Automated mapping and monitoring of wetlands for aqua crops

WORKSHOP ONOPERATIONAL MAPPING/MONITORING OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS IN SOUTH/SOUTHEAST ASIAN COUNTRIES

– RESEARCH NEEDS AND PRIORITIES

May 2-4, 2017

J.K. GargGuru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University

New Delhi, India

• Agriculture is the main stay of Indian economy

• Approximately half of our population depends on agriculture for its livelihood

• Indian agriculture depends heavily on monsoon

• Frequent droughts in some or other parts of India economic loss and inducing

suicidal tendencies among some farmers

• To look for solutions and provide a descent living to our rural population

Solutions – Horticulture, Aquaculture, Wetland Agriculture required to be encouraged

Wetlands may provide the solution

CONTEXT

Defining agriculture .......

“the deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through thecultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain”.

Crops can provide food, fuel, medicines. For our purposes, this definition ofagriculture includes land-based agriculture, inland and coastal aquaculture.Aquaculture as defined by FAO includes the farming of animals (e.g. crustaceans,finfish and molluscs) and plants (e.g. seaweeds and freshwater macrophytes).

ramsar.org

Defining wetlands .......

Ramsar uses a broad definition of wetlands, including lakes and rivers, swamps and marshes, wet grasslands and peatlands, oases, estuaries, deltas and tidal flats, near-shore marine areas, mangroves and coral reefs, and human-made sites such as fish ponds, rice paddies, reservoirs, and salt pans.

ramsar.org

Source: unknown from web

History of Wetland Research in India

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sClassification system

Type-wise distribution of wetlands in India

Source: SAC 2011

- swamp/marsh

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ise distribution

Small wetlands (<2.25 ha)

Small village tanks/ponds arealso useful wetlands. Smallwetlands (<2.25 ha) aredemarcated as point feature.

555557 such wetlands exist inthe country.

West Bengal has highestnumber of small wetlands(1,38,707) followed by UttarPradesh, Orissa, MadhyaPradesh, and Rajasthan

Source: SAC 2011

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RS based studies for use of wetlands in Aquaculture site selection

• Water bodies mapping for aquaculture site selection (1992-93) (Ministry of Agriculture & Cooperation - World Bank Funded Project)

• West Bengal• Assam• Bihar• Odisha• Uttar Pradesh• Andhra Pradesh (AP+Telangana)

SAC, 1992

Wetlands and Green House Gas Emissions- CH4

Total Wetland Area : 8.82 mhaAnnual Methane Emission : 2.645 Tg

Wetland estimates based on Resourcesat- AWiFS (2004-05)

Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of Wetlands

Wetlands and Food Security• Wetlands very important for food security, especially for rural population.

• Wetlands linked intricately to agriculture production system.

• Numerous examples of wetlands being used for pisciculture and aquaculture.

• Also important for livestock grazing and watering.

• However, ‘wise use’ concept seldom followed.

• Trade-off in wise use and ecological functions.

• Wetland edge gardening

• Challenge - Need to design food production technologies for food production

as well as ensuring safeguard to ecosystem services.

Wetland agriculture comprises:

1. Lotus cultivation - stems, fruits for consumption.2. Euryale ferox (Makhana /fox nut) cultivation3. Trapa (Singhara/water chestnut) culture.4. Rice/ deep water rice culture.5. Jute retting.6. Fish farming.7. …………………….

Chhattisgarh

SAC, 2011 Wetlands smaller than 2.25 ha = 27823

STUDY AREA

KotaBilaspurBilhaMatsuri Tahsils

Area:2853 km2

Google Earth Image showing wetlands

Tools and Techniques - for identification of wetlands for Aqua crops

Parameter/Variable Tools and Techniques

Wetland delineation and Inventory Remotely sensed (RS) data with appropriate resolutions

Wetland Health• Turbidity• Trophic Status

RS, Secchi DiskRS, Chl-a, Secchi Disk etc.

Identification of Candidate Wetlands for• Conservation• Aquaculture/Pisciculture• Wetland Edge cropping• Wetland/Aqua cropping

Geographical Information System

WO

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Wetland identification for Aqua crops

• Wetland Inventory at appropriate scale (national, regional, local)

• Apply filter to identify wetlands

• Larger than 1000 ha (conservation/lake/reservoir fishery)

• Between 100-1000 ha (Aquaculture/pisciculture)

• Between 1-10 ha (Edge farming + Pisciculture)

• Smaller than 1 ha (Aqua crops like Lotus, Euryle ferox (Makhana), Trapa

• Trophic status assessment using Secchi Disk/RS data

Evergreen revolution

Requires debate ??

