlache StraIt(Graham Land);' England and Scotla!n:d.' It will be noticed that he omittedP: caru1WUlatus and included P. verrucos~s,both of these records, as we' have shown,being erroneous. .:. .

In 'his very brief report of thc ticks taken by the Second French :\ntarcticExpedition, Neumann .(1913, 197) recorded f. (Ceratixodes) putttS fromPhalacrocoraxatricelJs (Port Lock'roy in the Palmer Archipelago, Graham Land) ;P. 'V1:,gua (MagellanStra)t);' and Diomedea exulans (Deception Island, South' Shqtlarids). G~in (1913, 156)in ]lis account of the birds collected by that Expedition, referred.to the occurrence of thetick 011 the last-named bird. Speiser (1909) recognised' the genus Ceratixodes and recordedC. putus from Phoebetria fttli,qinosa from Possession Island in the Crozcts,and fro~ theSo.nthern Ocean. Nuttall (1911, 61) quoted as hosts Phalacrocorax verrttcosus, Spheniscus

magellan'icus, Pygoscel:is taeniatus, and Penguin sp. Nuttall and WarimIton' (1911)'fc-examined Cambridge's type niaterial,and referred to the various localitics (p. 260-1),lIlelltioping as one of them " King Island (? Tasmania)," as also did Ferguson (1925).'.

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TICKS (IXODOIDEA)-JOHNSTON. ' .9,

Nnttall (Hill, !l7) suggested that 1. apteridis Ma~kell, 1897, and I. a;ptericolaMaskell, "1897, from Apteryx mantell1: and A. australis, respectIvely (New Zeaiand), wereperhaps synonyms o{f. putus: Nuttall and Warburton (1911, 282) placed Ma,skeil's'

,two forms am()ngst the condemned and doubtful species and mentioned that thedescriptions and figures were too poor to permit of determining eve'n the genus. Theysta:ted that the two might' perhaps be identical' and that' the figure, off. apteridis

represented a capitulum of the type possessed by 1. putus. Nuttall stat~d subsequently(1916; 317) that Maskell'8t~0species were probably synonymous with 1. anatts Chilton*,and if proved to be so, ,then f. apteridis would have priority. '

, ,Nuttall (1916) extended considerably our knowledge of the range of f. pu.tu.s,

bilt, introduced ;ome ~rrors regarding certain ]ocalitie~ inentio;1Cd by Neu~ann. Hegnve as Australasian, Bering Island, King Island and Kerguelen. The fu'st is Alaskan,the second has been indicated By Neumann (1902,115) as being probably in Btitish

,Columbia, while -Kerguelen has no Australian affinities. These errors have beenIIlcorpomted by Ficlcling q927, 37),' who has also' erroneously inclucl~d in. his list ofAustralasian ho~ts of ticks (p. 93-7) many oirds ~nd reptiles, and aI~o ticks from otherregIOns.

Nuttall (L9 L6), as mentioned earlier in this report, identifieCl J. ,putus from thefollowing birds from Macguarie Island-:-Phoe,betria fttliginosa (=, P. palpebl'ata) , 'Catarrhaetes pach!jrhynchus (= Eudyptes,chrysocom'e), Catarrhactes (== Ewlyptes) schlegeli,Aptenodytes lJatagonica, and Pygoscelis tcieniatus ~ = P. papua); also from DiomedeaeXldans froll! Antipodes 1.; from the ground in t.he vicinity of a penguin (Eudyptes)tookery,Kergl.lclen (Deutsche Tiefsee ~Jxpedition); and. irom Possqssion Island, VictoruiLand, An~a:rctlCa (specimen from Berli~ Museum). , ' '

The writer has not becn able to verify the Jossibility' of a.ny ticks Imvi;lg b~en foundon ,Possession Island, VIctoria Lan~, on the date n,l(~ntioned (25 December, 1901). Thisdate suggests the British National Antarctic Expedition' of Scott in the ,:',Disc'overy," ,

• The bird host, of lxodc.! anntis ChiltQn it; Anas 8upcrciUo.sa, which rangeR ovo; Aust.raiia as well [LR New Zealand.8.nd occurs (thou2;h not. specifically recorded previously) on Maoquarie Island, but' no ticks have as yet been taken f~om itin the IBBt-named locality, Nuttall (1916, 3(7) hBB rc-d.,cribed the Bpecies from the type IIlateri~1 as well as from Bornespecimens taken from an Aple"1!z, " '

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I10 AUSTRALASIAN .ANTAROTTOEXPEDTTTON.. I

but the ship did not leave LyttletQn until 2~th December, il,rriving at Cape Adnre on 9thJanuary, 1902, and passing by PossessiOll Island (according, to the chart) on 11th.

