AS/NZS 1892.1:1996

Australian/New Zealand Standard

Portable ladders

Part 1: Metal

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AS/NZS 1892.1:1996

This Joint Austral ian/New Zealand Standard was prepared by Joint TechnicalCommittee SF/34, Portable Ladders. It was approved on behalf of the Counci l ofStandards Austral ia on 8 February 1996 and on behal f of the Council of StandardsNew Zealand on 19 February 1996. I t was publ ished on 5 August 1996.

The following interests are represented on Committee SF/34:

Aluminium Development Counci lAustralian Chamber of ManufacturesComposites Institute of Austral iaDepartment of Consumer Affairs, N.S.W.Department of Occupational Heal th, Safety and Welfare W.A.Federal Bureau of Consumer AffairsLadder Manufacturers Association of AustraliaMetal Trades Industry Association of Austral iaNew Zealand Manufacturers FederationUniversi ty of New South WalesWelli ngton Manufacturers Association

Review of Standards. To keep abreast of progress in industry, Joint Australian/New Zealand Standards are subject to periodic review and are kept up to date by theissue of amendments or new editions as necessary. It is important therefore thatStandards users ensure that they are in possession of the latest edition, and anyamendments thereto.Full details of all Joint Standards and related publications wil l be found in the StandardsAustralia and Standards New Zealand Catalogue of Publications; this information issupplemented each month by the magazines ‘The Australian Standard’ and ‘StandardsNew Zealand’, which subscribing members receive, and which give details of newpublications, new editions and amendments, and of withdrawn Standards.Suggestions for improvements to Joint Standards, addressed to the head office of eitherStandards Australia or Standards New Zealand, are welcomed. Notification of anyinaccuracy or ambiguity found in a Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard should bemade without delay in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate actiontaken.

This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 94179.

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AS/NZS 1892.1:1996

Australian/New Zealand Standard

Portabl e ladders

Part 1: Metal

PUBLISHED JOINTLY BY:

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA1 The Crescent,Homebush NSW 2140 Australia

STANDARDS NEW ZEALANDLevel 10, Radio New Zealand House,155 The Terrace,Wellington 6001 New Zealand

ISBN 0 7337 0415 8

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AS/ NZS 1892.1:1996 2

PREFACE

This Standard was prepared by the Joint Standards Australia/Standards New ZealandCommittee SF/34 on Portable Ladders, to supersede AS 1892.1—1986, Portable ladders,Part 1: Metal and (in part) NZS 5233:1986, Specification for portable ladders (other thantimber ladders).

This Standard is one of a series of joint Australian/New Zealand Standards covering thesafe design, manufacture and use of portable ladders and attachments. Other Standards inthe series are as follows:

AS1892 Portable ladders1892.2 Part 2: Portable ladders—Timber

AS/NZS1892.3 Part 3: Portable ladders—Reinforced plastics

In this edition, the test methods have been included as a set of appendices. The methodsof performing the tests have not changed greatly; however, in the light of experiencegained from the 1986 edition the methods have been clarified.

Included for the first time in this edition are specific requirements and test methods formultipurpose ladders. This was agreed by the Committee in view of the increasingpopulari ty of this type of ladder.

The terms ‘normative’ and ‘ informative’ have been used in this Standard to define theapplication of the appendix to which they apply. A ‘normative’ appendix is an integralpart of a Standard, whereas an ‘ informative’ appendix is only for information andguidance.

During preparation of this Standard, reference was made to the Standards listed below.Acknowledgment is made of the assistance received from these sources:

ANSI A 14.2—1990 Specific requirements for portable metal ladders.

BS 2037 (1984) Portable aluminium ladders, steps, trestles and lightweight stagings.

CAN3-Z11-M81 Portable ladders

NZS 5233—1986 Specification for portable ladders (other than timber ladders)

Copyright STANDARDS AUSTRALIA / STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND

Users of Standards are reminded that copyright subsists in all Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand publications and software.Except where the Copyright Act allows and except where provided for below no publications or software produced byStandards Australia or Standards New Zealand may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system in any form or transmitted by any meanswithout prior permission in writing from Standards Australia or Standards New Zealand. Permission may be conditional on anappropriate royalty payment. Australian requests for permission and information on commercial software royalties should be directed tothe head office of Standards Australia. New Zealand requests should be directed to Standards New Zealand.

Up to 10 percent of the technical content pages of a Standard may be copied for use exclusively in-house by purchasers of theStandard without payment of a royalty or advice to Standards Australia or Standards New Zealand.

Inclusion of copyright material in computer software programs is also permitted without royalty payment provided such programsare used exclusively in-house by the creators of the programs.

Care should be taken to ensure that material used is from the current edition of the Standard and that it is updated whenever the Standardis amended or revised. The number and date of the Standard should therefore be clearly identified.

The use of material in print form or in computer software programs to be used commercially, with or without payment, or in commercialcontracts is subject to the payment of a royalty. This policy may be varied by Standards Australia or Standards New Zealand at any time.

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3 AS / NZS 1892.1:1996

CONTENTSPage

SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL1.1 SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.2 OBJECTIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.3 APPLICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.4 PARTICULAR REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.5 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.6 DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

SECTION 2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS2.1 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.2 RATINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.3 MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.4 QUALITY OF MANUFACTURE AND FINISH . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 102.5 STILES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.6 TREADS AND RUNGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112.7 MARKING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

SECTION 3 PARTICULAR REQUIREMENTS FOR SINGLE LADDERS3.1 LENGTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133.2 DISTANCE BETWEEN STILES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133.3 PERFORMANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

SECTION 4 PARTICULAR REQUIREMENTS FOR EXTENSION LADDERS4.1 LENGTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.2 EXTENSION OF STILE ABOVE TOP RUNG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.3 DISTANCE BETWEEN STILES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.4 OVERLAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.5 STOPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.6 FITTINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.7 LIFTING DEVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154.8 PERFORMANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

SECTION 5 PARTICULAR REQUIREMENTS FOR STEPLADDERS5.1 LENGTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165.2 DISTANCE BETWEEN STILES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165.3 BACK LEGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165.4 SPREAD BETWEEN STILES AND BACK LEGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165.5 BEARING AREA OF FEET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165.6 TREADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175.7 SPREADER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175.8 TOP CAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175.9 PERFORMANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

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AS / NZS 1892.1:1996 4

PageSECTION 6 PARTICULAR REQUIREMENTS FOR TRESTLE LADDERS

6.1 LENGTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186.2 SPACING OF CROSS-BEARERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186.3 DISTANCE BETWEEN STILES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186.4 SPREAD BETWEEN PAIRS OF STILES . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 186.5 SPREADER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186.6 HINGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196.7 CHECK BLOCKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196.8 PERFORMANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

SECTION 7 PARTICULAR REQUIREMENTS FOR MULTIPURPOSE LADDERS7.1 LENGTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207.2 DISTANCE BETWEEN STILES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207.3 ANGLE BETWEEN STILES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207.4 ARTICULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207.5 PERFORMANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

SECTION 8 PARTICULAR REQUIREMENTS FOR OTHER LADDERS8.1 SCOPE OF SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218.2 REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

SECTION 9 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS9.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229.2 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR SINGLE AND

EXTENSION LADDERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229.3 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR STEPLADDERS AND

TRESTLE LADDERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239.4 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR MULTIPURPOSE LADDERS . . 249.5 TESTS FOR LABELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

APPENDICESA APPLICATION OF STANDARD BY THE AUSTRALIAN DEPARTMENT

OF DEFENCE FOR PORTABLE METAL LADDERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27B TESTS FOR LABELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29C EXAMPLES OF LABELS USED FOR ADDITIONAL SAFETY WARNINGS 30D STILE DEFLECTION TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33E ANGULAR DEFLECTION TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35F PERMANENT SET TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37G RUNG TORQUE TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39H RUNG STRENGTH TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41I RUNG SHEAR STRENGTH TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43J SIDE SWAY TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44K STILE CANTILEVER TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46L FOOT FRICTION TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49M DYNAMIC DROP TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51N LADDER SECTION TWIST TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53O LATCHING DEVICE TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55P EXTENSION LADDER FITTINGS AND FOOT DISTORTION TEST . . . . . 56

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Q LADDER COMPRESSION AND FOOT DISTORTION TEST . . . . . . . . . . . 58R STILE BENDING TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62S TREAD BENDING TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65T TREAD-TO-STILE SHEAR TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68U TREAD TORQUE TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71V STABILITY TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74W WALKING TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76X STILE AND BACK LEG CANTILEVER TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Y STEPLADDER DYNAMIC DROP TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Z MULTIPURPOSE WORK PLATFORM BENDING TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84AA CYCLIC JOINT TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85AB UNLOCKED JOINT TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86AC SINGLE JOINT LOCK TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Originated in New Zealand as part of NZS 5233:1971.

Originated in Australia as AS 1892 — 1977.

Previous New Zealand edit ion NZS 5233:1986.

Previous Australian edit ion AS 1892.1 — 1986.

NZS 5233:1986 (in part ) and AS 1892.1-1986 jointly revised and designated AS/NZS 1892.1:1996.

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AS/ NZS 1892.1:1996 6

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND

Australia n /New Zealand Standard

Portable ladders

Part 1: Metal

S E C T I O N 1 S C O P E A N D G E N E R A L

1.1 SCOPE This Standard sets out safety requirements for the design and manufactureof portable metal ladders. The Standard provides two duty ratings for industrial laddersand domestic ladders, which are assigned minimum load ratings.

The Standard covers single and multiple-section ladders, multipurpose ladders,combination ladders and those special-purpose ladders defined in Clause 1.6.

The Standard does not cover ladder accessories, such as ladder levellers, ladder stabili zersor stand-off devices, ladder jacks or ladder straps or hooks that may be installed on, orused in conjunction with, ladders.

1.2 OBJECTI VE The objective of this Standard is to provide designers, manufacturersand regulatory authori ties wi th the minimum performance and dimensional requirementsfor portable metal ladders, in order to minimize the risk to the health and safety ofportable ladder users.

1.3 APPL ICATI ON The requirements l isted herein specify certain minimumdimensions, strength stabili ty and durabil i ty cri teria deemed necessary for the safe use ofportable metal ladders thereby providing a set of performance and dimensionalrequirements against which portable metal ladders may be evaluated.

NOTE: For speci fic directions regarding the use of this Standard by the Department of Defence,see Appendix A.

1.4 PARTI CUL AR REQUI REM ENTS Portable metal ladders shall comply with therelevant requirements of Section 2, General Requirements, and with the specificrequirements of the Section(s) appropriate to the type of ladder, as follows:

(a) Single ladders: Section 3.

(b) Extension ladders: Section 4.

(c) Stepladders: Section 5.

(d) Trestle ladders: Section 6.

(e) Multipurpose ladders: Section 7.

(f ) Special-purpose ladders: Section 8.

1.5 REFERENCED DOCUM ENTS The following documents are referred to in thisStandard:

AS1554 Structural steel welding1554.1 Part 1: Welding of steel structures

1665 Welding of aluminium structures

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7 AS/ NZS 1892.1:1996

AS1866 Aluminium and aluminium alloys—Extruded rod, bar, solid and hollow shapes

2089 Sheave blocks for l if ting purposes

4142 Fibre ropes4142.2 Part 2: Three strand hawser-laid and eight-strand plaited

AS/NZS2312 Guide to the protection of iron and steel against exterior atmospheric corrosion

ASTMD 903 Standard test method for peel or stripping strength of adhesive bonds

NZS4704 Structural steel welding —Welding of steel structures

1.6 DEFI NI TIONS For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions below apply(see also Figure 1.1).

1.6.1 Ar t iculation —a hinge which is capable of being locked in one or more positions.

1.6.2 Domestic ladder —a ladder designed to be used by a householder for construction,maintenance and repairs carried out at a private dwelling for non-commercial purposes.

1.6.3 Double-sided stepladder—a self-supporting portable ladder of fixed length withtwo pairs of stiles which are—

(a) hinged or fixed; and

(b) each fitted with treads for ascent and descent.

1.6.4 Dual-pur pose stepladder —a self-supporting stepladder of which the back sectionis fitted with rungs or treads, and which can be further adjusted to provide an extension ofthe front section as a non-self -supporting portable ladder (in the extended position).

1.6.5 Duty rat ing—the rating assigned to the ladder, i.e. industrial or domestic, whichindicates the service capabil ity of the ladder.

1.6.6 Ef fective length—the working length of a ladder less end caps and feet wherefitted.

1.6.7 Extension ladder —a non-self -supporting portable ladder, consisting of two ormore sections travelling in guides, including interlocking stiles or brackets arranged inorder to permit adjustment of working length.

1.6.8 Industr ial ladder—any ladder other than a domestic ladder.

1.6.9 Load r ating—the maximum load including the weight of the user, materials andtools which the ladder is intended to carry, in kilograms.

1.6.10 Maximum wor king length—

(a) For ladders of adjustable length, the length measured along the sti les, including feetand end caps where fitted, when the ladder is in the fully extended position.

(b) For ladders of fixed length, the overall length measured along the sti le, includingfeet, top and end caps where fitted.

1.6.11 Mult ipur pose ladder —a portable ladder having one or more pairs of articulationjoints which allow the ladder to be rearranged to function as a single ladder, with orwi thout a stand-off , as a single or double-sided stepladder, scaffold or work platform.

1.6.12 Over lap—the distance by which each section of an extension ladder coincideswith its matching section.

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AS / NZS 1892.1:1996 8

1.6.13 Platform stepladder—a single-sided stepladder with a specially designedsubstantial platform near the top, to provide a working area.

