Australasian Oil and Gas

Conference

March 11 2015

Contractors stream

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and

screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and

screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey

Who is VIOSH Victorian Institute of

Occupational Safety and Health [est 1979]

Steve Young (03) 5327 6889

syoungfederationeduau

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

This presentationhellip

bull Contracting in context

bull Hierarchy of controls in hazard mitigation

bull Assurance vs assumption

bull New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited

bull The role of lsquosafety culturersquo

bull Getting the best out of your contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Contracting ishellip

Outsourcing is the delegation of a

business function from a firm to a

contractor under the terms and

conditions of a contract

(Singer amp Donoso 2011)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why contract

bull Improve cost discipline and control

bull Achieve best practices

bull Improve service quality

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Singer amp Donoso 2011)

Why contract

Letrsquos focus onhellip

bull Achieve best practices

hellip in health and safety

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Singer amp Donoso 2011)

Why use contractors

bull Specialist skillsequipment

bull Temporary work imbalance

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why use contractors

Bangladesh

shirt factory

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why use contractors

Bangladesh

shirt factory

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Or exemplary

practice

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Substitute

bull Engineering

bull Administration

bull Personal

Protective

Equipment (PPE)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

bull Eliminate

bull Substitute

bull Engineering

bull Administration

bull Personal

Protective

Equipment (PPE)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

14

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Eliminate

Substitute

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Eliminate

Substitute

Isolate

Minimise

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Why

There should be no difference

between

your supervision of or your

required performance from

your staff and your contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why

ldquoWhy didnrsquot anyone tell me

about thisrdquo

Management Obligations for Health and Safety (p ix)

ldquoline of sightrdquo ndash how do we know

(Smith 2012)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

19

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

Non-hierarchy of control

bull Minimise

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

lsquoAs far as practicablersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

Invercargill Invercargill

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Inclusion of contractors

bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all

contractors and RWDs (restricted work

duties)

bull Retrospective analysis includes all

contractors (sometimes best estimate) but

not subcontractors or off-site contractors

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Contractorsrsquo reactions

hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have

been the first to agree that we were going [out]

there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash

and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Which came first

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Performance

culture

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Automation

bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls

bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)

bull Effective rejection of human error

bull Cycle of improvement

bull Incident investigation based solely on above

bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above

(Young 2013 2014)

The construction industryhellip

ldquoWe have safe work method statements that

are 28 pages longrdquo

ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between

the work as you are imagining itrsquos being

performed and the way the work is really

being performedrdquo

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory

environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk

reduction of fatality

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Else 2014)

ldquohellipthe moment you make

the decision to move from

doing this in a construction

area to doing it in a

manufacturing (site)hellip you

halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney

built by Bookefield Multiplex

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

What can you control If you have effective control over the energy

sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Communication

Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)

highly dependent on how well

knowledge is shared between

individuals inhellip distributed

environments

(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and

screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and

screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey

Who is VIOSH Victorian Institute of

Occupational Safety and Health [est 1979]

Steve Young (03) 5327 6889

syoungfederationeduau

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

This presentationhellip

bull Contracting in context

bull Hierarchy of controls in hazard mitigation

bull Assurance vs assumption

bull New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited

bull The role of lsquosafety culturersquo

bull Getting the best out of your contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Contracting ishellip

Outsourcing is the delegation of a

business function from a firm to a

contractor under the terms and

conditions of a contract

(Singer amp Donoso 2011)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why contract

bull Improve cost discipline and control

bull Achieve best practices

bull Improve service quality

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Singer amp Donoso 2011)

Why contract

Letrsquos focus onhellip

bull Achieve best practices

hellip in health and safety

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Singer amp Donoso 2011)

Why use contractors

bull Specialist skillsequipment

bull Temporary work imbalance

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why use contractors

Bangladesh

shirt factory

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why use contractors

Bangladesh

shirt factory

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Or exemplary

practice

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Substitute

bull Engineering

bull Administration

bull Personal

Protective

Equipment (PPE)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

bull Eliminate

bull Substitute

bull Engineering

bull Administration

bull Personal

Protective

Equipment (PPE)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

14

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Eliminate

Substitute

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Eliminate

Substitute

Isolate

Minimise

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Why

There should be no difference

between

your supervision of or your

required performance from

your staff and your contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why

ldquoWhy didnrsquot anyone tell me

about thisrdquo

Management Obligations for Health and Safety (p ix)

ldquoline of sightrdquo ndash how do we know

(Smith 2012)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

19

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

Non-hierarchy of control

bull Minimise

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

lsquoAs far as practicablersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

Invercargill Invercargill

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Inclusion of contractors

bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all

contractors and RWDs (restricted work

duties)

bull Retrospective analysis includes all

contractors (sometimes best estimate) but

not subcontractors or off-site contractors

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Contractorsrsquo reactions

hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have

been the first to agree that we were going [out]

there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash

and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Which came first

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Performance

culture

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Automation

bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls

bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)

bull Effective rejection of human error

bull Cycle of improvement

bull Incident investigation based solely on above

bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above

(Young 2013 2014)

The construction industryhellip

ldquoWe have safe work method statements that

are 28 pages longrdquo

ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between

the work as you are imagining itrsquos being

performed and the way the work is really

being performedrdquo

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory

environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk

reduction of fatality

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Else 2014)

ldquohellipthe moment you make

the decision to move from

doing this in a construction

area to doing it in a

manufacturing (site)hellip you

halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney

built by Bookefield Multiplex

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

What can you control If you have effective control over the energy

sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Communication

Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)

highly dependent on how well

knowledge is shared between

individuals inhellip distributed

environments

(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and

screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey

Who is VIOSH Victorian Institute of

Occupational Safety and Health [est 1979]

Steve Young (03) 5327 6889

syoungfederationeduau

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

This presentationhellip

bull Contracting in context

bull Hierarchy of controls in hazard mitigation

bull Assurance vs assumption

bull New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited

bull The role of lsquosafety culturersquo

bull Getting the best out of your contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Contracting ishellip

Outsourcing is the delegation of a

business function from a firm to a

contractor under the terms and

conditions of a contract

(Singer amp Donoso 2011)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why contract

bull Improve cost discipline and control

bull Achieve best practices

bull Improve service quality

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Singer amp Donoso 2011)

Why contract

Letrsquos focus onhellip

bull Achieve best practices

hellip in health and safety

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Singer amp Donoso 2011)