. I .The vessel was again in the vicinity of the island on 24 Febrnary, 1904; when homeward

I ,bound. Sir J. Clark Ross landed on the islflnd on 12 ;January, 1841 (Mill, 1905) and thenext landing was not made nntil19 January, 1895; when Kristensen and Bull.went therein the" Antarctic." This hitter ship was iIi the pack icc i~ the vicinity during December,1894, and early..JanU11ry, 1895, according; to BuB's account (1896). The" SouthernCross" under Borchgrevink was in the neigpbourhood of the island from Fehruary, 1899,to February, 1900, having winter~d at qape Adare. Some of the parties belong'ingto Scott's second (" Terra Nova ") Expedition, were a1so near the island or Cape Adare,in 1911 and 1912. Shackleton's :~~xpeditioA in the "·Nimrod " did not land·in that area,but went further south. None of these expeditions makes any reference to the presenceof ti~ks' in the Ant(trctic. It seems likely( then, that some n{istake has been made in'regard to the locality or date mentioned. ' The Ii lOst probahlc explanation is that the

· specimen was taken by the German Antarctic (" Ga,nss ") Expedition during its shortvisit to Possession Island i~ the Crozets Oli the date mentioned. This gro~lp of i!:\lan(ls

· has a similar avifauna to Kerguelen, its ne~rest' neighbour. The following facts supportthat view:-1. putt,tS is the only specie~ mentioned as having been taken by thatexp~dition, specimens having been obtaine~ from Phoebetria fuLiginosa* in the S!JuthernOcean on 17 December, 1901, and at Possession Islimd,' Crozets, on 25 December, 1901;~nd, besides, the material examined by Nrttt~ll Canie froIn the Ber·lin Museu~l.

': I.

Hirst (1916, 75) referred to 1. put1t1 from various localities, amongst them beingSouth Georgia (from a sooty albatross, Nov., 1913); Macquarie Island (from a shag);and from the" Challenger" collection (fr<?m a southern black-hacked gull-no localitymentioned). The albatross must have be~n Phoeb~tria palpebrata (var.' 1n1trphyi) whichbreeds at South Georgia; and the shag,; Phalacrocorax traversi. . The gull was .Lamsdonnnicanus, which is widely distributed 'in southern latitude~. The localities 'vlsited~y the" Challenger" and lying within thei range of this ~pecies of guil, are 'CapeColony,Marion Island, Crozets, Kerguelen, Heard Island, New Zealand, southern South America,

and the Falklands. I '

.\I •

IXODES EU.bYPTIDIS, Maskell .. I

This tick was described originally (MaSkell, 1885) as l)aving been collected trom apenguin at Dusky Sound in southern Ne~ ,Zealand. The species which breed in. tnevicinity are, according to Alexander, Megddyptes antipodes and Ettdyptes 1Jachyrhynchus,as'well as the two little penguins, Eudyptitla minor find E. albosignatus, though on rare

I . ."Reichenow in his report of· the birds coHc'cted by th~" Gauss II did not give dates. He referred to P.juliy'inosa, with

P. palpebrata and cornicoides as synonyms, regarding the light-mantled sooty albatross as being merely a colour or ago variety(Deutsche Sud-Polar Exp., 9, Zoo!' I, 1908. 477, 542, 551)'. Enderlein in describing the insect parusiteBcollected by thatexpedition (10, Zoo!. 2, 1909,411,453) gave as locality for the specimen taken on 17 December, 1901, " north-west of Prince

.. Edward Island." The Crozets' bird was almost certainly iPhoebetria palpcbr'atG, as this is th~ species which breeds there,· .whilc the specimens taken to the north-west of Prince Jj:d"!,,".rd Island may have been either tpe true P.f"ligino~a(", P. fU8ca)

or P: palpebrata. .!, . . . ,:." ',.

..

TICKS (IXODOIDE:\)-.JORNSTON. 11

occasions a few other species may be represented in New' Zealand waters by stragglers.Nuttall and Warburton (1911, 291) stated that, judging from the bad figures, it waspossible that I .. eudyptid1:S might be I. putus.

