author(s): university of michigan medical school ... · it consists of cells (chondroblasts,...
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Author(s):University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology License:Unless otherwise noted, the content of this course material is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial Share Alike 3.0 License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
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M1MusculoskeletalSequence
MedicalHistology
Cartilage / Mature Bone
Fall 2008
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CartilageCartilageisaspecializedformoffirmandresilientconnectivetissuethatcanbearstresseswithoutpermanentdistortion.
Itconsistsofcells(chondroblasts,chondrocytes)andextracelluarmatrix,consistingoffibersandgroundsubstance(hyaluranan,proteoglycans,glycoproteins).
Itisanavasculartissue.Itservesasaprecursorormodelfortheembryonicdevelopmentandsubsequentgrowthofmanylongbones.(Itisreplacedbybonetissueinadultlife,exceptforthesurfacesthatarticulatewithotherbones.)
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CartilageTherearethreetypesofcartilage:– Hyalinecartilage(TypeIIcollagen)Articularsurfaces,Ephiphysealplate,Trachealwall,etc.
– Elasticcartilage(TypeIIcollagen,elasticfibers)Pinnaoftheear,Epiglottis,Eustachiantube,etc.
– Fibrocartilage(TypeIIandTypeIcollagen)Intervertebraldisks,Pubicsymphysis,insertionsitesoftendonsandligaments
(Vertebrae) Netter 2nd Ed. Plate 147
(Ear) Dbenbenn, wikimedia commons
(Knee) Netter 2nd Ed. Plate 476 (Trachea) Netter 2nd Ed. Plate 190
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StemcellsChondroblast
Source Undetermined
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InitiationofCartilageFormation(embryonicmesenchymalcells)
Source Undetermined
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BeginningofcartilageFormation
Source Undetermined
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Differentiationofchondrogeniccells
Isogenousgroup
Perichondrium
Isogenousgroup
Lacuna
Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection Kierszenbaum, p. 115
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FormedHyalineCartilage
Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
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Formed Hyaline Cartilage
Perichondrium
Chondroblasts
Chondrocytes
(Appositional growth)
Interstitial growth
Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
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Cartilagegrowth
AppositionalGrowth:Depositionofnewcartilageonthesurfaceofexistingcartilage.
InterstitialGrowth: Formationofnewcartilagewithinanexistingcartilage.
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Chondrocytes
Source Undetermined Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
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Hyalinecartilage
Mostcommontypesofcartilage.Nasalseptum,larynx,trachealrings,sternalendsofribs,mostarticularsurfacesandformsthetemplatefordevelopinglongbones.
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Perichondrium
Chondroblasts
Chondrocytes
Chondroblasts
Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
Tracheal Hyaline Cartilage
Netter 2nd Ed. Plate 190
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ArticularCartilage(Specializedformofhyalinecartilage)
Femoral head
Articular cartilages
Netter (Both Images)
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Articular(hyaline)CartilageinJoints
EdYourdon,flickr OpenClipart
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CartilageMatrix
• TypeIIcollagen• Hyaluranan(hyaluronicacid)upto8X106d• Proteoglycans(3.5X106daltons)– Aggrecan• ProetinCore• Glycosaminoglycans(GAGs)– Chondroitinsulfate– Keratinsulfate
Source Undetermined
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HyalineCartilageMatrix
Chondrocyte
Source Undetermined Bloom & Fawcett, 12th ed. p. 189
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ProteoglycanAggregatesConsist of: 1. An axial hyaluronan(HU)
molecule. 2. Core proteins attached to the
HU molecule by a linker protein.
3. Glycosaminoglycans attached to a core protein. Kierszenbaum, p. 108
EM view of spread preparation
Kierszenbaum,p.108SourceUndetermined
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Glycosaminoglycans
Kierszenbaum,p.108
Albert et al., 2nd ed. p. 804
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Extendedrandomcoilconformationofasinglemoleculeofhyaluronan
COO-
SO4--
Albert et al., 2nd ed. p. 807 Albertetal.,2nded.p.804
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CartilageMatrixandIt’sfunction Theglycosaminoglycans(GAGs)tendtoadopthighlyextended,socalledrandomcoilconformations,whichoccupyahugevolumerelativetotheirmassandtheyformgel.
Theirhighdensityofnegativechargesattractcations,suchasNa++thatareosmoticallyactivecausinglargeamountsofwatertobesuckedintothematrix.
Thiscreatesaswellingpressureorturgor,thatenablesthematrixtowithstandcompressiveforces(incontrasttocollagenfiberswhichresiststretchingforces).