Why use contractors

bull Specialist skillsequipment

bull Temporary work imbalance

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why use contractors

Bangladesh

shirt factory

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why use contractors

Bangladesh

shirt factory

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Or exemplary

practice

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Substitute

bull Engineering

bull Administration

bull Personal

Protective

Equipment (PPE)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

bull Eliminate

bull Substitute

bull Engineering

bull Administration

bull Personal

Protective

Equipment (PPE)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

14

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Eliminate

Substitute

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Eliminate

Substitute

Isolate

Minimise

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Why

There should be no difference

between

your supervision of or your

required performance from

your staff and your contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why

ldquoWhy didnrsquot anyone tell me

about thisrdquo

Management Obligations for Health and Safety (p ix)

ldquoline of sightrdquo ndash how do we know

(Smith 2012)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

19

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

Non-hierarchy of control

bull Minimise

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

lsquoAs far as practicablersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

Invercargill Invercargill

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Inclusion of contractors

bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all

contractors and RWDs (restricted work

duties)

bull Retrospective analysis includes all

contractors (sometimes best estimate) but

not subcontractors or off-site contractors

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Contractorsrsquo reactions

hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have

been the first to agree that we were going [out]

there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash

and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Which came first

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Performance

culture

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Automation

bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls

bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)

bull Effective rejection of human error

bull Cycle of improvement

bull Incident investigation based solely on above

bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above

(Young 2013 2014)

The construction industryhellip

ldquoWe have safe work method statements that

are 28 pages longrdquo

ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between

the work as you are imagining itrsquos being

performed and the way the work is really

being performedrdquo

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory

environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk

reduction of fatality

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Else 2014)

ldquohellipthe moment you make

the decision to move from

doing this in a construction

area to doing it in a

manufacturing (site)hellip you

halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney

built by Bookefield Multiplex

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

What can you control If you have effective control over the energy

sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Communication

Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)

highly dependent on how well

knowledge is shared between

individuals inhellip distributed

environments

(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

This presentationhellip

bull Contracting in context

bull Hierarchy of controls in hazard mitigation

bull Assurance vs assumption

bull New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited

bull The role of lsquosafety culturersquo

bull Getting the best out of your contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Contracting ishellip

Outsourcing is the delegation of a

business function from a firm to a

contractor under the terms and

conditions of a contract

(Singer amp Donoso 2011)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why contract

bull Improve cost discipline and control

bull Achieve best practices

bull Improve service quality

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Singer amp Donoso 2011)

Why contract

Letrsquos focus onhellip

bull Achieve best practices

hellip in health and safety

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Singer amp Donoso 2011)

Why use contractors

bull Specialist skillsequipment

bull Temporary work imbalance

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why use contractors

Bangladesh

shirt factory

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why use contractors

Bangladesh

shirt factory

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Or exemplary

practice

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Substitute

bull Engineering

bull Administration

bull Personal

Protective

Equipment (PPE)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

bull Eliminate

bull Substitute

bull Engineering

bull Administration

bull Personal

Protective

Equipment (PPE)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

14

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Eliminate

Substitute

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Eliminate

Substitute

Isolate

Minimise

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Why

There should be no difference

between

your supervision of or your

required performance from

your staff and your contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why

ldquoWhy didnrsquot anyone tell me

about thisrdquo

Management Obligations for Health and Safety (p ix)

ldquoline of sightrdquo ndash how do we know

(Smith 2012)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

19

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

Non-hierarchy of control

bull Minimise

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

lsquoAs far as practicablersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

Invercargill Invercargill

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Inclusion of contractors

bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all

contractors and RWDs (restricted work

duties)

bull Retrospective analysis includes all

contractors (sometimes best estimate) but

not subcontractors or off-site contractors

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Contractorsrsquo reactions

hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have

been the first to agree that we were going [out]

there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash

and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Which came first

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Performance

culture

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Automation

bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls

bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)

bull Effective rejection of human error

bull Cycle of improvement

bull Incident investigation based solely on above

bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above

(Young 2013 2014)

The construction industryhellip

ldquoWe have safe work method statements that

are 28 pages longrdquo

ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between

the work as you are imagining itrsquos being

performed and the way the work is really

being performedrdquo

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory

environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk

reduction of fatality

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Else 2014)

ldquohellipthe moment you make

the decision to move from

doing this in a construction

area to doing it in a

manufacturing (site)hellip you

halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney

built by Bookefield Multiplex

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

What can you control If you have effective control over the energy

sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Communication

Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)

highly dependent on how well

knowledge is shared between

individuals inhellip distributed

environments

(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Contracting ishellip

Outsourcing is the delegation of a

business function from a firm to a

contractor under the terms and

conditions of a contract

(Singer amp Donoso 2011)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why contract

bull Improve cost discipline and control

bull Achieve best practices

bull Improve service quality

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Singer amp Donoso 2011)

Why contract

Letrsquos focus onhellip

bull Achieve best practices

hellip in health and safety

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Singer amp Donoso 2011)

Why use contractors

bull Specialist skillsequipment

bull Temporary work imbalance

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why use contractors

Bangladesh

shirt factory

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why use contractors

Bangladesh

shirt factory

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Or exemplary

practice

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Substitute

bull Engineering

bull Administration

bull Personal

Protective

Equipment (PPE)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

bull Eliminate

bull Substitute

bull Engineering

bull Administration

bull Personal

Protective

Equipment (PPE)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

14

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Eliminate

Substitute

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Eliminate

Substitute

Isolate

Minimise

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Why

There should be no difference

between

your supervision of or your

required performance from

your staff and your contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why

ldquoWhy didnrsquot anyone tell me

about thisrdquo

Management Obligations for Health and Safety (p ix)

ldquoline of sightrdquo ndash how do we know

(Smith 2012)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

19

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

Non-hierarchy of control

bull Minimise

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

lsquoAs far as practicablersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

Invercargill Invercargill

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Inclusion of contractors

bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all

contractors and RWDs (restricted work

duties)

bull Retrospective analysis includes all

contractors (sometimes best estimate) but

not subcontractors or off-site contractors

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Contractorsrsquo reactions

hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have

been the first to agree that we were going [out]

there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash

and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Which came first

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Performance

culture

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Automation

bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls

bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)

bull Effective rejection of human error

bull Cycle of improvement

bull Incident investigation based solely on above

bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above

(Young 2013 2014)

The construction industryhellip

ldquoWe have safe work method statements that

are 28 pages longrdquo

ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between

the work as you are imagining itrsquos being

performed and the way the work is really

being performedrdquo

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory

environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk

reduction of fatality

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Else 2014)

ldquohellipthe moment you make

the decision to move from

doing this in a construction

area to doing it in a

manufacturing (site)hellip you

halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney

built by Bookefield Multiplex

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

What can you control If you have effective control over the energy

sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Communication

Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)

highly dependent on how well

knowledge is shared between

individuals inhellip distributed

environments

(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why contract

bull Improve cost discipline and control

bull Achieve best practices

bull Improve service quality

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Singer amp Donoso 2011)

Why contract

Letrsquos focus onhellip

bull Achieve best practices

hellip in health and safety

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Singer amp Donoso 2011)

