automatic fan speed controller withour microcontroller or an intelligent speed governor for fan

An Intelligent Speed Governor For Fan Mini Project Report 2015

Dept. of ECE 1 YCET Kollam

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

This is a device to control the speed of fan and coolers automatically. The

device presented here makes the fan run at a full speed for pre determined time. This

speed is decreased to medium after some time and to slow then onwards after a period

of 8 hours, the fan or cooler is switched off. The circuit consist of IC1 (555 Timer IC)

which is used as an astable multi vibrator used to generate clock pulses. These are fed

to decade dividers or counters formed by IC2 and IC3 (IC CD4017B). These ICs act

as divide by 10 and divide by 9 counters respectively. The values of capacitor C1 and

resister R1 and R2 are adjusted so that the final output of IC3 goes high after 8 Hours.

So during summer nights the temperature is quality high but as time passes

temperature starts dropping. So it is required to reduce the speed of a fan or cooler

after particular periods. By using this device these reducing can be done

automatically. This also makes the reduced conception of power.



CHAPTER 2

EXISTING SYSTEM

In existing system the speed of the fans was changed manually using selector

switch. By changing the position of selector switch the speed of fan increases /

decreases. So the existing system has manually controlled speed regulator. This

system is very difficult for us to vary the speed of the regulator manually during the

sleeping time. So most of the times the speed of the fan will be in the same stage

during night times.

Fig.2.1 Existing arrangement for fan speed control



CHAPTER 3

PROPOSED SYSTEM

The existing system insists physical burden to users. In this proposed system we just

made some changes or alternation to the existing system. In this proposed system, the

manual operation was changed to automatic and thus it makes the user more user-

friendly and helpful.

Fig.3.1 Modified arrangement for speed control



CHAPTER 4

SYSTEM MODEL

The system consists of an astable timer NE555, Decade counters CD4017B,

Transistor BC 548, Relay and a Fan.

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig.4.1.Block Diagram

4.2 BLOCK DESCRIPTION

4.2.1 Power Supply

A 6 to 9 v DC Power supply is used. It provides constant power supply to

timer and other components respectively.

4.2.2 Astable Multivibrator

It is used as a pulse generator circuit it‟s high and low state are both unstable.

It provides clock pulses for the working of the decade counter1. The output of the

multivibrator toggles with the low and high continuously, infect generating a train of

pulses.



4.2.3 Decade Counter 1

It accepts the output from the astable multivibrator as clock pulse. And the

counter starts counting when there is an output at the astable output.

4.2.4 Decade Counter 2

It accept the output from the decade counter1 and counter start counting till

there is an output from the decade counter1 and it act as a divide by 9 counter.

4.2.5 Relay

This device simply acts as an electronic switch. When the output from the

decade counter 2 reaches the relay terminal it will control the speed of the fan or

cooler by switching of relays.



CHAPTER 5

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

5.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

The figure below shows the circuit diagram of An Intelligent Speed Governor

for Fan.

Fig 5.1. Circuit Diagram

5.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

In the circuit diagram IC1 (555 timer IC) act as an astable multivibrator. It is

used to generate clock pulses. The pulses are fed to a decade divider counter, which is

formed by IC2 and IC3. These ICs act as divide by 10 counters and divide by 9

counter respectively. The values of capacitors C1, resister R2 and R2 are so adjusted

that the final output of IC3 goes high about 8hours.

The first two outputs of IC3 (Q0 and Q1) are connected (0 Red) via diode D1

and D2 to the base of the transistor T1. Initially output Q0 is high and there for relay

RL1 is energized. It remains energized when Q1 becomes high. The method of

connecting the gadget of the fan or cooler is given in the figure 5.1.

Initially the fan shall get A/C supply directly so it shall be run at high speed.

When the output Q2 becomes high and Q1 becomes low, relay RL1 is turned off and



relay RL2 is turned on. The fan gets A/C through a resistance and its speed drops to

medium. This continues until output Q4 is high. When Q4 goes low and Q5 goes

high, relay RL2 is activated thus the fan run at low speed. Throughout the process, pin

11 of the IC is low, so T4 is cut off, thus keeping T5 in saturation and relay RL4 is on.

