Author Index

Ageton, S.S. 111, 118, 168Ajzen, I. 160, 161, 163, 166, 167, 168Akers, R.L. 159, 168Ali, M.M. 136, 151Allport, F. 46, 51Andriessen, J.H. 136, 142, 151Arrow, K.J. 133, 150–51Assembly Committee on Criminal Procedure

(California) 21, 35Athens, L. 14, 15

Baker, A.J. 101Balbus, I. 225, 229Ball, J.C. 100Bandura, A. 20, 35Bar-Hillel, M. 136, 151Barmash, I. 25, 35Baumer, T. 35, 37Beach, L.R. 131, 151Beccaria, C.B. 218Becker, G.S. 20, 35, 129, 130, 151, 171, 183Becker, H.S. 87, 88, 99Bell, D.E. 138, 151Bennett, T. 5, 7, 9, 12, 15, 41–42, 48, 50,

51, 67, 70, 83, 162, 163, 168Bentham, J. 218Berk, R.A. 169Beyleveld, D. 157, 168Bhaskar, R. 225–26, 229Bickman, L. 31, 34, 35, 37Bishop, D.M. 158–59, 164, 168Blackwell, J.S. 91, 100Blazicek, D.L. 8, 15Blomquist, G.C. 207, 214Blumstein, A. 24, 35, 72, 73, 81, 131, 151,

206, 214Bordua, D. 123

Bottoms, A. 229Bowden, C.L. 93, 100Boyer, R. 82Braiker, H. 201Braly, M. 74–75, 76–77, 78, 81Brantingham, P.J. 45, 48, 51, 126, 128Brantingham, P.L. 45, 48, 51, 126, 128Braunstein, M.L. 16, 37, 175, 185Brier, S.S. 131, 151Bronner, A. 187, 200Brown, B.S. 90, 93, 100Brown, E.D. 216Bruner, J.S. 46Burroughs, W. 100Bursik, R. 188, 189, 199

Cacioppo, J.T. 20, 37Canter, R.J. 111, 118, 168Carey, S.H. 178, 184Carr, J. 78, 81Carroll, J.S. 5, 8, 9, 12, 16, 20, 21–22, 24,

35, 37, 39, 131, 151, 162, 168, 170,171, 173, 181, 182–83, 185, 213, 214,217

Cauthen, N. 36Chaiken, J. 67, 70, 188, 189, 199Chaiken, M. 67, 70, 188, 189, 199Chambers, C.D. 89, 100Chien, I. 87, 91, 100Chiricos, T.G. 33, 37, 38, 169Christenholz, C. 35Chung, J. 168Cicourel, A. 84, 100Cimler, E. 131, 151Clarke, R.V. 1, 2, 12, 15, 16, 20, 33, 35,

36, 66, 67, 70, 81, 84, 86, 98, 100,113, 118, 126, 128, 159, 167, 168,

232 Author Index

171, 175, 181, 182, 183, 187, 198,200, 213, 214, 218, 219, 226, 227-28,229

Clarkson, G. 25, 36Claster, D.S. 33, 36, 131, 151Clinard, M.B. 41, 51, 187, 200Cloward, R.A. 87, 100, 110, 118, 187, 200Coghlan, A.J. 85-86, 101Cohen, A.K. 110, 118Cohen, J. 35, 72, 73, 81, 100, 151, 204,

205, 206, 208, 212, 214Cohen, J.L. 138, 153Cohen, L.E. 121, 123, 125, 128, 159, 168Coleman, S.B. 87, 100Colvin, M. 110-11, 118Commission of Inquiry into the Non-Medical

Use of Drugs, 89, 92-93, 100Conklin, J. 187, 200Connell, P.H. 90, 100Cook, P.J. 12, 16, 20, 23, 33, 36, 131, 152,

202, 203, 206, 213, 215Coombs, F.S. 160, 168Corbin, R.M. 134, 152Cormier, B.M. 77, 78, 79, 82Cornish, D.B. 1, 2, 12, 15, 16, 20, 33, 35,

36, 66, 70, 81, 84, 98, 100, 113, 118,167, 171, 175, 176, 181, 182, 183,187, 198, 200, 213, 214, 218, 219,226, 227-28, 229

Corrigan, B. 182, 184Craig, S.R. 90, 100Crelinsten, D.R. 72Crum, R. 185Cusson, M. 5, 8, 9, 72, 83, 126, 128

Davis, D.I. 87, 100Dawes, R.M. 182, 184de Finetti, B. 133, 152DeFleur, L.B. 91, 100Dill, F. 70Dobash, R.E. 14, 16Dobash, R.P. 14, 16Dole, V. 85, 100Dosher, B.A. 180, 185Dudraine, N.S. 101Dunham, J.D. 169Dunn, C.S. 184Duran, AS. 36Durkheim, E. 107, 108, 159

Edwards, W. 133, 137, 152Ehrlich, I. 24, 36, 131, 144, 152, 213, 215

Einhorn, H.J. 21, 36, 136, 152, 182, 184Einstadter, W.J. 41, 51Elliott, D.S. 109, 111, 118, 159, 168Erickson, M.L. 158, 168, 169, 189, 201,

206, 215Ericsson, K.A. 24, 25, 35, 36Estrich, S.R. 215

Faria, A.J. 25, 36Farrington, D.P. 67, 70, 157, 168, 204, 215Feeney, F. 5, 8, 12, 14, 19, 40, 53, 69, 70Feldman, M.P. 21, 36Felson, M. 10, 119, 121, 123, 125, 128, 159,

168Ferri, E. 218, 229Fienberg, S.E. 131, 151Figlio, R. 16, 71, 191, 200, 201Fischhoff, B. 38, 179, 184, 185, 208, 216Fishbein, M. 156, 160, 161, 163, 166, 167,

168Fishburn, P.C. 137, 152Forster, B. 169Foucault, M. 218, 230Friedman, M. 132, 136-37, 138, 149, 152