1.6.14 Portable metal ladder—a readily movable appliance consisting of metal stiles(see Clause 1.6.20) joined at regular intervals by cross-pieces called rungs or treads(see Clause 1.6.15), on which a person may stand or step when ascending or descending.

1.6.15 Rungs and treads—cross-pieces joining the stiles and used by a personascending or descending a ladder.

NOTES:

1 The terms ‘rung’, ‘step’, and ‘tread’ are used in industry. For the purpose of this Standard,the term ‘rung’ is used for single and extension ladders, and the term ‘tread’ for stepladders.The term ‘tread’ is also used as a general term where applicable.

2 The terms ‘rung’, ‘tread’, and ‘step’ do not include the top cap.

1.6.16 Section

1.6.16.1 Bottom or base section—the lowermost section of a non-self-supportingportable ladder.

1.6.16.2 Middle or intermediate section—the section between the top (fly) and bottom(base) sections of a non-self-supporting portable ladder.

NOTE: There may be more than one middle or intermediate section in a ladder.

1.6.16.3 Top or fly section—the uppermost section of a non-self-supporting portableladder.

1.6.17 Single ladder—a non-self-supporting portable ladder, of fixed length, consistingof one section.

1.6.18 Single-sided stepladder—a self-supporting portable ladder, of fixed length, withflat treads for ascent and descent and a hinged back not intended for ascent or descent.Variations in designs of single-sided stepladders include platform stepladder and dual-purpose stepladder.

1.6.19 Special-purpose ladder—a ladder that represents either a modification or acombination of design or construction features of one or more of the general-purposeladders herein defined, in order to adapt to special or specific uses.

1.6.20 Stile—a side member that supports the treads or rungs.

NOTE: The terms ‘stile’, ‘siderail’, ‘string’ and ‘stringer’ are used synonymously in industry.For the purpose of this Standard, the term ‘stile’ is used throughout.

1.6.21 Trestle ladder—a self-supporting portable ladder of fixed length, consisting oftwo sections hinged at the top to form equal angles with the base, each section beingprovided with cross-bearers, fixed between the stiles, on which a plank or planks may besupported.

1.6.22 Top cap—the uppermost horizontal member of a portable stepladder.

1.6.23 Working surfaces—the clear portion of steps, rungs, or treads on which a personmay step while ascending or descending a ladder.

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9 AS / NZS 1892.1:1996

FIGURE 1.1 COMPONENTS AND TERMS RELATIVE TO LADDERS

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S E C T I O N 2 G E N E R A L R E Q U I R E M E N T S

2.1 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION Portable metal ladders shall comply with therelevant requirements of this Standard.

2.2 RATINGS

2.2.1 Duty rating Portable metal ladders shall be rated as either industrial or domesticin accordance with their designed service capability.

2.2.2 Load rating Portable metal ladders shall have a load rating of—

(a) not less than 120 kg for industrial ladders; or

(b) not less than 100 kg; for domestic ladders.

2.3 MATERIALS Materials used shall be suitable to ensure that a product conforms tothe requirements of this Standard and shall be sufficiently durable and resistant tocorrosion. Additionally, materials shall be sufficiently robust in form to withstand normalusage.

Ferrous fittings or components may be made corrosion-resistant by coating or plating.Materials used shall be compatible with respect to galvanic action.

NOTE: Guidance in the protection of iron and steel against exterior atmospheric corrosion isgiven in AS/NZS 2312.

2.4 QUALITY OF MANUFACTURE AND FINISH

2.4.1 General All exposed surfaces shall be free from sharp edges and burrs, and shallbe either protected against corrosion or manufactured from material which is inherentlyresistant to corrosion.

2.4.2 Sharp edges Ladders shall have no unfinished sheared metal edges or other sharpparts that are exposed to hands and legs. Sheared metal edges that are not rolled shall befinished so that any sharp feathering or edges, or any sharp burrs or spurs caused by theshearing process, are removed.

2.4.3 Fixings Bolt and rivet holes shall be accurately located and within tolerances ofthe accepted codes of practice for the material used. Rivets shall be properly set and freefrom structural defects.

NOTE: Attention is drawn to the need for close quality control on the selection, hardness andfitting of rivets.

2.4.4 Welds Welds shall be in accordance with the accepted codes of practiceappropriate to the structural material used (e.g. AS 1665 for aluminium, AS 1554.1 orNZS 4704 for steel). All weld spatter and slag shall be removed prior to the application ofany corrosion-protective coatings.

2.5 STILES

2.5.1 Design Because of the wide variety of types of ladders and the varied conditionsof use, ladders may be designed with parallel stiles, with stiles varying uniformly inseparation along the length (i.e. tapered), or with stiles flaring at the base.

2.5.2 Manufacture Stiles shall be manufactured in accordance with the followingrequirements:

(a) The stiles shall be manufactured from a suitable cross-sectional shape and shall beof sufficient width to provide secure support for the treads, rungs, or cross-bearers.

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(b) Where stiles are manufactured f rom hollow section material, means shall beprovided to prevent the retention of water within the stile.

2.5.3 Feet Feet shall be fitted to the bottom of each stile in the bottom section of theladder and may be fixed or hung. Feet shall comply with the following requirements:

(a) The feet shall be manufactured f rom or faced with a material which wi l l resistdeformation and slipping (see Clauses 9.2.9 and 9.3.10).

(b) The feet or surfacing material shall be securely fixed to the stiles but may beremovable for renewal.

The projected area of ladder feet shall be not less than the area enclosed by the externaldimensions of the stile or back leg, as appropriate (see examples in Figure 2.1).

FIGURE 2.1 EXAMPLES OF MINIMUM AREA OF FEET (HATCHED)FOR DIFFERENT SECTION OF STILE OR BACK LEG

2.6 TREADS AND RUNGS

2.6.1 Size and shape Treads and rungs shall comply with the following requirementsfor size and shape:

(a) Treads and rungs shall present a working surface that wi l l minimize the possibili tyof sl ipping.

Working surfaces of rungs, steps, and platforms for use in ascending, descending,working or standing, shall be corrugated, serrated, knurled, dimpled, or coated witha skid-resistant material.

(b) They shall be of size and cross-sectional shape adequate to comply with Section 9.

NOTE: The size and shape of the working surface wi l l also af fect the comfort and therefore thesafety of persons working from ladders for extended periods. Accordingly, the maximumpracticable working surface is desi rable.

2.6.2 Spacing The spacing of treads and rungs shall comply wi th the followingrequirements:

(a) Treads and rungs shall be parallel wi th each other within ±2 degrees.

(b) Treads and rungs shall be uniformly spaced at a distance between centres within therange 248 ±2 mm to 306 ±2 mm (all measurements between the centres of the topsof treads and rungs).

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(c) The distance f rom the bottom ends of the stile, including feet where fitted, to thetop of the first tread or rung shall be equal to the nominal tread or rung spacing.

(d) For stepladders other than platform stepladders, treads shall be spaced so that thedistances from the upper surface of the top cap, to the top of the highest tread orrung shall be equal (±8 mm) to the spacing of the treads or rungs.

2.7 M ARK ING All ladders shall have the following information permanently markedin a prominent position:

(a) The name of the Australian manufacturer or importer (whether the ladder has beenmade for sale or otherwise).

(b) In the largest lettering practicable, the duty rating (i.e. ‘ INDUSTRIAL’ or‘DOMESTIC’ as appropriate), the words ‘This ladder is intended to carry amaximum load of ’ and the load rating in kilograms.

(c) The working length of the ladder (the closed and maximum working lengths forextension type ladders).

(d) In the largest lettering practicable, the words ‘ DO NOT USE WHEREELECTRICAL HAZARD EXISTS’.

(e) On double-sided stepladders, the words ‘ TO BE USED IN THE FULLY OPENPOSITION ONLY’.

(f ) A warning against standing on those treads or rungs which would represent anunsafe working position. Such markings shall warn against standing any higher thanthe third top rung on a single or extension ladder and on stepladders, not being aplatform stepladder, the second top tread.

Labels used to illustrate such marking shall comply with the requirements of Appendix B,be located to guard against wear, abrasion and disfiguring and be attached by a methodwhich does not affect the strength of the members to which they are attached.

NOTES:

1 Labels are not sati sfactory unless appropriately located and protected.

2 Aluminium self -etching paint is suitable for the above markings.

3 Examples of labels used to i ll ustrate additional safety warnings are given in Appendix C.

4 Manufacturers making a statement of compliance wi th this Austral ian Standard on aproduct, packaging, or promotional material related to that product are advised to ensurethat such compliance is capable of being verified.

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S E C T I O N 3 P A R T I C U L A R R E Q U I R E M E N T SF O R S I N G L E L A D D E R S

3.1 L ENGTH The maximum working length of a single ladder, shall not exceed—

(a) for industrial ladders, 9 m; or

(b) for domestic ladders, 5 m.

3.2 DISTANCE BETWEEN STIL ES The clear distance between the inside faces ofthe stiles or the width of the working surface of the rungs shall be not less than 265 mm(see Figure 3.1).

NOTE: The 265 mm distance is the minimum clear distance between the stiles, not the length of the rung.

DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES

FIGURE 3.1 DISTANCE BETWEEN STILES

3.3 PERFORM ANCE Single ladders shall comply with the requirements ofClause 9.2.

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S E C T I O N 4 P A R T I C U L A R R E Q U I R E M E N T SF O R E X T E N S I O N L A D D E R S

4.1 L ENGTH The maximum working length of an extension ladder, including feet,shall not exceed—

(a) 15 m for industrial ladders; or

(b) 7 m for domestic ladders.

4.2 EXTENSI ON OF STIL E ABOVE TOP RUNG Except for those ladders fittedwith a pole chain, hoop, or similar device, the distance between the top rung and the topof the ladder, when measured axially along the centre-l ine of the ladder, shall not exceed308 mm.

4.3 DISTANCE BETWEEN STIL ES The clear distance between the inside faces ofthe stiles or the width of the working surface of rungs in the narrowest section of theladder, shall be not less than 265 mm (see Figure 3.1).

4.4 OVERLAP Care shall be taken to ensure that the rungs on overlapping sectionscoincide.

4.5 STOPS The ladder shall be designed so that it cannot be overextended.

4.6 FITTINGS

4.6.1 Gener al Fittings shall comply with the requirements of Clause 9.2.13.

4.6.2 Finish Fittings shall have no sharp edges li able to cause indentation to sti les orrungs.

4.6.3 Fixed hooks Fixed hooks shall—

(a) have an effective length over the rungs of not less than the depth of the rung(see Figure 4.1); and

(b) bear equally on the rungs for a width of not less than 12 mm.

FIGURE 4.1 FIXED HOOK

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4.6.4 Latching devices Ladders in which the upper section(s) are raised or lowered byrope shall be fitted with latching devices which shall—

(a) operate to engage automatically should the rope break or be released; and

(b) comply with the requirements of Clause 9.2.12.

Latching devices, where fitted, shall—

(i) not be dependent for their operation on a spring;

(i i) bear equally on the rungs for a width of not less than 12 mm;

(i i i) operate dynamically with the ladder at an angle of not less than 70 degrees andstatically at an angle of 90 degrees above the horizontal; and

(iv) be designed so as to maintain the top and bottom sections of the ladder in a relativeposition, so that the working surface of rungs at the overlap form double workingsurfaces at every intended stage of extension.

4.6.5 Guide brackets Guide brackets where used, shall be attached securely andpositioned so as to prevent the upper section f rom tipping or falli ng out while beingraised or lowered, or while the ladder is being used.

4.7 L IFTING DEVI CES

4.7.1 Gener al Where the maximum working length of an extension ladder is greaterthan 5 m, the ladder shall be equipped with a hauling rope and pulley or suitable device toenable an operator at ground level to raise the top section or intermediate sections.

4.7.2 Load The fittings and rope shall be capable of withstanding a load equal to10 times the mass of the movable section(s) of the ladder.

4.7.3 Rope

4.7.3.1 Rope for two-section ladders The hauling rope used with the pulley shall be ofnatural or synthetic fibre complying with the strength requirements of AS 4142.2, andshall—

(a) have a circumference of not less than 25 mm (approximately 8 mm diameter);

(b) when composed of natural fibre, be treated to resist rotting; or

(c) when composed of synthetic fibre, be a fibrolated fi lament polypropylene withultraviolet l ight protection, or other fibrehaving equivalent performance.

4.7.3.2 Rope for ladders having three or more sections On ladders having three ormore sections, hauling ropes shall comply wi th the requirements of Clauses 4.7.2 and4.7.3.1.

Where steel wire rope is used to operate the top section, in conjunction with the centresections, it shall be flexible steel wire rope with a diameter not less than 3 mm.

4.7.4 Hauling systems Pulleys shall—

(a) be designed to avoid excessive wear of either the pulley or the hauling rope;

(b) be of a size and design in accordance with the relevant requirements of AS 2089;and

(c) be attached in a manner that does not weaken the stiles or rungs, to the extent thatsuch components fail to comply with the relevant requirements of this Standard.

4.8 PERFORM ANCE Extension ladders shall comply with the requirements ofClause 9.2.

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S E C T I O N 5 P A R T I C U L A R R E Q U I R E M E N T SF O R S T E P L A D D E R S

5.1 L ENGTH The length of a stepladder measured along the f ront edge of the sti les,including feet, shall not exceed—

(a) 6.1 m for industrial ladders; or

(b) 2.4 m for domestic ladders.