, '

Neumann (189~, 128) re-described the species from New Zcalaud material, and alsoa new ~ne, 1. interrriedi1ls (1899, 132), from a New Zealand Phalacrocorax sp. He alsodescribed from that locality I.praecoxalis (1899, 121; 1902, 119) from the petrel,Aestrelata cooki, a bird which ranges into the Southern Ocean (= Pterodroma cooki) and

, mentioned that the examination of a male might lead to the suppression of one or \twoof these speeies. Later (1904.. 451), he reg~rded this species and I. praecoxalis assynonyms ot 1. eudyptidis. Nuttall and Warburton (1911, 217) were not satisfiedregarding the correctness ~fNeumann's action in identifying his specimens with M.askell's

,species, and accordingly renamed I. eudyptidis Maskell of Neumann, 1899, as I. neumanni,basing their accourtt on the material from New Zealand. previously studied by Neumann.The latter,(1911, 21) gU:ve as hosts for the parasite, Eudyptes sp., Phalacrocorax sp. andAestrelata cooki, aJI fr(lln New Zealand. In 1916, Nuttall (1916,320) published the resultsof his examination of a cotypc of Maskell's ~pccies, and then reinstated the latter, withT 1w1lmanni added to its synonymy. He also recorded it (1916, 327) from Sternaantarctica from New Zealand; the little, penguin, Eudyptula minor, from the coast ofNew South Wales; and a penguin '(which Professor Cleland who collected it, informed me'was E. minor) from Flinders 1., Bass Strait.

. Ferguson (1925, 29) mentioned that Neumann had identified as I. eudyptidis, someticks collected by Dr. Cleland from E. minor from West' Au,stralia, but that at least one,of these specimens was.1. percavatus (Nuttall's identification). The two species are.veryclosely related.

IXODES AURITULUS Neumann.\

This tick was at first identified by Neumann (1899) as I. th'oracicus Koch, but wassubsequently regarded as disti~ct and was named Lauritul~s by him (1904, 45). Thematerial came from an midetermined bird from Punta Arenas, Tierra del Fuego. Later,he identified it (1907, '17) from material taken from a bird at Booth-WandelL, GrahamLand. In his 11l0nograph (1911, 20) he did not give additional information. Nuttalland Warburton (1911, 189) reported it from Trupialis militaris* from Tierra del Fuego.Nuttall (1916, 3~2) 'gave a further account of the species from specimens in the BritishMuseum from various American localities, including the material collected from Tmpialis

"Imlitaris from Tierra del Fuego. He also determined It amongst the ticks taken atMacquarie Island by. the 'Mawson Expedition frbm the. king penguin, Aptenodytespatagonica, and the skua, Megalestris antarctica (= Cdtharacta lonnbergi).

. .' '" .~m~:. Hanrl!i!3t (~~ ~iI'~IR (BritiBh Museum), II, 1870 34-5, refers to two birds Leistes (syn. Trupiali& TIp 1850nec. Merr.182b). ?/lltllarl8 L, nee. :blllppl). from the hotter 'parts of South America, and Sturne11a,or Pe<ite. (syn. q'rupiali. Bp.1850)/nllltan. L. from the southern portIon of the contInent and frQm tne Falkland Islallds, '.. . ,

..

I

I1

iII

II

J2 AUSTRALASIAN ANTAROTIO EXPEDITION.,. , i

• IXODES l'ERCAVATUS·lVeu:/}wnn. .

This species was describ~dby NClllLann (1906, 200; IllU, 21) frO~l Nig~tingaleIsland (Tristan d'Acunha), 'tlllt no hostl. was mentioned 'by him or by Nuttall andWarbnrton (1911, 221). As Tristan d'Acunha is utilised by a number of subantarcticpetrels amI ~Ibatrosses as a breeding localit}, it is p~obable that I. ]Jer.cavat~tsmay be foundon birds in the Southern Ocean. I . '

Nuttall (1916, 329) identified the species from tIle little penguin, E~tdYIJtu,la minor• • I ' •

, from Fremantle, West Australia (Cleland qo11ection). Ferguson (1925,p. 28) mentionedthat the specimen on which this identification by Nutta.]] (1916) was based, was amongst