At the end of the cycle, when pin 11(Q9) becomes high T4 get saturated and T5 is cut

off. Relay RL4 is switched off, thus switching of the fan or cooler.

Using the given circuit the fan shall run at high speed for a comparatively

lesser time when either of Q0 or Q1 output is high. At medium speed it will run for a

moderate time period when any of three outputs(Q2 to Q4) is high, while at low speed

it will run for a much longer time period when any of the four outputs(Q5 to Q8) is

high.

It is possible to make the fan run at the three speeds for an equal amount of

time by connecting three terminal decoded outputs of IC3 to each of the transistors T1

to T3. One can also get more than three speeds by using an additional relay transistor

and associated components and connecting one or more outputs of IC3 to it.

5.3 DETAILED COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

5.3.1 Power Supply

The ac voltage, typically 220V rms, is connected to a transformer, which steps

that ac voltage down to the level of the desired dc output. A diode rectifier then

provides a full wave rectified voltage that is initially filtered by a simple capacitor

filter to produce a dc voltage. A regulator circuit removes the ripples and also remains

the same dc value even if the input dc voltage varies, or the load connected to the

output dc voltage changes. This voltage regulation is usually obtained using one of the

popular voltage regulator ic units.

Fig.5.2. Block Diagram of Power supply

TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER FILTER IC REGULATOR

LOAD



Fig.5.3. Circuit Diagram of Power Supply

Transformer

Transformer is a device used to increment or decrement the input voltage

given as per the requirement. The transformers are classified into two depending upon

their functionality step down transformer and step up transformer. Here a step down

transformer is used for stepping down the house hold ac power supply i.e. the 230-

240V power supply to 6V.

Bridge Rectifier

When four diodes are connected as shown in fig.5.3, the circuit is called as

bridge rectifier. The input to the circuit is applied to the diagonally opposite corners

of the network, and the output is taken from the remaining two corners.

Let us assume that the transformer is working properly and there is a positive

potential, at point A and a negative potential at point B. The positive potential at point

A will forward bias D14 and reverse bias D17.

The negative potential at point B will forward bias D15 and reverse D16. At

this time D17 and D15 are forward biased and will allow current flow to pass through

them, D14 and D16 are reverse biased and will block current flow.

The path for current flow is from point B through D15, up through RL,

through D17, through the secondary of the transformer back to point B. This path is

indicated by the solid arrows.



One half cycles later the polarity across the secondary of the transformer

reverse, forward biasing D16 and D14 and reverse biasing D15 and D17. Current flow

will now be from point A through D14, up through RL, through D16, through the

secondary of T1, and back to point A. This path is indicated by the broken arrows.

The current flow through RL is always in the same direction. Since current flows

through the load (RL) during both half cycles of the applied voltage, this bridge

rectifier is a full-wave rectifier.

One advantage of a bridge rectifier over a conventional full-wave rectifier is

that with a given transformer the bridge rectifier produces a voltage output that is

nearly twice that of the conventional full-wave circuit.

This may be shown by assigning values to some of the components shown in

fig.6.4 and 6.5. Assume that the same transformer is used in both circuits. The peak

voltage developed between points X and Y is 1000 volts in both circuits. In the

conventional full-wave circuit is shown in Fig. 6.4, the peak voltage from the center

tap to either X and Y is 500 volts. Since only one diode can conduct at any instant, the

maximum voltage that can be rectified at any instant is 500 volts.

The maximum voltage that appears across the load resistor is nearly but never

exceeds 500 volts, as result of the small voltage drop across the diode. In the bridge

rectifier shown in Fig.6.5, the maximum voltage that can be rectified is the full

secondary voltage, which is 1000 volts. Therefore, the peak output voltage across the

load resistor is nearly 1000 volts. With both circuits using the same transformer, the

bridge rectifier circuit.

IC Voltage Regulators

Voltage regulators comprise class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC units

contain the circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier, control device, and

overload protection all in a single IC. IC units provide regulation of either a fixed

positive voltage, a fixed negative voltage, or an adjustably set voltage. The regulators

can be selected for operation with load currents from hundreds of milli amperes to

tens of amperes, corresponding to power ratings from milli watts to tens of watts.



