7/21/2009

1

J U L Y 2 1 , 2 0 0 9

Chapters 12-13

Chapter 12Chapter 12 Chapter 13Chapter 13

Use the FILLET tool to draw fillets, rounds, and other rounded corners.

Place chamfers and angled corners with the CHAMFER tool.

Relocate objects using the MOVE tool.Change the angular positions of objects using the ROTATE

l

Learning Objectives

Separate objects using the BREAK tool.

Combine objects using the JOIN tool.

Use the TRIM and EXTEND tools to edit the length of objects.

Modify the length, height, and width of objects using the STRETCH and

LENGTHEN tools.

Change the size of objects using the SCALE tool.

tool.Use the ALIGN tool to simultaneously move and rotate objects.Make copies of existing objects using the COPY tool.Draw mirror images of objects using the MIRROR tool.Create patterns of objects using the ARRAY tool.

Fillet Tool

The FILLET tool draws a rounded corner between intersecting and nonintersecting Lines, circles, and arcsAutoCAD refers to all AutoCAD refers to all rounded corners as fillets.The fillet tool may be accessed from the modify area of the home ribbon or by typing Fillet or “F”

7/21/2009

2

Fillet Tool

The size of a fillet is determined by the fillet radius.

You must set this value before selecting the corner to be filleted. After initiating the FILLET tool, access the Radius option, and enter the fillet radius di i dimension.

You can then select the objects to be filleted. The fillet radius value you enter is stored as the new default radius setting, allowing you to quickly place additional fillets and rounds with the same radius.

Fillet Tool

Only corners large enough to accept the fillet radius are eligible for filleting. If the specifi ed fillet radius is too large, AutoCAD does not perform the fillet. Instead, a message, such as Distance is too large *Invalid* is displayedInvalid , is displayed.

Fillet Polyline Option

Fillets can be drawn at all corners of a closed polyline by selecting the Polyline option of the FILLET tool. The current fillet radius is used with this option. AutoCAD will tell you how many lines were filleted.If the polyline was drawn without using the Close option, h b i i i fill dthe beginning corner is not filleted.

Type”p” to access polylineoption

7/21/2009

3

Fillet- Trim Option

The Trim option controls whether or not the FILLET tool trims object segments that extend beyond the fillet radius point.

When the Trim option is set to Trim, objects are

trimmed. When the Trim option is set to No Trim, the p ,filleted objects are not changed when the fillet is inserted

Fillet –Trim Option

By default the fillet tool will be set to trim, to change the setting to no trim type “t” after accessing the tool.

Objects can be filleted even when the corners do not meet AutoCAD required to generate the not meet. AutoCAD required to generate the specified fillet and complete the corner if the Trim option is set to Trim.

If the Trim option is set to No Trim, AutoCAD does not extend the lines to complete the corner.

Filleting Square CornersFilleting Square Corners

When the fillet radius is set to zero, you can use the FILLET tool to connect two lines

Fillet Tool – Radius = 0

lines. You can also create a zero-radius fillet without setting the radius to zero by holding down the [Shift] key when you pick the second line. This is a convenient way to connect objects at a corner.

7/21/2009

4

Filleting Parallel Lines

You can use the FILLET tool to draw a radius between parallel lines.

When parallel lines are selected, a radius is placed between the two lines. With the Trim option set to Trim, a longer line is trimmed to match the length of a shorter line.g

The radius of a fillet between parallel lines is always half the distance between the two lines, regardless of the radius setting.

This is an effective method for creating a full radius, such as the end radii applied to a slot.

Lab Activity

Draw two parallel lines, create a slot by adding a fillet with the radius equal to half the distance between the lines.

Fillet Tool – Multiple Option

To make several fillets without exiting the FILLET tool, select the Multiple option, by typing m after accessing the tool.

The prompt for a first object repeats When The prompt for a first object repeats. When you have made all the fillets needed, press [Enter] or [Esc], or right-click and select the Enter option.

When you use the Multiple mode, use the Undo option to discard the previous fillet.

7/21/2009

5

Chamfer Tool

The CHAMFER tool draws an angled corner between intersecting and nonintersecting lines, polylines, xlines, and rays.

Chamfer size is determined based on the distance from the corner.

A 45° chamfer is the same distance from the corner in each direction.

Chamfer Tool - Options

To access the chamfer tool click on the chamfer icon tool in the modify area of the home ribbon.

The chamfer tool may also be accessed by typing CHAMFER, or “CHA”.

