Author Index

Akin, 0.,11,37 Alessi, S., 8, 37 Allen, C. N., 55, 58, 74 Ames, E. W., 52, 53, 74, 76 Anastasio, E. J., 223, 231 Anderson, J. R., 183, 193, 196,200 Anderson, R. C., 83,110 Anderson, R. I., 30, 38 Anderson, T., 8, 37 Anderson, V., 33, 37, 38 Andreassen, C., 2, 47 Appelbaum, M. I., 206, 228, 230, 232 Armbruster, B. B., 5, 37 Arns, F. J., 97, 115 Arter, J. R., 149, 175, 178 Asamow, J., 103, 112 Asamow, J. R., 17,38 Asch, S., 149, 176 Ashmead, D. H., 57, 61, 74, 88, 89, 110 Atkinson, R. C., l3, 22, 38,45

Baird, J. R., 189, 200 Baker, L., 6, 8, 30, 38 Baltes, P. B., 206, 230 Bandura, A., 102, 110

Barber, T. X., 229, 231 Barcikowski, R. S., 222, 223, 231 Barclay, C. R., 19,39 Barlow, J., 148, 178 Barron, R. W., 6, 40 Bartell, N. P., 36, 42 Bartlett, F., 144, 176 Bartlett, F. c., 124, 125, 128, l34, l36 Bates, K., 15,44 Battig, W. F., 21, 38 Beal, C. R., 8, 38 Bean, J. P., 31, 46 Bechhofer, R., 148, 150, 157, 177 Becker, M. A., 226, 232 Bell, J. A., 2,11,23,25,26,27,42 Bell, M. S., 37, 41 Belmont, J. M., 16,21,31,38,39,82,

110 Bender, B. G., l3, 31, 38 Benson, K., 55, 67, 75 Bereiter, c., 6, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, 46, 47 Berk, A. M., 73, 74 Berliner, D. C., 184,200 Berry, J. K., l3, 35, 36, 42 Betz, M. A., 212, 231 Bialar, I., 39

236

Biddle, B. J., 182, 201 Billington, M., 6, 8, 46 Billow, R., 148, 150, 176 Bird, K. D., 225, 231 Bird, M., 6, 38 Bisanz, G., 44 Bisanz, J., 44, 83, 111 Bishop, S. L., 13, 45 Black, A., 53, 74 Black, J. B., 44 Black, M., 146, 157, 176, 177 Black, M. M., 16,38 Blair, R., 67, 74 Blount, B. G., 131 Bogartz, R. S., 213, 231 Borkowski, J. G., 7, 9,10,16,38,39,

44, 104, 108, 110, 113 Bomstein, M. H., 62, 74 Boruch, R. F., 208, 223, 231 Boyes-Braem, P., 59, 78 Brainerd, C. J., 44,149,167,177,221,

231 Bransford, J., 144, 145, 177 Bransford, J. D., 3, 16,25,30,38,39,

43, 86, 103, 110 Brattesani, K. A., 188, 202 Braun, C., 14,41 Braverman, M. T., 188, 189, 193, 194,

198,202 Brewer, W., 39, 46 Bridger, W. H., 52, 53, 54, 76, 78 Brooke-Rose, C., 166, 177 Broudy, H. S., 183,200 Brown, A. L., 59, 60, 65, 67, 68, 75, 82,

83,86,90, 100, 102, 103, 110, 111, 128, 183, 199, 201

Brown, J. S., 206, 231 Brown, S. L., 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9,14,16,

17, 18, 19,20,22,25,30,31,32, 37,38,39,43

Bruce, B., 3, 39, 46 Bruce, D., 45 Bruner, J. S., 94, 100, 111, 186,201 Bryant, S. L., 3, 14,25,36,45, 107, 113 Buchel, F. P., 7, 39 Budwig, N. A., 95, 115 Bukatko, D., 55, 59, 67, 75 Bull, D. H., 53, 72, 77 Bums, B., 175, 178

Bums, H. L., 34, 39 Burton, R. R., 206, 231

Author Index

Buss, R., 2, 47, 188, 189, 193, 194, 198, 202

Butterfield, E. C., 16,21,31,38,39,82, 110

Calfee, R., 181, 186,201 Campbell, B. A., 72, 73, 75 Campbell, D. T., 205, 208, 218, 223, 231 Campione, J. C., 3, 9, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,

30, 31, 37, 39, 86, 100, 102, 110, 199, 201

Cannizzo, S. R., 1,41 Carey, S., 150, 177 Caron, A. J., 52, 75 Caron, R. F., 52, 75 Carpenter, P. A., 5, 41 Case, R., 83, 110 Cavanaugh, J. C., 16,39,55,65,67,68,

70,77,83, 110 Cazden, C. B., 133 Charnass, N., 11, 39 Chi, M. T. H., 12, 39, 83, 85, 110, 111 Chibucos, T. R., 223, 233 Chiesi, H., 11,39 Chomsky, N., 143, 144, 177 Chukovsky, K., 149, 177 Ciborowski, T., 124 Clark, E., 156, 177 Clark, E. V., 3, 40 Clark, H. H., 3, 40, 184,201 Clark, J., 5 Clay, M., 5, 40 Cleary, T. A., 216, 217, 233 Clements, B. S., 184, 201 Cohen, D., 56, 76 Cohen, J., 216, 217, 225, 231 Cohen, L. B., 49, 52, 53, 62, 75, 79 Cohen, P., 225, 231 Cole, M., 99, 107, 111, 112, 114, 118,