5.2 DISTANCE BETWEEN STI L ES The f ront section of single-sided stepladders andboth sections of double-sided stepladders shall be designed so that the clear distancebetween the inside faces of the stiles at the tread immediately below the top cap is notless than 290 mm, and either—

(a) the distance between the stiles varies uniformly along the length (i.e. taperedstepladder); or

(b) the sti les flare out at the bottom to increase stability.

For tapered ladders described in Item (a) above, the distance between stiles shall increaseby not less than 125 mm per metre length of stile.

For flared ladders described in Item (b) above, the distance between the bottom of thesti les shall be equivalent to that for a tapered ladder of the same length and the flare shallbe incorporated in a manner that does not weaken the stiles.

5.3 BACK L EGS The back legs shall comply wi th the following:

(a) Be constructed and braced so that the stepladder is stable when in the fully openlocked position.

(b) For single-sided stepladders, be braced in a manner that does not encourage thebracing to be used for ascending or descending.

(c) Be hinged by a means that is at least equivalent in strength (single shear), wear, andcross-section to low carbon steel pivot pins of 8 mm diameter. Neither the back legsnor the stiles shall bear on any threaded portions of pivot pins. Nuts, if used, shallbe ef fectively locked. Tubular or hollow-section rivets shall not be used as pivotpins.

(d) Except for double-sided stepladders, they be of such length that when the ladder islaid against a wall in the full y closed position with the working surfaces horizontal,it is supported fully on the f ront sti les or feet.

(e) When folded, they do not cause damage to the sti les, treads, or spreader bars.

5.4 SPREAD BETWEEN STI LES AND BACK LEGS With the ladder in the fullyopen position, the clear distance between the rear edge of the sti les and the f ront edge ofthe back legs shall be not less than 500 mm and not greater than 660 mm per metre lengthof sti le.

5.5 BEARING AREA OF FEET The bearing area of feet fitted to stiles or back legsshall be not less than that specified in Clause 2.5.3.

The four feet of the stepladder shall ful ly bear on a flat horizontal surface when the ladderis in the open locked position and shall remain so when subject to the compression test inClause 9.3.1.

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5.6 TREADS Treads shall have a working surface width of not less than 75 mm. Theyshall be fitted to the stiles so that when the stepladder is full y open on a horizontalsurface, the working surfaces of the treads are horizontal to within ±2 degrees measuredfrom front to back of the working surface.

5.7 SPREADER The spreader shall be designed so that when correctly engaged itwi l l—

(a) improve the rigidity of the ladder;

(b) prevent the ladder from opening beyond its design spread;

(c) prevent the ladder from being used at less than the design spread; and

(d) prevent the legs from accidentally closing when the legs are fully open.

When the ladder is in the closed position, the spreader shall not cause structural damageto the ladder, or to itself .

5.8 TOP CAP The top cap fitted to the stepladder shall be not less than 75 mm widefrom front to back. The top cap may overhang at the f ront, back or sides, but anyoverhang to the front shall not exceed 12 mm.

5.9 PERFORM ANCE Stepladders shall comply with the requirements of Clause 9.3.

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S E C T I O N 6 P A R T I C U L A R R E Q U I R E M E N T SF O R T R E S T L E L A D D E R S

6.1 LENGTH A trestle ladder shall not exceed 5 m in length.

6.2 SPACING OF CROSS-BEARERS Cross-bearers on both pairs of stiles shall beevenly spaced and be not less than 300 mm nor more than 610 mm apart. The topcross-bearer on one pair of stiles shall be located not less than 150 mm from the top ofthe stile. The three alternative means of spacing the cross-bearers are shown in Figure 6.1.

DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES

FIGURE 6.1 POSITION OF CROSS-BEARERS ON TRESTLE STILES

6.3 DISTANCE BETWEEN STILES When measured at the top cross-bearer, thedistance between the inside face of the stiles shall be as follows:

(a) For trestles up to and including 2.5 m in length, not less than 380 mm nor greaterthan 530 mm.

(b) For trestles over 2.5 m in length, not less than 500 mm nor greater than 530 mm.

The distance between the stiles shall increase toward the bottom, at a uniform rate of notless than 125 mm per metre-length of stile.

6.4 SPREAD BETWEEN PAIRS OF STILES With the ladder in the fully openposition, the clear distance between the rear edge of the stiles and the front edge of theback legs, shall be not less than 500 mm and not greater than 660 mm per metre length ofstile.

6.5 SPREADER The spreader shall be designed such that when correctly engaged itwill—

(a) improve the rigidity of the ladder;

(b) prevent the ladder from opening beyond its design spread;

(c) prevent the ladder from being used at less than the design spread; and

(d) prevent the legs from accidentally closing when the legs are fully open.

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When the ladder is in the closed position, the spreader shall not cause structural damageto the ladder, or to itself .

6.6 HINGES Stiles shall be hinged by means at least equivalent in strength (singleshear), wear and cross-section to low carbon steel pivot pins of 8 mm diameter. Neitherthe back legs nor the stiles shall bear on any threaded portions of pivot pins. Nuts if used,shall be ef fectively locked. Tubular or hollow-section rivets shall not be used as pivotpins.

Sti les shall not bear on any threaded portions of pivot pins.

6.7 CHECK BLOCK S Check blocks shall be fitted to the sti les, to relieve the hingesof side strain when the trestles are being moved in the closed position. They shall beattached between the first and second cross-bearers from the bottom of one pair of stiles.

6.8 PERFORM ANCE Trestle ladders shall comply with the requirements ofClause 9.3.

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S E C T I O N 7 P A R T I C U L A R R E Q U I R E M E N T SF O R M U L T I P U R P O S E L A D D E R S

7.1 L ENGTH

7.1.1 Where used as a single ladder The length measured along the f ront edge of thesti le, including feet, shall not exceed—

(a) 9.0 m for industrial ladders; or

(b) 5.0 m for domestic ladders.

7.1.2 Where used as a stepladder The length measured along the f ront edge of thesti le including feet to the centre of the hinge pivot-pin shall not exceed—

(a) 6.1 m for industrial ladders; or

(b) 2.4 m for domestic ladders.

7.2 DISTANCE BETWEEN STIL ES The clear distance between the sti les shall notbe less than 280 mm with either —

(a) the distance between the stiles increasing uniformly from the centre articulationtowards both ends; or

(b) the sti les parallel from the centre articulation towards both ends, and flaring at theends for added stabili ty.

For tapered stiles described in Item (a) above, the distance between the sti les shallincrease by not less than 75 mm per metre length of stile.

For flared ladders described in I tem (b) above, the distance between the bottom of thesti les shall be equivalent to that for a tapered ladder of the same length, but not less than340 mm and the flareshall be incorporated in a manner that does not weaken the stiles.

7.3 ANGL E BETWEEN STI LES

7.3.1 Where used as a stepladder Where used as a stepladder, the slope of the f rontand rear stiles shall be not less than 65 degrees and not greater than 80 degrees above thehorizontal.

7.3.2 Where used as a work platform Where used as a work platform, the slope ofthe front and rear stiles shall be not less than 65 degrees and not greater than 80 degreesabove the horizontal.

7.4 ARTI CUL ATI ON Joints shall be attached to the sti les such that under theforeseeable conditions of use in each of the ways in which the ladder may be configured,the joint wi l l not unintentionally separate f rom the stile.

Joints shall have locking positions to permit configuration of the ladder in the positionsintended by the ladder manufacturer. Al l sharp edges or pinch points shall be avoided oreliminated. Each joint shall clearly indicate whether it is locked or unlocked and shallincorporate a means of preventing accidental release.

7.5 PERFORM ANCE Multipurpose ladders shall comply wi th the relevantrequirements of Section 9.

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S E C T I O N 8 P A R T I C U L A R R E Q U I R E M E N T SF O R O T H E R L A D D E R S

8.1 SCOPE OF SECTION The requirements of this Section apply to ladders whichare not specificall y described in other Sections.

8.2 REQUIREMENTS Ladders which are manufactured for special use by adapting ormodifying standard-type ladders shall comply, as far as practicable, wi th the requirementsof the relevant Section(s) as follows:

NOTE: It is not possible to l ist al l ladders which are designed for special use. Other laddersdesigned for special use should comply wi th those requirements of Section 9 which areappli cable to the ladder which they most closely resemble and with the requirements of therelevant regulatory authori ti es. Ladders designed for special use may requi re additional workingor operating instructions.

(a) Combinat ion stepladder (or dual-purpose stepladder) When used as a singleladder, Section 3. When used as a stepladder, Section 5.

(b) Extension stepladder When used as an extension ladder, Section 4. When used asa stepladder, Section 5.

(c) Fr uit -picker’s stepladder Section 5, except that a single back leg may be fitted.

(d) Platform stepladder Section 5 and in addition, the platform shall comply wi th thetread bending test in Clause 9.3.3.

(e) Bucket /t ray stepladder Section 5 and in addition, the tray shall support adistributed mass of 45 kg without distortion or failure. The tray shall be clearlymarked with the words ‘ NOT A STEP’ .

(f ) Access hole ladder s Section 3, except that the distance between the stiles may beless than 265 mm.

(g) Order-pick ing stepladder s When order-picking stepladders are designedespecially for order picking in aisleways between shelved racking, the followingshall apply:

(i ) Except as varied hereunder, the relevant requirements of Section 5 shallapply.

(i i) Sti les may be parallel, provided that the distance between stiles is the widestpracticable for the intended aisleway.

(i i i) Handrail s and kickplates shall be provided, but any foldable handrail systemshall not form a nip-point to trap hands and shall have stanchions that lockinto the vertical position.

(iv) Spring castering wheels may be fitted to one or both sets of stiles and shallbe adjusted to prevent ladder movement when one foot is placed upon aladder tread. The force applied to a tread to prevent movement of the ladder,shall not exceed 150 N (15 kg).

(v) The ladders shall be designed to ensure stabili ty and rigidity for use in stockpicking (e.g. be of diagonal bracing or be constructed of rigid f rames).

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S E C T I O N 9 P E R F O R M A N C E R E Q U I R E M E N T S

9.1 GENERAL Ladders specified in Sections 3 to 7 inclusive, shall comply wi th therelevant requirements specified in this Section. Other ladders (see Section 8), shall complywi th the tests applicable to the ladder which they most closely emulate.

9.2 PERFORM ANCE REQUI REM ENTS FOR SINGLE AND EXTENSI ONLADDERS

9.2.1 St i le deflect ion test When tested in accordance with Appendix D, the stiledeflection shall not exceed the limit (D), when determined from the following equation:

D = 15L . . . (9.2.1)

where

D = permissible deflection, in milli metres

L = effective span of ladder while under load, in metres

9.2.2 Angular deflection test When tested in accordance with Appendix E, the angulardeflection of the stiles shall not exceed the limit (T), when determined from the followingequation:

T = 0.92L0.83 . . . (9.2.2)

where

T = permissible angular deflection, in degrees

L = effective span of ladder under test, in metres

9.2.3 Permanent set test When tested in accordance with Appendix F—

(a) the maximum average permanent set shall not exceed 0.1 percent of the test span ofthe ladder under test; and

(b) there shall be no structural failure of an extension ladder from the proof test.

9.2.4 Rung torque test When tested in accordance with Appendix G, there shall be novisible relative motion between the rung and sti les.

9.2.5 Rung str ength test When tested in accordance with Appendix H, the permanentset in the rung shall not exceed 1 percent of the rung length between the faces of thesti les and the ladder shall not suffer structural fai lure.

9.2.6 Rung shear test When tested in accordance with Appendix I , the ladder shall notsuf fer structural failure.

9.2.7 Side sway test When tested in accordance with Appendix J, the deflection of thebottom stile while loaded shall not exceed 1 percent of the distance between the supports,the ladder shall not suffer structural failure and the permanent set shall not exceed0.1 percent of the distance between the supports.

9.2.8 St i le cant ilever test When tested in accordance with Appendix K, the stile shallnot suffer structural failure and the permanent set shall not exceed 6 mm.

9.2.9 Foot f r iction test When tested in accordance with Appendix L, the coef ficient ofstatic friction between the foot and the test surface shall be not less than 0.5.

9.2.10 Dynamic dr op test When tested in accordance with Appendix M, the permanentdeformation of any part of the stile at the point of contact wi th the ground, shall notexceed 6 mm and there shall be no structural failure.

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9.2.11 Ladder sect ion twist test When tested in accordance with Appendix N, thetotal angular deflection between two consecutive torque applications shall not exceed—

(a) 18 degrees per metre for industrial rated ladders; or

(b) 22 degrees per metre for domestic rated ladders.

9.2.12 Latching device test When tested in accordance with Appendix O, the latchingdevice of an extension ladder shall re-engage before the upper section of the ladder falls450 mm and there shall be no visible signs of structural damage or malfunction of theladder.

9.2.13 Extension ladder fitt ings test When tested in accordance with Appendix P, thefittings shall show no visible permanent deformation and the distortion of the foot shallnot exceed 6 mm in any direction.

9.3 PERFORM ANCE REQUIREM ENTS FOR STEPLADDERS AND TRESTL ELADDERS

9.3.1 Compression and foot distor tion test When tested in accordance withAppendix Q, the ladder shall suf fer no structural fai lure and the permanent set shall notexceed 0.3 percent and the distortion of the ladder foot shall not exceed 6 mm in anydirection.

9.3.2 St i le bending test When tested in accordance with Appendix R, the ladder shallsuf fer no structural failure and the permanent set shall not exceed 0.2 percent.