Chamfer Distances

The chamfer distances must be set before you can draw a chamfer. Chamfer distances are usually exact values, but you can pick two points to set each distance.

To set the chamfer distance, initiate the CHAMFER tool, access the Distance option, and enter each chamfer distance. Now you are ready to select the two lines to be chamfered

7/21/2009

6

Chamfers

Only corners large enough to accept the chamfer distances are eligible for chamfering.

If the specified chamfer distances are too large, AutoCAD does not perform the chamfer. Instead, a

h Di t i t l *I lid* i message, such as Distance is too large *Invalid*, is displayed.

Chamfer – Polyline Option

All corners of a closed polyline can be chamfered using the Polylineoption of the CHAMFER tool. To chamfer all of the corners of a polyline, select the Polylineoption and then select the polyline. The corners of the polyline are chamfered to the preset distance values. If the polyline was drawn without using the Close option, the beginning corner is not chamfered as shown belowthe beginning corner is not chamfered, as shown below.

Chamfer -Angles

Instead of setting two chamfer distances, you can set the chamfer distance for one line and set an angle to determine the chamfer to the second line using the Angle option of the CHAMFER tool.

After entering the distance and angle, select the two lines to be chamfered. The distance and angle you set remain in effect until changed, allowing you to quickly place additional chamfers with the same distance and angle.

7/21/2009

7

Chamfer - Angle

To specify a chamfer by a distance and angle, type the letter A to select the angle option and enter. You will then be prompted to specify the first distance and then the angle.

Chamfer – Method Mode

When you set chamfer distances or a distance and an angle, AutoCAD maintains the setting until you change it.

You can set the values for each method without ff ti th th affecting the other.

Use the Method option if you want to toggle between drawing chamfers using the Distance and Angle options.

Type M after selecting the chamfer tool to enable the method option

Chamfer Trim Mode

The Trim option controls whether the CHAMFER tool trims object segments that extend beyond the intersection.

When the Trim option is set to Trim, objects are trimmed.

When the Trim option is set to No Trim, the chamfered objects are not changed when the chamfer is inserted, as shown in

7/21/2009

8

Chamfer

Objects can be chamfered even when the corners do not meet. AutoCAD extends the lines as required to generate the specified chamfer and complete the corner if the Trim option is set to Trim.

If the Trim option is set to No Trim, AutoCAD does not p ,extend the lines to complete the corner.

When the chamfer distances are set to zero, you can use the CHAMFER tool to connect two lines. You can also create a zero-distance chamfer without setting the distance to zero by holding the [Shift] key when you pick the second line.

Multiple Chamfers

To make several chamfers without exiting the CHAMFER tool, select the Multiple option, by entering M after selecting the chamfer tool.

Th t f fi t li t Wh h The prompt for a first line repeats. When you have made all the chamfers needed, press [Enter] or [Esc], or right-click and select the Enter option.

When you use the Multiple option, use the Undo option to discard the previous chamfer.

Breaking Objects

The BREAK tool is used to separate a single object into two objects. The break can remove a portion of an object or split the object at a single split the object at a single point. To access the BREAK tool select the break icon from the modify panel of the home ribbon or type BREAK or “BR” at the command prompt.

7/21/2009

9

Breaking Objects

The BREAK tool requires you to select the object to be broken, the first break point, and the second break point.

When you select the object, the point you pick is also d th fi t b k i t b d f lt used as the first break point by default.

To select a different first break point, use the First point option at the Specify second break point or [First point]: prompt.

After both break points are specified, the part of the object between the two points is deleted.

Breaking Objects

If you select the same point for both the first and second break points, the BREAK tool splits the object into two pieces without removing a portion.removing a portion.

This can be accomplished by entering @ at the Specify second break point or [First point]: prompt. The @ symbol repeats the coordinates of the previously selected point.

Breaking Objects

The Break at Point button on the expanded Modify panel on the Home tab of the ribbon, may be used to break an object at a single point with a single pick.

7/21/2009

10

Breaking Objects

When breaking arcs or circles, always work in a counterclockwise direction. Otherwise, you may break the portion of the arc or circle you want to keep. If you want to break off the end of a line or

i k th fi t i t th bj t Pi k th an arc, pick the first point on the object. Pick the second point slightly beyond the end to be cut off.

When you pick a second point not on the object, AutoCAD selects the point on the object nearest the point you picked.

Breaking Arcs and Circles

Joining Objects

The JOIN tool can be used to quickly join lines, polylines, splines, arcs, and elliptical arcs together to make one

bjobject.