WQP’s Algorithm ReferenceChl-a (μg/L) 54.658 + 520.451*B2 –1221.89*B3 +

611.115*B4 – 198.199*B5Lim et al., (2015)

Turbidity (NTU) 1.195+14.45*B4 Carpintero et al., (2013)

Tropic State Index

10 [6-(2.04 -0.68ln(Chl-a)/ln2)] Carlson (1977)

*NoteLandsat 8 OLIBand 2 Blue(B2) (0.45 – 0.51)Band 3 Green(B3) (0.53 – 0.59)Band 4 Red(B4) (0.64 – 0.67)Band 5 NIR(B5) (0.85 – 0.88)

Algorithms used for calculating various parameters

Area dotted with ponds

S. No Criteria (size) Number of wetlands Area(ha)

1 <1 ha 1814 1097.25

2 2ha 99 198

3 3ha 36 108

4 4ha 16 64

5 5 ha 3 15

6 6-10ha 14 103

7 11-30 ha 6 131

8 31-100 ha 3 124

9 >100 ha 3 1215

Total 1994 3055.25

Size-wise Distribution of Wetlands (Bilaspur, Kota, Matsuri, Bilha Tehsils)

S. No Criteria (size)

Number ofwetlands Turbidity Chl-a TSI

1 5 ha 3 Low Low (2)Mid (1)

Eutrophic (2)Mesotrophic (1)

2 6-10ha 14 LowHigh (4)Mid (4)Low (6)

Mesotrophic (4)Oligotrophic (2)

Eutrophic (8)

3 11-30 ha 6 Low High (4)Mid (2) Eutrophic (6)

4 31-100 ha 3 Mid(2) High (2)Mid (1) Eutrophic (3)

5 >100 ha 3 Low High (2)Mid (1) Eutrophic (3)

Turbidity and Chl-a Status in Wetlands (> 5 ha)

S. No Criteria (size)

Number ofwetlands Number of wetland according to TSI

1 5 ha 3 2Eutrophic /1Mesotrophic

2 6-10ha 144 Mesotrophic2 Oligotrophic

8Eutrophic3 11-30 ha 6 6 Eutrophic

4 31-100 ha 3 3 Eutrophic

5 >100 ha 3 3 Eutrophic

Trophic Status of Wetlands (Bilaspur, Kota, Matsuri, Bilha Tahsils)

RevolutionIn

Making

• Operational technique for mapping, monitoring and assessment of ecological health (turbidity. Chl-a, Trophic State) developed.

• Just in four talukas/tehsils (part of a district) 1814 wetlands (ponds) are the candidates for growing aqua crops.

• 22 Eutrophic wetlands (> 30 ha) appears to be suitable for Edge gardening and Pisciculture.

• Oligotrophic (2) wetlands should be protected.

CONCLUSIONS

References1. Carlson, R. E. (1977). A trophic state index for lakes. Limnology and oceanography, 22(2), 361-369.2. Carpintero, M., Contreras, E., Millares, A., & Polo, M. J. (2013, October). Estimation of turbidity along the

Guadalquivir estuary using Landsat TM and ETM+ images. In SPIE Remote Sensing (pp. 88870B-88870B).International Society for Optics and Photonics.

3. Garg, JK (2015). Wetland assessment, monitoring and management in India using geospatial techniques. Jour. Environment Mgt. Vol. 148, 112-123.

4. Garg, J.K., Singh, T.S. and Murthy, T.V.R. (1998). Wetlands of India. Project Report: RSAM/SAC/RESA/PR/01/98, 240 p. Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad.

5. Garg J.K. and Patel J. G. (2007). National Wetland Inventory and Assessment, Technical Guidelines and Procedure Manual, Technical Report, SAC/EOAM/AFEG/NWIA/TR/01/2007, June 2007, Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad

6. National Wetland Atlas (2011). SAC/EPSA/ABHG/NWIA/ATLAS/34/2011, Space Applications Centre, India, 310p. 7. Gao, H., Wang, L., Jing, L., & Xu, J. (2016, April). An effective modified water extraction method for Landsat-8 OLI

imagery of mountainous plateau regions. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 34, No.1, p. 012010). IOP Publishing.

8. Gholizadeh, M. H., Melesse, A. M., & Reddi, L. (2016). A Comprehensive Review on Water Quality ParametersEstimation Using Remote Sensing Techniques. Sensors, 16(8), 1298.

9. Lim, J., & Choi, M. (2015). Assessment of water quality based on Landsat 8 operational land imager associatedwith human activities in Korea. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 187(6), 384.

10. Patra, P. P., Dubey, S. K., Trivedi, R. K., Sahu, S. K., & Rout, S. K. Estimation of chlorophyll‐a concentration andtrophic states in Nalban Lake of East Kolkata Wetland, India from Landsat 8 OLI data. Spatial InformationResearch, 1-13.

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