119, 120, 121, 123, 125, 127, 131, 135

Cook, T. D., 205, 223, 231 Cornell, D., 63, 76 Como, L., 186, 201 Corter, C. M., 53, 72, 77 Cosgrove, J. M., 8,44

Author Index

Craik, F., 144, 177 Craik, F. I. M., 3, 14,40 Crisafi, M. A., 71, 77 Cronbach, L. J., 223, 224, 231 Cross, D. R., 13,44, 106, 108, 113 Cross, J., 63, 76 Culp, G. H., 34, 39 Cultice, J. c., 92, 114

Daehler, M. W., 53, 54, 55, 59, 62, 63, 64,65,66,67,71,75,76

Darwin, C., 49, 75 Das, J. P., 122 D'Azevedo, W. A., 128 Davidson, R. E., 5, 40 Davis, J., 55, 59, 75 Davis, R. B., 9, 40 Day, J. D., 3, 6, 7, 8,14, 19,20,31,32,

39, 40, 199, 201 Day, J. 0., 86,100, 110, 111 DeForest, M., 99,112 Delaney, H. D., 14,45,223,232 DeLoach, J. S., 4,31,39,50,55,57,65,

68, 69, 75, 90, 91, 111 Dennis-Rounds, J., 13, 16,20,44 Desrochers, A., 5 Detterrnan, D. K., 38 Diamond, A., 55, 65, 75 Dickinson, D., 13,45 Dickson, W. P., 40, 43, 95,113 Dill, C. A., 223, 232 Dillon, R. F., 42 Dishner, E. K., 36, 47 DiStefano, P., 6, 40 Doise, W., 98,111 Donlan, D., 14, 47 Doyle, W., 184, 185, 186, 201 Dretzke, B. J., 13, 36,40, 42 Drinkwater, B. A., 122 Dronkers, N. F., 12,46 Drouin, C., 149, 178 Drury, A., 100, 112 Dube, E. F., 127, 131 Duncker, K., 137 Dunkin, M. J., 182, 201

Ebel, R. L., 183,201

Egan, D. E., 11,40 Egeland, B., 4,17,40 Elashoff, J. D., 223, 231 Elliott-Faust, D. J., 36, 40 Ellis, S., 95, 97, 98, 106, 111, 114 Emmer, E. T., 184, 201 Enright, M., 56, 78 Eoff, J., 31, 46 Ericsson, K. A., 3,40,193,196, 197,

198, 200, 201 Evans, S. H., 223, 231

Fagan, J. F. III, 53, 55, 59, 76, 78 Fagan, J. W., 55, 56, 78 Fahrrneier, E. D., 119 Fantz, R. L., 52, 76 Faulkender, P. J., 59, 76

237

Ferrara, R. A., 3, 9, 16, 17, 18,20,30, 31,37,39

Ferrara, R. R. A., 86, 103, 110 Ferretti, R. P., 16,31,38 Field, J. M., 56, 76 Fine, H. 148, 178 Flammer, A., 39 Flavell, J. H., 1,2,3,7,8,9, 11, 13, 14,

16, 22, 30, 38, 39,40, 41, 82, 83, 102, 103, 104, 111, 112, 115, 195, 201

Flook, J. P., 55, 65, 67, 68, 70, 77 Flower, L., 3, 6, 7,11,32,40,41 Forrest, D. L., 6,40 Forrest-Pressley, D. L., 5, 6, 28, 29, 38,

40, 41, 44, 46 Franklin, A. F., 124 French, B. A. S., 184, 201 Friedman, S., 70, 76 Friedman, S. L., 52, 75 Fuelop, S., 16,42

Gabriel, K. R., 211, 231 Gagne, E. D., 2, 37,41,47 Gagne, R. M., 16, 41 Gaito, J., 215, 231 GaIanter, E., 3,4,43 Gallagher, M. C., 103, 113 Games, P. A., 213, 231 Gaiotti, K. M., 90, 111

238

Gardner, H., 148, 149, 150, 151, 157, 158,162,172, 175, 177, 178

Gardner, W., 93, 95, 114 Gargiulo, R., 2, 47 Garner, R., 5, 41 Gay, J. A., 99, III Gearhart, M., 96, 114 Gelber, E. R., 49, 53, 75 Gentner, D., 148, 156, 162, 177 Ghatala, E. S., 2,11,17,20,22,23,24,

25,26,27,41,43,45 Gibson, J. J., 137 Gick, M. L., 31, 41, 137 Gilles, L. A., 28, 40 Ginsburg, H. P., 40 Gladwin, T., 122, 123 Glaser, R., 38, 39 Glass, A. R., 197,201 Glass, G. V., 210, 217, 221, 222, 223,

