Author Cocitation Analysis: An Introduction

Sean Eom

Introduction

• Cumulative Research Tradition

• Tracing the intellectual linkage

• The process of referencing

Bibliometrics & ACA

• Bibliometrics, Statistical Bibliography– The application of mathematics and statistical

methods to books and other media of communication

• Purposes– to shed light on the processes of the nature

and course of development of a discipline, by means of counting and analyzing the various facets of written communications (Prichard 1969).

When does the cocitation occur?

• When a citing paper cites any work of authors in reference lists

• Ref. of Paper #1 Ref. of Paper #2 Ref. of Paper #3

• Ackoff Ackoff Ackoff • Bonczek Ackoff Ackoff • Bonczek Applegate Blanning

• Blanning Applegate • Blanning Whinston• Blanning • Whinston

Sample Cocitation Matrix Ackoff Applegate Bonczek Blanning

Whinston

• Ackoff • Applegate • Bonczek • Blanning • Whinston

• Ackoff Applegate Bonczek Blanning Whinston• Ackoff • Applegate 1 • Bonczek 1 0 • Blanning 2 0 2 • Whinston 2 1 1 2

Author Cocitation Analysis

• "a set of data gathering, analytical, and graphical display techniques that can be used to produce empirical maps of prominent authors in various areas of scholarship" (McCain 1990)

When does the cocitation occur?

• When a citing paper cites any work of authors in reference lists

• Ref. of Paper #1 Ref. of Paper #2 Ref. of Paper #3

• Ackoff Ackoff Ackoff • Bonczek Ackoff Ackoff • Bonczek Applegate Blanning

• Blanning Applegate • Blanning Whinston• Blanning • Whinston

Can you see the trunk, branches, and the roots of the tree?

ACA: A Tool for Digging Up the Roots, Trunks, Branches

ACA is a tool

• To study of the evolution of an academic discipline.

• to understand how it evolved from the earliest times to the present;

• to identify the continuing lines of research (cumulative research tradition) as a basis of extending other’s research to build the fundamental theories.

Assumptions of ACA

• Bibliographic citations are an acceptable surrogate for the actual influence of various information sources. (McCain 1986).

• the greater the number of times a pair of documents/authors are cited together, the more likely it is that they are related in content.

• the cocitation analysis of a field yields a valid representation of the intellectual structure of the field (Bellardo 1980; McCain 1984; McCain 1990; Smith 1981).

Purposes

• ACA is the principal bibliometric tool to establish relationships among authors in an academic field and thus can identify subspecialties of a field and how closely each subgroup is related to each of the other subgroups.

Overview of the System I developed

Advantages of the System I developed

• First, the system we are introducing here has the capability to access to the non-primary authors of cited references.

• Second, the alternative approach we introduce here can be a more effective tool for identifying the intellectual structure of an academic field accurately.

• Third, the system is a tool for identifying the reference disciplines of a field.

Overview of the ACA Steps

TransposedCocitationFrequency

Matrix

1. Rotated Factor Pattern2. Factor Structure Cor -relation3. Interfactor Correlation

Distance Matrix

ClusterProcedure

MDSProcedure

1. Cluster History2. Dendrogram (Tree Graph)

CoordinateMatrix

2 Dimensional Plot

PLOTProcedure

FACTORProcedure

Xmacro.sasDistnew.sas

annotated 3DScatter

G3DProcedure

BibliographicDatabases

Cocited Author CountGeneration System

RawCocitedAuthorCounts

TransposedCocitationFrequency

Matrix

1. Rotated Factor Pattern2. Factor Structure Cor -relation3. Interfactor Correlation

Distance Matrix

ClusterProcedure

MDSProcedure

1. Cluster History2. Dendrogram (Tree Graph)

CoordinateMatrix

2 Dimensional Plot

PLOTProcedure

FACTORProcedure

Xmacro.sasDistnew.sas

annotated 3DScatter

G3DProcedure

BibliographicDatabases

Cocited Author CountGeneration System

RawCocitedAuthorCounts

Overview of SAS Procedures

A Matrix of Factor Loadings with Eigen

values and communality

Rotated Factor Pattern

computed relative distance

CL1

CL2

CL6

CL4

CL3

CL8

CL9

CL5

CL16

CL7

CL12

CL10

CL110

CL15

CL71

CL13

CL43

CL11

CL33

CL14

CL19

CL30

CL22

CL17

CL23

CL32CL18

Ackoff ChurchmanMason MitroffCyert March SageStabell Newell Simon

Mintzberg Raisinghani Theoret

Slovic Tversky Payne Einhorn Hogarth

Alavi KingW Robey Swanson Ives Lucas Zmud DavisG OlsonM

Huysmans Bariff Lusk Chervany SchroederTodd Remus Benbasat Dexter McIntyre Sharda

Hackathorn Stohr Bennett Alter KeenScott Morton Carlson Anthony Gorry Sprague Naylor Donovan Little Ariav Ginzberg Courtney Sanders McLean Meador Rockart Hogue WatsonH

Basu Dutta Binbasioglu Krishnan Stohr Liang Geoffrion JonesCVKottemann Blanning Dolk MillerLW ElamHenderson Whinston Bonczek Holsapple Turban Watkins

Hayes-Roth DavisRShortliffe Buchanan

Shakun Bui Jarke Jelassi Eom LeeS

Dyer Wallenius ZiontsKeeney Raiffa Malone Konsynski Applegate

Nunamaker Janis Huber DeSanctisGallupe Dickson Jarvenpaaa Gustafson Delbecq Van DeVen

Kull Beauclair Gray LewisF Steeb Johansen Hiltz Turoff KraemerKingJ Kiesler McGuire DubrovskySiegel McGrath Hackman ShawMEPinsonneault RaoVS Zigurs PooleWatsonR

Connolly Valacich JessupVogel Dennis George McGoff Heminger GrowhowskiMartz Stabell LengelBobrow Stefik Lanning

Foster Suchman

Systems Science

Organization Science

Cognitive Science

Implementation

User InterfaceFoundations

ModelManagement

Artificial Intelligence

MCDSS

MCDM GDSS

Artificial Intelligence

Communication

Organization Science

Psychology

The configuration of points is the relative location

of all the points in Euclidean space.

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-1.5

-2.0

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USER-INTERFACE

ORGANISATIONSCIENCE

FOUNDATION

MCDSS

EMS

MDCM

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Conclusions

• ACA is a tool for mapping the scholarly landscape of an academic discipline.

• The three main needs for establishing the study of MIS as a coherent academic discipline suggested by Keen ---identification of dependant variables, clarification of reference disciplines and building a cumulative tradition.

• ACA can be used to clarification of reference disciplines and building a cumulative tradition.