automatic drug delivery system

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A MAJOR PROJECT REPORT

ON

AUTOMATIC DRUG DELIVERING SYSTEM

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment for the award of

Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics & Communication.

(2009-2013)

Submitted to

RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYABHOPAL (M.P.)

Submitted By:

RUCHIKA AGRAWAL

(0302EC091090)

Approved By Under the Guidance of

Mr.A.P.Singh (HOD) Mrs.Neha Verma(Electronics & Communication ) (Electronics &

Communication )

Department Of Electronics & CommunicationVINDHIYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE

SATNA (M.P.)


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Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogivi

Vishwavidyalaya,Bhopal(M.P)

Vindhya Institute of Technology & Science Satna (M.P)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled as Automatic drug

delivery systemwhich has been completed & submitted by

RUCHIKA AGRAWAL in partial fulfillment of the requirement

for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in

Information Technology for the session 2012-2013 is a bonafied

work by them and has been completed under my guidance and

supervision.It has not been submitted elsewhere for any other

degree.

Mr.A.P.SINGH (H.O.D) Mrs.Neha Verma(E & C)

PrincipalMr.R.C.Srivastava


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Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogivi Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal (M.P)

Vindhya Institute of Technology & Science

Santa (M.P)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled as Automatic

drug delivery system which has been completed & submitted by

RUCHIKA AGRAWAL,SAPNA in partial fulfillment of therequirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering

inElectronics & Communication for the session 2012-2013.

(External Examinor) (Internal Examinor)


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

A project like this one involves many people and would be incomplete

without the mention of all those people whose guidance and

encouragement helped in the successful completion of this project.

Our heartily thanks to all faculty members of

Department of Electronics & Communication,Vindhya Institute ofTechnology & Science,Satna for their effort towards our project.

We would like to thanks our H.O.DMr. A.P.Singhwho has been a great source of inspiration for us and without whose

humble guidance of project was never to shape.

We are also indebted to our guideMrs.Neha Vermafor his encouragement, guidance and support.

We are also thankful to many people whose timely

help but paucity of space is restricting us from mentioning their

name. And finally we also thank to all my colleagues who were

constant support during the whole project.

RUCHIKA AGRAWAL

(0302EC091090)


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DECLARATION

We here by declare that the work which is being presented in the project

report entitled Automatic drug delivery systemin partial fulfillment of

the requirement of the degree ofBachelor of Engineering in Electronics

& Communicationbranch is an authentic record of our work carried out

under the able guidance ofMr. A.P. Singh.The work has been carried out

at Vindhya Institute Of Technology & Science, Satna.

(Font size-14)

Project Associate

RUCHIKA AGRAWAL


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ABSTRACT


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ABSTRACT

The use of these systems is recognized and accepted

as standard practice in community, hospital and mailservice pharmacies.There has also been innovation

in systems that address hospital and long term care

unit dose preparation, and in computer systems that

electronically track and chart prescription

medications.

It also improves the process leading to the choice of

drugs for a formulary or drafting of treatmentguidelines for specific diseases. automated drug-

delivery system isa device implanted under the skin

and connected to a wireless control center, is being

developed to remove the inconvenience associated

with taking drugs manually


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CONTENTS1.INTRODUCTION

2.BLOCK DIAGRAM

3.WORKING

4.CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

5.CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

6.PROGRAMMING

7.LIST OF COMPONENTS

8.COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

9.DESIGN PROCESS

A)PCB IMPLEMENTION

10. APPLICATION

11. ADVANTAGES

12. DISADVANTAGES

13. PROBLAM FACED & RECOVERY

14. LIMITATIONS

15. CONCLUSION

16. BIBLIOGRAPHY


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AUTOMATIC DRUG DELIVERING SYSTEM


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INTRODUCTION


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INTRODUCTION

Drug dosing is a technique that is done to cure the diseases throughproper prescription and control of drugs that have beenidentified to the corresponding disease based on diagnosis. Drugdosing is a very critical and challenging step that needs to becorrectly monitoredand prescribed by the doctor.

Patients who may otherwise be unable to take medication maybenefit from new electronic implants capable of dispensing drugsautomatically. However, researchers warn of security risks.

automated drug-delivery system isa device implanted under the skinand connected to a wireless control center, is being developed toremove the inconvenience associated with taking drugs manually.Such devices will include built-in sensors that allow health careworkers to monitor pulse rate, blood oxygen levels and otherfunctions. Based on the information, they could adjust how frequentlythe medication is delivered or increase or decrease amounts asnecessary. Researchers believe that automated drug-deliverysystems will be especially beneficial for people with physical ormental disabilities, who would otherwise be unable to takemedications on their own.