Why use contractors

bull Specialist skillsequipment

bull Temporary work imbalance

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why use contractors

Bangladesh

shirt factory

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why use contractors

Bangladesh

shirt factory

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Or exemplary

practice

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Substitute

bull Engineering

bull Administration

bull Personal

Protective

Equipment (PPE)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

bull Eliminate

bull Substitute

bull Engineering

bull Administration

bull Personal

Protective

Equipment (PPE)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

14

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Eliminate

Substitute

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Eliminate

Substitute

Isolate

Minimise

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Why

There should be no difference

between

your supervision of or your

required performance from

your staff and your contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why

ldquoWhy didnrsquot anyone tell me

about thisrdquo

Management Obligations for Health and Safety (p ix)

ldquoline of sightrdquo ndash how do we know

(Smith 2012)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

19

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

Non-hierarchy of control

bull Minimise

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

lsquoAs far as practicablersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

Invercargill Invercargill

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Inclusion of contractors

bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all

contractors and RWDs (restricted work

duties)

bull Retrospective analysis includes all

contractors (sometimes best estimate) but

not subcontractors or off-site contractors

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Contractorsrsquo reactions

hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have

been the first to agree that we were going [out]

there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash

and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Which came first

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Performance

culture

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Automation

bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls

bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)

bull Effective rejection of human error

bull Cycle of improvement

bull Incident investigation based solely on above

bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above

(Young 2013 2014)

The construction industryhellip

ldquoWe have safe work method statements that

are 28 pages longrdquo

ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between

the work as you are imagining itrsquos being

performed and the way the work is really

being performedrdquo

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory

environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk

reduction of fatality

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Else 2014)

ldquohellipthe moment you make

the decision to move from

doing this in a construction

area to doing it in a

manufacturing (site)hellip you

halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney

built by Bookefield Multiplex

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

What can you control If you have effective control over the energy

sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Communication

Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)

highly dependent on how well

knowledge is shared between

individuals inhellip distributed

environments

(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why contract

Letrsquos focus onhellip

bull Achieve best practices

hellip in health and safety

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Singer amp Donoso 2011)

Why use contractors

bull Specialist skillsequipment

bull Temporary work imbalance

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why use contractors

Bangladesh

shirt factory

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why use contractors

Bangladesh

shirt factory

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Or exemplary

practice

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Substitute

bull Engineering

bull Administration

bull Personal

Protective

Equipment (PPE)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

bull Eliminate

bull Substitute

bull Engineering

bull Administration

bull Personal

Protective

Equipment (PPE)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

14

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Eliminate

Substitute

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Eliminate

Substitute

Isolate

Minimise

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Why

There should be no difference

between

your supervision of or your

required performance from

your staff and your contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why

ldquoWhy didnrsquot anyone tell me

about thisrdquo

Management Obligations for Health and Safety (p ix)

ldquoline of sightrdquo ndash how do we know

(Smith 2012)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

19

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

Non-hierarchy of control

bull Minimise

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

lsquoAs far as practicablersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

Invercargill Invercargill

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Inclusion of contractors

bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all

contractors and RWDs (restricted work

duties)

bull Retrospective analysis includes all

contractors (sometimes best estimate) but

not subcontractors or off-site contractors

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Contractorsrsquo reactions

hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have

been the first to agree that we were going [out]

there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash

and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Which came first

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Performance

culture

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Automation

bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls

bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)

bull Effective rejection of human error

bull Cycle of improvement

bull Incident investigation based solely on above

bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above

(Young 2013 2014)

The construction industryhellip

ldquoWe have safe work method statements that

are 28 pages longrdquo

ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between

the work as you are imagining itrsquos being

performed and the way the work is really

being performedrdquo

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory

environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk

reduction of fatality

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Else 2014)

ldquohellipthe moment you make

the decision to move from

doing this in a construction

area to doing it in a

manufacturing (site)hellip you

halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney

built by Bookefield Multiplex

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

What can you control If you have effective control over the energy

sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Communication

Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)

highly dependent on how well

knowledge is shared between

individuals inhellip distributed

environments

(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why use contractors

bull Specialist skillsequipment

bull Temporary work imbalance

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why use contractors

Bangladesh

shirt factory

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why use contractors

Bangladesh

shirt factory

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Or exemplary

practice

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Substitute

bull Engineering

bull Administration

bull Personal

Protective

Equipment (PPE)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

bull Eliminate

bull Substitute

bull Engineering

bull Administration

bull Personal

Protective

Equipment (PPE)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

14

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Eliminate

Substitute

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Eliminate

Substitute

Isolate

Minimise

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Why

There should be no difference

between

your supervision of or your

required performance from

your staff and your contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why

ldquoWhy didnrsquot anyone tell me

about thisrdquo

Management Obligations for Health and Safety (p ix)

ldquoline of sightrdquo ndash how do we know

(Smith 2012)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

19

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

Non-hierarchy of control

bull Minimise

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

lsquoAs far as practicablersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

Invercargill Invercargill

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Inclusion of contractors

bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all

contractors and RWDs (restricted work

duties)

bull Retrospective analysis includes all

contractors (sometimes best estimate) but

not subcontractors or off-site contractors

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Contractorsrsquo reactions

hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have

been the first to agree that we were going [out]

there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash

and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Which came first

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Performance

culture

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Automation

bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls

bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)

bull Effective rejection of human error

bull Cycle of improvement

bull Incident investigation based solely on above

bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above

(Young 2013 2014)

The construction industryhellip

ldquoWe have safe work method statements that

are 28 pages longrdquo

ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between

the work as you are imagining itrsquos being

performed and the way the work is really

being performedrdquo

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory

environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk

reduction of fatality

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Else 2014)

ldquohellipthe moment you make

the decision to move from

doing this in a construction

area to doing it in a

manufacturing (site)hellip you

halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney

built by Bookefield Multiplex

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

What can you control If you have effective control over the energy

sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Communication

Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)

highly dependent on how well

knowledge is shared between

individuals inhellip distributed

environments

(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why use contractors

Bangladesh

shirt factory

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why use contractors

Bangladesh

shirt factory

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Or exemplary

practice

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Substitute

bull Engineering

bull Administration

bull Personal

Protective

Equipment (PPE)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

bull Eliminate

bull Substitute

bull Engineering

bull Administration

bull Personal

Protective

Equipment (PPE)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

14

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Eliminate

Substitute

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Eliminate

Substitute

Isolate

Minimise

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Why

There should be no difference

between

your supervision of or your

required performance from

your staff and your contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why

ldquoWhy didnrsquot anyone tell me

about thisrdquo

Management Obligations for Health and Safety (p ix)

ldquoline of sightrdquo ndash how do we know

(Smith 2012)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

19

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

Non-hierarchy of control

bull Minimise

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

lsquoAs far as practicablersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