231,233 Glick, J. A., 99,111 Goelman, H., 33, 46 Goetz, E., 8, 37 Goldman, D., 63, 76 Goodnow, J. J., 71, 76,130 Goody, J., 125 Gordon, C. J., 14,41 Gorin, L., 14, 15, 36, 43 Gottfried, A. W., 52, 53, 54, 76, 78 Grady, J. C., 55, 65, 67, 68, 70, 77 Graesser, A. C., 44 Gratch, G., 54, 76 Gray, W., 59, 78 Greco, C., 54, 59, 62, 63, 64, 71, 75, 76 Green, D. M., 221, 232 Greenberg, R., 56, 76 Greene, D., 85, 112 Greenfield, P. M., 97, 100, 111 Greenstein, J. J., 3, 37, 47 Greenwald, A. G., 228, 232 Gregg, L. W., 41 Groves, P. M., 51, 76 Gruendel, J., 69, 77 Gruenenfelder, T. A., 104, 110 Gruenenfelder, T. M., 16,38 Gurberman, S. R., 96, 114

Haake, R. J., 55, 79

Author Index

Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., 225, 231 Hagen, J. W., 40, 43, 82, 83, III Hall, J. W., 13, 41, 119 Hall, W. S., 124 Hamilton, S. F., 182, 201 Hardyck, C. D., 226, 233 Harkness, S., 131 Harvey, J., 38 Hasher, L., 84, 111, 123 Hatano, G., 101, 111, 130 Hayes, B. L., 3, 13,42 Hayes, J. R., 3, 6, 7,11,32,41,47 Hazen, N., 55, 65, 67, 68, 70, 77 Heidbreder, E., 109, III Heisel, B. E., 4, 17, 32, 36, 44, 82, 113 Henkel, R. E., 216, 232 Herrman, D. 1., 193, 198, 201 Herrnstein, J., 85, 112 Hershey, M. M., 13,45 Hess, R. D., 95, 113 Holyoak, K. J., 31,41,197,201 Holtzhauer, R., 17,41 Homa, D., 63, 76 Hopkins, K. D., 221, 222, 223, 233 Horn, H., 55, 65, 67, 76 House, B. J., 16,41 Howard, D. c., 189, 197,201 Howe, M. L., 221, 231 Huang, I., 150, 177 Hubert, L. J., 214, 223, 228, 232, 233 Huey, E. B., 28, 41 Huitema, B. E., 223, 232 Humphreys, L. G., 218, 232 Hunter, I. M. L., 127 Hunter, M. A., 52, 53, 74, 76 Hunter, W. S., 55, 58, 76 Hupp, S. C., 64, 76 Hurlock, E. B., 58, 76 Huttenlocher, J., 156, 177

Inhelder, B., 70, 78, 83, 113 Irvine, J. T., 131 Irwin, M. H., 123 Israel, A. C., 17,43 Istomina, Z. M., 88, 111, 128

Jaccard, J., 226, 232

Author Index

Jacobs, J. E., 108, 113 James, W., 181,201 Jenkins, J., 63, 79 Jenkins, J. J., 199, 201 Jensen, A. R., 229, 230, 232 Johns, J. L., 14,41 Johnson, C. N., 3,41,47 Johnson, D. D., 13,42 Johnson, D. M., 59, 78 Jones, B. G., 13,41 Jongewood, R. H., 83, III Just, M. A., 5, 41

Kagan, J., 54, 62, 76, 78, 126 Kail, R. V., 41, 43, 44, 82, 83, 111 Kausler, D. H., 206, 233 Kearins, J. M., 122, 126 Kearsley, R., 54, 76 Keasey, C. B., 46 Keele, S. W., 63, 78 Keeney, T., 63, 79 Keeney, T. J., 1,41 Keil, F., 157, 169, 177 Kendall, P. C., 4, 17,41 Kennedy, B. A., 16,30,41,104,112 Keselman, H. J., 228, 233 Kessell, F., 63, 79 Kintsch, W., 124, 184, 201 Kircher, M., 148, 150, 177 Kirk, R. E., 205, 211, 212, 214, 215,

221,223,225,226,228,232 Kirschenbaum, D. S., 17,41 Kleinfeld, J., 122 Kleinman, S., 148, 149, 179 Klineberg, G., 150, 177 Klochko, V. E., 9, 47 Koch, K., 149, 150, 177 Koopman, C., 192, 194, 201 Krashen, S. D., 9, 41 Kreutzer, M. A., 104, 112 Kuiper, N. A., 3, 25, 45 Kulah, A. A., 101, 112 Kunen, S., 2,47

LaBerge, D., 3, 37, 42 Laboratory of Human Cognition, 99, 112,

119, 123, 135, 136, 137

Lancy, D. F., 129 Lange, G., 12,42,60,77 Lapsley, D. K., 216, 217, 233 Laurendeau, M., 150, 178 Lave, C., 99, 114 Lave, J., 97,111 Lawson, M. J., 16,42 Lawton, S. C., 22, 39 Leinhardt, G., 189, 197, 201 Leonard, C., 104, 112 Leont'ev, A. N., 135, 137 Lepper, M. R., 85, 112 Lesgold, A. M., 13,42 Lesser, H., 149, 178 Levelt, W. J. M., 13,42 Levers, S. R., 16, 38, 104, 110 Levin, B. B., 36,42

239

Levin, J. R., 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 11, 13, 14, 17, 20,22,23,24,25,26,27,31,32, 35,36,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47, 107, 113, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217,219,222,223,224,225,228, 231, 232, 233

Levin, K. M., 13,42 Levy-Bruhl, L., 122 Lewis, D., 122 Liben, L., 100, 112 Lindauer, B. K., 83, 113 Lindberg, M. A., 91, 112 Lipsett, L. P., 39, 40 Lipsitt, L. P., 55, 78 Lipson, M. Y., 3, 7, 37, 44,113 Lithgow, P. A., 53, 74 Lockhart, R., 144, 177 Lockhart, R. S., 14,40 Lodico, M. G., 2, 11,23,25,26,27,41,