Gandossy, R.P. 93, 100Garafolo, J. 126, 128Garber, S. 208, 215Gardner, R. 90, 100Gauvey, A.B. 100Gay, G.R. 90-91, 102Gendreau, L.P. 86, 101Gendreau, P. 86, 101Gerard, D.L. 100Gibbons, D.C. 41, 52, 187-88, 200Gibbs, J.P. 158, 168, 169, 206, 215Glaser, B. 98, 101Glueck, E. 72, 79, 82, 92, 101, 115, 118Glueck, S. 72, 79, 82, 92, 101, 115, 118Gold, S.R. 85-86, 101Goldstein, P.J. 101Gottfredson, M. 79, 82, 113-14, 118, 123,

125, 126, 128, 160, 169, 184Graham, J.D. 208, 215Grasmick, H.G. 158-59, 169Greaves, G. 86, 101Green, D.E. 158-59, 169Greenwood, P.W. 48, 52, 67, 70, 118, 200,

204, 206-7, 208, 209, 215Grether, D.M. 134-35, 152Gristwood, J. 50, 52Guillo, F. 75, 82

Author Index 233

Gunn, J. 50, 52Guttmacher, M. 187, 200

Haertzen, C.A. 101Halevy, E. 218, 230Handa, J. 137, 152Hannum, T.E. 21, 38Hart, H. 219, 230Harwood, H.J. 100Haslem, P. 93, 101Hassebrock, F. 36Hawkins, G.J. 157, 169, 206, 216Healy, W. 187, 200Henshel, R.L. 178, 184Hershey, J.C. 133, 135, 136, 137, 152Hewett, B.B. 101Hey, J.D. 132, 133, 149, 152Hindelang, M. 126, 128, 177, 184Hirschi, T. 10, 15, 79, 82, 105–6, 108–9,

112, 113–14, 118, 119, 121, 125, 128,159, 160, 166, 169

Hogarth, R.M. 21, 36, 136, 152Home Office 99, 101Hope, T. 2, 16Hough, M. 126, 128Huelke, D.F. 207, 215

Inciardi, J.A. 22, 36Interdepartmental Committee on Drug Addic-

tion 98—99, 101Irwin, J. 78, 82

Jackson, H. 15, 16Janzen, W. 36Jensen, G.F. 158, 169Johnson, B.D. 91, 101Johnson, E.J. 11, 14, 23, 36, 140, 144, 170,

176, 180, 181, 182, 184Johnson, P.E. 25, 36Jonas, A.D. 85, 101Jonas, D.F. 85, 101Jones, J.P. 100

Kahneman, D. 21, 36, 129, 131, 134, 13536, 137, 138–43, 153, 154, 155, 165,166, 169, 173—79 passim, 184, 185

Kaplan, H.B. 87, 101Karmarkar, U. 137, 153Kemeny, J. 191, 200Kempf, K. 12, 186

Kennedy, M. 82Khantzian, E.J. 86, 101Klein, M.W. 125, 128, 188, 198, 200Kleinmuntz, B. 184Kleinmuntz, D.N. 184klockars, C. 9, 16Knight, F.H. 134, 153Knight, S. 35I ochenberger, G. A. 137, 152Kornhauser, R. 108, 109, 118Krauss, H.H. 21, 36Kraut, R.E. 31, 33, 36Krohn, M.D. 168Kudel, M. 35, 37

LaFave, W. 67, 70Laing, R.D. 224Langenauer, B.J. 93, 100Langer, E.J. 136, 142, 153Lanza-Kaduce, L. 168Larkin, J. 23, 37Lattimore, P. 11, 129Laughlann, D.J. 185Laver, M. 41, 52Lavin, M. 48, 52, 118, 200Lee, R.S. 100Lejeune, R. 8, 14, 16Letkemann, P. 22–23, 37, 41, 52, 76, 82Lichtenstein, S. 22, 38, 134–35, 153, 154,

175, 185Lingley, L.P.A. 102Long, S.K. 131, 155Luce, R.D. 149, 153Lynch, J. 138, 153

McBride, D.C. 89, 102McCaghy, C. 187, 200McDermott, J. 37McDonald, W. 69, 70, 71McElroy, J. 160, 169McFarland, D. 191, 200McGillis, D. 215McKenna, F.P. 208, 215Maguire, M. 41, 52, 67, 70, 76, 77, 81, 82,

162, 169Markowitz, H.M. 137, 153Martin, W.R. 85, 101Martinson, R. 206, 215Matza, D. 109Mayhew, P. 126, 128, 159, 168Merton, R.K. 87, 101, 107, 108, 110, 118Meyer, R.J. 182, 184

234 Author Index

Meyers, M.B. 100Middlestadt, S.E. 168Misner, G. 70, 71Misra, R.K. 87, 101Moffett, A.D. 100Moller, J.H. 36Moore, M. 219, 220, 221-25, 226, 230Moore, M.H. 204, 215Morgenstern, O. 131-32, 133, 138, 149, 155Morton, R. 31, 37Mosteller, F. 134, 153Murphy, B.C. 88, 101

Nagin, D. 35, 151, 214Neustatter, W. 187, 200Newell, A. 21, 25, 27, 37Nisbett, R.E. 24, 37, 176, 184Nogee, P. 134, 153Norrie, A. 13, 217, 218, 220, 221, 223, 229,

230Nye, F. 109Nyswander, M.E. 85, 100

Obert, A. 82O'Day, J. 207, 215Ohlin, L.E. 87, 100, 110, 118, 187, 200Oppenheimer, E. 91, 102Orne, M.T. 24, 37Orr, L.D. 207, 216

Puto, C. 179, 185

Quinney, E.T. 41, 51Quinney, R. 84, 102, 187, 200

Radosevich, R. 168Ragsdale, E.K.E. 25, 37Raiffa, H. 149, 153Ramsey, F.P. 133, 154Rawson, H.E. 21, 37Ray, M.B. 93, 102Reckless, W.C. 109Reiss, A.J., Jr. 109Rengert, G. 126, 128Reppetto, T.A. 12, 16, 115, 118Rettig, S. 21, 37Richard, S.F. 146, 154Richards, P. 160, 169Riley, D. 11, 156Robins, L.M. 87, 91, 92, 102Robinson, F. 36Roebuck, J. 187, 201Rojek, D. 189, 201Rosenbaum, D. 25-26, 35, 37Rosenfeld, E. 100Ross, L. 176, 184Ross, M. 136, 154Roth, J.A. 130, 154Russo, J.E. 180, 184, 185