9.3.3 Tread bending test When tested in accordance with Appendix S, the ladder shallsuf fer no structural fai lure and the permanent set of the tread shall not exceed 1 percent ofthe length of tread measured between the inside surfaces of each stile.

9.3.4 Tread-to-st ile shear test When tested in accordance with Appendix T, the laddershall suffer no structural failure.

9.3.5 Tread torque test When tested in accordance with Appendix U, the alternatingtorque shall not cause any relative movement between tread and sti le during application orremoval of the forces.

The tread torsional stif fness shall be not less than 2.0 N.m2/degree, when determined fromthe following equation:

. . . (9.3.5)

where

St = tread torsional stif fness, in N.m2/degree

Lt = tread length between attachment to sti les, in metres

T = torque, in newton metres

α = angle of rotation from unloaded to loaded condition, in degrees

where

H = equals height above datum plane

9.3.6 Stabi lity test When tested in accordance with Appendix V, the bottom surface ofthe sti les and back legs shall remain in contact with the level surface during application ofthe forces.

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9.3.7 Walking test When tested in accordance with Appendix W, the spreaders shallnot have unlocked and the average distance through which both front feet have movedshall not exceed the permissible walking distance (W), when determined from thefollowing equation:

W = 20L1.65 . . . (9.3.7)

where

W = permissible walking distance, in mill imetres

L = effective length of the ladder under test, in metres

9.3.8 St i le and back leg cant i lever test When tested in accordance withAppendix X—

(a) the sti les and back legs shall not exhibit any sign of tearing;

(b) the permanent set of the f ront stile or stiles shall not exceed 2 mm; or

(c) the permanent set of the back legs shall not exceed 6 mm.

NOTE: Sti les and back legs may be distorted without evidence of tearing during this test.Distortion alone is permissible.

9.3.9 Dynamic dr op test When tested in accordance with Appendix Y, the permanentset at the point of contact with the ground shall not exceed 6 mm and there shall be no—

(a) visible deformation of the bracing;

(b) stretching of rivets; or

(c) visible signs of damage to other components.

9.3.10 Foot f r iction test When tested in accordance with Appendix L, the coeff icientof static friction between the foot and the test surface shall be not less than 0.5.

9.4 PERFORM ANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR MULTI PURPOSE L ADDERS

9.4.1 St i le deflect ion test When tested in accordance with Appendix D, the stiledeflection shall not exceed the limit (D), when determined from the following equation:

D = 15L . . . (9.2.1)

where

D = permissible deflection, in milli metres

L = effective span of ladder while under load, in metres

9.4.2 Angular deflection test When tested in accordance with Appendix E, the angulardeflection of the stiles shall not exceed the limit (T), when determined from the followingequation:

T = 0.92L0.83 . . . (9.2.2)

where

T = permissible angular deflection, in degrees

L = effective span of ladder under test, in metres

9.4.3 Permanent set test When tested in accordance with Appendix F, the maximumaverage permanent set shall not exceed 0.1 percent of the test span of the ladder undertest and there shall be no structural failure.

9.4.4 Side sway test When tested in accordance with Appendix J, the deflection of thebottom sti le, while loaded shall not exceed 1 percent of the distance between the supports,and there shall be no structural failure and the permanent set shall not exceed 0.1 percentof the distance between the supports.

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9.4.5 Foot f r iction test When tested in accordance with Appendix L, the coef ficient ofstatic friction between the foot and the test surface shall be not less than 0.5.

9.4.6 Dynamic drop test When tested in accordance with Appendix M, the permanentdeformation of any part of the stile, at the point of contact with the ground shall notexceed 6 mm and there shall be no—

(a) visible deformation of the bracing;

(b) stretching of rivets; or

(c) visible signs of damage to other components.

9.4.7 Compression test When tested in accordance with Appendix Q, the ladder shallsuf fer no structural failure, the permanent set shall not exceed 0.3 percent and thedistortion of the foot shall not exceed 6 mm in any direction.

9.4.8 St i le bending test When tested in accordance with Appendix R, the ladder shallsuf fer no structural failure and the permanent set shall not exceed 0.2 percent.

9.4.9 Tread bending test When tested in accordance with Appendix S, the ladder shallsuf fer no structural failure, and the permanent set of the tread shall not exceed 1.0 percentof the length of tread measured between the inside surfaces of each stile.

9.4.10 Tread-to-st ile shear test When tested in accordance with Appendix T, theladder shall show no visible sign of damage.

9.4.11 Tread torque test When tested in accordance with Appendix U, the alternatingtorque shall not cause any relative movement between tread and sti le during application orremoval of the forces.

The tread torsional stif fness shall be not less than 2.0 N.m2/degree, when determined fromthe following equation:

. . . (9.3.5)

where

St = tread torsional stif fness, in N.m2/degree

Lt = tread length between attachment to sti les, in metres

T = torque, in newton metres

α = angle of rotation from unloaded to loaded condition, in degrees

where

H = equals height above datum plane

9.4.12 Stabi l ity test When tested in accordance with Appendix V, the bottom surfaceof the sti les and back legs shall remain in contact with the level surface during applicationof the forces.

9.4.13 Walking test When tested in accordance with Appendix W, the spreaders shallnot have unlocked and the average distance through which both front feet have movedshall not exceed the permissible walking distance (W) when determined from thefollowing equation:

W = 20L1.65 . . . (9.3.7)

where

W = permissible walking distance, in mill imetres

L = effective length of the ladder under test, in metres

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9.4.14 St i le and back leg cant ilever test When tested in accordance withAppendix X—

(a) the sti les and back legs shall not exhibit any sign of tearing;

(b) the permanent set of the f ront stile or stiles shall not exceed 2 mm; or

(c) the permanent set of the back legs shall not exceed 6 mm.

NOTE: Sti les and back legs may be distorted without evidence of tearing during this test.Distortion alone is permissible.

9.4.15 Work platform bending test When tested in accordance with Appendix Z, theladder shall suffer no structural fai lure.

9.4.16 Cyclic joint test When tested in accordance with Appendix AA —

(a) the maximum average permanent set shall not exceed 0.1 percent of the test span ofthe ladder under test; and

(b) there shall be no structural failure of an extension ladder from the proof test.

9.4.17 Unlocked joint test When tested in accordance with Appendix AB, the laddershall fold at the unlocked joint, either under its own mass, or upon application of thespecified force.

9.4.18 Single j oint lock test When tested in accordance with Appendix AC, the laddershall not collapse under the applied force.

9.5 TESTS FOR L ABELS

9.5.1 Gener al The tests are intended to evaluate the suitabili ty of labels for permanentapplication to ladders, and the performance of printed labels applied to surfacesrepresentative of those employed in the intended application.

9.5.2 Tests

9.5.2.1 Adhesion test The test shall be conducted on labels not previously subjected toother tests. When tested in accordance with ASTM D 903, the force required to removethe labels shall be not less than 8.4N.

9.5.2.2 Scratch resistance test When tested in accordance with Appendix B,Paragraphs B1 and B2.1, the labels shall resist defacement and removal.

9.5.2.3 Water immersion test When tested in accordance with Appendix B, ParagraphsB1 and B.2.2, the labels shall exhibit no significant change in legibility, or of adhesion tothe mounting surface as revealed by delamination or curling.

9.5.2.4 Oven ageing test When tested in accordance with Appendix B, Paragraphs B1and B2.3, the labels shall exhibit no significant change in legibili ty or of adhesion to themounting surface as revealed by delamination or curl ing.

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APPENDIX A

APPLICATION OF STANDARD BY THE AUSTRALIAN DEPARTMENT OFDEFENCE FOR PORTABLE METAL LADDERS

(Informative)

A1 APPROVED I TEM NAM E (AI N) The I tems covered by this Appendix are listedby the Defence Cataloguing Authority (DCA) under the AIN ‘ Ladders (Portable, Metal)’.

A2 ENDORSEM ENT This Australian Standard, without amendment, has beenendorsed by the Department of Defence subject to the provisions set out in the followingParagraphs, which refer to specific clauses in the previous Sections.

A3 AI N VARI ATIO NSFROM THI S AUSTRALI AN STANDARD

Clause 1.1 Scope This Appendix applies to light alloy extension ladders of 4.9 m and7.3 m nominal working lengths, used specificall y for firefighting purposes.

Clause 2.1 Design and const r uction The lengths and maximum masses of the laddersshall comply with those outlined in Table A1.

TABLE A1

Maximum working length Retracted length (see Note) Mass

4.9 m ±20 mm7.3 m ±20 mm

3 m max.4.3 m max.

16 kg max.23 kg max.

NOTE: When ladder is fully retracted wi th latch engaged, the overall depth ofthe ladder shall be 120 ±5 mm (see Figure A1).

The design shall ensure the easy sliding of the extending section withoutexcessive clearance in the guides. The extending section shall be guidedthroughout the full range of extension so that the sections cannot beinadvertently separated during normal use.

Clause 2.2 Rat ing The ladder shall be of the industrial duty rating.

Clause 2.3 Mater ials The material used for the stiles and rungs shall comply with therequirements of AS 1866, Material No. 6061-T6, or shall have mechanicalproperties at least equal to Material No. 6061-T6.

Clause 2.7 Mar king The markings specified in Clause 2.7(b) shall not appear on theladder. The words ‘ FIRE SERVICE ONLY’ shall appear on the ladder inletters not less than 25 mm high. The Procurement Authori ty may specifythat additional markings are required.

Clause 4.2 Spacing of r ungs Rungs shall be spaced at a constant centre distance of305 ±3 mm.

Clause 4.3 Distance between sti les The width of the ladder, including any protrusions,shall be 360 ±3 mm (see Figure A1).

Clause 4.4 Over lap The dimensional relationship between the rungs on the standingsection and the rungs on the extending section shall comply with thelimitations shown in Figure A1 when latching devices are engaged.

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Clause 4.6 Fit tings A foot as specified in Clause 2.5.3 shall be fitted to the standingsection.

If specified by the Procurement Authority, small head wheels shall be fittedto the extending section.

Clause 4.7 Lif ting devices The extension rope fitted to the 7.3 m ladder shall be 8 mmdiameter polyester complying with the requirements of AS 4142.2. Theoperating gear shall permit the ready removal of the extending section forindependent use if so required. The rope shall be connected to the ladder bymeans of snap-hooks to facilitate separation.

The 4.9 m ladder shall be designed for and be capable of rapid extension byone man without the use of a rope or other mechanical aid. The 4.9 m laddershall be capable of rapid separation into two independently usable sections,wi thout the use of tools and without the necessity for intermediateoperations.

A4 ORDERI NG DATA Requisitions, contracts and orders shall specify—

(a) the length of ladder required (Paragraph A3, refer Clause 1.1);

(b) whether head wheels are required (Paragraph A3, refer Clause 4.6); and

(c) extra marking details if required (Paragraph A3, refer Clause 2.7).

DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES

FIGURE A1 LADDER DIMENSIONS

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APPENDIX B

TESTS FOR LABELS

(Normative)

B1 PREREQUISITES FOR TESTS

B1.1 General It is not intended that the tests be conducted on a progressive basis onone set of labels. After each test, the samples shall be conditioned in accordance withParagraph B1.3 before subsequent tests are conducted.

B1.2 Mounting Labels shall be mounted on a surface representative of that employedin the application using a roller having a mass of 2 kg.

B1.3 Conditioning Prior to conducting any tests, the mounted label shall beconditioned at a temperature of 23±3°C and 50±5% relative humidity, for 24 h.

B1.4 Number of samples Satisfactory results on three samples for each test arenecessary to fulfil the requirements.

B2 TESTS

B2.1 Scratch resistance A flat metal blade having a nominal thickness of 0.8 mm, andheld at a right angle across the label, is scraped along the length of the label. This test isconducted upon labels before and immediately after the water immersion test given inParagraph B2.2. There shall be no conditioning of the samples between the waterimmersion test and the second scratch resistance test.

B2.2 Water immersion test The mounted label is immersed face down in water havinga temperature of 23±3°C for 48 h. The label shall be submerged to a depth of not lessthan 3 mm, and the water allowed to circulate freely across the surface of the label.

B2.3 Oven ageing test Mounted labels are placed face uppermost within a preheatedoven maintained at 70±3°C for a period of 240 h.

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APPENDIX C

EXAMPLES OF LABELS USED FOR ADDITIONAL SAFETY WARNINGS

(Informative)

FIGURE C1 TYPICAL STEPLADDER WARNING LABELS

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CAUTION

DANGERDo Not Stand On Or

Above This Rung. YOU CAN

LOSE YOUR BALANCE

USE THIS GUIDETO POSITIONLADDERPROPERLY

STRAIGHT UPPARALLELTO WALL

LEVELPARALLELTO GROUND

FOR PROPERANGLE,DISTANCE FROMLADDER BASETO BASE OFSUPPORT WALLMUST BE 1/4THE WORKINGLENGTH OFLADDER

PLACE LADDER ON FIRM LEVELSURFACE

MAKE SURE ALLLOCKINGDEVICES ARESECURE

KEEP BODY CENTREDBETWEEN SIDE RAILS ATALLTIMES

EXTEND LADDER ATLEAST 1 mABOVE ROOF

WEAR SLIP-RESISTANTSHOES

READ ADDITIONALINSTRUCTIONS ON LADDER

Do Not Stand On OrAbove This RungYOU CAN LOSEYOUR BALANCE

DANGER

FIGURE C2 TYPICAL SINGLE AND EXTENSION LADDER WARNING LABELS

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FIGURE C3 TYPICAL MULTIPURPOSE LADDER WARNING LABELS

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APPENDIX D

STILE DEFLECTION TEST

(Normative)

D1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the sti le deflection of ametal ladder in a single, extension or combination configuration.