42 Lofti, A., 100, 114 Loftus, G. R., 213, 232 Lomov, B. F., 98, 112 Lord, A. B., 127 Lord, F. M., 223, 232 Loughlin, K. A., 65, 66, 67 Lubin, A., 212, 232 Lucas, D., 56, 78

Mack, J. E., 128 MacKay-Soroka, S., 53, 72, 77

240

MacKinnon, G. E., 38,44,46 Maehr, M., 85, 106, 112 Mandinach, E. B., 186,201 Mandler, J., 99, 112 Mandler, J. M., 127, 131 Marascilo, L. A., 211, 212, 213, 214,

217,219,223,224,225,228,232 Margand, N. A., 150, 178 Markman, E. M., 8, 14, 15,36,39,43 Marsden, R. E., 52, 77 Marshall, H. H., 188, 202 Marti, E., 150, 178 Marx, R. W., 182, 184, 185, 188, 191,

195, 197, 198, 201, 202, 203 Massar, B., 65, 79 Mastropieri, M. A., 13,42,43 Mathews, R., 144, 178 Matsuyama, U. K., 133 Maxwell, S. E., 223, 232 Mayer, R. E., 184,202 McCall, R. B., 56, 77, 206, 228, 230, 232 McCarthy, M., 148, 149, 150, 178, 179 McCormick, C. B., 4, 13, 17,32,34,36,

42,44,45,223,232 McCormick, C. G., 82, 113 McGivern, J. E., 13,24,25,27,40,42,

43 McLane, J., 95, 115 McNamara, L., 14,41 McNamee, G. D., 95, 115, 133 McSweeney, M., 211, 232 McVey, K. A., 104, 113 Meacham, J. A., 87, 112, 122, 135 Mehan, H., 182, 202 Meichenbaum, D., 3, 17,38,43, 103, 112 Melloy-Carminar, P., 52, 78 Meltzoff, A. N., 56, 77 Mendelsohn, E., 149, 178 Mendoza, J. L., 228, 233 Mervis, C. B., 59, 64, 71, 76, 77, 78 Meyer, B. J. F., 184, 202 Michaels, C. F., 137 Middlestadt, S. E., 188, 202 Middleton, D., 95, 115 Milchman, M., 148, 178 Miller, D. J., 16, 30,41, 104, 112 Miller, G., 3,4, 13,43 Miller, G. A., 146, 156, 178

Author Index

Miller, G. E., 15, 36,42,43,45,223, 232

Miller, N. E., 57, 77 Miller, R. R., 73, 74 Minichiello, M. D., 52, 75 Minick, N., 97, 115 Mischel, W., 103, 112 Mitchell, D. B., 55, 65, 67, 68, 70, 77 Moely, B. E., 12, 43 Moore, M. K., 56, 77 Morris, C. D., 43 Morrison, D. E., 216, 232 Moynahan, E. D., 22, 43 Mugny, G., 98, III Myers, N. A., 55, 65, 66, 67, 74, 75, 76,

77,78

Nadel, S. F., 134 Nadolney, T., 65, 79 Nakamura, G. V., 4, 16,32,36,44,82,

113 Naus, M. J., 12, 30,43, 83, 112 Neilans, T. H., 17,43 Neisser, U., 73, 77, 90, 111, 127 Nelson, K., 56, 60, 61, 68, 69, 72, 73,

77,89, 112 Nelson, K. E., 148, 178 Nerlove, H., 149, 176 Nerlove, S. B., 119 Nesselroade, J. R., 206, 230 Newcombe, N., 122 Newell, A., 184, 202 Newman, F. M., 53, 74 Newman, R. S., 104, 113 Newston, D., 192, 194,201 Nicholls, J. G., 85, 112 Nickerson, R. S., 85, 112 Ninio, A., 95, 112 Nisbett, R. E., 193,202 Noe, M., 6, 40 Norman, D. A., 9, 43 Nystrand, M., 46

O'Brien, R. G., 8, 44 O'Connor, M. P., 53, 59, 62, 63, 75 O'Sullivan, J. T., 7, 10, 16, 17,20,31,

36, 43, 44, 108, 113

Author Index

Olshavsky, J. E., 30, 43 Olson, C. L., 224, 232 Olson, G. M., 49, 51, 52, 60, 62, 70, 77 Ordman, A. M., 17,41 Ornstein, P. A, 12, 30, 42, 43, 44, 83,

1I2 Ortony, A., 144, 149, 157, 175, 178 Osawa, K., 101, III Overall, J. E., 227, 233 Owings, R. A., 25, 38, 43

Pace, A. J., 8, 43 Page, E. B., 222, 233 Paivio, A, 5, 21, 43 Palincsar, A. M., 18, 19,31,43 Pani, J. R., 64, 77 Parke, R. D., 56, 77 Paris, S. G., 3,7, 13,30,37,44,83,85,

104, 106, 108, 113 Pascual-Leone, J., 73, 77 Patterson, C. J., 8, 44,103, 1I2 Pearson, P. D., 103, 113 Peckham, P. D., 210, 221,222,223,231,