Parisi, N. 184Parker, H. 226-27, 228, 230Pashukanis, E. 218-19, 225, 230Paternoster, R. 21, 25, 37, 158, 169Pauly, J. 110-11, 118Payne, J.W. 10, 11, 14, 16, 23, 25, 27, 37,

140, 144, 165, 169, 170, 175, 180,184, 185

Peltzman, S. 207, 208, 214, 216Perkowitz, W. 35, 37Petersilia, J. 48, 52, 116, 118, 188, 189, 200,

201, 204, 216Peterson, M. 189, 201Petty, R.E. 20, 37Pinsonneault, P. 5, 8, 9, 72, 73, 82, 83Plant, M.A. 89, 90, 102Plott, C.R. 134-35, 152Polich, S. 189, 201Postman, L. 46Pratt, J.W. 133, 150-51, 153Preston, R. 219, 229

Sadava, S.W. 89, 102Saltzman, L.E. 37, 169Samenow, S.E. 14, 16, 165, 169Sangovicz, J. 82Savage, L.J. 132, 133, 136-37, 138, 149,

152, 154Schlaiffer, R. 153Schmidt, P. 130, 144, 146, 154Schoemaker, P.J.H. 132, 133, 134, 135, 137,

152, 154, 172, 185Schrag, C. 187, 201Scott, A. 67, 70Sechrest, L. 206, 216Sellin, T. 16, 71, 188, 201Shave, P.L. 25, 38Shinnar, R. 205, 216Shinnar, S. 205, 216Shinyei, M.J. 88, 101Shover, N. 75, 77, 78, 82Sicoly, F. 136, 154Silberman, M. 158, 169

Author Index 235

Simon, D.P. 37Simon, H.A. 1, 13, 16, 20, 21, 24, 25, 27,

35, 36, 37, 38, 78, 82, 134, 154, 165—66, 169, 172, 181, 185

Sinn, H. 132, 154Slovic, P. 21, 22, 36, 38, 84, 102, 134—35,

153, 154, 175, 178, 184, 185, 208,216

Smith, D.E. 90—91, 102

138—43, 153, 154, 155, 165, 166, 169,173—79 passim, 184, 185

Tyler, T.R. 33, 38

Von Hirsch, A. 204, 216, 219, 230von Neumann, J. 131—32, 133, 138, 149, 155

Smith, M.E. 213, 216 Waldo, G.P. 33, 37, 38, 169Snarr, R.W. 100 Waldorf, D. 91, 93, 102Snell, J. 191, 200 Walsh, D.P. 5, 8, 9, 10, 14, 39—40, 43, 52,Spelman, W.Stanfield, H.

215102

67, 71, 162, 170Wasilchik, J. 126, 128

Stark, S.D. 100 Weaver, F. 5, 8, 9, 12, 14, 39, 170, 181,Stefanowicz, J.P. 21, 38Stephens, R.C. 89, 102Stevenson, G.H. 86, 87, 102Stimson, G.V. 91, 102Strauss, A. 98, 101Sturman, R. 126, 128Sutherland, E.H. 41, 52, 73, 82Sviridoff, M. 160, 169Sykes, G. 187, 201

Taub, R.P. 160, 169Taylor, D.G. 169Taylor, S.E. 136, 154Thiffault, A.L. 82Thompson, J.W. 213, 216Thorley, A. 92, 102Toby, J. 109Tracy, P. 190, 201Trasov, G.E. 102Trottier, M. 82Tuck, M. 11, 156, 160, 169Tversky, A. 36, 129, 131, 134, 135-36, 137,

182—83, 185, 217Weir, A. 54, 70, 71Weppner, R.S. 9, 16West, D. 79, 82West, W.G. 77, 82White, S.O. 216Wilde, G.J.S. 208, 216Williams, J.R. 100Williamson, H. 84, 102Wilson, T.D. 24, 37Winchester, S.W.C. 15, 16Winick, C. 90, 92, 93, 102Witte, A.D. 11, 84, 102, 129, 130, 131, 144,

146, 154, 155Wolfgang, M.E. 12, 16, 67, 71, 188, 201Wright, P. 180, 185Wright, R. 9, 12, 15, 41-42, 48, 50, 51, 67,

70, 162, 163, 168

Yochelson, S. 14, 16, 165, 169

Zimring, F.E. 157, 169, 204, 206, 215, 216

Subject Index

Abstract reasoning (see Practical reasoning,abstract reasoning as)

Adaptive choice framework (see also Displace-ment; Risks of offending, changing the)

cognitive aspects of 203danger compensation thesis in 202, 203,

207–8on incapacitation 12, 202–14justification for 205–8policy relevance of 202, 203, 213–14 (see

also Rational choice perspective)in robbery 209–12victimization and 203

Ageand crime 72-73, 79, 80, 105, 159, 228

(see also Criminal careers)influence of, on desistance 75–77, 80, 92

(see also Desistance; Maturing out)as a situational variable 105, 117

Alcohol, use of, in crime 40, 47, 50, 67Anomie 87Aspiration level (see Prospect theory, reference

levels of wealth in)Attachment (see Social control theory)Autotheft 41, 177, 181Availability heuristic (see Judgmental

heuristics)Awareness space 45

Backsliding, resistance to 79–80 (see alsoDesistance)

Behavioral decision theory 21, 84, 170, 171,173 (see also Decision processes)

Belief in norms (see Social control theory)Bentham-style rationality 50, 66 (see also Ex-

pected utility model)Body build, as a situational variable 105, 117

Bounded rationality (see Decision processes,bounded rationality of)