Invercargill Invercargill

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Inclusion of contractors

bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all

contractors and RWDs (restricted work

duties)

bull Retrospective analysis includes all

contractors (sometimes best estimate) but

not subcontractors or off-site contractors

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Contractorsrsquo reactions

hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have

been the first to agree that we were going [out]

there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash

and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Which came first

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Performance

culture

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Automation

bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls

bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)

bull Effective rejection of human error

bull Cycle of improvement

bull Incident investigation based solely on above

bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above

(Young 2013 2014)

The construction industryhellip

ldquoWe have safe work method statements that

are 28 pages longrdquo

ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between

the work as you are imagining itrsquos being

performed and the way the work is really

being performedrdquo

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory

environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk

reduction of fatality

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Else 2014)

ldquohellipthe moment you make

the decision to move from

doing this in a construction

area to doing it in a

manufacturing (site)hellip you

halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney

built by Bookefield Multiplex

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

What can you control If you have effective control over the energy

sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Communication

Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)

highly dependent on how well

knowledge is shared between

individuals inhellip distributed

environments

(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why use contractors

Bangladesh

shirt factory

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Or exemplary

practice

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Substitute

bull Engineering

bull Administration

bull Personal

Protective

Equipment (PPE)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

bull Eliminate

bull Substitute

bull Engineering

bull Administration

bull Personal

Protective

Equipment (PPE)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

14

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Eliminate

Substitute

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Eliminate

Substitute

Isolate

Minimise

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Why

There should be no difference

between

your supervision of or your

required performance from

your staff and your contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why

ldquoWhy didnrsquot anyone tell me

about thisrdquo

Management Obligations for Health and Safety (p ix)

ldquoline of sightrdquo ndash how do we know

(Smith 2012)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

19

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

Non-hierarchy of control

bull Minimise

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

lsquoAs far as practicablersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

Invercargill Invercargill

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Inclusion of contractors

bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all

contractors and RWDs (restricted work

duties)

bull Retrospective analysis includes all

contractors (sometimes best estimate) but

not subcontractors or off-site contractors

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Contractorsrsquo reactions

hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have

been the first to agree that we were going [out]

there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash

and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Which came first

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Performance

culture

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Automation

bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls

bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)

bull Effective rejection of human error

bull Cycle of improvement

bull Incident investigation based solely on above

bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above

(Young 2013 2014)

The construction industryhellip

ldquoWe have safe work method statements that

are 28 pages longrdquo

ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between

the work as you are imagining itrsquos being

performed and the way the work is really

being performedrdquo

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory

environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk

reduction of fatality

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Else 2014)

ldquohellipthe moment you make

the decision to move from

doing this in a construction

area to doing it in a

manufacturing (site)hellip you

halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney

built by Bookefield Multiplex

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

What can you control If you have effective control over the energy

sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Communication

Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)

highly dependent on how well

knowledge is shared between

individuals inhellip distributed

environments

(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Substitute

bull Engineering

bull Administration

bull Personal

Protective

Equipment (PPE)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

bull Eliminate

bull Substitute

bull Engineering

bull Administration

bull Personal

Protective

Equipment (PPE)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

14

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Eliminate

Substitute

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Eliminate

Substitute

Isolate

Minimise

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Why

There should be no difference

between

your supervision of or your

required performance from

your staff and your contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why

ldquoWhy didnrsquot anyone tell me

about thisrdquo

Management Obligations for Health and Safety (p ix)

ldquoline of sightrdquo ndash how do we know

(Smith 2012)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

19

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

Non-hierarchy of control

bull Minimise

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

lsquoAs far as practicablersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

Invercargill Invercargill

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Inclusion of contractors

bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all

contractors and RWDs (restricted work

duties)

bull Retrospective analysis includes all

contractors (sometimes best estimate) but

not subcontractors or off-site contractors

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Contractorsrsquo reactions

hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have

been the first to agree that we were going [out]

there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash

and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Which came first

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Performance

culture

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Automation

bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls

bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)

bull Effective rejection of human error

bull Cycle of improvement

bull Incident investigation based solely on above

bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above

(Young 2013 2014)

The construction industryhellip

ldquoWe have safe work method statements that

are 28 pages longrdquo

ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between

the work as you are imagining itrsquos being

performed and the way the work is really

being performedrdquo

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory

environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk

reduction of fatality

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Else 2014)

ldquohellipthe moment you make

the decision to move from

doing this in a construction

area to doing it in a

manufacturing (site)hellip you

halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney

built by Bookefield Multiplex

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

What can you control If you have effective control over the energy

sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Communication

Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)

highly dependent on how well

knowledge is shared between

individuals inhellip distributed

environments

(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

bull Eliminate

bull Substitute

bull Engineering

bull Administration

bull Personal

Protective

Equipment (PPE)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

14

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Eliminate

Substitute

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Eliminate

Substitute

Isolate

Minimise

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Why

There should be no difference

between

your supervision of or your

required performance from

your staff and your contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why

ldquoWhy didnrsquot anyone tell me

about thisrdquo

Management Obligations for Health and Safety (p ix)

ldquoline of sightrdquo ndash how do we know

(Smith 2012)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

19

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

Non-hierarchy of control

bull Minimise

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

lsquoAs far as practicablersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

Invercargill Invercargill

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Inclusion of contractors

bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all

contractors and RWDs (restricted work

duties)

bull Retrospective analysis includes all

contractors (sometimes best estimate) but

not subcontractors or off-site contractors

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Contractorsrsquo reactions

hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have

been the first to agree that we were going [out]

there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash

and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Which came first

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Performance

culture

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Automation

bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls

bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)

bull Effective rejection of human error

bull Cycle of improvement

bull Incident investigation based solely on above

bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above

(Young 2013 2014)

The construction industryhellip

ldquoWe have safe work method statements that

are 28 pages longrdquo

ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between

the work as you are imagining itrsquos being

performed and the way the work is really

being performedrdquo

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory

environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk

reduction of fatality

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Else 2014)

ldquohellipthe moment you make

the decision to move from

doing this in a construction

area to doing it in a

manufacturing (site)hellip you

halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney

built by Bookefield Multiplex

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

What can you control If you have effective control over the energy

sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Communication

Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)

highly dependent on how well

knowledge is shared between

individuals inhellip distributed

environments

(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

14

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Eliminate

Substitute

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Eliminate

Substitute

Isolate

Minimise

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Why

There should be no difference

between

your supervision of or your

required performance from

your staff and your contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why

ldquoWhy didnrsquot anyone tell me

about thisrdquo

Management Obligations for Health and Safety (p ix)

ldquoline of sightrdquo ndash how do we know

(Smith 2012)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

19

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

Non-hierarchy of control

bull Minimise

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

lsquoAs far as practicablersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