D2 PRI NCI PL E A ladder is supported near its ends, with the treads or rungshorizontal and a force applied at the midpoint of the span. The vertical deflection of thesti les is measured with the force applied.

D3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required:

(a) Two vertical supports, having no restraint to horizontal movement and capable ofwi thstanding the forces given in Table D1.

(b) A beam 100 mm in width and of a length not less than the overall width of theladder under test.

(c) A means of applying a setting force totalli ng 294 N (30 kg).

(d) A means of applying the test force given in Table D1.

(e) A means of measuring the stile deflection with an accuracy of ±1 mm.

(f ) A means of measuring the maximum working length of the ladder.

(g) A means of timing an interval of between 60 s and 90 s.

D4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows:

(a) Where the ladder to be tested is an extension or combination ladder, extend theladder to its maximum working length.

(b) Position the ladder on the two supports, wi th the climbing face of the ladderuppermost and the treads or rungs horizontal (see Figure D1).

(c) Adjust the position of each support so that the supports are 150 mm from each endof the ladder stiles.

(d) Apply the vertical setting forces of 147 N (15 kg) each, to the point midspan oneach stile (a total of 30 kg) through a 100 mm wide beam, for a period of not lessthan 60 s and not more than 90 s.

(e) Remove the setting forces and establish a datum point at midspan.

(f ) Apply a vertical force in accordance with Table D1 through the inner face of thelowest stile, to a point midspan on one stile, for a period of not less than 60 s andnot greater than 90 s. The force shall be applied through a vertical axis aligned withthe centre-l ine of the combined width of the stiles.

(g) With the force applied, measure the horizontal distance between the supports. Forthe purpose of this test, this distance is considered to be the ef fective span of theladder.

(h) With the force applied, measure and record the deflection of each sti le from thereference plane to the datum point on the outside of the stile.

(i ) Remove the force.

(j ) Repeat Steps (f), (h) and (i) for the other stile.

(k) Calculate the mean deflection of each sti le, when loaded and when not loaded.

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D5 CRITERION The stile deflection shall not exceed the limitD when determinedfrom the following equation:

D = 15L . . . (9.2.1)

where

D = permissible deflection, in millimetres

L = effective span of ladder while under load, in metres

TABLE D1

STILE DEFLECTION TEST FORCES

Rated load

kg

Test force

N kg

100110120

216237259

22.024.226.4

130140150

280302323

28.630.833.0

160 345 35.2

NOTE: The magnitude of the vertical test force or testload may be determined from the following equations:

Fn = 9.8 × 0.22Rl; or . . . (D(1))

Fk = 0.22Rl . . . (D(2))

where

Fn = test force, in newtons

Fk = test load, in kilograms

Rl = ladder rated load, in kilograms

DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES

FIGURE D1 DEFLECTION TEST

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APPENDIX E

ANGULAR DEFLECTION TEST

(Normative)

E1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the angular deflection ofa metal ladder in a single, extension or combination configuration.

E2 PRINCIPL E A ladder is supported near its ends with the treads or rungs horizontaland a force applied at the midpoint of the span. The vertical deflection of the stiles ismeasured and the angular deflection calculated.

E3 APPARATUS The apparatus shall be as required by Appendix D, Paragraph D3.

E4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as specified in Appendix D, Paragraph D4.

E5 CALCULAT I ON The angle of twist of the ladder under test is calculated from thefollowing equation:

Sin α = D/W . . . (E5)

where

α = the angular deflection, in degrees

D = the dif ference between the average deflection of the loaded stile and theaverage deflection of the unloaded stile, as calculated in accordance withAppendix D (see Figure E1 and notes thereto), in mil limetres

W = width of ladder at the point of measurement, in millimetres

E6 CRITERI ON The angular deflection of the sti le shall not exceed the limit (T)when determined f rom the following equation:

T = 0.92L0.83 . . . (9.2.2)

where

T = permissible angular deflection, in degrees

L = ef fective span of ladder under test, in metres

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NOTES:

1 Dimensions A, B and W are to be taken at the datum points (see Appendix D).

. . . (E5(1))

FIGURE E1 ANGULAR DEFLECTION TEST

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APPENDIX F

PERMA NENT SET TEST

(Normative)

F1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the permanent set of ametal ladder in a single, extension or combination configuration.

F2 PRINCIPLE A ladder is supported near its ends with the treads or rungs horizontaland a force applied at the midpoint of the span. The permanent set of the ladder ismeasured af ter the load has been removed.

F3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required:

(a) Two movable supports capable of wi thstanding the forces given in Table F1.

(b) A beam 100 mm in width and of a length not less than the overall width of theladder under test.

(c) A means of applying the setting force of 75 percent of the test force given inTable F1.

(d) A means of applying the test force and for extension ladders, the proof force givenin Table F1.

(e) A means of measuring the set wi th a resolution of 10 percent of the permanent set.

(f ) A means of measuring the effective span of the ladder.

(g) A means of timing an interval of between 60 s and 90 s.

F4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows:

(a) Place and support the ladder under test in the manner described in Steps D4 (a)to (d).

(b) Simultaneously apply an equally distributed vertical force equal to 75 percent of thetest force given in Table F1, to the midpoint of both stiles through a 100 mm widebeam for a period of not less than 60 s and not more than 90 s.

(c) Remove this setting force and establish a datum point at midspan.

(d) Simultaneously apply an equally distributed vertical test force in accordance withTable F1, to the midway point of both stiles through a 100 mm wide beam for aperiod not less than 60 s and not more than 90 s (see Figure F1).

(e) Remove the test force.

(f ) Measure the permanent set of the ladder within 15 min.

(g) For extension ladders only, apply the vertical proof force appropriate to the ratedload of the ladder, to the midway point of both stiles through a 100 mm wide beamfor a period of not less than 60 s and not more than 90 s.

(h) Remove the proof force.

(i ) Visually examine the ladder for structural failure.

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TABLE F1

PERMANENT SET TEST FORCES

Rated load

kg

Test force Proof force

N kg N kg

100110

9801 080

100110

1 2251 350

125138

120130

1 1751 275

120130

1 4701 595

150163

140150160

1 3701 4701 570

140150160

1 7151 8401 960

175188200

NOTE: The magnitude of the vertical test force and proof force may bedetermined from the following equations:

Fn = 9.8Rl; . . . (F3(1))

Fk = Rl; . . . (F3(2))

Pn = 9.8 × 1.25Rl; or . . . (F3(3))

Pk = 1.25 Rl . . . (F3(4))

where

Fn = test force, in newtons

Fk = test load, in kilograms

Pn = proof force, in newtons

Pk = proof force, in kilograms

Rl = rated load, in kilograms

FIGURE F1 TEST FOR PERMANENT SET

F5 CRITERIA The maximum average permanent set shall not exceed 0.1 percent ofthe effective span of the ladder under test and for an extension ladder there shall be nostructural failure as a result of the proof force.

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APPENDIX G

RUNG TORQUE TEST

(Normative)

G1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the ability of a jointbetween a rung and stile of a ladder to withstand a torque. The test may be applied to acomplete ladder or to a test section having not less than three rungs and both stiles.

G2 PRINCIPLE An alternating torque is applied to one rung of a ladder via an armclamped to the rung. During application of the force, the joint between the rung and eachstile is inspected for any visible relative motion.

G3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required:

(a) A clamping adaptor having a nominal width of 90 mm and designed so as not todamage or distort the rung (see Figure G1).

(b) A means of applying a force equivalent to 100 N.m.

(c) A means of timing an interval of not less than 5 min.

FIGURE G1 RUNG TORQUE TEST

G4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows:

(a) Attach the clamping adaptor to the shortest rung of the ladder or section under test,at a point midway between the stiles.

(b) Start the timer.

(c) Apply a force to one end of the clamping adaptor equivalent to a torque of100 N.m, while visually inspecting the joint between the rung and each stile forrelative motion.

(d) Release the force.

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(e) Apply the force in the opposite sense, while visually inspecting the joint betweenthe rung and each stile for relative motion.

(f) Release the force.

(g) Repeat Steps (c) to (f) nine more times.

(h) The total elapsed time to complete the 10 cycles shall not exceed 5 min.

G5 CRITERION There shall be no visible relative motion between the rung and stiles.

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APPENDIX H

RUNG STRENGTH TEST

(Normative)

H1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the resistance to bendingof single and extension ladder rungs. The test may be applied to a complete ladder or to atest section having not less than three rungs and both stiles.

H2 PRI NCI PLE The ladder or test section is set at a specified angle above thehorizontal and a force applied to one rung. The rung is subsequently inspected forpermanent set and visible signs of structural failure.

H3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required:

(a) A means of applying a force appropriate to the ladder load rating given in Table H1.

(b) A 100 mm long bearing block.

(c) A means of measuring an angle of 75 ±5 degrees.

(d) A means of measuring permanent set wi th resolution of 10 percent of the permanentset, e.g. feeler gauges and a straight edge.

(e) A means of timing an interval of between 60 s and 90 s.

H4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows:

(a) Set the ladder or section under test to an angle of 75 ±5 degrees above thehorizontal.

(b) Position the bearing block on the longest rung, midway between the stiles(see Figure H1).

(c) Apply the appropriate force vertically to the rung via the bearing block, for a periodof not less than 60 s and not more than 90 s.

(d) Release the force.

(e) Measure the permanent set of the rung to the nearest 0.1 mm within 15 min ofreleasing the force.

(f ) Inspect the ladder for structural fai lure.

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TABLE H1

RUNG STRENGTH TEST FORCES

Rated load Test force

kg N kg

100110120

2 4502 7002 940

250275300

130140150

3 1903 4303 680

325350375

160 3 920 400

NOTE: The magnitude of the test force or test load may be determinedfrom the following equations:

Fn = 9.8 × 2.5Rl; or . . . (H4(1))

Fk = 2.5Rl . . . (H4(2))

where

Fn = test force, in newtons

Fk = test load, in kilograms

Rl = rated load, in kilograms

FIGURE H1 RUNG OR TREAD STRENGTH TEST

H5 CRITERIA The permanent set in the rung shall not exceed 1 percent of the runglength measured between the faces of the stiles and the ladder shall suffer no structuralfailure.

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APPENDIX I

RUNG SHEAR STRENGTH TEST

(Normative)

I1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the shear strength ofrungs. The test may be applied to a complete ladder or to a test section having not lessthan three rungs and both stiles.

I2 PRI NCI PLE The ladder or test section is set at a specified angle above thehorizontal and a force applied to each rung of each design, bracing or materialspecification. The rung and ladder are subsequently examined for visible signs ofstructural damage.

I3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required:

(a) A means of applying a force of 3920 N (400 kg).

(b) A 100 mm long bearing block.

(c) A means of measuring an angle of 75 ±5 degrees.

(d) A means of timing an interval of between 60 s and 90 s.

I4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows:

(a) Set the ladder or section under test to an angle of 75 ±5 degrees above the horizontal.

(b) Position the bearing block on the rung, touching one stile or swage as applicable (seeFigure I1).

(c) Apply the 3920 N force vertically to the rung via the bearing block for a period of notless than 60 s and not more than 90 s.

(d) Release the force.

(e) Inspect the ladder for structural failure.

FIGURE I1 RUNG SHEAR TEST

I5 CRI TERI ON The ladder shall not suf fer structural fai lure.

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APPENDIX J

SIDE SWAY TEST

(Normative)

J1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the sideways sway of aladder. The test is applied to a complete single or combination ladder, or to eachindividual section of an extension ladder.

J2 PRI NCI PL E A ladder is supported on its side at each end and a force applied atmidspan. The vertical deflection of the bottom stile resulting f rom the force, is measured.

J3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required:

(a) Two movable supports capable of withstanding the forces to be applied.

(b) A 100 mm long bearing block.

(c) A means of applying a force of 147 N (15 kg).

(d) A means of applying a force of 260 N (26.5 kg).

(e) A means of measuring a time interval of between 60 s and 90 s.

(f ) A means of measuring deflection and permanent set to ±0.5 mm.

J4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows:

(a) Place the ladder on the two supports, with the stiles horizontal and the rungs vertical(see Figure J1).

(b) Adjust the position of the supports so that the supports are each 150 mm in from theends of the ladder.

(c) Position the bearing block at midspan on the bottom stile.

(d) Apply the vertical setting force of 147 N to the bearing block for a period of not lessthan 60 s and not greater than 90 s.

(e) Release the setting force.

(f ) Measure and record the vertical position of the midspan point of the bottom stile.

(g) Apply the force of 260 N vertically to the bearing block.

(h) Measure and record the vertical position of the midspan point of the bottom stile.

(i ) Release the force.

(j ) Measure and record the vertical position of the midspan point of the bottom stile.

(k) Visually inspect the ladder for structural failure.

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NOTE: The deflection is the difference between the height of the lower edge of the ladder side whenunloaded (solid line) and when loaded (dotted line).L is the effective span (in mm).

DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES

FIGURE J1 SIDE SWAY TEST

J5 CRITERIA The deflection of the bottom stile while loaded shall not exceed1 percent of the distance between the supports (L) and there shall be no structural failure.

Permanent set measured after removal of the load shall not exceed 0.1 percent of thedistance between the support.