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Block Diagram

Alarm

withDisplay

Microcontroller

89c51

StepperMotor

Controller

StepperMotor

SyringeSystem

Sensor

With

Salt


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Working

The automatic drug delivery system is monitor glucose level in theblood. Whenever it cross a set point user will get an alarm with a message to

delivers the pre-programmed amount of drug to bring the glucose level backto normal.

In this project Quad Operational amplifier is used. The probe is used

to connect the salt level to IC LM324. It is act as an amplifier with

comparator. When probe connected to the solution than it senses the variableresistance. It is compare the difference of the probe voltage.

Output salt level detector is connected with the Light Emitting Diode.It shows three levels:

1.Normal

2. Critical and

3. Danger

Here,

Green LED indicate that the LEVEL IS NORMAL,Blue LED indicate that the LEVEL IS CRITICAL,

Red LED indicate that the LEVEL IS DANGER.The Pre-programmed microcontroller gives signal to the stepper

motor. When the level is critical, comparator generates (PIN 7) High signal

and its connected to the PIN No. 1 of Microcontroller. Controller will send

the high the voltage to the PIN NO. 17. PIN NO. 17 is connected to thebuzzer after that display shows LEVEL IS CRITICAL. When the level is

danger, comparator generates (PIN 14) High signal and its connected to the

PIN No. 2 of Microcontroller. Controller will send the high the voltage tothe PIN NO. 17. It generate buzzer, after that display shows LEVEL IS

DANGER.


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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM


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Circuit diagram 5v DC regulated power supply system


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CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

The system is built around the Atmels (AT89c51) 8 bit

microcontroller. In this system a unipolar stepper motor is used

(which is used widely in all kinds of floppy drives

and CD drives) with following specifications: Maximum voltage:

5V DC, Step angle: 18 degree, Steps per revolution: 20 Uni polarstepping motors with 5 or 6 wires are available and usually wired

with a center tap at terminal 1 and 2 on each of the two windings.

In use, the center taps of the windings are typically wired to the

Positive supply an d the two ends of each winding are

alternately grounded to reverse the direction of the field provided

by that winding shows Microcontroller (AT89c51) based circuit

which ca n control all the functions of step per motor Crystal

oscillator of frequency 12. MHz is used to produce clockfrequency for the microcontroller.


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IC 7805 VOLTAGE REGULATORS

The IC used here in our project basically converts 9V supply to usable 5V.

It is a positive voltage regulator.


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89C51(MICROCONTR0LLER)

Features Compatible with MCS-51 Products 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory

Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles

Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHzThree-level Program Memory Lock 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O LinesTwo 16-bit Timer/Counters Six Interrupt Sources Programmable Serial Channel Low-power Idle and Power-down ModesDescription

The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer

with 4Kbytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). Thedeviceis manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technologyand iscompatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pinout. Theon-chipFlash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by aconventionalnonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU withFlashon a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer whichprovidesa highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded controlapplications.PDIP8-bit Microcontroller with 4K Bytes

AT89C51The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128

bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-levelinterrupt architecture,a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the

AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequencyand supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Modestops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port andinterrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves theRAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions untilthe next hardware reset.Pin Description

VCC


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Supply voltage.GNDGround.Port 0Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, eachpin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins canbe used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the

multiplexed loworderaddress/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In thismode P0 has internal pullups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flashprogramming,and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pullups arerequired during program verification.Port 1Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.

The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by

the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will sourcecurrent (IIL) because of the internal pullups.Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes duringFlash programming and verification.Port 2Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.

The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high bythe internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,

Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will sourcecurrent (IIL) because of the internal pullups.Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetchesfrom external program memory and during accesses toexternal data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @DPTR). In this application, it uses strong internal pullups

when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memorythat use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits thecontents of the P2 Special Function Register.Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and somecontrol signals during Flash programming and verification.Port 3Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.

The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high bythe internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will sourcecurrent (IIL) because of the pullups.Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features

of the AT89C51 as listed below:


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Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programmingand verification.RSTReset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles whilethe oscillator is running resets the device.

ALE/PROGAddress Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte

of the address during accesses to external memory. Thispin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flashprogramming.In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timingor clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALEPort Pin Alternate FunctionsP3.0 RXD (serial input port)P3.1 TXD (serial output port)P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0)

P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt 1)P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external input)P3.5 T1 (timer 1 external input)P3.6 WR (external data memory write strobe)

P3.7 RD (external data memory read strobe


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PROGRAMMING

1.uf1 equ 2fh2. uf2 equ 2eh3. org 0000h4. mov 2ah,#32h5. mov 2bh,#01h6. mov 2ch,#05h7. mov 2dh,#01h8. clr uf19. clr uf210. mov r0,#01h

11. mov p1,#0ffh12. lop: mov a,p113. cjne a,#0ffh,jump14. ajmp lop15.16. jump: clr p0.017. loop: rrc a18. jnc num19. inc r020. sjmp loop21. num: acall dely22. setb p0.023.24. cjne r0,#01h,nxt25. acall clkwise26. sjmp over27. nxt: cjne r0,#02h,nxt228. acall aclkwise29. sjmp over