Burglary 9, 65, 68, 109, 114-16, 161commercial 2, 5

assessment and planning in 39, 40, 45-46, 47–48 (see also Criminal decisionmaking; Robbery)

influence of drink or drugs in 40, 47, 50rationality of 47–48 (see also Rational

choice perspective, rationality of of-fending and)

research on 43–51role of determination in 48role of intuition and experience in 39,

46–47 (see also Experience; Expertise)role of luck and fatalism in 47target-selection in 39, 43–49use of knowledge-market in 43–45

crime-specific focus on 2–5, 6, 7, 8, 39(see also Crime-specific focus; Rationalchoice perspective)

economic model of 132-33, 138, 139, 143increasing perceived risks of 177–78 (see

also Risks of offending)noncompensatory strategies in 170, 180 (see

also Decision processes)offense specialization in 190, 193–98 (see

also Offense specialization)process-tracing research on 9 (see also Re-

search on criminal decision making)prospect theory and continued involvement

in 175–76rational choice perspective on 2–5, 39–51,

83residential

continuing involvement in 2, 5, 6 (seealso Continuing involvement)

238 Subject Index

Burglary(cont.)desistance from 2, 5, 6, 7, 81 (see also

Desistance)event model of 2, 4, 5 (see also Event)initial involvement in 2, 3, 4, 5 (see also

Initial involvement)target-selection in 4—5, 42—43

role of skill in 113–16target-selection in 162, 163, 173, 181 (see

also Decision processes)

California F Scale 164Capable guardian (see Informal social control)Career-criminal prosecution units 188, 205Certainty effect 177Certainty equivalent model 137Cessation (see Desistance; Opioid addiction)Choice (see Criminal decision-making; Ra-

tional choice perspective)Commitment (see Social control theory)Compensatory choice strategies 180 (see also

Decision processes)Compulsion (see Criminal responsibility)Conflict theory 110—11Contingent processing (see Decision processes)Continuance (see Continuing involvement)Continuing involvement

application of theory of reasoned action to156, 163

in burglary (see Burglary, residential)in burglary, prospect theory and, 175—76decision model of 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 182, 187

(see also Desistance; Event; Initial in-volvement; Rational choice perspective)

methods of studying 14—15offense specialization and 187in opioid addiction (see Opioid addiction)in robbery (see Robbery)

Control theory (see Social control theory)Corporate crime 11, 14Cramer's rule 146Crime-specific focus 2, 5, 113 (see also Ra-

tional choice perspective)on burglary 2—5, 6, 7, 8, 39need for 67–68, 114–15, 170, 182, 186,

198, 228on opiod use 5, 84on robbery 2, 8, 39, 53on shoplifting 2, 19

Criminal behavior, rationality of (see Rationalchoice perspective, rationality of of-fending and)

Criminal careers 5, 54 (see also Continuing

involvement; Desistance; Initial in-volvement; Opioid addiction)

age and 72—73 (see also Age)criticism of concept of 114, 115—16research on 12, 81, 186—99specialization during 12, 186—99 (see also

Offense specialization)Criminal choice 119, 126—27 (see also Crimi-

nal decision making; Rational choiceperspective; Routine activities theory)

Criminal decision making (see also Decisionprocesses; Rational choice perspective)

adaptive choice and 203assessment and planning in 9, 10, 13, 23,

39, 45–46, 53, 59–61, 115—16 (seealso Burglary; Robbery)

decision models of (see Continued involve-ment; Desistance; Event; Initial in-volvement; Rational choice perspective)

deterrence research and 158—59, 160empirical studies of 5—10 (see also Bur-

glary; Opioid addiction; Robbery;Shoplifting)

expected utility model of (see Decision pro-cesses; Expected utility model)

information-processing analysis of (see De-cision processes)

intellectual sophistication of offender and50, 105, 115—16 (see also Rationalchoice perspective, rationality of of-fending and)

nature of processes in 1, 2, 8, 11, 14, 19,156 (see also Decision processes)

policy-relevance of research on 11, 54, 6770, 130, 136, 157, 160, 170, 171,173, 174—79, 182 (see also Rationalchoice perspective, policy-relevance of)

practical reasoning and 217—29prerequisites for models of 159—60prospect theory and (see Prospect theory)role of experience in (see Experience)role of expertise in (see Expertise)roles of luck and fatalism in (see Luck)role of offenders' perceptions in (see Of-

fenders' perceptions)role of opportunities in (see Opportunities

for crime)situational crime prevention and (see situa-

tional crime prevention)Criminality

measuring 115in social control theory 105, 106, 113—14,

117

Subject Index 239

Criminal lawconception of the offender in 217, 219 (see

also Criminal responsibility)relationship between criminology and the

218–19Criminal responsibility

compulsion (duress) and 222–25criminal law conceptions of 221–25, 229criteria for imputing 218–19of opioid addicts 83and practical reasoning 217—29and the rational choice perspective 13, 84,

99, 217, 218–19, 220, 229Criminal thinking patterns 14, 164—65Criminology

classical 218—19explanations of offending in 105—17

Cultural deviance theory 109, 111

Danger compensation thesis 202, 203, 207—8,213—14 (see also Adaptive choiceframework; Highway safety)

Decision-making approach (see Criminal deci-sion making; Decision processes; Ra-tional choice perspective)

Decision making in the criminal justice system160, 171

Decision making under uncertainty (see Ex-pected utility model; Prospect theory)

Decision problemconstructing representations of the 135,

170, 173—79, 180—82 (see also Pros-pect theory)

treatment of, in the theory of reasoned ac-tion 162—63

Decision processesbounded rationality of 19, 20—22, 39, 41

42, 50—51, 53, 66—67, 170, 172—73(see also Rational choice perspective,rationality of offenders and)

contingent-processing models of 23, 39,165, 166, 182

criminal thinking patterns and 14, 164—65and deterrence 21—22 (see also Deterrence;

Risks of offending)for evaluating alternatives 170, 179—83expected utility model of 8, 132—33, 144

46 (see also Expected utility model)hierarchical thinking in 28—29information-processing strategies used in 1,