233 Pepper, S. C., 137 Perkins, D., 148, 150, 177 Perlmutter, M., 50, 55, 57, 60, 61, 62,

~,~,M,m,~,77,~,~,~,

89, 90, 103, 110, 114 Petersen G. A., 43 Peterson, P. L., 188, 189, 193, 194, 198,

202, 222, 223, 232 Petrinovich, L., 226, 233 Piaget, J., 4, 44, 56, 65, 70, 78, 83, 90,

1I3, 148, 149, 150, 178 Pillemer, D., 72, 73, 74, 79 Pinard, A., 150, 178 Pittelman, S. D., 13,42 Pollio, H., 148, 150, 175, 178 Pollio, M., 148, 150, 178 Pon, P., 9, 41 Porter, A. C., 223, 233 Posner, M. I., 63, 78 Pratt, J., 52, 79 Pratt, M., 15,44 Pressley, M., 2-5, 7,10-14, 16, 17,

19-20,22-27,31-37,40,41,42,

241

43, 44, 45, 47, 72, 78, 82, 83, 107, 108, 113, 219, 223, 232

Pribram, K., 3, 4, 43 Price, G. G., 95, 1I3 Price-Williams, D. R., 123, 127

Rabinowitz, M., 12,46 Raines, J. M., 31, 46 Ratner, H. H., 55, 57, 61, 66, 67, 68, 77,

78 Raugh, M. R., 13,22,38,45 Read, J. D., 3, 45 Readence, J. E., 36, 47 Rees, E. T., 85, 111 Reese, H. W., 39,40,45,206,230 Reif, F., 47 Reigeluth, C. M., 184, 202 Reis, R., 5, 41 Reyna, V. F., 145, 146, 147, 156, 157,

161, 165, 174, 175, 178 Reynolds, R. E., 149, 175, 178 Reznick, J. S., 62, 78 Rice, G. E., 124 Ricoeur, P., 153, 154, 178 Rigney, J. W., 185, 202 Ringel, B. A, 16,45 Ritchie, W. C., 41 Ritter, K., 104, 1I5 Robinson, F. P., 2, 5, 6, 14,45 Rogan, J. C., 228, 233 Rogoff, B., 121, 123, 126, 131, 136 Rohwer, W. D., Jr., 12,30,31,45,46,

219, 229, 230, 233 Rollins, H. A., 16, 38 Romaniuk, J. G., 228, 233 Rosch, E. H., 59, 78 Rose, S. A., 52, 53, 54, 76, 78 Rosenberg, L., 150, 163, 178 Rosenshine, B., 182,202 ~osenstiel, A. K., 149, 150, 151, 158,

162,172,175, 179 Ross, B. M., 127 Ross, G., 89, 94, 1I2, 115 Ross, G. S., 54, 56, 60, 61, 62, 63, 68,

72, 73, 77, 78 Ross, H. S., 52, 76 Ross, K. A., 2, 25, 27, 45 Rothkopf, E. Z., 6, 8, 46

242

Rovee-Collier, C. K., 55, 56, 59, 75, 78 Rubin, A., 34, 46 Ruff, H. A., 53, 72, 78 Rumelhart, D. E., 14,46

Sadoski, M., 6, 46 Salter, W., 85, 112 Salthouse, T. A., 205, 233 Sameroff, A. J., 55, 78 Samuel, J., 13,45 Samuels, S. J., 3, 37, 42 Sanders,1. R., 210, 222, 231 Sanford, E. C., 128 Sanford, J. P., 184, 201 Santa, C. M., 42 Santa, J. L., 197, 201 Saxe, G. B., 96, 114 Scarborough, H. S., 63, 78 Scardamalia, M., 32, 33, 34, 38, 46, 47 Scarlett, W. G., 149, 171, 178 Schallice, T., 9, 43 Schmeck, R. R., 42 Schneider, W., 7, 37, 46 Schwartz, B., 11, 40 Schwartz, R., 58, 76 Schwartz, S., 58, 63, 76 Scott, M. S., 59, 75 Scribner, S., 99, 112, 114, 120, 128, 137 Scruggs, T. E., 13,42 Serlin, R. C., 210, 216, 217, 233 Sharp, D., 119, 120 Sharp, D. W., 99,111, 114 Shatz, M., 3,46 Sheikh, A. A., 42 Shepard, S., 85, 112 Shelton, T. S., 25, 38 Sherman, T.,49, 51, 52, 62, 70, 77 Shiffrin, R. M., 37, 46 Shrager, J., 3, 12,46,96, 114 Shriberg, L. K., 13, 34, 35, 36, 42, 46,

223,232 Siegler, R. S., 3, 12, 39, 46, 96, 114 Siladi, D., 21, 39 Silber, S., 3, 46 Silverman, J., 150, 179 Simon, H. A., 3, 4, 40, 47, 184, 193,

196, 197, 198,200,201,202 Singer, L. T., 53, 76

Siqueland, E. R., 55, 78 Skalet, M., 55, 58, 78 Smart, D., 33, 38 Smiley, S. S., 6

Author Index

Smirnov, A. A., 9, 47, 104, 114, 128 Snow, R. E., 223, 224, 231 Snyder, J., 150, 179 Solso, R. L., 38 Sommerville, S.C., 21, 22, 47, 55, 57,