Fig.5.4. +6V Voltage Regulator

A fixed three terminal voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input voltage,

Vi, applied to one input terminal, a regulated dc output voltage, V0, from a second

terminal, with the third terminal connected to ground.

5.3.2 IC CD 4017 Decade Counter

The M74HC 4017 is a high speed CMOS decade counter divider fabricated

with silicon gate C2 MOS Technology. The M74HC 4017 is a five stage Johnson

counter with 10 decoded outputs. Each of the decoded outputs is normally low and

sequentially goes high on the low to high transition of the clocked input. Each output

stays high for 1 clock period of the low to high after output 10 goes slow, and can be

used in conjunction with the clock enable (CKEN) to cascade several stages. The

clock enabled input disables counting when in the high stage. A clear (CLR) input is

also provide which when taken high sets all the decoded outputs low. All inputs are

equipped with protection circuit against static discharge and transient excess voltage.



IC CD 4017 Pin Connection

Fig.5.6 CD 4017 Pin Connection

It has 16 pins and the functionality of each pin is explained as follows:

Pin-1: It is the output 5. It goes high when the counter reads 5 counts.







Pin-8: It is the Ground pin which should be connected to a LOW voltage

(0V).




Pin-12: This is divided by 10 output which is used to cascade the IC with

another counter so as to enable counting greater than the range supported by a

single IC 4017.

Pin-13: This pin is the disable pin. In normal mode of operation, this is

connected to ground or logic LOW voltage. If this pin is connected to logic

HIGH voltage, then the circuit will stop receiving pulses and so it will not

advance the count irrespective of number of pulses received from the clock.



Pin-14: This pin is the clock input. This is the pin from where we need to give

the input clock pulses to the IC in order to advance the count. The count

advances on the rising edge of the clock.

Pin-15: This is the reset pin which should be kept LOW for normal operation.

If you need to reset the IC, then you can connect this pin to HIGH voltage.

Pin-16: This is the power supply (Vcc) pin. This should be given a HIGH

voltage of 3V to 15V for the IC to function.

IC CD 4017 Features

Wide supply voltage range: 3V to 15V

High noise immunity: 0.45V

Medium speed operation: 5 MHz

Low power: 10Micro W

Fully static operation

5.3.3 IC NE555 Timer

The IC was designed in 1971 by Hans R. Camenzind It has been hypothesized

that the 555 got its name from the three 5kΩ resistors used within, Introduced in 1971

by Signetics, The 555 timer is an extremely versatile integrated circuit which can be

used to build lots of different circuit. The simplicity of the timer in conjunction with

its ability to produce long time delays in a verity of applications, has curved many

designers from mechanical timers, op amp, and various discrete circuits into the ever

increasing ranks of timer users. The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in

a variety of timer, pulse generation and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to

provide time delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element. Derivatives provide

up to four timing circuits in one package. the 555 is still in widespread use, thanks to

its ease of use, low price and good stability, and is now made by many companies in

the original bipolar and also in low-power CMOS types.



IC NE555 Pin Connection

Fig.5.7 NE555 Pin Connection

The connection of the pins for a DIP package is as follows:

Pin 1: Grounded Terminal: All the voltages are measured with respect to the

Ground terminal.

Pin 2: Trigger Terminal: The trigger pin is used to feed the trigger input hen

the 555 IC is set up as a monostable multivibrator. This pin is an inverting

input of a comparator and is responsible for the transition of flip-flop from set

to reset. The output of the timer depends on the amplitude of the external

trigger pulse applied to this pin.

Pin 3: Output Terminal: Output of the timer is available at this pin. There are

two ways in which a load can be connected to the output terminal. One way is

to connect between output pin (pin 3) and ground pin (pin 1) or between pin 3

and supply pin (pin 8). The load connected between output and ground supply

pin is called the normally on load and that connected between output and

ground pin is called the normally off load.