Cartilagematrixresistcompressionbythismechanism.[Alberts:p804]
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Basophilia in hyaline cartilage matrix
The basophilia in the matrix is due to the high density of negative charges in the GAG subunits, which attract the positive dye, hematoxylin.
Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
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DiarthrosisandArticularCartilage
Bathedinsynovialfluid.NoperichondriumCollagenfibers-arrangedasgothicarchesChondrocytes-invertialrows.
(synovialfluid)
Wheater p. 202
Junqueira, p.157
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Articularcartilage Perichondriumisabsent
Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
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CartilageDamage
Source Undetermined
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CartilageChangeswithAgingNotmuchchangeswithcollagen.Theproteoglycansproducedinolderindividualsaresmallerwithshorterchondroitinsulfatechainsthaninyoungerindividuals.
Chondrocytesseemlessefficientinrenewingthematrixthusreducingproteoglycancontents.
Thesechangesmightreducewatercontentsinthematrixandmakethecartilagelessabletoresistcompressiveforces.
Thesechanges,inturn,wouldmakematrixmorevulnerabletoinjuriesinweight-bearing,andtheinflammatoryresponsetoinjurywouldcausepainfulsymptomsofarthritis.
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Differencesinbasophilicstainingincartilagematrix
Thedifferenceinbasophilicstainingreflectstherelativematrixcontentofglycosaminoglycans(aggrecans).ThedecreaseinsizeofproteoglycansorthelengthofchondroitinsulfatechainswillreducetherelativematrixcontentofglycosaminoglycansThis,inturn,willreducetheintensityofbasophilicstaininginthecartilagematrix.
Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection Source Undetermined
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Elasticcartilage:containselasticfibers.Pinnaoftheexternalear,auditorycanal,epiglottis,Eustachiantube.
Fibrocartilage:intermediatebetweencartilageanddenseregularconnectivetissue.intervertebraldiscs,pubicsymphysis,etc.
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ElasticCartilage
H&Estain Weigert’sstain AldehydeFuchsin
Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
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FibrocartilageTypeIandIIcollagen.Noidentifiableperichondrium
Vertebra
Vertebra
Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
Netter
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ElasticCartilageandFibrocartilage
Collagen II
Elastic fibers
Collagen I
Collagen II
Rhodin p.181 Source Undetermined
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Bone
Cells: Osteoblasts,Osteocytes,OsteoclastsFibers: Type1CollagenBoneMatrix:GroundSubstance GAGs:Hyaluronan,Chondroitin&KeratanSulfate Proteoglycans:shortcoreproteinsand relativelyfewerGAGsidechainsthanin cartilage.
Hydroxyapatitecrystals[Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]: Calciumphosphate
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Cartilage BoneWatercontent:~70%CollagenII:~40%oforganiccontent.
Growsinterstitiallyandbyapposition.
Avascular
Watercontent:25%CollagenI:90%oforganiccontent.
OtherGroundSubstanceOsteonectin:anchorcollagentobonemineral.Osteocalcin:Calciumbindingproteininvolvedinbonecalcification.Osteopontin:Bindingofosteoblastsandosteoclaststobone.
Growsonlybyapposition.Highlyvascular
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Bone
Providessupportforthesofttissuesofthebody.Providessitesforattachmentofthemusclesandtendonsessentialforlocomotion.Protectsthevitalorgansofthecraniumandvariousbodycavities.Enclosesblood-formingelementsinthebonemarrow.Playsanimportantroleasamobilizablestoreofcalciumandphosphate.
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Types of Bone (Flat, long, short and irregular bones)
Debivortt, wikimedia commons
Berichard, wikimedia commons
Palica, wikimedia commons
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Compact(dense)andSpongy(cancellous)Bone
Compact bone
Weiss, 6th ed., p. 218 Ross et al., 4th ed., p. 182
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LongBone
Ross et al., 4th ed., p. 182 & 185 (Both images)
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WallofaLongBone
Junqueera & Carneiro, 10th ed. p. 144
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Haversiansystem(osteon),Haversiancanal(HC)andVolkmann’scanal(VC)
Transversesection Longitudinalsection
Osteon
VC
HC
VC
HC
Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
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Haversiansystem(osteon)/Harversiancanal
HC
HC
Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
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HaversianCanalandCanaliculi
Source Undetermined
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Osteocytes,LacunaeandCanaliculi
Source Undetermined
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OsteocyteBloom&Fawcett,12thed.P.208
Bloom and Fawcett 12th Ed. P. 208
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OsteocyteanditsProcess
(Gapjunctions)
Bloom & Fawcett, 12th ed. p. 206-7 (Both images)
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CompactandCancellousBone
Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
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Sponge(cancellous)bone
Cancellous bone
BoneMarrow
Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
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BonecellsOsteoblastsActiveInactiveOsteocytesOsteoclasts
Howship’slacuna(resorptionbay)
Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
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PeriosteumandEndosteum
Endosteum
Source Undetermined (Both images)
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LearningObjectives
Cartilage• Beabletorecognizethethreemajorcartilagestypesinlightmicroscopicsectionsandknowwhereinthebodyeachtypeoccurs.