Invercargill Invercargill

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Inclusion of contractors

bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all

contractors and RWDs (restricted work

duties)

bull Retrospective analysis includes all

contractors (sometimes best estimate) but

not subcontractors or off-site contractors

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Contractorsrsquo reactions

hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have

been the first to agree that we were going [out]

there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash

and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Which came first

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Performance

culture

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Automation

bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls

bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)

bull Effective rejection of human error

bull Cycle of improvement

bull Incident investigation based solely on above

bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above

(Young 2013 2014)

The construction industryhellip

ldquoWe have safe work method statements that

are 28 pages longrdquo

ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between

the work as you are imagining itrsquos being

performed and the way the work is really

being performedrdquo

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory

environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk

reduction of fatality

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Else 2014)

ldquohellipthe moment you make

the decision to move from

doing this in a construction

area to doing it in a

manufacturing (site)hellip you

halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney

built by Bookefield Multiplex

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

What can you control If you have effective control over the energy

sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Communication

Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)

highly dependent on how well

knowledge is shared between

individuals inhellip distributed

environments

(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

14

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Eliminate

Substitute

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Eliminate

Substitute

Isolate

Minimise

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Why

There should be no difference

between

your supervision of or your

required performance from

your staff and your contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why

ldquoWhy didnrsquot anyone tell me

about thisrdquo

Management Obligations for Health and Safety (p ix)

ldquoline of sightrdquo ndash how do we know

(Smith 2012)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

19

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

Non-hierarchy of control

bull Minimise

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

lsquoAs far as practicablersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

Invercargill Invercargill

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Inclusion of contractors

bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all

contractors and RWDs (restricted work

duties)

bull Retrospective analysis includes all

contractors (sometimes best estimate) but

not subcontractors or off-site contractors

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Contractorsrsquo reactions

hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have

been the first to agree that we were going [out]

there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash

and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Which came first

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Performance

culture

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Automation

bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls

bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)

bull Effective rejection of human error

bull Cycle of improvement

bull Incident investigation based solely on above

bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above

(Young 2013 2014)

The construction industryhellip

ldquoWe have safe work method statements that

are 28 pages longrdquo

ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between

the work as you are imagining itrsquos being

performed and the way the work is really

being performedrdquo

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory

environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk

reduction of fatality

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Else 2014)

ldquohellipthe moment you make

the decision to move from

doing this in a construction

area to doing it in a

manufacturing (site)hellip you

halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney

built by Bookefield Multiplex

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

What can you control If you have effective control over the energy

sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Communication

Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)

highly dependent on how well

knowledge is shared between

individuals inhellip distributed

environments

(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Eliminate

Substitute

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Eliminate

Substitute

Isolate

Minimise

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Why

There should be no difference

between

your supervision of or your

required performance from

your staff and your contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why

ldquoWhy didnrsquot anyone tell me

about thisrdquo

Management Obligations for Health and Safety (p ix)

ldquoline of sightrdquo ndash how do we know

(Smith 2012)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

19

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

Non-hierarchy of control

bull Minimise

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

lsquoAs far as practicablersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

Invercargill Invercargill

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Inclusion of contractors

bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all

contractors and RWDs (restricted work

duties)

bull Retrospective analysis includes all

contractors (sometimes best estimate) but

not subcontractors or off-site contractors

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Contractorsrsquo reactions

hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have

been the first to agree that we were going [out]

there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash

and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Which came first

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Performance

culture

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Automation

bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls

bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)

bull Effective rejection of human error

bull Cycle of improvement

bull Incident investigation based solely on above

bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above

(Young 2013 2014)

The construction industryhellip

ldquoWe have safe work method statements that

are 28 pages longrdquo

ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between

the work as you are imagining itrsquos being

performed and the way the work is really

being performedrdquo

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory

environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk

reduction of fatality

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Else 2014)

ldquohellipthe moment you make

the decision to move from

doing this in a construction

area to doing it in a

manufacturing (site)hellip you

halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney

built by Bookefield Multiplex

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

What can you control If you have effective control over the energy

sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Communication

Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)

highly dependent on how well

knowledge is shared between

individuals inhellip distributed

environments

(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Eliminate

Substitute

Isolate

Minimise

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

Why

There should be no difference

between

your supervision of or your

required performance from

your staff and your contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why

ldquoWhy didnrsquot anyone tell me

about thisrdquo

Management Obligations for Health and Safety (p ix)

ldquoline of sightrdquo ndash how do we know

(Smith 2012)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

19

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

Non-hierarchy of control

bull Minimise

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

lsquoAs far as practicablersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

Invercargill Invercargill

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Inclusion of contractors

bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all

contractors and RWDs (restricted work

duties)

bull Retrospective analysis includes all

contractors (sometimes best estimate) but

not subcontractors or off-site contractors

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Contractorsrsquo reactions

hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have

been the first to agree that we were going [out]

there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash

and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Which came first

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Performance

culture

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Automation

bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls

bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)

bull Effective rejection of human error

bull Cycle of improvement

bull Incident investigation based solely on above

bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above

(Young 2013 2014)

The construction industryhellip

ldquoWe have safe work method statements that

are 28 pages longrdquo

ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between

the work as you are imagining itrsquos being

performed and the way the work is really

being performedrdquo

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory

environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk

reduction of fatality

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Else 2014)

ldquohellipthe moment you make

the decision to move from

doing this in a construction

area to doing it in a

manufacturing (site)hellip you

halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney

built by Bookefield Multiplex

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

What can you control If you have effective control over the energy

sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Communication

Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)

highly dependent on how well

knowledge is shared between

individuals inhellip distributed

environments

(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why

There should be no difference

between

your supervision of or your

required performance from

your staff and your contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why

ldquoWhy didnrsquot anyone tell me

about thisrdquo

Management Obligations for Health and Safety (p ix)

ldquoline of sightrdquo ndash how do we know

(Smith 2012)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

19

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

Non-hierarchy of control

bull Minimise

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

lsquoAs far as practicablersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

Invercargill Invercargill

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Inclusion of contractors

bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all

contractors and RWDs (restricted work

duties)

bull Retrospective analysis includes all

contractors (sometimes best estimate) but

not subcontractors or off-site contractors

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Contractorsrsquo reactions

hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have

been the first to agree that we were going [out]

there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash

and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Which came first

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Performance

culture

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Automation

bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls

bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)

bull Effective rejection of human error

bull Cycle of improvement

bull Incident investigation based solely on above

bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above

(Young 2013 2014)