Pin 4: Reset Terminal: Whenever the timer IC is to be reset or disabled, a

negative pulse is applied to pin 4, and thus is named as reset terminal. The

output is reset irrespective of the input condition. When this pin is not to be

used for reset purpose, it should be connected to + VCC to avoid any possibility

of false triggering.

Pin 5: Control Voltage Terminal: The threshold and trigger levels are

controlled using this pin. The pulse width of the output waveform is

determined by connecting a POT or bringing in an external voltage to this



pin. The external voltage applied to this pin can also be used to modulate the

output waveform. Thus, the amount of voltage applied in this terminal will

decide when the comparator is to be switched, and thus changes the pulse

width of the output. When this pin is not used, it should be bypassed to ground

through a 0.01 micro Farad to avoid any noise problem.

Pin 6: Threshold Terminal: This is the non-inverting input terminal of

comparator 1, which compares the voltage applied to the terminal with a

reference voltage of 2/3 VCC. The amplitude of voltage applied to this terminal

is responsible for the set state of flip-flop. When the voltage applied in this

terminal is greater than 2/3Vcc, the upper comparator switches to +Vsat and

the output gets reset.

Pin 7 : Discharge Terminal: This pin is connected internally to the collector of

transistor and mostly a capacitor is connected between this terminal and

ground. It is called discharge terminal because when transistor saturates,

capacitor discharges through the transistor. When the transistor is cut-off, the

capacitor charges at a rate determined by the external resistor and capacitor.

Pin 8: Supply Terminal: A supply voltage of + 5 V to + 18 V is applied to this

terminal with respect to ground (pin 1).

IC NE555 Features

Turn off less than 2 micro second

Operate in both astable and mono stable modes

High output current

Adjustable duty cycle

Temperature stability of .005 % per0C



Timer Functional Block Diagram

Fig.5.8 Functional Block Diagram of NE555

The 555 timer consist of two voltage comparators, a by stable flip flop , a

discharge transistor, and a resister divider network. The resistive divider network is

used to set the comparator levels. Since all 3 registers are of equal value, the threshold

comparator is referenced internally at 2/3 of supply voltage level and trigger

comparator is referenced at 1/3 of supply voltage. The outputs of comparators are tied

to the bi stable flip flop. When the trigger voltage is mode below 1/3 of the supply,

the comparator changes state and sets the flip flop driving the output to the high state.

The threshold pin normally monitors the capacitor voltage of the RC timing network.

When the capacitor voltage exceeds 2/3 of the supply the threshold comparator resets

the flip flop which in turn drives the output to a low state. When the output is in allow

state, the discharged transistor is on there by discharging the external timing

capacitor. Once the capacitor is discharges, the timer will await another trigger pulse,

the timing cycle have been completed.



555 timer integrated timer is used for generating accurate time delays or oscillation.

This will provide time delay ranging from micro seconds to hours. Maximum

operating frequency is in excess of 500KHz. Outputs is TTL compactly. The 555

timer can b used with supply voltage in range +5V to +18V and can drive load up to

200mA

5.3.4 BC548 Transistor

The BC548 is a general purpose NPN bipolar junction transistor. The BC548

is the modern plastic packaged BC108, and can be used in any circuit designed for the

BC108 or BC148, The BC546 and BC547 are essentially the same as the BC548 but

selected with higher breakdown voltages while the BC549 is low noise version, and

the BC550 both high-voltage and low-noise. The BC556 to BC560 are the PNP

counterparts of the BC546 to BC550, respectively.

Fig.5.9. BC548 Transistor Fig.5.10. BC548 Transistor Symbol

5.3.5 Relay

Relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of

the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch

contacts. The coil current can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and

they are double throw (change over) switches. Relays allow one circuit to switch a

second circuit which can be completely separate from the first one. For example a low

voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V AC mains circuit. There is no

electrical connection inside the relay between the two circuits; the link is magnetic

and mechanical.



Fig.5.11. 6V DC Relay

The coil of a relay passes a relatively large current, typically 30mA for a 12V

relay, but it can be as much as 100mA for relays designed to operate from lower

voltages. Most ICs (chips) cannot provide this current and a transistor is usually used

to amplify the small IC current to larger value required for the relay coil.

