author: dr sc fidel castro díaz - balart

Author: Dr Sc Fidel Castro Díaz - Balart

World Science Forum Budapest November 2005

Knowledge and Innovation: Challenges and uncertainties for the South

• The knowledge Economy, in the context of other issues relevant to development and society.

• A developing country eager to close the knowledge – divide. The Cuban experience.

Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science Forum

KNOWLEDGEKNOWLEDGEECONOMYECONOMY

• Highly qualified human resources

The rapid pace of change in specific supporting technologies (mobile telephony, internet, genetic engineering, etc)

Knowledge and information as theprincipal sources of added value

KEY FEATURES

• Knowledge as the main “limiting resource”

• Entrepreneurial competitionfor innovation, differentiationand high standards of excellence


Globalization

• World wide distribution of goods and services in

“real time”

• Intellectual property protection

NORTH - DEVELOPEDDEVELOPED20% of World Population20% of World Population

- 80% resources- 80% resources

SOUTH - UNDEVELOPEDUNDEVELOPED80% of World Population80% of World Population

- 20% resources- 20% resources

A)A) World resources:World resources:86% GDP86% GDP68% Foreign Investment68% Foreign Investment71% Trade71% Trade82% Export markets82% Export markets80% Energy resources80% Energy resources

B)B) Knowledge&InnovationKnowledge&Innovation::80% world investment in R&D80% world investment in R&D2.5% of GDP for S&T2.5% of GDP for S&T93% Internet users93% Internet users85% Scientific articles85% Scientific articles90% Patents90% Patents

ECONOMIC WORLD DIVISSIONECONOMIC WORLD DIVISSION


North has control ofNorth has control of

200.9

94

67.7

46.339.2 35.2 31.6 28.6 24.8 22.3 20.4 17.9 15.3 14.6 13.6 12.3 12.2 10.8 10.6 9.5

0

50

100

150

200

250

North America

13.5

19.4

103.

1 302.

3

221.

4

Latin America/ Caribbean

Europe

Africa

Asia

Oceania

MiddleEast

56.2

108.

1

114.

3

5.34.5

18.1

7.616.3

TOTAL889

361

Internet users throughout the World Millions of Users

2000:

2005:

World Science Forum Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart

259.

6

SOLID NORTHERN ECONOMIES vs FRAIL SOUTHERN ECONOMIES

Export Technological Intensity with respect to with Total ExportsExport Technological Intensity with respect to with Total ExportsRegions/Countries 1999-2003

Primaryproducts

Productsmanufac.

with natural resources

Low and intermediatetechnology

manufac. goods

High Tech manufac.

goods

NORTH

UnitedStates

7.7 12.6 4.6 33.1

EU 6.1 18.6 53.9 21.5Japan 0.4 7.7 60.2 31.6SOUTH LAC 27.3 17.5 38.3 16.9China 6.2 9.9 61.2 22.7Thailand 12.3 16.6 40.1 30.9

The Biotech Industry WorlwideThe Biotech Industry Worlwide

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

94 96 98 94 96 98

USA

EUROPA


34%

30%

4%

15%

17%

EUUSA

Japan

Latin America and CaribbeanEast and SoutheastAsia

ICT Exports, 1996-2003. (% of total)

Year 2005, more than: 4,000 companies 300,000 employees 370 products in clinical trial phase III200 FDA* approved drugs and vaccinesRevenues:In 1992: 8 Bn USD; 2002: 50 USD Bn.

I Trends: Technical barriers and privatization of knowledge.

II The number of professionals living away from their country of origin grew from: 75 x 106 in 1965 to 120 x 106 in

1990 and reached 150 x 106 in 2000. During the past 40 years: 33% of qualified African professionalsimmigrated to

Europe. 1.1 x 106 Latin American scientist and researchers

immigrated to industrialized countries which is equivalent to a transfer of 3 billions US Dollars.


Intellectual property rights (I) Intellectual property rights (I) and Brain – drain (II)and Brain – drain (II)

Bridging the knowledge - divide:The Cuban Experience


Universities, Institutions and Universities, Institutions and UUniversityniversity G GraduateraduatessHigher Education in CubaHigher Education in Cuba

64

1959 1976 2005

3

28

Total enrollment: 15 609 83 957 300 000


From 1959 to 2004: more than 750 000 graduates in: From 1959 to 2004: more than 750 000 graduates in:

Sciences:• Social / Humanities• Natural / Exact • Technical/Agricultural/Econ.

Medical Sciences16 %

Education 37.6 %

38%

Others8 %

Innovative university for scientific,Innovative university for scientific,academic and productive excellence, thatacademic and productive excellence, thatforms professionals mainly for the software forms professionals mainly for the software Industry. Industry. With:With:•8000 students and 700 professors.8000 students and 700 professors.•A high technological installed capacity.A high technological installed capacity.•Links with the Cuban enterprise system.Links with the Cuban enterprise system.•Production based learning process.Production based learning process.

University of Informatic SciencesUniversity of Informatic Sciences


Science and Technology in Cuba

Investment: In 2004: 1.75 % of its GNP for research activities; 0.82% directly to R&D There are 15 scientists and engineers working in the science and technology sector per 1000 economically active inhabitants.

Institutions: 218 institutions, 118 are research centres.

Staff: 31,400 persons work in these institutions, women represent the 52% of the total labor force

CENPALAB

CNB

CIM

IPK

I. FINLAY

CIE NEUROSCIENCESCIGB

West Havana Scientific Pole

CNIC


The Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Industry

Strategic concepts forbuilding a biotechnologysector: •Closed – loop organizations.

•Export – oriented organization•Building of an Intellectual Property platform. •A tight relationship between

research and the industrialstrategy


Factors contributing to success in Cuba


1. Strongscience base

6. Technologytransfer

4. Instituting Networking &Co-operation

2. Developed a national education programme

3. Capacity building of a “critical mass” of educational and R&D institutions and it’s legal frameworks

5. Created similar to S&T parks in Biotech and ICT

7. S&T strategiescoherent with national interests

8. ¨Soft factors¨: Human resources of excellence

Education, science&tech.

CONCLUDING REMARKS• polarization of science is not only a

problem in itself, but also jeopardizes the emergence of viable solutions to other.

• The ability to use knowledge is increasingly linked to the ability to generate it.

• science benefits from diversity of approaches to a given problem

• North-South scientific cooperation as a form of aid to developing countries, rather than as a joint approach to global problems that affect everyone

S&T development in Cuba, steams from Jose Marti central ideas: To be free, first be educated


THANK VERY MUCHTHANK VERY MUCHFOR YOUR FOR YOUR ATTENTIONATTENTION

THANK VERY MUCHTHANK VERY MUCHFOR YOUR FOR YOUR ATTENTIONATTENTIONDr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science

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