The construction industryhellip

ldquoWe have safe work method statements that

are 28 pages longrdquo

ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between

the work as you are imagining itrsquos being

performed and the way the work is really

being performedrdquo

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory

environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk

reduction of fatality

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Else 2014)

ldquohellipthe moment you make

the decision to move from

doing this in a construction

area to doing it in a

manufacturing (site)hellip you

halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney

built by Bookefield Multiplex

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

What can you control If you have effective control over the energy

sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Communication

Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)

highly dependent on how well

knowledge is shared between

individuals inhellip distributed

environments

(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Why

ldquoWhy didnrsquot anyone tell me

about thisrdquo

Management Obligations for Health and Safety (p ix)

ldquoline of sightrdquo ndash how do we know

(Smith 2012)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

19

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

Non-hierarchy of control

bull Minimise

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

lsquoAs far as practicablersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

Invercargill Invercargill

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Inclusion of contractors

bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all

contractors and RWDs (restricted work

duties)

bull Retrospective analysis includes all

contractors (sometimes best estimate) but

not subcontractors or off-site contractors

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Contractorsrsquo reactions

hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have

been the first to agree that we were going [out]

there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash

and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Which came first

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Performance

culture

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Automation

bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls

bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)

bull Effective rejection of human error

bull Cycle of improvement

bull Incident investigation based solely on above

bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above

(Young 2013 2014)

The construction industryhellip

ldquoWe have safe work method statements that

are 28 pages longrdquo

ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between

the work as you are imagining itrsquos being

performed and the way the work is really

being performedrdquo

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory

environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk

reduction of fatality

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Else 2014)

ldquohellipthe moment you make

the decision to move from

doing this in a construction

area to doing it in a

manufacturing (site)hellip you

halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney

built by Bookefield Multiplex

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

What can you control If you have effective control over the energy

sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Communication

Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)

highly dependent on how well

knowledge is shared between

individuals inhellip distributed

environments

(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

19

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

Non-hierarchy of control

bull Minimise

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

lsquoAs far as practicablersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

Invercargill Invercargill

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Inclusion of contractors

bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all

contractors and RWDs (restricted work

duties)

bull Retrospective analysis includes all

contractors (sometimes best estimate) but

not subcontractors or off-site contractors

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Contractorsrsquo reactions

hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have

been the first to agree that we were going [out]

there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash

and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Which came first

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Performance

culture

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Automation

bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls

bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)

bull Effective rejection of human error

bull Cycle of improvement

bull Incident investigation based solely on above

bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above

(Young 2013 2014)

The construction industryhellip

ldquoWe have safe work method statements that

are 28 pages longrdquo

ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between

the work as you are imagining itrsquos being

performed and the way the work is really

being performedrdquo

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory

environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk

reduction of fatality

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Else 2014)

ldquohellipthe moment you make

the decision to move from

doing this in a construction

area to doing it in a

manufacturing (site)hellip you

halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney

built by Bookefield Multiplex

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

What can you control If you have effective control over the energy

sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Communication

Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)

highly dependent on how well

knowledge is shared between

individuals inhellip distributed

environments

(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Hierarchy of controls

bull Eliminate

bull Isolate

bull Minimise

No longer a hazard

Still a hazard but

separated (isolated)

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

Non-hierarchy of control

bull Minimise

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

lsquoAs far as practicablersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

Invercargill Invercargill

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Inclusion of contractors

bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all

contractors and RWDs (restricted work

duties)

bull Retrospective analysis includes all

contractors (sometimes best estimate) but

not subcontractors or off-site contractors

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Contractorsrsquo reactions

hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have

been the first to agree that we were going [out]

there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash

and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Which came first

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Performance

culture

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Automation

bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls

bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)

bull Effective rejection of human error

bull Cycle of improvement

bull Incident investigation based solely on above

bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above

(Young 2013 2014)

The construction industryhellip

ldquoWe have safe work method statements that

are 28 pages longrdquo

ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between

the work as you are imagining itrsquos being

performed and the way the work is really

being performedrdquo

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory

environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk

reduction of fatality

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Else 2014)

ldquohellipthe moment you make

the decision to move from

doing this in a construction

area to doing it in a

manufacturing (site)hellip you

halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney

built by Bookefield Multiplex

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

What can you control If you have effective control over the energy

sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Communication

Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)

highly dependent on how well

knowledge is shared between

individuals inhellip distributed

environments

(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Non-hierarchy of control

bull Minimise

Still a hazard but

minimised ie you

have to work with it

lsquoAs far as practicablersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

Invercargill Invercargill

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Inclusion of contractors

bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all

contractors and RWDs (restricted work

duties)

bull Retrospective analysis includes all

contractors (sometimes best estimate) but

not subcontractors or off-site contractors

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Contractorsrsquo reactions

hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have

been the first to agree that we were going [out]

there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash

and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Which came first

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Performance

culture

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Automation

bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls

bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)

bull Effective rejection of human error

bull Cycle of improvement

bull Incident investigation based solely on above

bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above

(Young 2013 2014)

The construction industryhellip

ldquoWe have safe work method statements that

are 28 pages longrdquo

ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between

the work as you are imagining itrsquos being

performed and the way the work is really

being performedrdquo

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory

environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk

reduction of fatality

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Else 2014)

ldquohellipthe moment you make

the decision to move from

doing this in a construction

area to doing it in a

manufacturing (site)hellip you

halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney

built by Bookefield Multiplex

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

What can you control If you have effective control over the energy

sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Communication

Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)

highly dependent on how well

knowledge is shared between

individuals inhellip distributed

environments

(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

Invercargill Invercargill

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Inclusion of contractors

bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all

contractors and RWDs (restricted work

duties)

bull Retrospective analysis includes all

contractors (sometimes best estimate) but

not subcontractors or off-site contractors

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Contractorsrsquo reactions

hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have

been the first to agree that we were going [out]

there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash

and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Which came first

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Performance

culture

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Automation

bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls

bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)

bull Effective rejection of human error

bull Cycle of improvement

bull Incident investigation based solely on above

bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above

(Young 2013 2014)

The construction industryhellip

ldquoWe have safe work method statements that

are 28 pages longrdquo

ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between

the work as you are imagining itrsquos being

performed and the way the work is really

being performedrdquo

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory

environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk

reduction of fatality

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Else 2014)

ldquohellipthe moment you make

the decision to move from

doing this in a construction

area to doing it in a

manufacturing (site)hellip you

halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney

built by Bookefield Multiplex

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

What can you control If you have effective control over the energy

sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Communication

Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)

highly dependent on how well

knowledge is shared between

individuals inhellip distributed

environments

(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Potential for aluminium to explode

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

Invercargill Invercargill

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Inclusion of contractors

bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all

contractors and RWDs (restricted work

duties)

bull Retrospective analysis includes all

contractors (sometimes best estimate) but

not subcontractors or off-site contractors

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Contractorsrsquo reactions

hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have

been the first to agree that we were going [out]

there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash

and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Which came first

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Performance

culture

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Automation

bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls

bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)

bull Effective rejection of human error

bull Cycle of improvement

bull Incident investigation based solely on above

bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above

(Young 2013 2014)