30. nxt2: cjne r0,#03h,nxt331. jnb uf1,ledoff32. setb p0.333. ledoff: acall incrpm34. sjmp over35. nxt3: cjne r0,#04h,nxt436. jnb uf1,ledof37. setb p0.338. ledof: acall decrpm39. sjmp over


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40. nxt4: cjne r0,#05h,nxt541. jnb uf2,of42. setb p0.443. of: acall incnum44. sjmp over45. nxt5: cjne r0,#06h,over46. acall decnum

47.48. over: mov p2,#0ffh49. mov p1,#0ffh50. mov r0,#01h51. sjmp lop52.53. clkwise:54. mov r3,2ch55. rot: clr p0.156. mov p2,#33h57. acall delay58. mov p2,#3ch59. acall delay60. setb p0.161. mov p2,#0cch62. acall delay63. mov p2,#0c3h64. acall delay65. djnz r3,rot

66. ret67.68. aclkwise:69. mov r3,2ch70. rott: clr p0.271. mov p2,#33h72. acall delay73. mov p2,#0c3h74. acall delay75. setb p0.2

76. mov p2,#0cch77. acall delay78. mov p2,#3ch79. acall delay80. djnz r3,rott81. ret82.83. incrpm:84. clr p0.385. mov r4,2bh


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86. cjne r4,#0ah,incr87. setb uf188. ajmp out89. incr: inc 2bh90. mov b,2bh91. mov a,#32h92. div ab

93. mov 2ah,a94. acall dely95. setb p0.396. out: ret97.98. decrpm:99. clr p0.3100. mov r4,2bh101. cjne r4,#01h,decr102. setb uf1103. ajmp out1104. decr: dec 2bh105. mov b,2bh106. mov a,#32h107. div ab108. mov 2ah,a109. acall dely110. setb p0.3111. out1: ret

112.113. incnum:114. clr p0.4115. inc 2dh116. mov a,#05h117. mov b,2dh118. mul ab119. mov 2ch,a120. acall dely121. setb p0.4

122. ret123. decnum:124. clr p0.4125. mov r4,2dh126. cjne r4,#01h,decn127. setb uf2128. ajmp out2129. decn: dec 2dh130. mov a,#05h131. mov b,2dh


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132. mul ab133. mov 2ch,a134. acall dely135. setb p0.4136. out2: ret137.138. delay:

139. mov r1,2ah140. lp5: mov r2,#0c8h141. lp4: nop142. nop143. nop144. djnz r2,lp4145. djnz r1,lp5146. ret147.148. dely:149. mov r6,#0ffh150. lp2: mov r7,#0c8h151. lp1: nop152. nop153. nop154. djnz r7,lp1155. nop156. nop157. djnz r6,lp2

158. ret159. end


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LIST OF COMPONENTS


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COMPONENT LIST

Semiconductors:

IC1 - 7805 5V regulatorIC2 - AT89C51 microcontroller

T1, T3, T5, T7 - BC548 npn transistors

T2, T4, T6, T8 - SL100 npn transistorsD1-D8 - 1N4001 rectifier diodesLED1 - Red LED (5mm dia.)

Resistors (all -watt, 5% carbon):

R1 - 100-ohm

R2 - 10-kilo-ohmR3, R5, R7, R9 - 1-kilo-ohm

R4, R6, R8, R10 - 470-ohm

Capacitors:

C1 - 220F, 25V electrolyticC2 - 100F, 16V electrolytic

C3 - 10F, 16V electrolyticC4, C5 - 33pF ceramic disk

C6 - 100F, 16V electrolytic

Miscellaneous:

X1 - 230VAC primary to 0-7.5V,1A secondary step-down

transformer- 5V DC stepper motor


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COMPONENET DESCRIPTION


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COMPONENT DETAIL:-

A.- RESISTOR:-

Resistor and resistive networks are extensively used in electronic circuits and

measurement work. The foremost properties of material used in the

construction of resistor meant for precision work are: stability or performance

with time to resistance temperature co-efficient low thermoelectric emf. With

copper high resistively resistance to oxidation corrosion and moisture case of

manufacture and low cost.


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COLOUR NUMBERS

Resistors, capacitors and other electronic components used in defenseequipment, computers, space applications, etc. should be highly reliable and

must be capable of stable operation under severe environmental conditions.

These are called professional grade components, and they should be superior in

characteristics regarding reliability, stability, and close tolerance, wider range of

operating temperatures, superior electrical and electronic properties, and

capacity to operate under severe environmental conditions.