Relays are usually SPDT or DPDT but they can have many more sets of

switch contacts, for example relays with 4 sets of change over contacts are readily

available. Most relays are designed for PCB mounting but you can solder wires

directly to the pins providing you take care to avoid melting the plastic case of the

relay.

Fig.5.12.Relay Switch

The picture shows a working relay with its coil and switch contacts. You can

see a lever on the left being attracted by magnetism when the coil is switched on. This

lever moves the switch contacts. There is one set of contacts (SPDT) in the

foreground and another behind them, making the relay DPDT The relay‟s switch

connections are usually labeled COM, NC and NO. COM is Common, always

connect to this; it is the moving part of the switch.



5.3.6 Fan

Fig.5.13. Fan

A ceiling fan is a mechanical fan, usually electrically powered, suspended

from the ceiling of a room that uses hub-mounted rotating paddles to circulate air. A

ceiling fan rotates much more slowly than an electric desk fan; it cools people

effectively by introducing slow movement into the otherwise still, hot air of a room,

inducing evaporative cooling. Fans never actually cool air, unlike air-conditioning

equipment, but use significantly less power (cooling air is thermo

dynamically expensive). Conversely, a ceiling fan can also be used to reduce

the stratification of warm air in a room by forcing it down to affect both occupants'

sensations and thermostat readings, thereby improving climate control energy

efficiency.



CHAPTER 6

IMPLEMENTATION AND DEBUGGING

6.1 HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT

The system is designed with the help of digital and discrete components. The

components used in the system are Digital ICs, Transistors, Relay circuit, Fan.

6.1.1 PCB Designing

A Printed circuit board, or PCB, is used to mechanically support and

electrically connect electronic components using conductive pathways, tracks or

signal traces etched from copper sheets laminated onto a nonconductive substrate. It is

also referred to as printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. A PCB

populated with electronic components is a printed circuit assembly (PCA), also

known as a printed circuit board assembly or PCB Assembly (PCBA). Printed circuit

boards are used in virtually all but the simplest commercially produced electronic

devices.

Alternatives to PCBs include wire wrap and point-to-point construction. PCBs

are often less expensive and more reliable than these alternatives, though they require

more layout effort and higher initial cost. PCBs are much cheaper and faster for high-

volume production since production and soldering of PCBs can be done by automated

equipment. Much of the electronics industry‟s PCB design, assembly, and quality

control needs are set by standards that are published by the IPC organization.

Pattering (etching)

The vast majority of printed circuit boards are made by bonding a layer of

copper over the entire substrate, sometimes on both sides, (creating a “blank PCB”)

then removing unwanted copper after applying a temporary mask (e.g., by etching),

leaving only the desired copper traces. A few PCBs are made by adding traces to the

bare substrate (or a substrate with a very thin layer of copper) usually by a complex

process of multiple electroplating steeps. The PCB manufacturing method primarily

depends on whether it is for production volume or sample/prototype quantities.



Double sided boards or multi layer boards use plated through holes, called vias, to

connect traces on either side of the substrate.

Chemical etching

Chemical etching is done with ferric chloride, ammonium per sulfate, or

sometimes hydrochloric acid. For PTH (plated through holes), additional steps of

electrolysis deposition are done after the holes are drilled, then copper is electroplated

to build up the thickness, the boards are screened, and plated with Tin/Lead. The

Tin/Lead becomes the resist leaving the bare copper to be etched away.

The simplest method, used for small scale production and often by hobbyists

is immersion etching, in which the board is submerged in etching solution such as

ferric chloride. Compared with methods used for mass production, the etching time is

long. Heat and agitation can be applied to the bath to speed the etching rate. In bubble

etching, air is passed through the etchant bath to agitate the solution and speed up

etching. Splash etching uses a motor driven puddle to splash boards with etchant; the

process has become commercially obsolete since it is not as fast as spray etching. In

spray etching, the etchant solution is distributed over the boards by nozzles, and

recirculated by pumps. Adjustments of the nozzle pattern, flow rate, temperature, and

etchant composition gives predictable control of etching rates and high production

rates.