, 1

those forwarded to Neumann by Professor @eland an¢! determined by him as I. eudYIJtidis.The l~tter is a closely related species w116se identity ~vas not satisfactorily fix~d untilMaske]]'s ~otype material was examined'!'bY Nuttall (111)]6,321). Fielding (1927, 46)

also referred to the parasite." I.' ,

.11 ',' •

IXODES MASKELLI K1,tl.:."I • ,

Described from Diomedea ex~tlans from New Zealand (Kirk, 1887,65). The typehas been lost, Nutta11 and. Warburton (I9Ih, 286) and Nuttall (1916,317) declaring thatthe species is indetermmable froni the des~ription. Neumann (1911, 131) had previouslystated that it was not an Ixodes. I

,,

,

IXODES UNIdAVATUS ,Neumann.I •

This speci.es was described origin~l1y (1908) from a cormorant from Scotland.but was identified by Nuttall (1916, 334) from an albatross, Diomedea exulans, frol1lAntipodes Island. I

I

II

. IXODES LORtCATUS Ne~trnan1L. I

. Recorded by Neun;ann (1899, "1'139) from two South American marsupials(opossums). Later (1901, 285) he menti<:n~ed'Tierra deI Fuego as a locality, no hostbeing indicated. In 1911 (p. 18) 'h? gav~ ~he names of tl~ree opossums as hosts, and alsoseveral localities, but the additional species gIven is the 0I11y one of those mentionedwhich ranges to Patagonia. ' This is Didelphys ml,ritaor Vi.1:qiniana (= D. rnatSltln:alis L.according to Lyddehr, Marsupials and .Mbnotremes, in The-NaturaJist's Library, 1894),

of which several val:ieties havc been de~cribed. Two other ticks were recorded byNeumann (19]]) from this widely distri*uted ,opOSSllJ}J, ·viz., I. n:cinus L. (from theUnited States) and I. anfJust~tS Neulll. 190~ (from variety ~zarae Temm., Buenos Aires).Nlittall and Warburton (1911, 195, 266) pointed out that I. angustus NClim. 1901(nec 1899) is a synonym of 1. loricatus, bl~t Neumann (1910,172-3) had just previouslyrecognised the identity of the two. The Ilatter gave a key (p. 163) to distinl>uish thifJsIJecies from I. a~trit~tl·us and I. eleflans•

I ',

I

TicKS (ixoboibEA)-JOHNSTON.

ORNITHo'noRos TALA.IE var. CAPENSIS Ne1trnann.

t3

, .

Of the three varieties recognised by Neumann, one occurs in Latin Ameri9a;another (not recognised by 'Nuttall and Warburton) from the Old World; .while thethird, val'. caJJensis, was described by him (1901, 258) from penguin nests on islands offthe west coast of Cape Colony. The only species of penguin breeding there is Spheniscusde11!ersus. He subsequently (1907) recorded'it from the Cargados Carajos (= Garayos)group to the north .of Mauritius.

I

Nuttall al,ld h.is colleagues (1908, 61) identified the varietj amongst material ,collected by the Challenger in 1876 from birds' ne~ts on the St. Paul Rocks which liein the Atlantic, just north of the Equator. Speiser (1905,600) reported that the" Gauss"obtained specimens of- the variety at Ascension Island. Later, Neumann (1911, 126)stated that the hosts were" Alcidae (gen. ?)," but this family does not occur in thesouthern hemisphere, where it is replaged by the Spheniscidae (penguins). The Oargadosgroup, St. Paul Rocks and 'Ascension are all well to the north of the range of the Africanpenguin, though petrels breed on them. .'

FergusOli' (1925, 25) stated that. a specimen 'of this" variety ~r distinct species'(capensis) " was taken by Dr. J. B. Cleland 'from thelit~le penguin Eudyptula mtnar,in Western Australia... This identification is pl;obably the authority for Fielding toinclude it amongst the Australian ticks, though both he and Ferguson definitely list theJorm' as, O. talaje. Fielding'S aCCOU)lt (1927, 2$) is a transcription of Nuttall andWarburton's description (i908, 60) of O. talaje, 'and not of the variety capens1:s. '

Nuttall (1911', 51) mentioned th~t'he believed that 0. talaje ~apensidron1 the'nestsof pCliguins and other birds would be found to have a life history similar to that of Argas

, pe'fSicus and A, refl.exus.The adults and'nymphs of these species feed on their bird hostswhen the 'iatter are asleep in the dark, and retreat mto crevi~es during daylight, wherfasthe larval stages are parasitic 0;1 the birds fo1' inany days.