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The materials to achieve these superior characteristics should be chosen

very carefully. Dielectric materials used in professional grade components

should serve the dual purpose of providing electrical insulation and protection

from adverse environmental conditions. We have already elaborated on the

materials with superior insulation properties used in resistors and capacitors.

The protection against atmospheric influences\ has to be almost perfect, and

this is achieved by placing the capacitors in a nonferrous metal can and

bringing out the leads through glass to metal seals. The next method in order of

preference is encasing in metal cans and using ceramic to metal seals. Further

down in priority would be to use metal can with ceramic bushings, or an epoxy

free moulded can with epoxy end sealing, or a ceramic can with epoxy end

sealing, etc.

B Capacitor:-


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A capacitor is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of

conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator). When there is a potential

difference (voltage) across the conductors, a static electric field develops in the

dielectric that stores energy and produces a mechanical force between the

conductors. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value,

capacitance, measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each

conductor to the potential difference between them.

Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct

currentwhile allowing alternating current to pass, in filter networks, for

smoothing the output of power supplies, in the resonant circuits that tune

radios to particular frequencies and for many other purposes.

The effect is greatest when there is a narrow separation between large areas ofconductor, hence capacitor conductors are often called "plates", referring to an

early means of construction. In practice the dielectric between the plates passes

a small amount of leakage current and also has an electric field strength limit,

resulting in a breakdown voltage, while the conductors and leads introduce an

undesired inductance and resistance.


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C. - LED:-

The LED is primarily a PN junction semiconductor device. The basics

mechanism of Electro-magnetic radiation from the devices is injection

luminescence (IL) The occurs in two steps i.e. (i) injection of minority carries

across the junction and (ii) The radioactive recombination of minority carries

when the diode has zero bias under thermal equilibrium condition the space

charge of depletion layer potential prevents the cross over of large

concentration of mobile conduction band electron & the valance band holes

across et junction when a forward bias is applied to the device the magnitude

of these potential barrier is reduced making it possible for diffusion of electron

and helps across the junction. The minority carries concentrations on both

sides to the junction are considerably increased which increased their rate of

recombination. This is responsible for electromagnetic radiation.


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Advantages:-

1. LEDs are miniature in size & they can be stacked together to form

numeric & alpha numeric displays in high-density matrix.

2.The light output from an LED is a function of the current flowing

through it therefore intensity of light emitted from LEDs can be

smoothly controlled.

3. LEDs have a high efficiency as emitters of electromagnetic radiation

they require moderate power for there operation. A typical voltage drop

of 1.2 V and a current of 20mA us required for full brightness.

4. LEDs are available which emit light in different colors like red, green,

yellow and amber.


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5.The switching time (either on or off) is less than 1ns & therefore they

are very useful where dynamic operation of large number of amays in

involved.

6. LEDs are rugged and can therefore withstand shocks and vibrations they

can be operate over a wide range of temperature says 0-70c.

Disadvantages:-

LEDs are not suited for large area displays primarily because of theirhigh cost. For large displays devices using gas filled plasma are used.

D.- TRANSISTOR:-

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch

electronic signals. It is made of a solid piece of semiconductor material, with at

least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current

applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current flowing

through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2N2222A_and_schema.jpg


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be much more than the controlling (input) power, the transistor provides

amplification of a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but

many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.

Crystal oscillator

A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical

resonance of a vibratingcrystal ofpiezoelectric material to create an electricalsignal with a very precise frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keeptrack of time (as in quartz wristwatches), to provide a stable clock signal fordigital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters andreceivers. The most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is the quartzcrystal, so oscillator circuits designed around them became known as "crystaloscillators."

Quartz crystals are manufactured for frequencies from a few tens ofkilohertzto tens of megahertz. More than two billion (2109) crystals are manufacturedannually. Most are used for consumer devices such as wristwatches, clocks,radios, computers, and cellphones. Quartz crystals are also found inside testand measurement equipment, such as counters, signal generators, andoscilloscopes.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_oscillatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricity#Materialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_clockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_transmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_receiverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilohertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wristwatchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscilloscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscilloscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wristwatchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilohertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_receiverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_transmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_clockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricity#Materialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_oscillator


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Integrated Circuits:

An intagrated circuit (I.C.) is a group of components which may includeresistors, low value capacitors and transistors printed on a silicon chip. Theindividual components of the I.C. make up a commonly used circuit. Thecircuits can range from simple voltage regulators to audio chips for a head

unit to a microprocessor for a computer.

Baton switch :

This is a switch for the clockwise rotating, thecounterclockwise rotating or making a motorstop, a

tactile switch, comprising:

a base body;

a first stationary contact, provided on the base body;

a second stationary contact, provided on the base body;

a conductive click spring, disposed over the first stationary contact and thesecond stationary contact, so as to be always electrically connected to the first

stationary contact and so as to be away from the second stationary contact in aneutral position thereof;

a push button, including a head portion which is depressed by an operator, andan actuator which pushes the click spring so as to be abutted against the secondstationary contact when the head portion is depressed,

wherein the head portion and the actuator is integrally formed from rubberhaving elastic restorability.