• Beabletoidentifycellsandstructuresinasectionofcartilage(e.g.chondroblast,chondrocyte,lacuna,isogenousgroup,twotypeofmatrix,perichondrium,etc).
• Knowthecontentsofcartilagematrixandunderstandthemolecularbasisforresilienceofcartilage.
• Beabletodescribetheprocessofchondrogenesisandknowhowcartilagegrows.
• Understandwhatchangesoccurwithaginginthematrix.
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LearningObjectives
• AdultBone• Beabletorecognizecompactandcancellousboneinconventionalandgroundsectionsandknowthestructuraldifferencesinthetwotypes.
• Beabletoidentifythecomponentpartsofadultboneandknowtheirfunctions(e.g.periosteum,endosteum,osteon,canaliculus,lacuna,osteocyte,HaversianandVolkmanncanal).
• BeabletorecognizethecellsinadultboneatthelightandEMlevelandknowtheirfunctions(e.g.activeandinactiveosteoblasts,osteocytes,osteoclasts).
• Knowthemajordifferencesinmatrixcontentsofcartilageandbone.
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AdditionalSourceInformationformoreinformationsee:http://open.umich.edu/wiki/CitationPolicy
Slide 5: (Trachea), Netter 2nd Ed. Plate 190 ; (Ear), Dbenbenn, Wikimedia Commons, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ear.jpg, CC: BY-SA 3.0, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0; (Vertebrae), Netter 2nd Ed. Plate 147 ; (Knee) Netter 2nd Ed. Plate 476 Slide 6: Source Undetermined Slide 7: Source Undetermined Slide 8: Source Undetermined Slide 9: Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection; Original source, Kierszenbaum, p. 115 Slide 10: Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection Slide 11: Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection Slide 13: Source Undetermined; Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection Slide 15: Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection; Netter 2nd Ed. Plate 190 Slide 16:Netter (Both images) Slide 17: Ed Yourdon, Flickr, http://www.flickr.com/photos/yourdon/3889238259/sizes/m/in/photostream/, CC:BY-SA, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ ; Open Clipart, http://www.openclipart.org/detail/18412 Slide 18: Source Undetermined Slide 19: Source Undetermined; Original source, Bloom & Fawcett, 12th ed. p. 189 Slide 20: Kierszenbaum, p. 108; Source Undetermined Slide 21: Kierszenbaum, p. 108; Albert et al., 2nd ed. p. 804 Slide 22: Albert et al., 2nd ed. p. 807; Albert et al., 2nd ed. p. 804 Slide 24: Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection Slide 25: Wheater p. 202; Junqueira, p.157 Slide 26: Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection Slide 27: Source Undetermined Slide 29: Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection; Source Undetermined Slide 31: Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection Slide 32; Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection; Netter Slide 33: Rhodin p.181; Source Undetermined Slide 37: Palica, Wikimedia Commons, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Scapula_ant.jpg, CC: BY-SA 3.0, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0; Berichard, Wikimedia Commons, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:F%C3%A9mur_insertions_musculaires_face_ant%C3%A9rieure.png, CC: BY-SA 3.0, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0; Debivortt, Wikimedia Commons http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ACDF_oblique_blank.png, CC: BY-SA 3.0, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0
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Slide 38: Weiss, 6th ed., p. 218; Ross et al., 4th ed., p. 182 Slide 39: Ross et al., 4th ed., p. 182 & 185; Original source, Ross et al., 4th ed., p. 182 & 185 Slide 40: Junqueera & Carneiro, 10th ed. p. 144 Slide 41: Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection Slide 42: Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection Slide 43: Source Undetermined Slide 44: Source Undetermined Slide 45: Bloom and Fawcett 12th Ed. P. 208 Slide 46: Bloom & Fawcett, 12th ed. p. 206-7 Slide 47: Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection Slide 48: Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection Slide 49: Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection Slide 50: Sources Undetermined
AdditionalSourceInformationformoreinformationsee:http://open.umich.edu/wiki/CitationPolicy