To access the JOIN tool select the join icon from the expanded modify tool area or type JOIN or “J” at the command prompt.

7/21/2009

11

Joining Objects

Only objects of the same type can be joined together. For example, a line can be joined to another line, but a line cannot be joined to a polyline.

Also, joined objects must be in the same 2D plane.

Each type of object has different rules for joining. To join lines, the lines must be collinear. The lines can touch, have gaps between them, or be overlapping.

Joining Polylines and Splines

To join polylines together, the polylinesmust have a common endpoint. No gaps can exist between the segments, and they cannot overlap. overlap.

The rules for joining splines together are the same as those for polylines. The splinesmust share a common endpoint.

Joining Arcs and Elliptical Arcs

Arcs that share the same center point and are on the same circular path can be joined.

The arcs can be overlapping or have a gap between themthem.

When there is more than one gap between two arcs to be joined, using the JOIN tool may close a gap other than the one you desire.

When closing arc gaps, make sure to pick the arcs in a counterclockwise direction.

7/21/2009

12

Joining Arcs and Elliptical Arcs

Lab Activity

Create two arc segments, with a gap between them and then join them.

Trim Tool

The TRIM tool cuts lines, polylines, circles, arcs, ellipses, splines, xlines, and rays that extend beyond a desired point of y pintersection.

To access the trim tool, select the trim icoon from the modify tool area on the home ribbon or type TRIM or “TR” at the command prompt

7/21/2009

13

Trimming Objects

The TRIM tool cuts objects that extend beyond a desired point of intersection.

The TRIM tool requires you to pick a cutting edge and the object(s) to trim.

Once you access the TRIM tool pick as many Once you access the TRIM tool, pick as many cutting edges as necessary and then right-click or press the [Enter] key or space bar. Then pick the object(s) you want to trim to the cutting edge(s).

When you are finished trimming, right-click or press the [Enter] key or space bar to exit the TRIM tool.

Trimming without Selecting a Cutting Edge

You can quickly trim objects back to the nearest intersection by right-clicking or pressing the [Enter] key or space bar at the first Select objects or <select all>: prompt instead of picking a cutting edge.

Picking an object that intersects with another object Picking an object that intersects with another object trims the selected object to the first object. If multiple objects intersect the object to be trimmed, it is trimmed back to the first intersection.

After trimming an object, you can select other objects to be trimmed without having to restart the tool.

Trim Tool Crossing Option

The TRIM tool provides a Crossing option that forces a crossing selection, allowing you to select objects to be trimmed using a crossing box.

Aft th bj t h b l t d tti After the objects have been selected as cutting edges, you are prompted to specify a first corner and a second corner.

Any lines crossing any of the four lines that make up the crossing selection are trimmed back to the cutting edge.

7/21/2009

14

Trim Tool Crossing Option

Any lines crossing any of the four lines that make up the crossing selection are trimmed back to the cutting back to the cutting edge.

Note: The window may be created by dragging left to right or right to left.

Trim Tool – Fence Selection Option

A Fence option is also available and can be used, especially if space does not allow for effective automatic windowing.

The fence line can have multiple segments.

Any lines crossing the fence line are trimmed to the nearest cutting edge.

Trim Tool – Fence Selection Option

To use the fence selection option enter F after selecting the trim tool when prompted to select the object.

7/21/2009

15

Trimming to an Implied Intersection

Trimming to an implied intersection is possible using the Edge option of the Trim tool.

When you enter the Edge option, by entering E, the choices are Extend and No extendchoices are Extend and No extend.

No extend is selected by default, and as a result, objects that do not intersect cannot be trimmed.

Trimming to an Implied Intersection

When Extend is active, AutoCAD checks to see if the object selected as the cutting edge will extend to intersect the object to be trimmed.

If so, the implied intersection point can be used to trim the object. This does not change the cutting edge object at all.

Trimming to an Implied Intersection

Enter E to set extension mode to Extend

7/21/2009

16

Trimming -Erase Option

While you are trimming objects, you may have some unneeded objects left over.

Construction lines are often used as trimming edges or boundaries and need to be erased after the t i i titrimming operation.

While the TRIM tool is active, the eRase option can be used to delete objects. To activate the erase tool option enter ER.

After the objects are deleted, the TRIM tool resumes.

Trimming -Undo Option

The TRIM tool has an Undo option that allows you to cancel the previous trimming without leaving the tool.