, - .Bedford (1931, 230) described a South "African tick, Nuttall/iella, nam-aqua, as

belonging to a new genus and speci()s.. A siligle engorged female was fOlind under a stoneill Little Nainaqualand, the host being perhaps a bird, perhaps a rock rabbit. The species, ' '

:-vas believed to be intermediate between the Argasidae and Ixodidae, but rather closerto the latter. An examination of his ,account and figures indicates that his species is an

·undoubterl member of the Argasidae and is most probably a synonym of Ornitlwdorostalaje val'. capensis. 'fhe body form resembles O. 1!wubata, but the tarsi are differentand the marked dorsal grooves present on that species are al,>sent from Bedford's tick.Until evidence to the contrary is forthcoming, Nuttalliella should be regarded as asynonym of Ornithodaros and N .. namaqua as belonging to O. oopensis.,

14

'fI

AUSTRAtAsiA~ M,tTAROTic' EXPEDiTIO~.I

. ARGAS VESPERTILIONIS Latreille var.I

Nuttall (1911, 48-fo~tnote) stated :that a variety ofthis species infested penguinsat Queen~town,Cape Coiony. The bird hpst of this parasite, which is u~ually occurs onbats*, must be Spheniscus demersus: .

The writer has ~ot found any refe:tence to antarctic or subantarctic ticks in the'. I

.offiCial reports' of the following expediti{ms':-" Discovery," "Terra 'Nova," GermanDeep-Sea (" Valdivia"), Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand, Shackleton Expeditions,and the Swedish Antarctic. Expedition. I

I. ..Ixodidae have been recorded in th~ official reports of the" Belgica" (1. putus);

• I

First French Antarctic (" Francais") E~pedltion, 1903'-5 (1. auritulus); the GermanSouth Polar C' Gauss ") Expedition (I. pu~us); Transit of Venus Expedition to Kerguelen

. (1. putus); Second French Antarctic (" Pourquoi-pas ") Expedition, 1908-19 (I., pu~us).Material from the following expeditions hits been examined and reported on, aiong withother ticks :-Challenger (1. putus, Orn~thodoroi capensis); SubantarctIc Islands ofNew Zealand (1. put1lS, 1. unieavatus) t German, Deep-Sea Expedition (I. putus);

, . , I·

Australasian Antarctic Expedition (1. putus, 1. auntulus).

Grateful acknowledgment is m~dl of the assistance rendered by ·Mr.W. ·A.Rainbow oftbe Australian Muscum, Sydn:cy, in transcribing-some of the literature whichwas not available in Adelaide. .' ' .

• Argas vespertili",," was recorded from North Qu'eensland by F. H. Taylor in 1913. Nuttall and Warburton (19B;277,279) stated tbat Ixodu vesperlili"""was colleoted from'the bat, V"penLgO lricolor, at King Williamstown, South Australia,but the locality is not Australian, it i' South African. I .

I

'1

IIIII

" ,

LIST OF HOSTS AND TICKS RECORDED FROM ANTARCTICAND SUBANTARCTIC REGIONS.

.Included are some species of penguins from .the adjacent coasts. of A1l8tralia,New Zealand, and South Africa. The name of the recorder is added in brackets.

PENGUINS., ..

Aptenodytes patagonica (patachonica) Miller. Kingpel.lguin;. Ixodes putus Cambro .Macquarie Island (Nuttall).'Ixodes auritulus Neum. Macqull:rie Island. (Nnttall).

Gatarrhactes schlegeli-.,.see Eudyptes schlegeli.

Gatarrhactes pachyrhynchus of Nuttall 1916-see E~tdyptes chrysocome:

Eudyptes chrysocome Forster. Rockhopper.. I. putus Cambro Macquarie Island (Nuttall) ..

Eudyptes schlegeli Finsch. Royal penguin. .Ixodes putus C~mbr. Macquarie Island (Nuttall).

Eudyptes sp.Txodes putus Cambro New Zealand (Neumann); Kerguelen (Nuttall) ..

E1tdyptula minor Forster. Little penguin.*Ixodes percavat1ls Neum. West Australia (Nuttall).Txodes eudypt1dis Mask. New South Wales; Bass Straits (Nuttall).Omithodoros capensis Neum: West Australia (Ferguson) .

. ", . . .