In this tactile switch, since the head portion and the actuator of the pushbutton for pushing the click spring are formed from rubber having elasticity, anexcessive impact caused by pushing operation can be absorbed by the pushbutton itself.

Therefore, the click spring is prevented from undergoing an excessive impactso that the lifetime of the click spring is increased. Moreover, deterioration inthe quality thereof is prevented. Furthermore, because the head portion and theactuator are formed from rubber, the pushing stroke of the tactile switch is
http://www.bcae1.com/resistrs.htmhttp://www.bcae1.com/capacitr.htmhttp://www.bcae1.com/trnsistr.htmhttp://www.bcae1.com/diodes.htmhttp://www.bcae1.com/diodes.htmhttp://www.bcae1.com/trnsistr.htmhttp://www.bcae1.com/capacitr.htmhttp://www.bcae1.com/resistrs.htm


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increased. Thus, a switching operation of the tactile switch can reliably beperformed.

IC socket

This is the socket to mount AT89C51.

Transformer

A TRANSFORMER is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to

another by electromagnetic induction (transformer action). The electrical energy is

always transferred without a change in frequency, but may involve changes in

magnitudes of voltage and current. Because a transformer works on the principle of

electromagnetic induction, it must be used with an input source voltage that varies in

amplitude. There are many types of power that fit this description; for ease of

explanation and understanding, transformer action will be explained using an ac

voltage as the input source. The alternating current has certain advantages over direct

current. One important advantage is that when ac is used, the voltage and current

levels can be increased or decreased by means of a transformer.

As you know, the amount of power used by the load of an electrical circuit is equal

to the current in the load times the voltage across the load, or P = EI. If, for example,

the load in an electrical circuit requires an input of 2 amperes at 10 volts (20 watts) and

the source is capable of delivering only 1 ampere at 20 volts, the circuit could not

normally be used with this particular source. However, if a transformer is connected

between the source and the load, the voltage can be decreased (stepped down) to 10

volts and the current increased (stepped up) to 2 amperes. Notice in the above case


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that the power remains the same. That is, 20 volts times 1 ampere equals the same

power as 10 volts times 2 amperes.

In the transformer shown in the cutaway view in figure, the primary consists of

many turns of relatively small wire. The wire is coated with varnish so that each turn

of the winding is insulated from every other turn. In a transformer designed for high-

voltage applications, sheets of insulating material, such as paper, are placed between

the layers of windings to provide additional insulation. When the primary winding is

completely wound, it is wrapped in insulating paper or cloth. The secondary winding is

then wound on top of the primary winding. After the secondary winding is complete,

it too is covered with insulating paper. Next, the E and I sections of the iron core areinserted into and around the windings as shown.

The leads from the windings are normally brought out through a hole in the

enclosure of the transformer. Sometimes, terminals may be provided on the enclosure

for connections to the windings. The figure shows four leads, two from the primary

and two from the secondary. These leads are to be connected to the source and load,

respectively.

Basic Operation of a Transformer

In its most basic form a transformer consists of:

A primary coil or winding.A secondary coil or winding.A core that supports the coils or windings.

Refer to the transformer circuit in figure -1 as you read the following explanation:

The primary winding is connected to a 60 hertz ac voltage source. The magnetic field

(flux) builds up (expands) and collapses (contracts) about the primary winding. The

expanding and contracting magnetic field around the primary winding cuts the

secondary winding and induces an alternating voltage into the winding. This voltage

causes alternating current to flow through the load. The voltage may be stepped up or

down depending on the design of the primary and secondary windings.


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Basic transformer action

The Components of a Transformer:

Two coils of wire (called windings) are wound on some type of core material. In

some cases the coils of wire are wound on a cylindrical or rectangular cardboard form.

In effect, the core material is air and the transformer is called an AIR-CORE

TRANSFORMER. Transformers used at low frequencies, such as 60 hertz and 400

hertz, require a core of low-reluctance magnetic material, usually iron. This type of

transformer is called an IRON-CORE TRANSFORMER. Most power transformers

are of the iron-core type. The principle parts of a transformer and their functions are:

The CORE, which provides a path for the magnetic lines of flux.

The PRIMARY WINDING, this receives energy from the ac source.

The SECONDARY WINDING, which receives energy from the primary winding and

delivers it to the load.