This is useful when the result of a trim is not what you expected. To undo the previous trim, activate the Undo option immediately after performing the unwanted trim by entering u.

The trimmed portion returns, and you can continue trimming other objects.

Extending Objects

The EXTEND tool is used to lengthen lines, elliptical arcs, rays, open polylines, and arcs to meet other objects.

To activate the EXTEND tool select the extend icon from the modify area of the home ribbon or enter Extend or “EX” at the command prompt.

7/21/2009

17

Extending Objects

EXTEND does not work on closed polylinesbecause an unconnected endpoint does not exist.

The process of extending using the EXTEND tool is p g gsimilar to trimming using the TRIM tool.

The main difference is that you select boundary edges, rather than cutting edges.

Extending Objects

Once you access the EXTEND tool, pick as many boundary edges as necessary, and then right-click or press the [Enter] key or space bar. Now, pick the object(s) you want to extend to the boundary edge(s).

When you are finished extending, right-click or press the [Enter] key or space bar to exit the EXTEND tool.

You can access the TRIM tool while using the EXTEND tool. After selecting the boundary edge, hold the [Shift] key while selecting an object to trim the object at the boundary edge.

Extending without Selecting a Boundary Edge

You can quickly extend objects to the nearest object by right-clicking or pressing the [Enter] key or space bar at the first Select objects or <select all>: prompt, instead of picking a boundary edge.

This selects all of the objects in the drawing as boundary edges. This method automatically extends selected objects to the nearest object in their path.

After extending an object, you can select other objects to be extended or right-click, press the [Enter] key or space bar, or press the [Esc] key to exit the tool.

7/21/2009

18

Extend Selection Options

Like the TRIM tool, the EXTEND tool provides a Crossing option that forces a crossing election, allowing you to select objects to be extended using a crossing box.

A Fence option is also available and can be used A Fence option is also available and can be used, especially if space does not allow for effective automatic windowing. The fence line can have multiple segments.

Any lines crossing the fence line are extended to the nearest boundary edge.

Extending to an Implied Intersection

You can extend an object to an implied intersection when the Extend mode is active.

Extend mode is set using the Edge option. The Edge option setting affects both the TRIM and EXTEND t l tools.

When Extend mode is active, the boundary edge object is checked to see if it intersects an object when it is extended.

If so, the implied intersection point can be used as the boundary for the object to be extended

Stretching Objects

The STRETCH tool is used to modify certain dimensions of an object while leaving other dimensions the same.

To access the STRETCH tool select the stretch icon from the modify area on the home ribbon or type stretch or “S” at the command prompt.

7/21/2009

19

Stretching Objects

Once you access the STRETCH tool, you must use a crossing selection or a crossing polygon to select only the objects that will be stretched.

This is a critical requirement and is different from l ti i th diti t lselection using other editing tools.

If you select the entire object, the STRETCH tool works like the MOVE tool.

Stretching Objects

After selecting the objects to be stretched, you are asked to pick the base point.

This is the point from which the objects will be stretched. Pick or enter a position for the base point.

Though often the position of the base point is not critical, most drafters select a point on an object, the corner of a view, or the center of a circle.

As you move the crosshairs, the object is stretched or compressed. When the displayed object is stretched to the desired position, enter or select a point to accept the stretch.

Stretch Tool

7/21/2009

20

Lengthen Tool

The LENGTHEN tool can be used to change the length of objects and the included angle of an arc.To access the LENGTHEN tool select LENGTHEN tool, select the lengthen icon from the expanded Modify area of the home ribbon or type Lengthen or “LEN” at the comandprompt.

Lengthen Tool

The LENGTHEN tool can be used to change the length of objects and the included angle of an arc.

The LENGTHEN tool does not affect closed The LENGTHEN tool does not affect closed objects. For example, you can lengthen a line, a polyline, an arc, an elliptical arc, or a spline, but you cannot lengthen a closed ellipse, polygon, or circle.

Lengthen Tool

Only one object can be lengthened at a time.

Once you access the LENGTHEN tool, select the object for which you want to change the length length.

AutoCAD gives you the current length if the object is linear, or the included angle if the object is an arc. Choose one of the four lengthen options and follow the prompts.

7/21/2009

21

Lengthen Tool

The DElta option allows you to specify a positive or negative change in length, measured from the endpoint of the selected object.object.

The DElta option has an Angle suboptionthat lets you change the included angle of an arc by a specified angle

Lengthen Tool - Options

The Percent option allows you to change the length of an object or the angle of an arc by a specified percentage. The original length is considered to be 100 percent.