Pygoscel·is paptta Forster (taeniatus Peale).. Gentoo or Johimy penguin.. Ixodes'putns Cambl'. Kerguelen (Cambridge); Macquarie I. (Nuttall).,

Spheniscus magellanicus Forster.' Magellan penguin.Ixodes putus Cambro Tierra del Fuego (Neumann'; Lahille);

SpheniBcus demersus·L .. Cape or Jackass penguin.Ornithodoros capensis Neum.CapeColony (Neumann; Nuttall).·

. Argas vespertilionis Latreille var.· Cape Colony (Nuttall).

Penguin (unindentified) ..Ixodes eudyptidis Mask. New Zealand (Ma!lkell; Neumann; Nuttall).

LARTFORM BIRDS (Gulls, Skuas,Terns).

Gatharacta lonnberg·i, Mathews. Southern Skull..Ixodes a'urit1tlus Neum. Macquarie Island (Nuttall).

. .Larrus dominicanus Licht. Kelp gull, Southern black-backed gull.

. Ixodes putus Cambi. Challenger, lo~ality ~ (Hirst).

Megalestris antarctica-see Gatharacta lonnbergi.

Sterna albistr-iata Gr. Blackfronted 'rern., .' .

.. Ixodes eudypt'idis Mask.· New Zealand (Nuttall)..... 'Sterna ~ntarcti~a Forst.~see S: albistriata.'

• West .AlIstralian records r~fer to material collected by Prof. J; B. Cleland in the vicinity of Fremantle.

\ (

1'0I

A.usTiuLA.SiAN AN'JiARoTic EXPEDITION.I

- I

TUBINA~ES (A'batrosses, Petrels).

Ae~trelata cooh Gray-,-see PterodrorJ~a :cooki..., I '

Diomedea exulans L;' Wandering albatross. ', Ixodes ?utus Cambro Antipodes II. (Nuttall); South Shetlands (NeUllmu"n;

Gam). .'., .. . ,

Plioebetria fuliginosa Gmelin of Nuttall1916-see P. palpebrata ;of Speiser 1909, see. . I . . ., P. fusca and P. palpebrata:

1" '

Plwebetria fusca Hilsenb.. Sooty Alb~tross.

Ixodes puius Cambro ·Between Cape Colony and Prince Edward I., SouthernOcean (Speiser). !. " . ':

,Phoebetria palpebrata Forster. Light-~antled Sooty Albatross.

Ixodes putus 0.ambr.· South Geotgia (Hirst); Macquarie I: (Nuttall); Crozets(Speiser). i

Pterodroma cooki Gray. Cook's Petrel!I .

Ixodes eudyptidis Mask. New Zealand (Neumann).'. : ,I .' . .I ,

CORMORANTS I(Phalacrocoracidae).,

Phalacrocorax atr.ic~ps~, Blue-eyed C6rmora~lt.Ixode~ putu; Cainhi'.' Tierra del Fuego (tahiIle); Palmer Archipelago,Graham

Land (Neumann); Staten Island (Neumal1n). .• I

Phalacrocorax carunculat~ts Gm: of NCl~n1anri-seeP. atriceps., ,.

Phalacrocorax'magellan'icus GIn". Mag~llan Cormorant.Ixodes putus CambI;. Tierra del Fuego (Neumann), .

Phalacrocorax sp.- ' ~'.' .. I

.Ixodes eudyptidis Maskell. New IZcaland (Neumann).

Pha,lacrocorax trav~rsi Rothschil(i**. iMacqlif,ll'ieI. Shag.'. Ixodes putus Cambro Macquarie: 1: (Hirst).· ",

Phalacrocorax verrucosus Cab.. of Lahi,llc, Neumann .and Nuttall·-see P ..atnceps.

Phalacrocorax vigua Vieil. :• I, I

Ixodes putus Cambro Magellan Strait (Neumann).

; j.OTHER BIRDS.

Trupialis militaris L. 'I 'Ixodes auritulus Neum. Tierra del Fuego (Nuttall).

. I . .. .. Gain (1913, 76) .tate. that this spooi•• iathe onlY1'representativo of the Phalacrocor<icidae in the South Aw...;.....

sector of the Antarctio, near the polar circle. . . ., .. .. ···~'alla (1937) has indicatcd·that the.correct name'of the Macquarie·Island cormornnt is.Phalacroc= purpUM8C<T.

Brandt., .. " . . .::, i . , . . ;. .'I ., .

TICKS (IXODOIDEA)-:-.JOHNSTON. 17

., t"

Unknown bird hosts. .Ixodes putus Cambro Possession 1. (Nuttall) host 'probably Phoebetria palpe­

brata from the Crozets; Campbell 1. (Neumann); St. Paul (Neumann);. Falklands (Neumann).