60, 61, 68, 79, 82, 88, 90, 92, 114, 115

Sophian, C., 1,47,49,52,54,61,65, 67,70,78

Spear, N. E., 71, 72, 73, 75, 79 Spiegel, D. K., 227, 233 Spilich, G. J., 11, 39 Spiro, R. J., 39, 46 Springer, C. J., 16,45 Stanley, J. C., 205, 218, 223, 231 Stark, K. D., 188, 189, 193, 194, 198,

202 Stein, B., 145, 179 Stein, B. S., 25, 38,43 Stein, F. S., 184,202 Sternberg, R. J., 38, 39, 157, 179 Sternberg, E. R., 41 Stemlicht, M., 39 Stevenson, H. W., 119 Stigler, J. W., 101, 114 Stone, C. A., 92, 115 Strange, W., 63, 79 Sugannan, S., 62, 79 Sullivan, M. W., 56, 78, 79 Super, C. M., 130, 131 Swets, J. A., 221, 232 Swing, S. R., 188, 189, 193, 194, 198,

202

Taine, M., 51, 79 Tannen, D., 133 Thompson, D., 144, 179 Thompson, R. F., 51, 76 Thomson, D. M., 71, 79 Thorndike, E. L., 16,28,47 Tierney, R. J., 36, 47 Tikhomerov, O. K., 9,47 Todd, C. M., 74, 79, 89, 90, 103, 114 Tomarken, A. J., 17,41,210,233

Author Index

Torgesen, J. K., 3, 37, 47 Tourangeau, R., 157, 179 Trabasso, T., 85, 114 Trehub, S. E., 52, 72, 77 Tulving, E., 3, 40, 71, 79, 144, 145, 179 Tuma, D. T., 47

Valencia, S., 6, 40 Valentine, C. W., 52, 79 Verbrugge, R., 146, 156, 166, 179 Vigorito, M., 73, 74 Voss,1. F., 11,39 Vygotsky, L. S., 81, 82, 86, 87, 91, 98,

100, 103, 107, 109, 114, 129, 135, 137

Waddell, K. J., 99, 114, 127 Wagner, D. A., 99, 100, 114, 118, 119,

121 Wagner, M., 31, 46 Wagoner, S. A., 6, 47 Waldron, A., 59, 76 Waller, T. G., 6, 28, 29, 38, 41, 44, 46 Walster, G. W., 216, 217, 233 Wass, G. A., 188, 189, 193, 194, 198,

202 Waters, E., 14,47 Waters, H. S., 2, 14,47 Webb, R. A., 65, 79 Weinstein, R. S., 188,202 Weisner, T. S., 119 Weiss, S. J., 52, 75 Weizmann, F., 52, 79 Wellman, H. M., 3, 7, 9, 22, 40, 41, 46,

47,55,57,60,61,65,67,68,78, 79, 82, 83, 88, 90, 92, 102, 104, 107, Ill, 114, 115

Werner, J. S., 60, 62, 79 Wertsch, J. V., 47, 87, 92, 95, 97, 115 Wetherford, M. J., 52, 79 White, R. T., 180,200 White, S. H., 72, 73, 74, 79 Whiting, B. B., 118 Wilcox, L. E., 4,17,41 Wilson, T. D., 193,202 Winer, B. J., 205, 233 Winn, W., 185,202

243

Winne, P. H., 181, 182, 184, 185, 186, 187,188,189, 191, 195, 197, 198, 201, 202, 203

Winner, E., 148, 149, 150, 151, 157, 158, 162,171,177, 178

Wittrock, M., 46 Wixson, K. K., 3, 7, 37, 44,85, 113 Wolf, D., 148, 149, 150, 157, 171, 177,

178 Wood, D., 94, 95 Wood, G., 226, 232 Woodruff, E., 34, 37, 47 Woodson, R., 56, 76 Woodworth, R. S., 16,47 Worden, P. E., 124 Worrell, J., 41 Wright, J. C., 59, 76

Yendovitskaya, T. V., 87,115 Younger, B. A., 62, 75 Yuille, J. C., 21, 43 Yussen, S. R., 2, 38,47

Zacks, R. T., 84,111 Zelazo, P., 54, 76 Zinchenko, P. I., 104, 114

SUbject Index

Abacus, 101 Abacus experts, 130 Actions, 87, 97 Activity, 87, 97, 137 Agency, 87, 102 Analogy, see Metaphor Analysis of covariance, 223-224 Analysis of variance, 209-218, 222-228 Animism, 149-150, 166-167 Applications of strategies, 4-7 Aptitude-by-treatment interactions, 224 Arithmetic, 96 Assessment of cognition

assumptions regarding, 182-184 conditions during, 193-196 continuous event recording, 192 interview schedule, 190 interview techniques, 189-191 level of aggregation, 186 methods for, 187-199 operations during, 196-198 questionnaire techniques, 188-189 resultant products, 198-199 trace techniques, 191-192

Associative learning, 5, 12-17,21-27, 30-37

Assumptions about students correspondence, 182 divisibility of cognition, 183 divisibility of the environment, 183 reciprocity, 182

Automaticity, 123

Bartlett, 134 Bedtime stories, 92 Between subspace distance, see Domain

distance Biographical observations of memory, 49,

51, 56-60 Blocking, 223-224 Bugs, methodological and statistical,

205-230

Cartoons, 146-147, 158, 160 Categories

basic-level, 64, 71-72 encoding, 59, 62-64

Ceiling effects, 209 Central-processor, 135 Circularity assumption, 228

246

Classroom analog, 187, 191 Classroom settings, 182 Classroom tasks

cognitive plans, 186 conditions of, 184-185 context of, 184 feedback on, 187 products of, 186-187 setting factors, 185