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APPENDIX K

STILE CANTILEVER TEST

(Normative)

K1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the resistance of a laddersti le to lateral buckling.

K2 PRI NCI PLE A ladder is placed on its side, with the rungs vertical. The sectionbetween the bottom rung and the foot of the ladder is unsupported. A force is applied tothe unsupported section and the resulting permanent set is measured.

K3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required:

(a) A means of supporting the ladder along its length.

(b) A means of securely clamping the ladder to the support.

(c) A means of applying the force given in Table K1.

(d) A 50 mm long bearing block.

(e) A means of measuring permanent set to ±0.5 mm.

(f ) A means of measuring a time interval of between 60 s and 90 s.

K4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows (see also Figures K1 and K2):

(a) Position the ladder on the support wi th the rungs vertical. The section of stilebetween the lowest fastening of the bottom rung and the foot of the ladder shall beunsupported and positioned such that the force in Step (d) may be applied verticallyto the stile.

(b) Firmly clamp the ladder to the support.

(c) Measure and record the distance between the sti les at the foot of the ladder.

(d) Apply the force appropriate to the load rating of the ladder given in Table K1, viathe bearing block to the extreme end of the upper stile, for a period of not less than60 s and not more than 90 s.

(e) Release the force.

(f ) Measure and record the distance between the sti les at the foot of the ladder.

(g) Determine the permanent set, i.e. the diff erence between the measurements taken inSteps (c) and (f).

(h) Where a ladder wi th flared stiles is under test, reposition the ladder such that theforce in Step (d) may be applied vertically to the stile.

(i ) Apply the force in Step (d) via the bearing block to the extreme end of the lowersti le, for a period of not less than 60 s and not more than 90 s.

(j ) Release the force.

(k) Measure and record the distance between the sti les at the foot of the ladder within15 mins of releasing the force.

(l ) Determine the permanent set, i.e. the dif ference between the measurements taken inSteps (f ) and (k).

(m) Determine the permanent set for both tests as the sum of Steps (g) and (l ).

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TABLE K1

STI LE CANTI LEVER TEST FORCES

Rated load

kg

Test force

N kg

100110120

9801 0801 175

100110120

130140150

1 2751 3751 470

130140150

160 1 570 160

NOTE: The magnitude of the vertical test force may bedetermined from the following equation.

Fn = 9.8Rl ; or . . . (K4(1))

Fk = Rl . . . (K4(2))

where

Fn = test force, in newtons

Fk = test load, in kilograms

Rl = load rating, in kilograms

FIGURE K1 STILE CANTILEVER TEST

K5 CRI TERI A The stiles shall not exhibit any sign of tearing and permanent set,either (L2−L1) or (L3−L2) of the sti les shall not exceed 6 mm (See Figure K3).

NOTE: Stiles may be distorted wi thout evidence of tearing during this test. Distortion alone ispermitted.

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FIGURE K2 FORCE APPLICATION POINT

NOTE: The permanent set either (L2 – L1) or (L3 – L2) is not to exceed 2 mm in the case of stiles and 6 mm inthe case of back legs.

FIGURE K3 DETERMINATION OF PERMANENT SET

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APPENDIX L

FOOT FRICTION TEST

(Normative)

L1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the coef ficient of staticfriction between the foot of a ladder and a test surface.

L2 PRINCIPL E A ladder foot is placed on a specified test surface and a vertical forceapplied to the foot. A horizontal force suff icient to initiate sl ipping of the foot along thetest surface is applied and the coef ficient of static f riction determined.

L3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required (see also Figure L1):

(a) A flat, horizontal, unwaxed, vinyl floor or a flat, horizontal base to which unwaxedvinyl floor tiles are af fixed.

(b) A means of applying a vertical force of 200 N (19.6 kg) to the foot.

(c) A means of applying a horizontal force of increasing magnitude required to initiatesl ip.

(d) A means of measuring the horizontal force, e.g. a spring balance.

L4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows:

(a) The test shall be carried out at a temperature of 23 ±3°C.

(b) Position the foot to be tested on the vinyl tiles.

(c) Apply the vertical force to the top of the foot.

(d) Apply a horizontal force of increasing magnitude until sl ip occurs.

(e) Measure and record the maximum value of the applied horizontal force.

(f ) Calculate the coeff icient of static fr iction by dividing the horizontal force to initiatesl ip by the vertical force.

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FIGURE L1 FOOT FRICTION TEST

L5 CRITERION The coefficient of static friction shall be not less than 0.5.

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APPENDIX M

DYNAM IC DROP TEST

(Normative)

M1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the effect ofinward-cantilever dynamic loading of a ladder.

M2 PRI NCI PL E A ladder is supported above a surface with one end of the bottomsti le horizontal and the rungs vertical. One end of the ladder is permitted to f ree fall ontothe surface and the resulting permanent deformation is measured.

M3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required:

(a) A roller on a stand, capable of supporting one end of a ladder 600 mm above theground.

(b) A means of guiding the ladder and retaining its orientation while in free fall.

(c) A quick-release trip device which may be incorporated into the guide mechanism inItem (b) above.

(d) A means of measuring permanent set to ±0.5 mm.

M4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows (see also Figure M1):

(a) Support the top end of the ladder on the roller at a point 100 mm from the end ofthe ladder, so that the stiles are horizontal and rungs vertical.

(b) Measure the width between the stiles at the bottom of the ladder.

(c) Place the bottom end of the ladder in the guide mechanism so that when the releaseis tripped, the bottom end of the ladder will free fall 600 mm to strike the floor.

NOTE: Dual purpose ladders should be in the ful ly extended posi tion.

(d) Release the ladder.

(e) Where the ladder is rated as an industrial ladder, repeat Steps (b) to (d) twice more.

(f ) Measure the width between the stiles at the bottom of the ladder.

(g) Determine the permanent set in the ladder at the point of contact with the floor.

(h) Examine the ladder bracing for structural failure.

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DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES

FIGURE M1 STILE CANTILEVER DYNAMIC DROP TEST

M5 CRITERIA The permanent set of the ladder stile shall not exceed 6 mm and thereshall be no—

(a) structural failure of the ladder bracing; or

(b) stretching of rivets.

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APPENDIX N

LADDER SECTION TWIST TEST

(Normative)

N1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the torsional deflectionof a ladder. The test is applied to the base section of ladders or, in the case of dualpurpose ladders, to the ladder in its extended position.

N2 PRI NCI PL E A section of ladder is supported at one end and an axial torqueapplied at the other end. The angle through which the ladder twists is measured.

N3 APPARATUS The apparatus shall be as depicted in Figure N1. The torque may beapplied via a torque wrench to the central pivot, or by a suitable mass suspended f rom theradial arm.

N4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows (see also Figure N1):

(a) Mount the section of ladder in the test rig securely clamping one end of the laddersection in place, to prevent torsional movement. The maximum overlap beyond theclamping point shall not exceed 150 mm. The minimum test section shall be 2 m inlength.

Where a dual purpose ladder is under test, the ladder shall be extended and the testsection shall include the joint between the base and extended section. The base andextended section shall be of equal lengths.

(b) Apply a torque of 130 N.m about the axis of the ladder to the unrestrained end ofthe section.

(c) Measure and record the angular position of the end of the ladder section to whichthe torque was applied.

(d) Reverse the direction of the 130 N.m applied torque.

(e) Measure and record the angular position of the end of the ladder section to whichthe torque was applied.

(f ) Divide the dif ference in angular positions determined in Steps (c) and (e) by thelength of the ladder test section (i .e. the distance between the restraints), to yield thetotal torsional deflection in degrees per metre.

NOTE: The dif ference in angular posi tions is the absolute sum of the angular deflections foundin Steps (c) and (e).

N5 CRI TERION The total torsional deflection between the torque applications shallnot exceed—

(a) for industrial rated ladders, 18 degrees per metre; or

(b) for domestic rated ladders, 22 degrees per metre.

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NOTES:

1 The test section is not less than 2 m in length.

2 The torque may be applied by using a torque wrench, or alternatively, a test force may be appliedalternately on each end of the arm. The arms are of a design such that the magnitude of the appliedtorque remains constant as the test section rotates.

FIGURE N1 LADDER SECTION TWIST TEST

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APPENDIX O

LATCHING DEVICE TEST

(Normative)

O1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the effectiveness of thelatching device for metal extension ladders.

O2 PRINCIPLE An extension ladder is secured in a near vertical attitude, andpartially extended. The latching device is fully disengaged and the extending sectionpermitted to free fall. The latching device shall re-engage within a specified distance.

O3 APPARATUS A means of securing an extension ladder at an angle of not less than85 degrees above the horizontal, in such a manner that the extending section is notprevented from sliding freely.

O4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows:

(a) Extend the ladder by not less than three rung spaces.

(b) Mount the ladder at an angle of not less than 85 degrees above the horizontal.

(c) While supporting the upper section of the ladder, disengage the latching device fromthe rungs.

(d) Engage the latching device in a trip mechanism, ensuring that the latching device iscompletely clear of the rungs.

(e) Release the ladder upper section support.

(f) Release the trip mechanism.

(g) Measure the distance through which the upper section of the ladder fell.

O5 CRITERIA The upper section of the ladder shall not fall through a distancegreater than 450 mm before the latching device re-engages, and there shall be no laddermalfunction as a result of the test.

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APPENDIX P

EXTENSION LADDER FITTINGS AND FOOT DISTORTION TEST

(Normative)

P1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the resistance topermanent deformation of extension ladder fittings and distortion of ladder feet. The testis not applicable to end caps.

NOTE: A test for the latching device of an extension ladder is given in Appendix O.

P2 PRINCIPLE The extension ladder, or a test section of an extension ladder, issubjected to a longitudinal force for a specified time period. Any distortion of the ladderfoot is measured and the ladder is subsequently inspected for deformation of the fittings.

P3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required:

(a) A means of supporting the ladder such that—

(i) the applied force is transmitted totally to the top of the ladder or sectionunder test; and

(i i) any tendency for the ladder or section under test to bend is minimized.

(b) A means of applying to the top of the ladder the force appropriate to the ladder loadrating given in Table P1.

(c) A means of measuring a time interval of between 60 s and 90 s.

(d) A means of measuring the distortion of the ladder foot.

P4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows (see also Figure P1):

(a) Position the fully closed ladder or a section of a ladder consisting of portions ofeach section, wi th all fit tings attached in the support.

(b) Extend the ladder from the fully closed position by not less than one rung.

(c) Apply to the top of the ladder the force given in Table P1 appropriate to the ladderload rating, so that the force is equally distributed across both stiles and istransmitted totally to the fittings.

(d) Maintain the force for a period of not less than 60 s and not more than 90 s.

(e) Measure the distortion of the ladder foot.

(f ) Release the force.

(g) Inspect the fittings for visible deformation.

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TABLE P1

TEST FORCES FOR LADDER FITTINGS

Rated load

kg

Test force

N kg

100110120

3 9204 3104 705

400440480

130140150

5 0955 4905 880

520560600

160 6 270 640

NOTE: The magnitude of the vertical test force or testload may be determined from the following equations:

Fn = 9.8 × 4Rl ; or . . . (P3(1))

Fk = 4Rl . . . (P3(2))

where

Fn = test force, in newtons

Fk = test load, in kilograms

Rl = load rating, in kilograms

FIGURE P1 ALTERNATIVE ARRANGEMENTS FOR FITTINGS TEST

P5 CRITERIA The fittings shall exhibit no visible signs of permanent deformation,and the distortion of the ladder foot shall not exceed 6 mm in any direction.

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APPENDIX Q

LADDER COMPRESSION AND FOOT DISTORTION TEST

(Normative)

Q1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the resistance tocompression and distortion of the feet of a metal step or trestle ladder, as well as acombination ladder in its stepladder configuration.

Q2 PRI NCI PLE A stepladder or trestle ladder is positioned in its normal openworking position and a uniformly distributed force is applied to the top cap. Thedistortion of the feet is measured, while the test is force is applied and the resultingpermanent set is measured after removal of the test force.

Q3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required:

(a) A test surface comprising a typical horizontal, flat, smooth, dry and unwaxed vinyltile floor.

(b) A wooden loading block of any convenient size, not smaller than the top cap of theladder under test.

(c) A means of applying a setting force, equal to the load rating of the ladder undertest.

(d) A means of applying the test force appropriate to the load rating and ladder type,given in Table Q1.

(e) A means of measuring the vertical height of the ladder above the floor, a tapemeasure is considered suitable.

(f ) A means of measuring the distortion of the ladder foot.

(g) A means of timing an interval of between 60 s and 90 s.

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TABLE Q1

LADDER COM PRESSI ON TEST FORCES

Rated load

kg

Test forces

For single-sidedstepladders

For double-sidedstepladders and trestle

ladders

N kg N kg

100110120

3 9204 3104 705

400440480

7 8408 6259 410

800880960

130140150

5 0955 4905 880

520560600

9 99510 97511 760

1 0401 1201 200

160 6 270 640 12 545 1 280

NOTES:

1 The magnitude of the test forces for single-sided stepladder may be determinedfrom the following equations:

Fn = 9.8 × 4Rl ; or . . . (Q3(1))

Fk = 4Rl . . . (Q3(2))

where

Fn = test force, in newtons

Fk = test load, in kilograms

Rl = rated load, in kilograms

2 The magnitude of the test forces for double-sided stepladders and trestle laddersmay be determined from the following equations:

Fn = 9.8 × 8Rl ; or . . . (Q3(3))

Fk = 8Rl . . . (Q3(4))

where

Fn = test force, in newtons

Fk = test load, in kilograms

Rl = rated load, in kilograms

Q4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows:

(a) Position the fully open ladder on the test surface.