" Ixodes auritultls Neum., Tierra d,el Fuego (Neumann); Graham Land,(Neumann). ,

Ixodes percavaltlS Neum. TrIstan d'Acunha (Neumann).

" ,

MARSUPIAL.

Didelphys marsupialis L. (syns. virginiaria Tiedm.,. aurita Wied.). Common,American opossum.

Ixodes loncatits Neum. Tierra del Fuego (Neumann). Perhaps from this host.\

" ",

SOUTHERN GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBU'fION OF TIC'KS REFERREDTO IN THIS REPORT.

New Zealand (marine birds}~Ixodes eudypti~is.

Campbe~l 1.-Ixode$ putus.

Antipodes I.-Ixodes puttlS.

Macquarie I.-'-Ixodcs putus; Ixodes a'uritulus.

Southern and South-western Australia (penguins}-Ixodes eudyptidis; Izodes. "

I ,percavatus; Ornithodoros capensis.

St. Paul-Ixodes pU,tus.

Kerguelen-:-Ixodes putus.

CrozetB--7Ixodes putus.

Southern Ocean, between Prince Edward I. and Cape Colony-Ixodfs. putus.

Cape Colony (penguins}--:-Omithodoros capensis ; Argas vespertilionis var.

Tristan d'Acunha--,Ixodes percavatus.\ -

Falklal1<! Is.-Ixodes '(JUtus. '

Tierra del Fuego and adjacent Magellan region-Ixodes puius; Ixmks auritulus;Ixodes loricatus.

~outh Georgia-:-lxodes putus. ,

Graham Land (Antarctica); South Shetlands .and Palmer ArchipelagO-Ixodes putus;Ixodes aU~ttulus. . .

• 4588-B

1'8

1896.

ti9i5.

1928.

1931.

AUSTRALASIAN ANT:A.ROTIO EXPEDITION.

I

I .REFERENCES. ' ,.'

" ,I'· '.·.AINSWORTH, G. F.-Chapters 15-27 (Macquafie Island) in Mawson 1915, vol. 2,

. 167-254.' I . ' .. "ALEXANDER;W. B.-Birds of the pcean. N.ew York.~

BEDFORD, G. A.-Nuttalliella namaqua, a new genus and species of tick.• 1

Parasitology, 23, 1931, 230-23~.· .

BULL, H. J.-The cruise of the An~arctlc; a voyage to the South Poiar Hegions. . . L dl

, . , . 'm 1895. on 'on, 1896.

1876. CAMBRIDGE;, O. P:-On a new order and,some new genera ofArachnida from Ker-, '. guelen's Land.' P.Z.S., 17,258-265.'" .

1878 (1879). CAMBRIDGE,' O. P.-An account of the collectIOns made, in Kerguelen'sLand during tHe ,Transit of Venus Expedition.. Arachnida.

I .

Phil. Trans. 168;'1878:' 219-227.

"1906. EVANS, W.-Some Invertibrata, in~luding Ixodes borealis, from St. Kilda. Aim.. I '

- Scot. Nat. Hist., 4, 83-88., . . I '. . ' ,

1907. EVANS, W.-Some Scottish Ixodidae' (Ticks). Ann. Scot. Nat. Rist., 'JatlUa'i;Y,

, 1907, 3~-i. . r ,. '. . '. . ,:1925. FERGUSON, E. W.-Australian TICKS. ,Austr. ZoologIst, 4 (1),1925, 24-:-35; . and

, ~. in Rep: Micr~~iol. Lab. (14), in Rep. ,Dir:?~ne~al' PublicHealth, New South Wales, for 1923(1925), 147':"'157.

I ,', '1927. FIELDING, J. W.--':Australasian Ticks. Commonw·. D~pt. Health, Trop~1Division,

1 ' .. publ. 9, 114 pp., Melbourne. .: I' ,I

. ,..... ; .. ,' '.. • .., ..I ,.'"1913.. GAIN,' L:.:...-Oiseauiantarctiques. 2me Exp. Antarct. Fran<;aise, 4; 200pp.

. 19i6. HmST, A.' S.-Notes on parasitic la~a~i.':·JoUr. Zo~l.· Rese~rch, :"1,"(2), 59-81:,

1887. KmK, T. W.-On Ixodes. maskelh, tparasite of the'albatross (Dioln~dea exulans).'. Tr. N.~. Inst., '19, 1886 (1887), 65"':'67. '

.' . I , .