Core Characteristics:


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The composition of a transformer core depends on such factors as voltage,

current, and frequency. Size limitations and construction costs are also factors to be

considered. Commonly used core materials are air, soft iron, and steel. Each of these

materials is suitable for particular applications and unsuitable for others. Generally, air-

core transformers are used when the voltage source has a high frequency (above 20

kHz). Iron-core transformers are usually used when the source frequency is low

(below 20 kHz). A soft-iron-core transformer is very useful where the transformer

must be physically small, yet efficient. The iron-core transformer provides better

power transfer than does the air-core transformer. A transformer whose core is

constructed of laminated sheets of steel dissipates heat readily; thus it provides for the

efficient transfer of power. The majority of transformers you will encounter in Navy

equipment contain laminated-steel cores. These steel laminations are insulated with a

nonconducting material, such as varnish, and then formed into a core. It takes about

50 such laminations to make a core an inch thick. The purpose of the laminations is to

reduce certain losses which will be discussed later in this chapter. An important point

to remember is that the most efficient transformer core is one that offers the best path

for the most lines of flux with the least loss in magnetic and electrical energy.


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LCD DISPLAY

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is aflat panel display,electronic visual display,orvideo displaythat uses the light modulating properties ofliquid crystals. Liquidcrystals do not emit light directly.

LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose computerdisplay) or fixed images which can be displayed or hidden, such as preset words,

digits, and7-segmentdisplays as in adigital clock. They use the same basictechnology, except that arbitrary images are made up of a large number ofsmallpixels, while other displays have larger elements.

LCDs are used in a wide range of applications includingcomputermonitors,televisions,instrument panels,aircraft cockpit displays, and signage. Theyare common in consumer devices such as video players, gamingdevices,clocks,watches,calculators, andtelephones, and have replacedcathode raytube(CRT) displays in most applications. They are available in a wider range ofscreen sizes than CRT andplasma displays, and since they do not use phosphors,they do not sufferimage burn-in. LCDs are, however, susceptible toimagepersistence.

[1]

The LCD is more energy efficient and can be disposed of more safely than aCRT. Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery-poweredelectronicequipment. It is anelectronically modulated optical devicemadeup of any number of segments filled withliquid crystalsand arrayed in front ofalight source(backlight) orreflectorto produce images in color ormonochrome.Liquid crystals were first developed in 1888
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_panel_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_panel_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_panel_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_visual_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_visual_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_visual_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_Crystalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_Crystalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_Crystalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-segmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-segmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_clockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_clockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_clockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_monitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_monitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_monitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_monitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_panelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_panelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_panelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_instrumentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_instrumentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_instrumentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_burn-inhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_burn-inhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_burn-inhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_persistencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_persistencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_persistencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display#cite_note-Fujitsu-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display#cite_note-Fujitsu-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display#cite_note-Fujitsu-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-optic_modulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-optic_modulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-optic_modulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light#Light_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light#Light_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light#Light_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflector_(photography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflector_(photography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflector_(photography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflector_(photography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light#Light_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-optic_modulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display#cite_note-Fujitsu-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_persistencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_persistencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_burn-inhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_instrumentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_panelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_monitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_monitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_clockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-segmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_Crystalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_visual_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_panel_display


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PCB IMPLEMENTION


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P.C.B. MANUFACTURING

PROCESSIt is an important process in the fabrication of electronic equipment.

The design of PCBs (Printed Circuit Boards) depends on circuitrequirements like noise immunity, working frequency and voltage levels

etc. High power PCBs requires a special design strategy.

The fabrication process to the printed circuit board will determine to

a large extent the price and reliability to the equipment. A common target

aimed is the fabrication of small series of highly reliable professional

quality PCBs with low investment cost. The target becomes especially

important for custom tailored equipment in the area of industrial

electronics.

The layout of a PCB has to incorporate all the information of the board before one can

go on the artwork preparation. This means that a concept, that clearly defined all the

details of the circuit and partly also of the final equipment is prerequisite before the

actual lay out can start. The detailed circuit diagram is very important for the layout

designer but he must also be familiar with the design concept and with the philosophy

behind the equipment.

BOARD TYPES:

The two most popular PCB types are:

1. Single Sided Boards

The single sided PCBs are mostly used in entertainment

electronics where manufacturing costs have to be kept at a minimum.

However in industrial electronics cost factors cannot be neglected and

single sided boards should be used wherever a particular circuit can be

accommodated on such boards.


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2. Double Sided Boards

Double-sided PCBs can be made with or without plated

through holes. The production of boards with plated through holes is

fairly expensive. Therefore plated through holes boards are only

chosen where the circuit complexities and density does not leave any

other choice.

DESIGNSPECIFICATION

(I) STEP TAKEN WHILE PREPARING CIRCUIT

(A) PCB DESIGNINGThe main purpose of printed circuit is in the routing of electric currents and

signal through a thin copper layer that is bounded firmly to and insulating base material

some time called the substrate. This base is manufactured with an integral bounded

layers of thin copper foil which has to be partly etched of other wise remove to arrive at a

pre designed pattern to suite the circuit connections or whatever other application is

noted.