(b) Apply the setting force via the loading block to the top cap, or if no top cap is used,to the top step of the ladder (see Figure Q1), for a period of not less than 60 s andnot greater than 90 s.

(c) Remove the setting force.

(d) Measure and record the vertical height above the test surface of the forceappli cation point.

(e) For double-sided stepladders and trestles, apply a test force equal to 4 times theload rating of the ladder for a period of not less than 60 s and not greater than 90 s.

NOTE: The force to be appl ied is equal to the test force for a single-sided stepladder of thesame load rating given in Table Q1.

(f ) For double-sided stepladders and trestles, measure and record any distortion of theladder.

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(g) Apply the full test force appropriate to the ladder rating and ladder type given inTable Q1 via the loading block to the top cap or, if no top cap is used, to the topstep of the ladder for a period of not less than 60 s and not greater than 90 s.

(h) For single-sided stepladders, measure and record any distortion of the ladder foot.

(i ) Remove the test force.

(j ) Measure and record the vertical height above the test surface of the forceapplication point within 15 min of removing the force.

(k) Visually examine the ladder for evidence of structural damage.

(l ) Determine the permanent set of the ladder.

FIGURE Q1 COMPRESSION TEST

Q5 CAL CUL ATI ON The permanent set of the ladder under tests is calculated f romthe following equation:

. . . (Q5)

where

P = permanent set, as a percentage

R = residual vertical deflection of the ladder, in mil limetres

H = vertical height above the test surface of the force application point, inmil limetres

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Q6 CRITERIA The ladder shall suffer no structural failure, the permanent set shallnot exceed 0.3 percent and the maximum distortion of the foot shall not exceed 6 mm inany direction.

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APPENDIX R

STILE BENDING TEST

(Normative)

R1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the resistance to bendingof a metal stepladder or trestle ladder.

R2 PRINCIPLE A ladder is positioned in its fully open position and a test forceapplied vertically to the tread nearest to the midpoint of the stiles. Any resultantpermanent set of the stile is measured after removal of the test force.

R3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required:

(a) A test surface comprising a typical horizontal, flat, smooth, dry and unwaxed vinyltile floor.

(b) Two loading blocks each 75 mm square× 20 mm thick.

(c) A beam of any convenient size capable of withstanding the forces in Table R1.

(d) A means of applying a setting force equal to the load rating of the ladder.

(e) A means of applying the test force appropriate to the load rating of the ladder givenin Table R1.

(f) A means of timing an interval of between 60 s and 90 s.

(g) A means of measuring the deflection of the stile to±0.5 mm.

TABLE R1

STILE BENDING TEST FORCES

Rated load

kg

Test force

N kg

100110120

3 9204 3104 705

400440480

130140150

5 0955 4905 880

520560600

160 6 270 640

NOTE: The magnitude of the test force may bedetermined from the following equations:

Fn = 9.8 × 4Rl ; or . . . (R3(1))

Fk = 4Rl . . . (R3(2))

where

Fn = test force, in newtons

Fk = test load, in kilograms

Rl = rated load, in kilograms

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R4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows:

(a) Position the fully open ladder on the test surface.

(b) Position the two loading blocks on the tread nearest the midpoint of the stile(see Figure R1).

(c) Position the beam on the two loading blocks.

(d) Apply the setting force via the beam to the tread, for a period of not less than 60 sand not greater than 90 s.

(e) Remove the setting force.

(f ) Apply the test force appropriate to the load rating of the ladder given in Table R1via the loading block to the tread nearest the midpoint of the sti le, for a period ofnot less than 60 s and not greater than 90 s.

(g) Remove the test force.

(h) Measure the resultant permanent deflection of both stiles.

(i ) Record the larger permanent deflections of the stile.

(j ) Visually examine the ladder for evidence of structural fai lure.

FIGURE R1 STILE BENDING TEST

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R5 CALCULATION The permanent set of the ladder stile is calculated from thefollowing equation:

. . . (R5)

where

P = permanent set, expressed as a percentage

R = residual deflection of the stile, at the centre of the stile, in millimetres

L = length of stile, in millimetres

R6 CRITERIA The ladder shall show no structural failure and the permanent set shallnot exceed 0.2 percent.

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APPENDIX S

TREAD BENDING TEST

(Normative)

S1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the resistance to bendingof treads for stepladders and trestle ladders.

S2 PRI NCI PL E A ladder is positioned in its fully open position and a test forceapplied to the longest tread of each design, bracing or material specification. Af terremoval of the test force the ladder is examined for structural fai lure.

S3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required:

(a) A test surface comprising a typical horizontal, flat, smooth, dry and unwaxed vinyltile floor.

(b) A block 100 mm × 100 mm of any convenient thickness.

(c) A means of applying a test force appropriate to the load rating of the ladder, givenin Table S1.

(d) A means of timing an interval of between 60 s and 90 s.

(e) A means of measuring permanent set with a resolution of 10 percent of thepermanent set, e.g. feeler gauges and straight edge.

S4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows (see also Figure S1):

(a) Determine the number of diff erent tread designs, bracing or material specificationsin the ladder.

(b) Measure and record the width of the longest tread having diff erent treads, design,bracing or material specification between the inside surfaces of each stile.

(c) Position the block at the centre of the tread.

(d) Start the timer.

(e) Apply the force appropriate to the ladder load rating given in Table S1 vertically tothe block for a period of not less than 60 s and not greater than 90 s.

(f ) Remove the force.

(g) Measure and record any permanent set in the tread under test.

(h) Visually inspect the ladder for signs of structural fai lure.

(i ) Repeat Steps (b) to (h) for the longest of each remaining tread having dif ferentdesign, bracing or material specification.

(j ) Calculate the percentage permanent set for each tread tested.

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TABLE S1

RUNG STRENGTH TEST FORCES

Rated load Test force

kg N kg

100110120

2 4502 6952 940

250275300

130140150

3 1853 4303 675

325350375

160 3 920 400

NOTE: The magnitude of the test force may be determined from thefollowing equations:

Fn = 9.8 × 2.5Rl ; or . . . (S3(1))

Fk = 2.5Rl . . . (S3(2))

where

Fn = test force, in newtons

Fk = test load, in kilograms

Rl = rated load, in kilograms

S5 CRITERIA The ladder shall exhibit no visible signs of structural damage and thepermanent set of the tread shall not exceed 1.0 percent of the length of tread.

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FIGURE S1 TREAD BENDING TEST

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APPENDIX T

TREAD-TO-STILE SHEAR TEST

(Normative)

T1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the shear strength oftread-to-stile joints.

T2 PRINCIPL E A ladder is positioned in its full y open position and a test forceapplied to the longest tread of each design, bracing or material specification. Af terremoval of the test force, the ladder is examined for structural failure.

T3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required:

(a) A test surface comprising a typical horizontal, flat, smooth, dry and unwaxed vinyltile floor.

(b) A block 100 mm long, shaped to fit within the section shape of the ladder stile andof any convenient thickness.

(c) A means of applying a test force appropriate to the load rating of the ladder, givenin Table T1.

(d) A means of timing an interval of between 60 s and 90 s.

T4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows (see also Figure T1):

(a) Determine the number of dif ferent tread designs, bracing or material specificationsin the ladder.

(b) Measure and record the length of the longest tread having dif ferent tread designs,bracing or material specification between the inside surfaces of each stile.

(c) Position the block on the tread and in contact wi th the inside face of one sti le orswage.

(d) Start the timer.

(e) Apply the force appropriate to the ladder load rating given in Table T1 vertically tothe block for a period of not less than 60 s and not greater than 90 s.

(f ) Remove the force.

(g) Visually inspect the ladder for signs of structural fai lure.

(h) Repeat Steps (b) to (g) for the longest of each remaining tread having dif ferentdesign, bracing or material specification.

T5 CRITERI ON The ladder shall show no visible signs of structural fai lure.

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TABLE T1

TREAD TO STILE SHEAR TEST FORCES

Rated load

kg

Test force

N kg

100110120

2 9403 2353 530

300330360

130140150

3 8204 1154 410

390420450

160 4705 480

NOTE: The magnitude of the test forces for the stilesmay be determined from the following equations:

Fn = 9.8 × 3Rl; or . . . (T3(1))

Fk = 3Rl . . . (T3(2))

where

Fn = test force, in newtons

Fk = test load, in kilograms

Rl = rated load, in kilograms

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FIGURE T1 TREAD TO STILE SHEAR TEST

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APPENDIX U

TREAD TORQUE TEST

(Normative)

U1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the ability of a jointbetween a tread and stile of a ladder to withstand a torque.

U2 PRINCIPLE An alternating torque is applied to one tread of a ladder via an armclamped to the tread. During application of the force, the joint between the tread and eachstile is inspected for any visible relative motion. During application of the final force, themovement of the arm is measured and the torsional stiffness calculated.

U3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required:

(a) A clamping adaptor having a width of 90 mm and designed so as not to undulydamage or distort the tread (see Figure U1).

(b) A means of applying a force equivalent to a torque of 100 N.m.

(c) A means of timing an interval of not less than 5 min.

(d) A means of measuring any movement of the torque arm.

FIGURE U1 TREAD TORQUE TEST

U4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows:

(a) Attach the clamping adaptor to the shortest tread of the ladder under test at a pointmidway between the stiles.

(b) Start the timer.

(c) Apply a force to one end of the clamping adaptor, equivalent to a torque of100 N.m, acting along the longitudinal axis of the tread, while visually inspectingthe joint between the tread and each stile for relative motion.

(d) Release the force.

(e) Apply the force in the opposite sense while visually inspecting the joint between thetread and each stile for relative motion.

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(f ) Release the force.

(g) Repeat Steps (c) to (f ) eight more times.

(h) Repeat Step (c).

(i ) Measure and record the vertical height of each end of the adaptor arm relative to areference plane (see Figure U2).

(j ) Repeat Steps (d) and (e).

(k) Repeat Step (i).

(l ) The total elapsed time to complete the 10 cycles shall not exceed 5 min.

FIGURE U2 MEASUREMENT DATUM POINTS FOR THEDETERMINATION OF ANGLE OF ROTATION

U5 CRI TERIA The alternating torque shall cause no visible relative motion betweenthe tread and the stile during the loading and unloading phases.

The tread torsional stif fness shall be not less than 2.0 N.m2/degree, when determined fromthe following equation:

. . . (9.3.5)

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where

St = tread torsional stiffness, in N.m2/degree

Lt = tread length between attachment to stiles, in metres

T = torque, in newton metres

α = angle of rotation from unloaded to loaded condition, in degrees

and where

where

H = vertical height above datum plane

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APPENDIX V

STABILITY TEST

(Normative)

V1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the stability of astepladder or trestle, when subjected to non-simultaneous forces applied in the forward,sideward and rearward directions.

V2 PRI NCI PL E A full y opened ladder is positioned on a level surface and preloadedwith a force applied to the highest step intended for use. Non-simultaneous forces areapplied in the forward, sideward and rearward direction. During application of theseforces, the stiles and back legs are inspected for li fting clear of the surface.

V3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required:

(a) A level surface such that the ladder does not slip or slide during the test.

(b) A means of applying a uniformly distributed force of 1175 N (120 kg), to oneladder tread or step.

NOTES:

1 The means of applying the force should not provide any external stabi li ty.

2 A suitable means of applying the force is a 120 kg mass lowered onto the tread wi th the aidof a crane.

3 It is recommended that the mass be left attached to the crane during the test to minimizerisk of injury or damage in the event of the ladder col lapsing.

(c) A means of applying the forces appropriate to the test directions given in Table V1.

TABLE V1

FORCES FOR STABI LI TY TEST

Front pulling force Side pulling force Rear pull ing force

N kg N kg N kg

145 15 120 12 250 25.5

V4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows (see Figure V1):

(a) Position the ladder in its fully open position on the level surface. Ladders equippedwith bucket holders shall have the bucket holder in the in-use position and eitherloaded to capacity, or unloaded, whichever configuration is more unstable.

(b) Apply the uniformly distributed force to the highest step or tread intended for use.

NOTES:

1 For a ladder wi th a top cap, or platform this wil l normall y be the second top step or tread.

2 For ladders without a top cap or platform, this wil l normall y be the top tread.

(c) Apply the front pulling force selected f rom Table V1 to one of the followinglocations on the ladder, according to the type of ladder:

(i ) The top cap of a stepladder where fitted at a height not exceeding 13 mmabove the top cap.

(i i) The top step of a stepladder where no top cap or guardrail is fitted.

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(i i i) The apex of the stiles of a trestle.

(iv) The top of the guardrail where fitted.

(d) Inspect the stiles and back legs of the ladder for signs of lifting clear of thetest surface and record the result of the inspection.

(e) Release the test force.

(f ) Repeat Steps (c) to (e) for each of the two remaining pulling forces.

V5 CRI TERION The bottom surface of stiles and back legs shall remain in contactwi th the level surface while the test forces in Table V1 are applied.

DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES

FIGURE V1 FRONT, SIDE AND REAR STABILITY TESTS

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APPENDIX W

WALKING TEST

(Normative)

W1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the resistance of aladder to movement relative to the supporting surface, when subjected to the fluctuatingforces associated with normal use.

W2 PRI NCI PLE A ladder is loaded with a force and a lateral load is appliedalternately to each side of the top cap. Any resulting movement of the ends of the frontsti les is measured.