1905. LAHILLE, F.-Contribution q l'etnde des Ixodides de 130 Hepubliqi.le Argentine.,,' " -.' ,A~ales Minist. ~gr. Sec.Zootec., etc.; 2'(2~,;166 pp. ''. ' I ,

1885. MASKELL, W ..M.~On,a.patasiteo:Hhepenguin,·~r. 'N;,z. Ij:J.s~:, '17, 1884 (1885),

. 19-20.' ,I .. " ,'.,.,', ." . ,., .;:.: ~r.i .\,.' .

1897. ~ASKELL,· W. M.-On some tick parasites of th~ Kiwi.Tr. N.Z. Inst:,29" n.s. ]2,I .

" ...... ~. ;,) ~,,' .. ' . ". 1896 (1897), 290-293. .

1915. MAWSON, Sm D.-The Home of th~ Blizzard. 2 vols. Loud~n .. " ,

1923. MAWSON, srit D.~Macquarie ~Slan~ an'd i~future .. ·1\.us~.:ZoOlogist, 3, (;~), 92- ,

;'\ :", ,:,'.,> ." ', •. / ':.'c.!c· 102.; and J.J1 Pfoc, R(»':-§o~..' Tasm~~!1!1922 (1923); 40-54.1905. MILL, H. R.-Siege of the South Pole. '

. I, '. I .", .(.

Ii

TICKS (IXODOIDEA)'-JOHNSTON. 19

NEUMANN, L.

NEUMANN, L.

1911.

1913.

.1899. NEUMANN, L. G.-Revision de la famille des Ixodides. 3 Mem. Mem. Soc.Zoo!., Frande, 12, 107-294.

1901. NEUMANN, L. G.-Revision de la famille des Ixodides. 4 Mem. Mem. Soc.Zoo!., France, 14,249-372.

1902. NEUMANN, L. G.-Notes sur les Ixodides. Arcl!. Parasit., 6; 109-128.

1903. NEUMANN, L. G.-Acanens parasites. Resultats du Voyage de S.Y. Belgica,, Zoo!., 6 pp. '

1904. NEt:MANN, L. G.-Notes sur les Ixodides II. Arch. Parasit. 8, 444-4,64.

1905. NEUMANN, L. G.-Notes sUr les Ixodides III. Arch. Parasit. 9, 225-241., ,

1907. NEUMANN, L. G.-Notes sur'les IxodidesV. Arch: Parasit.'l1, 215-232.,

1907b. ~EUMANN, L. G.-Pediculides, Mallophages, Ixodides. Exped. Antarct.Fran9'aise (1903-5)..Fasc. Arthropodes: pp. 11-'-17.

1910. NEUMANN, L. G.-Sur quelques especes d'Ixodidae nouvelles ou insuffisammentconnues. Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., ser. 9, 161-176.

G.-ixodidae. Tierreich, Lf. 26, 169 pp. Berlin.

G.-Ixodidae.' 2me. Expedition antarctique Fran9illse (1908­'·191O),p. 197.,

1911. NVTTALL, G. H.-On the adaptation of ticks to the habits of their h?sts.Parasitol. 4 (1), 46-67. Reprinted as Appendix II to Nuttalland Warburton 1911, 324-345..

NUTTALL, G. H.-Notes on Ticks, II. Parasitol. 5,,50-60.

NUTTALL, G. H.-:-Observations on the biology of the Ixodidae. Parasito!., 6,68-118.

·1912.

t91~.

, .

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1915. NUTTALL, G. H.-Observations on the biology of the Ixodidae, part II.Parasitol., 7, 408-461.

'1916. NUTTALL, G. H.-Notes on Ticks, IV. Parasitol., 8, 294-337;

1908.' NUTTALL, G. H., AND WARBURTON, C.-Ticks: A monograph of the Ixodoidea, ., Part I. Argasidae, pp. 1-104. Cambro Univ'-Press.. .

1911., NUTTALL, G. H., AND WARBURTON, C.-Ticks: A monograph of the Ixoaoidea,Pa~t II. Ixodidae, pp( 105--:34~.

:1905. SCOTT, R. F.-The voyage ot'the "Diseovery." London~I

iI909.' SPEISER,'P.-Milben (Acarma). Deutsche Sudpolar Exp., 10, (Zool. 2), 597-603.

Sydney: David Harold P~ley. Government Printer-1987

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