The term printed circuit board is derived from the originalmethod where by a printed pattern is used as the mask over wanted areas of

copper. The PCB provides an ideal baseboard upon which to assemble and

hold firmly most of the small components.

From the constructors point of view, the main attraction of using

PCB is its role as the mechanical support for small components. There is

less need for complicate and time consuming metal work of chassis

contraception except perhaps in providing the final enclosure. Most

straight forward circuit designs can be easily covered in to printed wiring

layer the thought required to carry out the inversion cab footed high light

an possible error that would otherwise be missed in conventional point to

point wiring .The finished project is usually neater and truly a work of art.

Actual size PCB layout for the circuit shown is drawn on the

copper board. The board is then immersed in FeCl3 solution for 12 hours.


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In this process only the exposed copper portion that is etched out by the

solution.

Now the petrol washes out the paint. Now the copper layout on

PCB is rubbed with a smooth sand paper slowly and lightly such that only

the oxide layers over the Cu is removed. Now the holes are drilled at the

respective places according to component layout as shown in figure.

(B) LAYOUT DESIGN:

When designing the layout one should observe the minimum size

(component body length and weight). Before starting to design the layout we need all

the required components in hand so that an accurate assessment of space can be made.

Other space consideration might also include from case of mounted components over

the printed circuit board or to access path to present components.

It might be necessary to turn some components round to a differentangular position so that terminals are closer to the connections of thecomponents. The scale can be checked be positioning the components on thesquared paper. If any connection crosses, then one can reroute to avoid suchcondition.

All common or earth lines should ideally be connected to a

common line routed around the perimeter of the layout. This will act as the

ground plane. If possible try to route the outer supply line to the ground

plane. If possible try to route the other supply lines around the opposite

edge of the layout to through the center. The first set is tearing the circuit

to eliminate the crossover without altering the circuit detail in any way.

Plan the layout looking at the topside to this board. First this

should be translated inverse later for the etching pattern large areas rate

recommended to maintain good copper adhesive it is important to bear inmind always that copper track width must be according to the

recommended minimum dimensions and allowance must be made for

increased width where termination holes are needed. From this aspect, it

can become little tricky to negotiate the route to connect small transistors.

There are basically two ways of copper interconnections pattern

in the under side to the board. The first is the removal of only the amount


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of copper necessary to isolate the junction to the components to each other

resulting in the large areas of copper. The second is to make the

interconnection pattern looking more like conventional point wiring by

routing uniform width of copper from component to component.

(C) ETCHING PROCESS:

Etching process requires the use of chemicals acid resistant

dishes and running water supply. Ferric chloride is mostly used solution

but other etching materials such as ammonium per sulphate can be used.

Nitric acid can be used but in general it is not used due to poisonous

fumes.

The pattern prepared is glued to the copper surface of the

board using a latex type of adhesive that can be cubed after use. The

pattern is laid firmly on the copper using a very sharp knife to cut round the

pattern carefully to remove the paper corresponding to the required copper

pattern areas. Then apply the resist solution, which can be a kind of ink

proportion for the purpose of maintaining smooth clean outlines as far as

possible. While the board is drying, test all the components.

Before going to next stage, check the whole pattern and cross check against the

circuit diagram. Check for any free metal on the copper. The etching bath should be in a glass or

enamel disc. If using crystal of ferric- chloride these should be thoroughly dissolved in water to

the proportional suggested. There should be 0.5 lt. of water for 125 gm of crystal.

Waste liquid should be thoroughly deflated and dried in water

land. Never pour down the drain. To prevent particles of copper hindering

further etching, agitate the solutions carefully by gently twisting or rocking

the tray.

The board should not be left in the bath a moment longer than

is needed to remove just the right amount of copper. Inspite of there being

a resistive coating there is no protection against etching away through

exposed copper edges. This leads to over etching. Have running water

ready so that etched board can be removed properly and rinsed. This will

halt etching immediately.


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Drilling is one of those operations that calls for great care. For

most purposes a 1mm drill is used. Drill all holes with this size first those

that need to be larger can be easily drilled again with the appropriate larger

size.

(D) COMPONENT ASSEMBLY: -

From the greatest variety of electronic components available,

which runs into thousands of different types it is often a perplexing task to

know which is right for a given job.

There could be damage such as hairline crack on PCB. If thereare, then they can be repaired by soldering a short link of bare copper wireover the affected part.

The most popular method of holding all the items is to bringthe wires far apart after they have been inserted in the appropriate holes.

This will hold the component in position ready for soldering.

Some components will be considerably larger .So it is best to

start mounting the smallest first and progressing through to the largest.

Before starting, be certain that no further drilling is likely to be necessary

because access may be impossible later.

