austrian, prussian & russian absolutism
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Austria, Prussia &
Russia
In the Age of Absolutism
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Austria
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The Hapsburgs
Austrian Hapsburgs = HRE
Spanish Hapsburgs
Problem: Both collapsed by late 17th C. Peace of Westphalia War of Spanish Succession
House of Austria – Goal: build new empire
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Problems with Turks
Constant conflict w/ Ottoman Empire (Turkey)
Turkish Wars: late 17th C. Ottomans Austria Louis XIV supported Turks (Turks in East Austria,
France attacked in West)
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Help from the East
Coalition of Polish, Russian Austrian & Pope Beat back Turks Treaty of Karlowitz – Austria gained land
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Victorious Jan Sobieski (Poland) – painting in Vatican
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Prince Eugene of Savoy
Military leader – saved Hapsburg empire
Reorganized Army (like Louis XIV – structure & pay)
Attacked Turks again – took more land
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Make Up of Empire
Serfdom – Feudal Estates Left alone as long as they:
Paid taxes Supplied troops
Diets Local Not national
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Religion in Austrian Empire
Repressed Protestants Took lands Burned homes 200,000 left & went to neighboring countries
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Austrian Rulers
Tried to control empire
People viewed their leaders as kings of indiv. territories
Charles VI – Hapsburg Emperor Daughter: Marie-Theresa
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Maria Theresa
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Pragmatic Sanction of 1713
All diets and leaders agreed to regard the Hapsburg territories as indivisible and recognize only one line of heirs.
All kingdoms would be passed intact to a single Habsburg heir (male OR female)
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Prussia
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Hohenzollerns
15th – 16th C. – family ruled parts of Eastern Germany Electors of Brandenburg Dukes of Prussia Small holdings along Rhine
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Frederick William
The Great Elector
r. 1640-1688
Determined to: Unify his 3 provinces Enlarge territory Create a permanent army
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Anti-Louis XIV
Religion: Calvinist Welcomed 20,000 Huguenots (Edict of Font.)
Finances: Fiscally frugal
Wars: Against Louis XIV
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Prussian Military
Need: Small scattered states No natural boundaries for protection
FW-TGE deal w/ Junkers (landed nobility of Brandenburg-Prussia) In exchange for allowing king to collect taxes,
Junkers got: Complete control over enserfed peasants Exempt from taxes
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Consolidating Power
FWTGE
crushed opposition to his power
Consolidated bureaucracy
Taxes him directly
Result Junkers power declined as FWTGE had
Financial independence Superior forces
State revenues tripled 1688: pop 1 mil supported peacetime army of
30,000
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King Frederick Wm I
Grandson of FWTGE
r. 1713-1740
“The Soldier’s King”
Established Prussian absolutism
Transformed Pr. into military state
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Military State
By 1740: 12th in Euro. Pop. 4th largest Army in Europe
Best in Europe, but…
Made possible by: Forced conscription 1713: consc. declared “life-long” (many
fled/injured self to avoid)
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Military State (cont.)
1733: Prussian men must Train in military Serve in reserve
Junkers: led army (commanded peasants on & off estates)
Result Fred Wm I Maintained army size AND ag. production Created rigid, highly disciplined society Never really used army, but maintained balance
of power
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Prussian Absolutism in a Nutshell
Policies of Fred Wm I + harsh peasant bondage + Junker tyranny = foundation for highly militaristic state
“Prussia, is not a state with an army, but an army with a state.” - Mirabeau
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Russia
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Ivan the Terrible
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The Rise of Peter the
Great
video – TAKE NOTES
Discussion to follow on video & PSD on PTG