The construction industryhellip

ldquoWe have safe work method statements that

are 28 pages longrdquo

ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between

the work as you are imagining itrsquos being

performed and the way the work is really

being performedrdquo

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory

environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk

reduction of fatality

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Else 2014)

ldquohellipthe moment you make

the decision to move from

doing this in a construction

area to doing it in a

manufacturing (site)hellip you

halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney

built by Bookefield Multiplex

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

What can you control If you have effective control over the energy

sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Communication

Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)

highly dependent on how well

knowledge is shared between

individuals inhellip distributed

environments

(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

Invercargill Invercargill

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Inclusion of contractors

bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all

contractors and RWDs (restricted work

duties)

bull Retrospective analysis includes all

contractors (sometimes best estimate) but

not subcontractors or off-site contractors

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Contractorsrsquo reactions

hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have

been the first to agree that we were going [out]

there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash

and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Which came first

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Performance

culture

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Automation

bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls

bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)

bull Effective rejection of human error

bull Cycle of improvement

bull Incident investigation based solely on above

bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above

(Young 2013 2014)

The construction industryhellip

ldquoWe have safe work method statements that

are 28 pages longrdquo

ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between

the work as you are imagining itrsquos being

performed and the way the work is really

being performedrdquo

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory

environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk

reduction of fatality

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Else 2014)

ldquohellipthe moment you make

the decision to move from

doing this in a construction

area to doing it in a

manufacturing (site)hellip you

halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney

built by Bookefield Multiplex

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

What can you control If you have effective control over the energy

sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Communication

Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)

highly dependent on how well

knowledge is shared between

individuals inhellip distributed

environments

(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

Invercargill Invercargill

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Inclusion of contractors

bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all

contractors and RWDs (restricted work

duties)

bull Retrospective analysis includes all

contractors (sometimes best estimate) but

not subcontractors or off-site contractors

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Contractorsrsquo reactions

hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have

been the first to agree that we were going [out]

there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash

and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Which came first

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Performance

culture

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Automation

bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls

bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)

bull Effective rejection of human error

bull Cycle of improvement

bull Incident investigation based solely on above

bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above

(Young 2013 2014)

The construction industryhellip

ldquoWe have safe work method statements that

are 28 pages longrdquo

ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between

the work as you are imagining itrsquos being

performed and the way the work is really

being performedrdquo

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory

environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk

reduction of fatality

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Else 2014)

ldquohellipthe moment you make

the decision to move from

doing this in a construction

area to doing it in a

manufacturing (site)hellip you

halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney

built by Bookefield Multiplex

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

What can you control If you have effective control over the energy

sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Communication

Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)

highly dependent on how well

knowledge is shared between

individuals inhellip distributed

environments

(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

NZAS Contractors

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Inclusion of contractors

bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all

contractors and RWDs (restricted work

duties)

bull Retrospective analysis includes all

contractors (sometimes best estimate) but

not subcontractors or off-site contractors

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Contractorsrsquo reactions

hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have

been the first to agree that we were going [out]

there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash

and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Which came first

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Performance

culture

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Automation

bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls

bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)

bull Effective rejection of human error

bull Cycle of improvement

bull Incident investigation based solely on above

bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above

(Young 2013 2014)

The construction industryhellip

ldquoWe have safe work method statements that

are 28 pages longrdquo

ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between

the work as you are imagining itrsquos being

performed and the way the work is really

being performedrdquo

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory

environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk

reduction of fatality

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Else 2014)

ldquohellipthe moment you make

the decision to move from

doing this in a construction

area to doing it in a

manufacturing (site)hellip you

halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney

built by Bookefield Multiplex

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

What can you control If you have effective control over the energy

sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Communication

Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)

highly dependent on how well

knowledge is shared between

individuals inhellip distributed

environments

(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011

(Young 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Inclusion of contractors

bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all

contractors and RWDs (restricted work

duties)

bull Retrospective analysis includes all

contractors (sometimes best estimate) but

not subcontractors or off-site contractors

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Contractorsrsquo reactions

hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have

been the first to agree that we were going [out]

there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash

and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Which came first

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Performance

culture

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Automation

bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls

bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)

bull Effective rejection of human error

bull Cycle of improvement

bull Incident investigation based solely on above

bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above

(Young 2013 2014)

The construction industryhellip

ldquoWe have safe work method statements that

are 28 pages longrdquo

ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between

the work as you are imagining itrsquos being

performed and the way the work is really

being performedrdquo

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory

environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk

reduction of fatality

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Else 2014)

ldquohellipthe moment you make

the decision to move from

doing this in a construction

area to doing it in a

manufacturing (site)hellip you

halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney

built by Bookefield Multiplex

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

What can you control If you have effective control over the energy

sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Communication

Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)

highly dependent on how well

knowledge is shared between

individuals inhellip distributed

environments

(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Inclusion of contractors

bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all

contractors and RWDs (restricted work

duties)

bull Retrospective analysis includes all

contractors (sometimes best estimate) but

not subcontractors or off-site contractors

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Contractorsrsquo reactions

hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have

been the first to agree that we were going [out]

there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash

and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Which came first

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Performance

culture

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Automation

bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls

bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)

bull Effective rejection of human error

bull Cycle of improvement

bull Incident investigation based solely on above

bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above

(Young 2013 2014)

The construction industryhellip

ldquoWe have safe work method statements that

are 28 pages longrdquo

ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between

the work as you are imagining itrsquos being

performed and the way the work is really

being performedrdquo

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory

environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk

reduction of fatality

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Else 2014)

ldquohellipthe moment you make

the decision to move from

doing this in a construction

area to doing it in a

manufacturing (site)hellip you

halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney

built by Bookefield Multiplex

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

What can you control If you have effective control over the energy

sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Communication

Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)

highly dependent on how well

knowledge is shared between

individuals inhellip distributed

environments

(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Contractorsrsquo reactions

hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have

been the first to agree that we were going [out]

there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash

and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]

(Young 2013)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Which came first

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Performance

culture

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Automation

bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls

bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)

bull Effective rejection of human error

bull Cycle of improvement

bull Incident investigation based solely on above

bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above

(Young 2013 2014)

The construction industryhellip

ldquoWe have safe work method statements that

are 28 pages longrdquo

ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between

the work as you are imagining itrsquos being

performed and the way the work is really

being performedrdquo

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory

environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk

reduction of fatality

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Else 2014)

ldquohellipthe moment you make

the decision to move from

doing this in a construction

area to doing it in a

manufacturing (site)hellip you

halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney

built by Bookefield Multiplex

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

What can you control If you have effective control over the energy

sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Communication

Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)

highly dependent on how well

knowledge is shared between

individuals inhellip distributed

environments

(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Which came first

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Performance

culture

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Automation

bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls

bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)

bull Effective rejection of human error

bull Cycle of improvement

bull Incident investigation based solely on above

bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above

(Young 2013 2014)