Comparisons multiple, 210-212 planned, 216, 226 post hoc, 211-212, 226

Comprehension, 143-176 Conditioning, 54-55 Consciousness, 3-4 Contexts of remembering, 88, 106 Context-specific, 136 Contextual organization, 127 Control groups, 218-219 Control processes

basic vs. higher, 84 structural features memory, 120

Conventions for social interaction, 131 Correlation

across groups, 220 separate, 219-220 within groups, 220

Creativity, see Fantasy, Metaphor Criticism, 102 Cross-cultural research, 117 Cue identity gradient, 70-72 Cultural context, 117 Cultural influences on memory, 99, 100,

101 Culturally organized activities, 118 Cultural practice, 128 Cultural practice theory, 137 Cultural tools, 130 Culture and cognition, 135

Data-producing tasks, 193-199 conditions of, 193-196 familiarity with, 193 identification of, 195 operations during, 196-198 products of, 198-199 size of, 193-194

Subject Index

task clarity, 198-199 timing of, 193

Decontextualized knowledge, 100 Definition of strategy, 1-4, 85, 106 Delayed reaction task, see Object perma-

nence and search Developmental differences, 206-218 Developmental theory, 135 Distributed-processor, 135 Domain distance, 168-170 Duncan procedure, 226 Dunn-Bonferroni procedure, 226 Dunnett procedure, 226 Dyadic interactions in memory tasks, 93,

96,98

Ecological validity, 123 Effect size, 217 Egocentrism, 149-150, 166-167 Elaboration, 12-17,21-27,30-37 Enactive play, see Symbolic play Encoding, 144-145

of categories, 59, 62-64 of conceptual features, 62-64 of distinctive cues in object search,

66-68 of perceptual features, 62-64 similarity to retrieval cues, 71-72 of spatial location, 65-66 specificity principle, 71

Episodic memory, 69 Event information

demands of mother on child for, 68 retention of daily routines, 68-69

Experimental paradigms, 82 descriptive, 82 instructional, 82 naturalistic, 82

Experimental situations, 131 Experimental units, 221-222

Familiarity of materials, 121, 123 Familywise Type I error, 225 Fantasy

definition of, 145 fantasy-based language, 145-146, 149,

158, 161-162, 172-176

Subject Index

and reality, conceptions of, 148-149, 158, 172

Figurative language, see also Fantasy, fan­tasy-based language, Metaphor

definitions of, 143-144, 146, 153-154 pragmatics of, 144, 157-158, 161-162,

170-172 types of, 146

Fisher procedure, 226 Floor effects, 208-209 Formal schooling, 119 Free recall, 120 Frozen metaphors, 146 Functional remembering, 108-109

Generality, 136 Goal, 128 Goal-directed strategies, 85

Habituation-dishabituation, 51 Hypothesis testing, 211, 215-217, 228

Imitation, 56 Independent variables, 117 Individual differences, 223 Infant memory, 88 Infantile amnesia, 72-74 Informed instruction, 104 Instruction, strategy, 12-21 Instructional cues, 188 Instructional psychology, 181-182 Instructional tasks, 192

and data-producing tasks, 193-198 size of, 193-194

Instrumental actions, 87, 104 Intentionality, 2-4, 102 Interactions, statistical, 206-209,

212-213, 217-218, 228 Isolated bits of information, 125

Journal editors, 228

Keyword method, 5, 12-17,21-27, 30-37

247

Knowledge and strategy use, 11-12

Laboratory of comparative human cogni-tion, 135

Laboratory studies, 117 Language development, 127 Lawnmower effect, 222 Lexical development, see Language

development Life, concept of, see Animism List-memory tests, 127 Literacy, 99, 119, 129 Literal meaning, 152-154 Literal stage, 150, 163-164

Magical interpretation, 173-176 Matching, 223-224 Meaning, see Comprehension Meaningful context organizing the items,

123 Meaningfully organized context, 125 Meaningful purpose, 128 Means-goals analysis, 85 Memory activities practiced in routine cul­

tural contexts, 124 Memory

for contextually organized material, 126 development, 117 figurative language, 144-145 games, 101

Mental cues, 81 Metacognition, 7-11, 12-30, 103 Metaphor

definitions of, 143-144, 146-148, 153-154

development in middle childhood, 150-151, 161-176

domain distance and, 168-170 early development of, 148-150 fantasy, relations to, 143, 145-149,

158, 170-176 linguistics and, 143-144 measures of competence, 144, 149,

151-154 memory for, 144-145 noun interpretation in, 154-156, 159,

164-166

248

Metaphor (com.) perceptual resemblance in, 149, 157,

168-170 schooling, effects on, 150, 163-164 similarity and, 146, 148-149, 156-157 thematic interpretation of, 155, 161 understanding of, 161-162 verb interpretation in, 154-156, 159,

164-166 Methodology, 187

conditioning, 55-56 habituation-dishabituation, 51 imitation, 56 novelty-preference procedures, 51-54 object permanence and search, 54-55 observational procedures, 56-58 paired-comparison procedures, 52-54 with toddlers, 50-58