2, 8, 11, 14, 19, 20—23, 129, 134,172—83

investigating, through process tracing (see

Research on decision making;Shoplifting)

involved in handling fear, guilt and shame11—12, 14 (see also Expertise; Fear;Moral scruples)

judgmental heuristics and (see Judgmentalheuristics)

multistage characteristics of 2, 165, 166,217

nature of, in event decisions 11—12, 19—39,156, 165—67 (see also Rational choiceperspective)

nature of, in involvement decisions 11–12,156, 165–67 (see also Rational choiceperspective)

need for separate decision models in relationto (see Rational choice perspective)

negative thinking and flaw-hunting in 39,45—46, 51

problem representation in relation to (seeDecision problem)

prospect theory and 39, 129, 146–48, 173–79

role of expertise in 8, 11—12, 14, 19, 22—23, 27–34, 170, 181 (see also Experi-ence; Expertise)

satisficing 39, 170, 181—82sequential aspects of 22—33, 33simplifying 129, 170, 179, 180—182 (see

also Prospect theory)time constraints on 1, 5, 23, 32, 129, 170,

179use of compensatory choice strategies in

180use of noncompensatory choice strategies in

11, 14, 170, 180—82Deinstitutionalization 188Delayed deterrence (see also Desistance)

concept of, as a factor in desistance 8, 72,73, 75—77, 80

cumulative risks of offending and 76—77increased difficulty of "doing time" and 76—

77severity of punishment and 77

Desistanceage at 72—73application of theory of reasoned action to

156, 163backsliding and 8, 72, 79–80from burglary (see Burglary, residential)decision model of 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 72, 74,

187 (see also Continuing involvement;Event; Initial involvement; Rationalchoice perspective)

240 Subject Index

Desistance(cont.)delayed deterrence as a factor in (see De-

layed deterrence)effects of employment on 80, 93effects of marriage and family on 5, 79-80,

93effects of maturation on (see Age; Maturing

out)fear and 74-75methods of studying 14-15offense specialization and 187from opioid addiction (see Opioid addiction)policy-relevance of research on 67, 80-81probability of 192-93, 196, 198process of, from robbery 74reasons for 72-81, 92-93, 96-97reevaluation of goals and 5, 77-78, 83, 93from robbery (see Robbery)role of situational factors in 83, 92-93, 98shock as a factor in 8, 72, 73-75, 77

Deterrence 12, 13, 20, 68, 99, 106, 116, 130,202, 203, 218 (see also Risks ofoffending)

effects of, on incapacitation 209-13expected utility analysis of 20-21, 177, 178legal sanctions and 157-59moral commitment and 158-59policy-relevance of decision-making research

to 20, 21-22, 24, 35, 171, 173prospect theory analysis of 177-79research on effectiveness of 24, 157-59,

160, 206-7of robbers 53, 69-70of shoplifters 29-30, 31, 34social disapproval and 158-59

Differential association 80Differentially weighted product-averaging

model 137-38Directive state theory 46Displacement 12, 114, 228

rational choice perspective on 12, 217, 218,228

situational crime prevention and 181, 217Dispositional theories

of crime 84, 111, 113, 162limitations of 98-99of opioid addiction (see Opioid addiction)

Diversion 188Drugs, use of, in crime 40, 47, 50, 67Drug-taking (see Opioid addiction)Duress (see Criminal responsibility)

Economic criminals (see Burglary; Robbery)

Economic models of criminal decision-making(see Expected utility model)

Escalationto robbery 65theory of drug abuse 88-89

EU model (see Expected utility model)Event (criminal)

application of theory of reasoned action tothe 156, 161, 162-63, 167

of burglary (see Burglary, residential)correlates of the 116-17decision model of the 2, 4, 5, 8, 11, 12,

19, 187 (see also Continuing involve-ment; Desistance; Initial involvement;Rational choice perspective)

methods of studying the 15nature of decision-making processes in the

(see Decision processes)rational choice perspective as a theory of the

105, 106, 113-16 (see also Social con-trol theory)

risks of offending in relation to the (seeRisks of offending)

routine activities and the 120, 127situated reasoning and the 217-18

Expectancy-value theories 156, 160-61, 167(see also Theory of reasoned action)

Expected utility (EU) model 8, 32, 33, 40-42,50, 55, 66, 84, 130, 133, 140-41, 218(see also Decision processes)

assumptions underlying 132-37, 138, 149-50, 171

attitudes to risk in 133-34, 136-37, 140,144, 150-51

bounded rationality versus 19-22, 172-73calculation of EU in 130-33concept of probability in 130, 132-33, 135,

136, 140, 141-43, 171contrasted with prospect theory 129-30,

131, 140 43, 144, 146-49, 174-75,179

criticisms of 11, 20-22, 50-51, 129, 131,134-37, 148, 156, 160, 165-66, 170,172-73, 178-79, 182-83

development of 131-32, 137-38, 144-46empirical research on 129, 131nature of utility function in 147-48, 171,

174normative rationality of 19, 20, 39, 50-51policy-relevance of 146-49, 171preference reversal in 134-35and social control theory 109use of compensatory choice strategies by

180 (see also Decision processes)

Subject Index 241

use of, in event decisions (see Decision pro-cesses, nature of)

use of, in involvement decisions (see Deci-sion processes, nature of)

Experience (see also Expertise)role of, in criminal decision making 9, 34,

39, 46-47, 60role of, in developing criminal thinking pat-

terns 165Expertise (see also Experience)

noncompensatory strategies and 170, 181(see also Decision processes)

role of, in criminal decision making 5, 8,11, 12, 14, 19, 22-23, 181

role of, in fear and guilt management 11-12, 14

role of, in involvement decisions 11role of, in shoplifting (see Shoplifting, ex-

pert strategies in)

Fatalism (see Luck)Fear (see also Risks of Offending)

and desistance 74-77experienced by novice robbers 61, 65experienced by novice shoplifters 33, 34management of, by offenders 11-12, 19,