Next will probably be the resistor, small signal diodes or other

similar size components. Some capacitors are also very small but it would

be best to fit these after wards. When fitting each group of componets mark

off each one on the components as it is fitted and if we have to leave the job

we know where to recommence.

Although transistors and integrated circuits are small items there are good

reasons for leaving the soldering of these until the last step. The main point is that these

components are very sensitive to heat and if subjected to prolonged application of the

soldering iron, they could be internally damaged.

All the components before mounting are rubbed with sand

paper so that oxide layer is removed from the tips. Now they are mounted

according to the component layout.


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(D) SOLDERING: -

This is the operation of joining the components with PCB after this

operation the circuit will be ready to use to avoid any damage or fault

during this operation following care must be taken.

1. A longer duration contact between soldering iron bit & components lead

can exceed the temperature rating of device & cause partial or total damage

of the device. Hence before soldering we must carefully read the maximum

soldering temperature & soldering time for device.

2. The wattage of soldering iron should be selected as minimum as

permissible for that soldering place.

3. To protect the devices by leakage current of iron its bit should be earthed

properly.

4. We should select the soldering wire with proper ratio of Pb & Tn to

provide the suitable melting temperature.

5. Proper amount of good quality flux must be applied on the soldering

point to avoid dry soldering


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PCB Layout


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Application

The use of these systems is recognized and accepted asstandard practice in community, hospital and mail service

pharmacies

It reduce the stress and work imposed on physicians and

nurses who are managing patients with unstable

hemodynamic conditions. These personnel will be able tospend more time on other patient-related activities, thereby

improving the quality of patient care

Patients who may otherwise be unable to take medication

may benefit from new electronic implants capable of

dispensing drugs automatically. However, researchers warn

of security risks.


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ADVANTAGES

It reduce the stress and work imposed on physicians and nurses whoare managing patients with unstable hemodynamic conditions.

These personnel will be able to spend more time on other patient-

related activities, thereby improving the quality of patient care

Such devices will include built-in sensors that allow health care

workers to monitor pulse rate, blood oxygen levels and other

functions

automated drug-delivery systems will be especially beneficial for people

with physical or mental disabilities, who would otherwise be unable to take

medications on their own.

The main advantage is that is not bulky.


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DISADVANTAGES

Drug dosing is a very critical and challenging step that needs to becorrectly monitored

and prescribed by the doctor.

The main demerits of this system is that needle condition must be

checked before use and must be replaced if required.

It has limited diease utility,it can be used only for diabetic


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PROBLAM FACED & RECOVERY

As we know a disease that effect internal part of body & is

causes by the inability to make insulin, an important Harmon are

regulated glucose.The current electromechanical drug delivery which is

available is not provide a continuous flow rate and extremely

expensive. This pump injects insulin at time interval through a

hypodermic needle around domen region. However our Clint

dissatisfy with current pump. Thus it is required a device that can

be disposable, small and efficient.

To overcome this difficulty, we use AUTOMATIC DRUG

DELIVERY SYSTEM which delivers solution at constant ratesfor a period 8 to 14 hours. The main advantage is that is not bulky.

Thus it must be user friendly an average person must be able to use

this pump with ease.

Thats why; we will take this project because it is more

convenient than current pumps.


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Limitation

Each and every task done has some limitation & this project to have

some but instead of taking them as failures and sitting back, it should be

taken as a scope to improve and analyze in a better way. So some of

them are:-

The main demerits of this system is that needle condition must be

checked before use and must be replaced if required.

It has limited diease utility,it can be used only for diabetic


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CONCLUSION

At the fag end of the project we feel that the whole working period was a

great learning experience due to a number of friendly & unfriendly

encounters with various situations. We also came across a lot of new

concepts making our learning a value addition.

The project is only a demonstration of a system that can be

developed into a full scale commercial utility for modern day scientific as

well as corporate requirements.

THANK YOU


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BIBLIOGRAPHY

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING:

ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUIT THEORYBY:- ROBERT L. BOYLESTAD

PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMSBY:- TAUB SCHILLING

PROGRAMING IN CBY:-ROBERT LAFORE

A TEXT BOOK OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING VOL:IVBY:-B L THERAJA

UP TO DATE C-MOS DATA & COMPARISION TABLE

REFERENCE FOR ARTICLES & TECHNICAL INFORMATION ON LOCAL

POSITIONING SYSTEM FROM FOLLOWING SITES:

http://www.yahoo.com (yahoo search engine)

http://www.google.com (Google search engine)

http://www.national.com/pf/CD/CD4066.html

http://www.fairchildsemi.com/pf/1N/1N4007.html

http://www.ascom.com

http://www.dzu.inetg.bg/dzu/telecom.htm

http://www.electricomconsulting.co.uk/overview.html

http://www.electronicprojects.com
http://www.electronicprojects.com/http://www.electronicprojects.com/http://www.electronicprojects.com/

automatic drug delivery system

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