W3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required:

(a) A flat, horizontal, unwaxed vinyl til e floor.

(b) A means of applying the setting force equivalent to the load rating of the ladder.

(c) A 10 kg mass.

(d) A means of measuring the walking distance.

W4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows (see Figure W1):

(a) Place the ladder in the fully open position and with any spreaders fully set, onthe test surface.

(b) Apply the setting force appropriate to the load rating of the ladder to the topcap or platform.

(c) Remove the setting force.

(d) Measure the length of one stile and thus determine the midpoint of the ladder.

(e) Apply the 10 kg mass to the centre of the tread immediately below the midpoint ofthe ladder.

(f ) Mark the position of both the left- and right-hand stile feet on the test surface.

(g) Apply a horizontal force by hand and without shock, to the right-hand side of thetop cap or platform, suff icient to lif t both the right-hand sti le and right-hand backleg clear of the test surface by at least 5 mm.

(h) Gently remove the horizontal force.

(i ) Apply a horizontal force by hand and without shock, to the lef t-hand side of the topcap or platform, suf ficient to lif t both the lef t-hand stile and lef t-hand back leg clearof the test surface by at least 5 mm.

(j ) Gently remove the horizontal force.

(k) Repeat Steps (g) to (j) a further four times.

(l ) Measure and record the total distance through which both lef t- and right-hand stileshave moved from the datum point established in Step (f).

(m) Examine the spreaders for unlocking.

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W5 CRITERIA The spreaders of the ladder shall have remained locked throughout thetest. The average distance through which both front feet have moved, shall not exceed thepermissible walking distance (W) when determined from the following equation:

W = 20L1.65 . . . (9.3.7)

where

W = permissible walking distance, in millimetres

L = effective length of the ladder under test, in metres

FIGURE W1 WALKING TEST

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APPENDIX X

STILE AND BACK LEG CANTILEVER TEST

(Normative)

X1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the resistance of a ladderto lateral bending.

X2 PRI NCI PL E A fully opened ladder is placed on its side with the treads vertical.The section below the lowest fastening between the sti le and tread is unsupported. A forceis applied to the end of the unsupported section and the resulting permanent set ismeasured.

X3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required:

(a) A means of supporting the stepladder along its length.

(b) A means of securely clamping the stepladder to the support, wi thout damaging thesti le or back leg.

(c) A means of applying the forces given in Table X1.

(d) A 50 mm wide bearing block.

(e) A means of measuring the permanent set in the legs and stiles.

(f ) A means of timing an interval of not less than 60 s and not greater than 90 s, e.g. astopwatch.

X4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows (see also Figure X1):

(a) Position the fully opened ladder on the support wi th the treads vertical. The sectionof the stile between the lowest fastening of the tread to the stile and the foot of theladder and the back leg between the lowest horizontal brace connection and the footof the ladder shall be unsupported and positioned so that the force may be appliedvertically to the stile.

(b) Firmly clamp the ladder to the support.

(c) Measure and record the distance between the sti les at the end of the stile.

(d) Measure and record the distance between the back legs at the end of the back leg.

(e) Apply the force appropriate to the load rating of the stepladder given in Table X1,via the bearing block to the extreme end of the upper stile, for a period of not lessthan 60 s and not more than 90 s.

(f ) Release the force.

(g) Measure and record the distance between the sti les at the end of the stile.

(h) Apply the force via the bearing block to the end of the upper leg, for a period of notless than 60 s and not greater than 90 s.

(i ) Release the force.

(j ) Measure and record the distance between the back legs at the end of the stile.

(k) Repeat Steps (b) to (j ), except that the forces are applied to the lower stile and backleg.

(l ) Examine the ladder for damage in the stiles and back legs, below the bottom treadand the lowest brace connection point.

(m) Determine the set of the front stiles and back legs.

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TABLE X1

STILE AND BACK LEG CANTILEVER TEST FORCES

Rated loadkg

Test force

Stiles Back legs

N kg N kg

100110120

9801 0801 175

100110120

655720785

667380

130140150

1 2751 3701 470

130140150

850915980

8793

100

160 1 570 160 1 045 107

NOTES:

1 The magnitude of the test forces for the stiles may be determined from thefollowing equations:

Fn = 9.8 Rl ; or . . . (X3(1))

Kk = Rl . . . (X3(2))

where

Fn = Test force, in newtons

Fk = Test load, in kilograms

Rl = Rated load, in kilograms

2 The test force for the back legs is2⁄3 that for the stiles

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FIGURE X1 STEPLADDER CANTILEVER TEST

X5 CRI TERIA The stiles and back legs shall not exhibit any sign of tearing,permanent set of the f ront stile or stiles shall not exceed 2 mm (see Figure X2) andpermanent set of the back legs shall not exceed 6 mm (see Figure X2).

NOTE: Sti les and back legs may be distorted without evidence of tearing during this test.Distortion alone is permissible.

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NOTE: The permanent set either (L2 − L1) or (L3 − L2) is not to exceed 2 mm in the case of stiles and 6 mm inthe case of back legs.

FIGURE X2 DETERMINATION OF PERMANENT SET

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APPENDIX Y

STEPLADDER DYNAM IC DROP TEST

(Normative)

Y1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the ef fect of inwardcantilever dynamic loading, on the tallest ladder for each stile section size and bottombracing pattern.

Y2 PRI NCI PL E A stepladder is supported above a surface, with one stile verticallyabove the other end and with the lower sti le horizontal. The bottom end of the ladder ispermitted to fall onto the surface and any resulting permanent deformation is measured.

Y3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required:

(a) A roller on a stand capable of supporting one end of a stepladder 600 mm above theground.

(b) A means of guiding the stepladder and retaining its orientation while in free fall.

(c) A quick-release trip device which may be incorporated into the guide mechanism inItem (b) above.

(d) A means of measuring the permanent set to ±0.5 mm.

(e) A level concrete floor.

Y4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows (see also Figure Y1):

(a) Support the top end of the closed stepladder on the roller, at a point 100 mm fromthe end of the ladder, so that the lower sti le is horizontal.

(b) Place the bottom end of the stepladder in the guide mechanism so that, when therelease is tripped, the bottom end of the stepladder wi l l free fall vertically aminimum of 600 mm, to strike the floor.

(c) Measure and record the width between the stiles at the bottom of the stepladder.

(d) Release the stepladder.

(e) Measure and record the width between the stiles at the bottom of the ladder.

Y5 CRI TERIA There shall be no—

(a) visible deformation of the bracing;

(b) stretching of rivets; and

(c) signs of structural damage on other components.

The permanent set of the sti le at the point of contact shall not exceed 6 mm whendetermined by the following equation:

D = A1−A2 . . . (Y5)

where

D = permanent set of stile, in millimetres

A1 = distance between stiles before the test, in millimetres

A2 = distance between stiles af ter the test, in mil limetres

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DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES

FIGURE Y1 STILE CANTILEVER DYNAMIC DROP TEST

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AS / NZS 1892.1:1996 84

APPENDIX Z

MULTIPURPOSE WORK PLATFORM BENDING TEST

(Normative)

Z1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the strength of multi-purpose ladders when used as a work platform.

Z2 PRINCIPLE The ladder is configured as a work platform and positioned in itsnormal working position. A force is applied to the centre of the ladder for a specified timeand after removing the force, the ladder is examined for visible signs of structuraldamage.

Z3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required:

(a) A means of applying a total force equal to four times the ladder load rating.

(b) A low carbon steel plate having a length equal to that of the horizontal section ofthe ladder under test, a nominal width of 150 mm and nominal thickness of 10 mm.The mass of the plate forms a part of the total test force.

(c) A means of timing an interval of between 60 s and 90 s.

Z4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows:

(a) Configure the ladder as a work platform, in accordance with the manufacturer ’sinstructions.

(b) Position the steel plate at the centre of the horizontal surface of the work platform(see Figure Z1).

(c) Apply the force to the centre of the steel plate and work platform for a period of notless than 60 s and not more than 90 s.

(d) Remove the force.

(e) Remove the steel plate.

(f) Inspect the ladder for visible signs of structural damage.

Z5 CRITERION The ladder shall exhibit no visible sign of structural damage.

FIGURE Z1 WORK PLATFORM BENDING TEST

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85 AS/ NZS 1892.1:1996

APPENDIX AA

CYCLIC JOINT TEST

(Normative)

AA1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the durabil i ty andminimum life of the lockable hinged joints used on multipurpose ladders.

AA2 PRI NCI PL E A pair of hinged joints are cycled a specified number of times,from the fully closed to the fully open position. At each of the intended intermediatelocking positions, the hinge joint is locked and unlocked to simulate use. The joints aresubsequently subjected to the permanent set test and the unlocked joint test.

AA3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required:

(a) A means of moving one pair of hinged joints, fit ted to the midspan point of amultipurpose ladder, from the fully closed position to the fully open position, at anyconvenient velocity. The test rig shall be capable of stopping the opening motion ateach of the intended locking positions of the hinged joint and then locking andunlocking the joint in each position.

(b) A means of counting 6000 cycles of opening and closing the ladder. This may beincorporated into the test rig in I tem (a).

(c) The apparatus required by Appendix F, Paragraph F3.

(d) The apparatus required by Appendix AB, Paragraph AB3.

AA4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows:

(a) Mount the fully closed ladder to the test rig.

(b) Lubricate the hinged joints.

NOTE: No further lubrication of the ladder joints is permi tted during the test.

(c) Open the ladder from the fully closed position to the first locking position.

(d) Lock the joint in position.

(e) Unlock the joint in position.

(f ) Open the ladder to the next locking position.

(g) Repeat Steps (d) to (f ) for each of the remaining locking positions, until the ladderis fully open.

(h) Fully close the ladder.

NOTE: The joints are not locked and unlocked during the closing movement of the ladder.

(i ) Repeat Steps (c) to (h) until 6000 cycles have been completed.

(j ) Perform the permanent set test in accordance with Appendix F.

(k) Perform the unlocked joint test in accordance with Appendix AB.

AA5 CRI TERIA The permanent set shall not exceed the limit specified in Appendix Fand the ladder shall subsequently fold at the unlocked joint, either under its own mass orupon application of the force.

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AS / NZS 1892.1:1996 86

APPENDIX AB

UNLOCKED JOINT TEST

(Normative)

AB1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a means of verifying that the internal friction ofunlocked hinge joints will not permit a multipurpose ladder, set up in single ladder modeto remain at rest.

AB2 PRINCIPLE A multipurpose ladder is leaned against a supporting surface at aspecified angle and the hinged joints at midspan are unlocked. A small force is applied tothe bottom rung and the ladder is observed for folding at the unlocked joint.

AB3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required:

(a) A means of supporting the top of a fully opened ladder at an angle of 75±5 degreesabove the horizontal, e.g. a vertical wall.

(b) A means of applying a vertical force to the bottom rung of the ladder. A mass of2.27 kg may be used.

(c) A 90 mm wide adaptor designed to fit over the bottom rung of the ladder.

(d) A means of measuring an angle of 75±5 degrees.

AB4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows:

(a) Fully open the multipurpose ladder to its maximum length.

(b) Set the ladder against the vertical supporting surface at an angle of 75±5 degrees.

(c) Position the adaptor over the bottom rung at the rung centre.

(d) Carefully unlock the hinged joints at the midspan position.

(e) Apply the 22.2 N force with minimum shock via the adaptor to the centre of thebottom rung.

NOTE: It is permitted that the ladder fold before the force is applied. In this event, Step (e) isomitted.

(f) Observe whether the ladder folds at the midspan joint.

(g) Remove the force.

AB5 CRITERION The ladder shall fold at the unlocked joints either under its ownmass or upon application of the force.

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APPENDIX AC

SINGLE JOINT LOCK TEST

(Normative)

AC1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the strength of a singlehinged joint, and of the ladder, when one hinge at midspan of a multipurpose ladder isunlocked.

AC2 PRI NCI PL E A multipurpose ladder is leaned against a supporting surface at aspecified angle and one hinged joint at midspan is unlocked. A specified force is appliedto the ladder and the ladder shall not suf fer ultimate failure.

AC3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required:

(a) A means of supporting the top of a full y opened multipurpose ladder at an angle of75 ±5 degrees above the horizontal, e.g. a vertical wall.

(b) A means of applying the force appropriate to the ladder load rating, given in TableAC1, to the ladder.

(c) Two straps, each 90 mm wide designed to fit over the rungs of the multipurposeladder and fitted with an equalizer bar.

(d) A means of measuring a time interval of between 60 s and 90 s.

AC4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows:

(a) Fully open the multipurpose ladder to its maximum length and lock all hinges intoposition.

(b) Set the ladder at an angle of 75 ±5 degrees above the horizontal, against the verticalsupporting surface.

(c) Unlock one of the hinged joints situated at the midspan point of the ladder.

(d) Position the straps and equalizer bar on the first rung above the unlocked hinge.

(e) Apply the test force appropriate to the ladder rating in accordance with Table AC1vertically, via the equalizer bar and straps for a period of not less than 60 s and notmore than 90 s.

(f ) Remove the test force.

(g) Visually examine the ladder for structural failure.

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AS / NZS 1892.1:1996 88

TABLE AC1

TEST FORCE FOR SINGLELOCK JOINT TEST

Rated load Test force

kg N kg

100110120

3 9204 3104 705

400440480

130140150

5 0955 4905 880

520560600

160 6 270 640

AC5 CRITERION The ladder shall not collapse under the applied force.

NOTE: Permanent deformation is permitted.

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