39, 48, 61, 65-66Fines 212Flaw-hunting (see Decision processes, negative

thinking and flaw-hunting in)Force (see Robbery, use of weapons and force

in)Fuzzy logic (see Decision processes, negative

thinking and flaw-hunting in)

Gambling behavior 2, 135, 136, 143, 148,176

Gang membership, as a situational variable105, 117

Generalists, offenders as (see Offensespecialization)

"Good enough" theories 98, 227 (see also Ra-tional choice perspective)

Grounded theory 98Guilt (see Moral scruples)

Handled offender (see Informal social control)Highway safety

danger compensation thesis and 202, 203,207-8 (see also Adaptive choice)

improving, through prospect theory applica-tions 176, 178

role of subjective norms in 163Home Office IHomicide 8, 14

Illusion of control 136, 142Images of man

in opioid addiction theory 98-99in the rational choice perspective 105, 106,

113, 117, 217in social control theory 105, 106, 113, 117in sociological explanations of crime 105-

10 passim, 113, 117Impulsive crimes, rationality of (see Rational

choice perspective, rationality of of-fending and)

Incapacitationassumptions underlying policy of 203, 205,

210, 212-214criticisms of selective 204-5, 212, 213, 214effects of adaptive choices on 12, 202-14neglect of deterrent effects of 206-7, 209-

13prediction of high-rate offenders for 204-5previous research on 203, 204-5of robbers 70, 208-13simulated effects of selective versus uniform

202, 203, 208-13Informal crime control, web of 122-23, 128

(see also Informal social control)Informal social control 119 (see also Routine

activities theory)obstacles to 124-25, 126role of capable guardian in 121, 122-28role of handled offender in 121-28role of informant in 123, 124role of intimate handler in 122-28social control theory and 121-22, 125variations in strength of 123-28

Informationnature of, used by offenders 14, 21, 39,

43-45, 68Information processing (see Decision

processes)Initial involvement

application of theory of reasoned action todecisions about 156, 161, 167

in burglary (see Burglary, residential)decision model of 2, 3, 4, 5, 8 (see also

Continuing involvement; Desistance;Event; Rational choice perspective)

methods of studying 14-15

242 Subject Index

Initial involvement(cont.)nature of decision processes in (see Decision

processes, nature of)in opioid addiction (see Opioid addiction)risks of offending in relation to (see Risks

of offending)in robbery (see Robbery)roles of fears and moral scruple in (see Fear;

Moral scruples)situated reasoning and model of 217-18,

227-28Institute of Criminology, Cambridge 85, 93Insurance purchasing 135, 136, 143, 148Integrated theory in sociology 109–11, 117Internalized normative constraint 158-59, 164Interviewing offenders (see Research in crimi-

nal decision making)Intimate handler (see Informal social control)Intuition (see Experience)Involvement in crime, social control theory of

(see Social control theory)

Judgmental heuristics 134, 135-36, 165-66,172, 176 (see also Prospect theory)

Juridical individualism 13, 220–22Justice model 13, 217, 219

Knowledge brokers (see Knowledge market)Knowledge market 39, 43-45, 51

Labeling theory 110Leakmen 39, 44Limited rationality (see Decision processes,

bounded rationality of)Luck, role of, in crime 39, 42, 47

Markov chain analysis 191Markowitz utility function 137Maturing out (see also Age; Desistance)

of crime 79, 80, 228of opioid addiction 92, 93

Moral commitment 158-59, 164–65Moral scruples

i mplication of, in desistance 78–79influence of, of decision to shoplift 29, 33,

34management of, by experienced offenders

11–12, 14, 19, 29, 65–66treatment of, in theory of reasoned action

164-65

about use of weapons 64Mugging 2, 8, 14, 54, 109 (see also Robbery)

Negative thinking (see Decision processes,negative thinking and flaw-hunting in)

Noncompensatory choice strategies (see Deci-sion processes)

Normative rationality (see Expected utilitymodel)

Offenders' perceptions 5, 19-35, 159, 162-63, 176, 202, 205, 206 (see also Op-portunities for crime; Risks of offend-ing; Target selection)

Offense specializationearly research on 187–89evidence of 186–99and the generalism–specialism issue 12,

105, 114juvenile 188–91 passim, 192–98methodological problems of research on

186, 187–89, 198policy-relevance of research on 186, 188,

198probabilities of, for adult offenders 192,

198race of offender and 191–99rational choice perspective and 12, 186–87,

198in residential burglary 41in robbery 66serial specialization as 186sex of offender and 191–99type of crime in 190, 193–98use of offender typologies to study 187–88

Opioid addictionthe addiction-prone personality in 86automedication in 86, 91, 96continuing involvement in 90–92, 95–96

(see also Continuing involvement)control of, by user 83, 90-91, 96, 97desistance from 83, 91, 92-93, 96-98 (see

also Desistance)developing a habit in 83, 90-92, 94–95as a deviant career 87, 88-98dispositional theories of 83, 84, 85-88, 91,

92, 98-99escalation in 88–89image of user in (see Images of man)initial involvement in 7, 83, 88–90, 92, 94

95, 97 (see also Initial involvement)as a medical problem 98–99

Subject Index 243

as a motive for robbery 55-56, 61-62 (seealso Drugs, use of in crime)

patterns of use in 90-92, 95-96, 97policy-relevance of rational choice perspec-

tive on 83, 85, 99rationality of 87, 88, 89, 90 (see also Ra-

tional choice perspective, rationality ofoffending and)

reasons for 7, 90, 91, 95, 96, 97research on 5, 83-99role of individual factors in 85-86role of professional pushers in 83, 89, 94role of social factors in 86-88role of social group in 83, 90, 94-95treatment of 98-99

Opportunities for crimechanges in 120-21, 125-26, 157perception of (see Offenders' perceptions)routine activities and 119-23 passim, 126-

Property offences, offense specialization in190, 193-98

Prospect theory (see also Decision processes)attitude to risk in 129, 143-44coding of prospects in 138, 143, 147contrasted with expected utility model 129-