The construction industryhellip

ldquoWe have safe work method statements that

are 28 pages longrdquo

ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between

the work as you are imagining itrsquos being

performed and the way the work is really

being performedrdquo

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory

environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk

reduction of fatality

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Else 2014)

ldquohellipthe moment you make

the decision to move from

doing this in a construction

area to doing it in a

manufacturing (site)hellip you

halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney

built by Bookefield Multiplex

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

What can you control If you have effective control over the energy

sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Communication

Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)

highly dependent on how well

knowledge is shared between

individuals inhellip distributed

environments

(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Performance

culture

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Automation

bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls

bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)

bull Effective rejection of human error

bull Cycle of improvement

bull Incident investigation based solely on above

bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above

(Young 2013 2014)

The construction industryhellip

ldquoWe have safe work method statements that

are 28 pages longrdquo

ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between

the work as you are imagining itrsquos being

performed and the way the work is really

being performedrdquo

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory

environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk

reduction of fatality

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Else 2014)

ldquohellipthe moment you make

the decision to move from

doing this in a construction

area to doing it in a

manufacturing (site)hellip you

halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney

built by Bookefield Multiplex

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

What can you control If you have effective control over the energy

sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Communication

Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)

highly dependent on how well

knowledge is shared between

individuals inhellip distributed

environments

(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Culture Safety Performance

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Performance

culture

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Automation

bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls

bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)

bull Effective rejection of human error

bull Cycle of improvement

bull Incident investigation based solely on above

bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above

(Young 2013 2014)

The construction industryhellip

ldquoWe have safe work method statements that

are 28 pages longrdquo

ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between

the work as you are imagining itrsquos being

performed and the way the work is really

being performedrdquo

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory

environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk

reduction of fatality

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Else 2014)

ldquohellipthe moment you make

the decision to move from

doing this in a construction

area to doing it in a

manufacturing (site)hellip you

halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney

built by Bookefield Multiplex

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

What can you control If you have effective control over the energy

sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Communication

Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)

highly dependent on how well

knowledge is shared between

individuals inhellip distributed

environments

(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Safety Performance

culture

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Automation

bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls

bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)

bull Effective rejection of human error

bull Cycle of improvement

bull Incident investigation based solely on above

bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above

(Young 2013 2014)

The construction industryhellip

ldquoWe have safe work method statements that

are 28 pages longrdquo

ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between

the work as you are imagining itrsquos being

performed and the way the work is really

being performedrdquo

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory

environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk

reduction of fatality

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Else 2014)

ldquohellipthe moment you make

the decision to move from

doing this in a construction

area to doing it in a

manufacturing (site)hellip you

halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney

built by Bookefield Multiplex

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

What can you control If you have effective control over the energy

sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Communication

Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)

highly dependent on how well

knowledge is shared between

individuals inhellip distributed

environments

(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Automation

bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls

bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)

bull Effective rejection of human error

bull Cycle of improvement

bull Incident investigation based solely on above

bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above

(Young 2013 2014)

The construction industryhellip

ldquoWe have safe work method statements that

are 28 pages longrdquo

ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between

the work as you are imagining itrsquos being

performed and the way the work is really

being performedrdquo

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory

environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk

reduction of fatality

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Else 2014)

ldquohellipthe moment you make

the decision to move from

doing this in a construction

area to doing it in a

manufacturing (site)hellip you

halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney

built by Bookefield Multiplex

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

What can you control If you have effective control over the energy

sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Communication

Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)

highly dependent on how well

knowledge is shared between

individuals inhellip distributed

environments

(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull Automation

bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls

bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)

bull Effective rejection of human error

bull Cycle of improvement

bull Incident investigation based solely on above

bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above

(Young 2013 2014)

The construction industryhellip

ldquoWe have safe work method statements that

are 28 pages longrdquo

ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between

the work as you are imagining itrsquos being

performed and the way the work is really

being performedrdquo

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory

environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk

reduction of fatality

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Else 2014)

ldquohellipthe moment you make

the decision to move from

doing this in a construction

area to doing it in a

manufacturing (site)hellip you

halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney

built by Bookefield Multiplex

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

What can you control If you have effective control over the energy

sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Communication

Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)

highly dependent on how well

knowledge is shared between

individuals inhellip distributed

environments

(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

ldquoWe have safe work method statements that

are 28 pages longrdquo

ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between

the work as you are imagining itrsquos being

performed and the way the work is really

being performedrdquo

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory

environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk

reduction of fatality

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Else 2014)

ldquohellipthe moment you make

the decision to move from

doing this in a construction

area to doing it in a

manufacturing (site)hellip you

halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney

built by Bookefield Multiplex

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

What can you control If you have effective control over the energy

sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Communication

Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)

highly dependent on how well

knowledge is shared between

individuals inhellip distributed

environments

(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory

environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk

reduction of fatality

(Else 2014)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Else 2014)

ldquohellipthe moment you make

the decision to move from

doing this in a construction

area to doing it in a

manufacturing (site)hellip you

halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney

built by Bookefield Multiplex

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

What can you control If you have effective control over the energy

sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Communication

Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)

highly dependent on how well

knowledge is shared between

individuals inhellip distributed

environments

(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Else 2014)

ldquohellipthe moment you make

the decision to move from

doing this in a construction

area to doing it in a

manufacturing (site)hellip you

halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney

built by Bookefield Multiplex

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

The construction industryhellip

What can you control If you have effective control over the energy

sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Communication

Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)

highly dependent on how well

knowledge is shared between

individuals inhellip distributed

environments

(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

What can you control If you have effective control over the energy

sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Communication

Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)

highly dependent on how well

knowledge is shared between

individuals inhellip distributed

environments

(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Communication

Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)

highly dependent on how well

knowledge is shared between

individuals inhellip distributed

environments

(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Confined Spaces

Contractors and allied workers are endangered

by a lack of awareness or proper hazard

mitigation techniques Almost half of confined

space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning

repairing or inspecting these spaces

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk

control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor

PPE interventions

Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations

8755 recommended administrative controls

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as

being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)

bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an

administrative control rut fixated on identifying

single causes close to the work organizationrdquo

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

(Behm amp Powell 2014)

Hierarchy of controls

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people

bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo

bull You are accountable for their safety performance

bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability

bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse

bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards

bull Do not tolerate any compromise

bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

References

Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40

Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else

GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175

Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951

Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)

Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5

Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor

SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343

Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123

Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health

Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and

screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey

Thanks

Steve Young (03) 5327 6889

syoungfederationeduau

VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health