Middle childhood, 150-151, 161-176 Mnemonic dependence, 95 Mnemonic motives, 97 Mnemonic purposes, 87, 103 Mnemonics, 5 Mnemonic strategies, 1-4, 83 Modality of materials, 122 Monitoring, 7-11,14-15,21-30 Multivariate analysis, 224-225, 228

Narrative, 133 Naturalistic memory tasks, 91-92 Natural laboratory, 119 Nature of the tests, 120 Newman-Keuls procedure, 226 Nominal concepts, see Nouns Nonindependence, statistical, 222-223,

228 Nouns

acquisition of, 156, 166 metaphorical interpretation of, 154-156,

159, 164-166 Novel metaphors, 146 Novelty-preference procedures, 51-54 Null hypothesis, proving, 216-217 Numerical errors, 229-230

Object permanence and search AB error, 65-66

Subject Index

and cue distinctiveness, 65-68 methodological considerations, 54-55 retention of prior vs. current informa-

tion, 65-66 use of nonspatial cues, 66-68

Observational methods, 56-58 Operations, 87 Ordinary memory, 105 Organizational strategies, 119 Orthogonal polynomials, 214-215

Parental guidance, 94, 109 Paired-comparison procedure

long-term retention, 58-61 methodological issues, 52-54 retention of conceptual and perceptual

cues, 62-65 Personalized strategies, 105 Personal significance, 91, 108 Personification, 149-150, 159, 166-167 Play, see Symbolic play Power, statistical, 216, 217, 223 Practical goal, 128 Preschooler's memory, 89, 90 Production deficiencies, 10-11, 20-21 Prompting strategy use, 30-37 Prototypes

generalization, 64 retention, 63-64

Purpose for remembering, 117

Rao's test, 224 Readers, good vs. poor, 27-30 Reading and memory, 5-6, 17-21,27-30,

102 Reality, concept of, see Fantasy Recall

cued,71 of daily routines, 57, 68-69 long-term, 58-61, 72-74 and recognition, distinction between,

70-72 Recognition memory

and context, 53-54, 70-72 and recall, distinction between, 70-72 observations of, 49, 51

Subject Index

using habituation-dishabituation proce­dures, 51

using paired-comparison procedures, 52-54, 58-64

using novelty-preference techniques, 51-54, 58-64

visual, 58-64 Recognition or recall processes, 120 Rehearsal, 126 Remember information deliberately, 120 Reminders, 60 Repeated-measures analysis, 227-228 Residual effects, 216, 217 Responsibility, 94, 107 Retention

of categories, 59 of conceptual properties of stimUli,

62-64 of daily routines, 68-69 of events, 68-69 of location, 65-68 long-term, 58-61 for objects, 61 of perceptual features, 62-65 of prior vs. current information, 65-66 of prototypic vs. specific information,

63-64 of scripts, 69

Retrieval cues and similarity to encoding, 71-72 distinctiveness, 66-68 in recognition and recall, 70-72

Roy's criterion, 212

Scaffolded interactions, 94, 107 Scheffe procedure, 211-212, 226 Schemata, 125 Schemes, 83 School-aged children, see Middle

childhood Schooling, effects of, 98, 99, 100, 119,

130-131, 150, 163-164 Scriber and Cole, 129 Search behavior, 90, 91 Secondary indissociation, see Animism Selectional rules, 144, 146 Self-control training of strategies, 17-21 Self-regulation, 95

Semantic development, see Language development

Signal detection measures, 221 Similarity, 148-149, 156-157 Simile, see Metaphor Simple effects, statistical, 212-213,

217-218 Single-subject research, 223 Social contexts, 117 Social features of the test situation, 132 Social guidance, 86, 91 Social interactional context, 130 Socially assembled situations, 137 Sociocultural theory, 129 Spatial memory, 122 Specific strategy knowledge, 7, 8-11,

15-18 Specificity of skills, 136 Specificity principle, 71 Sphericity assumption, 228 Stepdown tests, 225 Stimulated recall, 189-191 Story recall, 131 Strategic episodes, 86 Strategies, 1-37

definition, 1-4, 126 Strategy economy, 104 Strategy shifts, 21-30 Strategy utility, 104 Structured context, 125 Student cognition

assessment of, 187-199 assumptions about, 182-184 during classroom learning, 185-192

Summarization, 6, 19-20 Symbolic play, 148-149, 171-173

Task meaningfulness, 90 Text processing, 5-6, 14-15, 17-21,

34-37 Training, strategy, 12-21 Transfer, 136 Trend analysis, 213-215, 216, 228 Tukey procedure, 212-226 Type I errors, 211, 213, 216, 224-226,

228 Type II errors, 213

249

250

Type IV errors, 211-213, 215, 217, 224, 225,228

Understanding, see Comprehension Unequal sample sizes, 222-227 Units of analysis, 137, 222-223 Universality, 117 Unpackage, 118 Unpackage cultural differences, 119

Variance, heterogeniety of, 209-211, 228 Verbal information, 127

Verbal instruction, 97 Verbal vs. spatial tasks, 121 Verbs

acquisition of, 156, 166

Subject Index

me~aphorical interpretation of, 154-156, 159, 164-166

Voluntary remembering, 107 Vygotsky, 129, 135

Wilks' criterion, 224 Word meaning, see Language development Writing, 6, 30, 34