30, 131, 140-43, 144, 146-49, 174-75, 179

current limitations of 179editing of prospects in 39, 129, 138-39,

147evaluation phase in 139-40, 147framing and reframing in 170, 173, 178,

179model 131, 137-44model of criminal choice, developed 146-

48nature of decision weights in 129, 139-40,

141-42, 143, 147, 176-7727, 213 nature of value function in 129,

143-44, 147-48, 174, 177139-41,

policy-relevance of 144-46, 148-49, 170,Pathological motivation (see also Dispositional 174-79

theories; Rational choice perspective, reducing tax evasion through 140, 175, 177rationality of offending and) reference levels of wealth in 140, 143 4,

role of, in crime 2, 5, 14, 15, 84, 172 148, 174, 175-76role of, in opioid addiction 85-89 passim,

98Philadelphia Birth Cohort

(1945) 188, 189(1958) 186, 189, 192, 198, 199

Planning (see Criminal decision making, as-sessment and planning in)

Police, interviews with 15Policy making, need for decision-making per-

spective in (see Criminal decision mak-ing; Rational choice perspective)

Positivism 84, 107, 108, 111, 112, 113, 115,117, 218-19, 227

Practical reasoningabstract reasoning as 13, 217, 221, 223,

225, 229belief/desire sets and 220, 221-22, 225and criminal responsibility 217-29Moore's treatment of 221-25practical syllogisms in 220-25and the rational choice perspective 217-18,

220, 225-27, 229in schizophrenia 224-25as situated reasoning 13, 217, 218, 220-29

Prediction of criminal behavior 158-59Preference reversal (see Expected utility

model)Professionalism (see Expertise)

representing the decision problem by meansof (see Decision problem)

Pseudocertainty effect 178

Race of offender, offense specialization and191-99

Rand Corporation 188, 189Rape 14, 114Rational actor model (see Rational choice

perspective)Rational choice perspective 1-5

adaptive choice and 202assumptions of 105, 106, 109, 112-13on burglary (see Burglary, residential)commonplace nature of offending asserted

by 5, 15, 84concept of cause in 112, 116correlates of crime in 116-17crime-specific focus of 2, 7, 8, 106, 113,

186 (see also Crime-specific focus)and criminal responsibility (see Criminal

responsibility)criticisms of 105-110, 115-16, 217, 218,

227-29decision models in 2-5, 6, 7 (see also Con-

tinuing involvement; Desistance; Event;Initial involvement)

244 Subject Index

Rational choice perspective(cont.)determinism and 112-13and displacement 12, 218, 228generalism-specialism issue and 12, 114-

15, 186, 187, 198 (see also Offensespecialization)

as a "good enough" theory 98, 227history of, in sociology 105-17image of man in (see Images of man)implications of routine activities theory for

10, 11, 119, 126-28need for separate decision models in 2, 7,

8, 13, 19, 33, 35, 67, 167, 170, 182,187, 218, 227-28

on opioid addiction (see Opioid addiction)policy-relevance of 1, 2, 11, 12, 13, 15,

20, 67-70, 98, 99, 105-6, 182, 202,217, 218-19, 227 (see also Criminaldecision making, policy-relevance of)

and practical reasoning (see Practicalreasoning)

rationality of offending and 1, 2, 5, 7, 8,10, 13, 14, 15, 19, 20-23, 40-42, 47-49, 50, 66-67, 83, 84, 156, 171-72

relationship to social control theory of 10,11, 105-6, 113-17

on robbery (see Robbery)on shoplifting (see Shoplifting)situated reasoning critique of 13, 217, 218,

225-29 (see also Criminal responsibil-ity; Practical reasoning)

Rational choice theory (see Rational choiceperspective)

Rational crime theory 121 (see also Rationalchoice perspective)

Rationalitybounded (see Decision processes, bounded

rationality of)limited (see Decision processes, bounded ra-

tionality of)normative (see Expected utility model, nor-

mative rationality and)of offending (see Rational choice perspec-

tive, rationality of offending and)of outcomes 32precedural 19, 31, 32, 129

Reasoning criminal (see Rational choiceperspective)

Regret theory model 138Rehabilitation 2, 12, 99, 130, 157, 202, 206,

218Research on criminal decision-making

difficulties encountered in 8-10, 14-15, 192

empirical studies (see individual forms ofcrimes)

interview 9-10, 14, 15, 39, 43, 57, 67, 72,73, 83, 92-94

methodological problems of 9, 22, 24-25, 35, 43, 49, 72, 73, 116

life history 14, 15, 72, 73, 74-75participant observation 9, 14process-tracing 9-10, 14-15, 19, 25, 26-

28, 34-35, 162-63, 179-80, 182methodological problems of 31-32, 182-

83triangulation of methods in 15, 35, 67use of ex-offenders in 9, 73use of offenders at liberty in 9, 25-26use of prisoners in 9, 43, 49, 54in vitro methods 9-10, 22, 25, 43, 47-48in vivo methods 9, 19, 20, 22, 25, 183

Restitution 213Retributivism 219Risk

attitude to (see Expected utility model; Pros-pect theory)

dimensions 20-21Risks of offending 116, 174

changing the 68-70, 130, 146, 148, 149,176, 177-79, 205, 206-7

control of, by offender 39, 42, 47 (see alsoExpertise; Fear)

cumulative 76, 77distal 13, 19, 32-33novice offenders' estimates of 33, 61, 69-

70perceived 21, 23, 55, 60-61, 68-70, 158,

213proximal 5, 13, 19, 32salient beliefs about 163 (see also Theory

of reasoned action)Robbery 9, 109, 112, 114

"accidental" 55, 57-58armed 41, 73assessment and planning in 5, 8, 14, 39,

40, 45-46, 48-49, 53, 55, 59-61 (seealso Burglary; Criminal decisionmaking)

commercial 8, 54, 59, 64, 228continuing involvement in 54, 65-66, 67

(see also Continuing involvement)desistance from 8, 66, 72-73, 74, 75-81,

83 (see also Desistance)harm to victims in 64-65individual 8, 54, 59, 64 (see also Mugging)initial involvement in 54, 61, 65, 67 (see

also Initial involvement)