Y k th bj t h t b if i l You can make the object shorter by specifying less than 100 percent or longer by specifying more than 100 percent.

The Total option allows you to set the total length or angle of the object (the length or angle after the LENGTHEN operation).

Lengthen Tool – Dynamic Option

The DYnamic option lets you drag the endpoint of the object to the desired length or angle using the crosshairs.

It is helpful to use dynamic input with polar tracking or Ortho mode or have the grid and snap set to usable increments when using this option.

7/21/2009

22

Scale Tool

The SCALE tool is a convenient editing tool that can save hours of drafting time.This tool lets you change the size of a single object or

i d ian entire drawingTo access the SCALE tool, select the scale icon in the modify area of the home ribbon, or type SCALE or “SC” at the command prompt

Scale Tool

The SCALE tool enlarges or reduces the entire object proportionately. After you access the SCALE tool, pick a base point to define the point where the increase or decrease in size occurs. The selected objects move away from or toward the base point during the scale operation. The next step is to specify the scale factor. Enter a number to indicate the amount of enlargement or reduction. Example: If you want to make the selection twice the current size, type 2 at the Specify scale factor prompt.

Scale Factors

7/21/2009

23

Scale Tool Options

An object can also be scaled by specifying a new size in relation to an existing dimension.

Example: You have a shaft that is 2.50″ long, and you want to make it 3.00″ long. To do so, use the R f ti E t th t l th t th Reference option. Enter the current length at the Specify reference length: prompt, in this example 2.5. Next, enter the length you want the object to be, in this example 3.

Scale Tool Options

If an object needs to be both copied and scaled, these changes can be made at the same time using the SCALE tool.

The Copy option of the SCALE tool copies the selected object and scales it, leaving the original object unchanged.

Moving Objects

To access the MOVE tool select the move icon from the modify area of the home ribbon or type MOVE or “M” at the

d command prompt.

7/21/2009

24

Move Tool

When you enter the MOVE tool, AutoCAD asks you to select the objects to be moved. Use any of the selection set options to select the objects. The next prompt requests the base point. The base point is the point from which the objects will be point is the point from which the objects will be moved. Though the position of the base point is often not critical, most drafters select a point on an object, the corner of a view, or the center of a circle. The next prompt asks for the second point. This is the new position. All selected objects are moved the distance from the base point to the second point.

Move Tool - Displacement Option

A selected object can be moved relative to the origin, or 0,0,0 point, using the Displacement option.

To move using a displacement, access the MOVE tool and select the objects you want to move. Then select th Di l t ti i t d f d fi i th b the Displacement option instead of defining the base point.

At the Specify displacement <0,0,0>: prompt, enter an absolute coordinate to move the objects from the origin to the coordinate point

Move Tool – (Absolute Coordinates)

7/21/2009

25

Rotating Objects

Design changes often require an object, feature, or view to be rotated.

To access the rotate tool, select the rotate icon from the modify area of the home tab or type ROTATE or “RO” at the command prompt

Rotating Objects

Once you access the ROTATE tool, select objects to rotate using any of the selection set options.

After selecting the objects, pick a base point. The base point is the point, or axis, of rotation around which the objects rotate.

Next, enter a rotation angle. A negative rotation angle revolves the object clockwise. A positive rotation angle revolves the object counterclockwise.

Rotation Tools – Reference Option

The Reference option is used to rotate an object to a different angle based on the angle at which the object is currently rotated. The Reference option can be used in one of two ways. The first method is to define the existing angle and then the new angle.gThis method assumes that you know the angle at which the object is currently rotated. To use this technique, access the ROTATE tool, select the objects to rotate, and then pick the base point. Then select the Reference option instead of defining a rotation angle. Enter a reference angle, 135 for example, and then enter a new angle, such as 180

7/21/2009

26

Rotation Tool – Reference Option

Rotate Tool – Reference Optioin

The other method is to pick a reference line on the object and rotate the object in relationship to the reference line. This is the best choice when you do not know the angle at which the object is currently rotated. a g e at w c t e object s cu e t y otated. To use this technique, access the ROTATE tool, select the objects to rotate, and pick the base point. Then select the Reference option instead of defining a rotation angle. Pick the two endpoints of a reference line that forms the existing angle. Finally, enter the new angle

Rotate Tool – Reference Option

7/21/2009

27

Lab Assignment

Chapter 12, Pages 353 – 354, P.12-7, 12-8, and P12-10