Subject Index 245

life history research on 74—75, 76—77motives for 55—59, 62need for crime-specific focus on (see Crime-

specific focus)noncompensatory strategies in 170 (see also

Decision processes)offender-mobility and 62—63offense-specialization in 190, 193—98 (see

also Offense specialization)opportunistic 48, 53, 59—61, 70pattern planning in 14, 59, 60perceived risks of capture in relation to 60

61 (see also Risks of offending)rational choice perspective on 39—51, 83rationality of 48-49, 53, 66—67 (see also

Rational choice perspective, rationalityof offending and)

reasons for choosing, as a means 61—63research on 39—51, 53—70, 72—81robbers' views on preventing 68—69role of determination in 48role of drink or drugs in 40, 47, 50, 67role of experience in 39, 46—47, 66 (see

also Experience; Expertise)role of luck in 39, 42, 47simulated effects of selective incapacitation

on rates of 208—12 (see also Adaptivechoice; Incapacitation)

situational crime prevention strategies and53, 68, 70

statistics on 53, 54, 177, 208—9target selection in 8, 39, 43—49, 62—63 (see

also Decision processes)use of knowledge-market in 43—45use of weapons and force in 14, 47, 63—65

Routine activities theory 10, 105, 119—28,159 (see also Informal social control)

activity patterns in 120—21, 123, 125, 126and criminal opportunities 121, 126—27,

159—60, 213policy implications of 127—28rational choice perspective and 10, 119role of criminal motivation in 120, 125social control theory and 10, 114, 117,

119, 121—22, 125and victimization 120—21 126—27

Safebreakers 41Salient beliefs (see Theory of reasoned action)Satisficing 39, 170, 181—82 (see also Decision

processes)SEU model (see Subjective expected utility

model)

Sex of offenderoffense-specialization and 191—99 (see also

Offense-specialization)as a situational variable 105, 117

Shock, as a factor in desistance (seeDesistance)

Shoplifting 2, 5, 41, 42—43, 61, 62, 65, 68,162

empirical study of contemplated, 19—35expert strategies in 18, 19, 20, 26, 27—34,

181 (see also Experience; Expertise)facilitators of 29—30, 39noncompensatory strategies in 170, 181 (see

also Decision processes)novice strategies in 19, 20, 26, 27—34process tracing as a method of studying 19,

25—28 (see also Research on criminaldecision making)

rational choice perspective on 19—35, 42—43, 83

rationality of 41, 172 (see also Rationalchoice perspective, rationality of of-fending and)

situational deterrents to 29—30, 31, 34, 39target selection in 42—43 (see also Decision

processes)Situated reasoning (see Practical reasoning)Situational crime prevention

and displacement 12, 217 (see alsoDisplacement)

rational choice perspective and 217, 228,229

in robbery 53, 68, 70theory 13, 84, 157, 159, 202, 218theory, and theory of reasoned action 162—

63Situational variables 4—5, 30—31

individual-level properties as 105, 106, 117role of, in desistance 83, 92—93

Social bond (see Social control theory, conceptof attachment in)

Social control theoryassumptions of 105, 108—9, 111, 113concept of attachment in 108—9, 121, 122concept of belief in norms in 108—9, 121,

122, 159, 166concept of commitment in 108—9, 121, 122concept of involvement in 108—9, 121, 122,

125and criminality 105—6, 113—15, 116—17criticisms of 109, 110-11, 117and economic rationality 109image of man in (see Images of man)and informal social control 121—22, 125

246 Subject Index

Social control theory(cont.)of involvement in crime 105—6, 113—15,

Terrorists 41Theft 41, 73Theory of reasoned action (TORA) 11, 156116—17

rational choice perspective and 10, 105-6, 67109, 113-17 "attitude to an act" in 161—62, 163, 166

and routine activities theory 10, 117, 119,121-22, 125

Social crime prevention 13, 157, 218Social disorganization theory 108Social learning theory 87, 110, 117Social structure, role of, in offending 226-29Sociological explanations of crime 105-117,

159criticisms of 106-7i mage of man in (see Image of man)

Specialization (see Offense specialization)Spouse abuse 14Status offenses, offense specialization and

190, 193—98 (see also Offensespecialization)

Strain theories 110Strategic analysis 126 (see also Rational

choice perspective)Structural-Marxist perspectives on crime 110—

11Subjective expected utility (SEU) model 137,

156and deterrence research 158—59, 160and theory of reasoned action 161, 163

Subjectively weighted utility model 137Subjective norms (see Theory of reasoned

action)Suitable target (see Informal social control)Syllogisms

elided 45-46practical (see Practical reasoning)

Target-selectionrole of salient beliefs in 162—63routine activities and 126—27strategies of 50, 179—83 (see also Burglary;

Decision processes; Robbery;Shoplifting)

Tax evasion, prospect theory and 140, 170,175, 177

behavioral intentions in 156, 161—62, 166,167

place of judgmental heuristics in 165—66policy-relevance of 11, 156, 162—67in relation to the rational choice perspective

156, 167salient beliefs in the 156, 162-63, 166-67and situational crime prevention theory

162—63subjective norms in 156, 161—62, 163—64,

166, 167treatment of moral commitment in 164—65

Tipsters 44TORA (see Theory of reasoned action)Treatment (see Rehabilitation)Typologies of offenders 187—88

Utility maximization 106 (see also Expectedutility model)

Vandalism 41, 162Verbal protocols (see Research on criminal de-

cision making, process tracing)Victimization

adaptive choice and 208, 213—14, 303resistance and harm in relation to 64—65routine activity patterns and 120—21, 126

27, 160studies of, needed 15

Violent crime, offense-specialization in 190,193—8 (see also Offense-specialization)

von Neumann—Morgenstern expected utilityparadigm (see Expected Utility model)

Weapons, use of, in robbery 63—65White-collar crime 109Window of vulnerability 45