As more copper is consumed from the boards, the etchant becomes saturated

and less effective, different etchants have different capacities for copper, with some as

high as 150 grams of copper per liter of solution. In commercial use, etchants can be

regenerated to restore their activity, and the dissolved copper recovered and sold.

Small scale etching requires attention to disposal of used etchant, which is corrosive

and toxic due to its metal content.

The etchant removes copper on all surfaces exposed by the resist. “Undercut”

occurs when etchant attacks the thin edge of copper under the resist; this can reduce

conductor widths and cause open circuits. Careful control of etch time is required to

prevent undercut. Where metallic plating is used as a resist, it can “overhang” which

can cause short circuits between adjacent traces when closely spaced. Overhang can

be removed by wire brushing the board after etching.



Lamination

Some PCBs have trace layers inside the CB and ate called multi layer PCBs.

These are formed by bonding together separately etched thin boards.

Drilling

Holes through a PCB are typically drilled with small diameter drill bits made

of solid coated tungsten carbide. Coated tungsten carbide is recommended since many

board materials are very abrasive and drilling must be high RPM and high feed to be

cost effective. Drill bits must also remain sharp so as not to mar or tear the traces.

Drilling with high speed steel is simply not feasible since the drill bits will dull

quickly and thus tear the copper and ruin the boards. The drilling is performed by

automated drilling machines with placement controlled by a drill tape or drill file.

These computer generated files are also called numerically controlled drill (NCD)

files or “Excellon files”. The drill file describes the location and size of each drilled

holes. These holes are often filled with annular rings (hollow rivets) to create vias.

Vias allow the electrical and thermal connection of conductors on opposite sides of

the PCB.

When very small vias are required, drilling with mechanical bits is costly

because of high rates of wear and breakage. In this case, the vias may be evaporated

by lasers. Laser drilled vias typically have an inferior surface finish inside the hole.

These holes are called micro vias.

It is also possible with controlled depth drilling, laser drilling, or by pre-

drilling the individual sheets of the PCB before lamination, to produce holes that

connect only some of the copper layers, rather than passing through the entire board.

These holes are called blind vias when they connect an internal copper layer to an

outer layer, or buried via when they connect two or more internal copper layers and

no outer layers.

The walls of the holes, for boards with or more layers, are made conductive

then plated with copper to form plated through holes that electrically connect the

conducting layers of the PCB. For multilayer boards, those with layers or more,

drilling typically produces a smear of the high temperature decomposition products of

bonding agent in the laminate system. Before the holes can be plated through, this



smear must be remove by a chemical desmear process, or by plasma etch. Removing

(etching back) the smear also reveals the interior conductors as well.

Solder resist

Areas that should not be soldered may be covered with a polymer solder resist

(solder mask) coating. The solder resist prevents solder from bridging between

conductors and creating short circuits. Solder resists also provide some protection

from the environment. Solder resist is typically 20-30 micrometers thick.

Screen printing

Line art and text may be printed onto the outer surfaces of a PCB by screen

printing. When space permits, the screen print text can indicate component

designators, switch setting requirements, test points, and other features helpful in

assembling, testing, and servicing the circuit board. Screen print is also known as the

silk screen, or, in one sided PCBs, the red print.

Lately some digital printing solutions have been developed to substitute the

traditional screen printing process. This technology allows printing variable data onto

the PCB, including serialization and barcode information for trace ability purpose.

Test

Unpopulated boards may be subjected to a bare board test where each circuit

connection (as defined in a netlist) is verified as correct on the finished board. For

high volume production, a bed of nails tester, a fixture or a rigid needle adapter is

used to make contact with copper lands or holes on one or both sides of the board to

facilitate testing. A computer will instruct the electrical test unit to apply a small

voltage to each contact point on the bed-of-nails as required, and verify that such

voltage appears at other appropriate contact points. A “short” on a board would be a

connection where there should not be one; an “open” is between two points that

should be connected but are not. For small or medium volume boards, flying probe

and flying-grid testers use moving test heads to make contact with the

copper/silver/gold/solder lands or holes to verify the electrical connectivity of the

board under test. Another method for testing is industrial CT scanning, which can

generate a 3D rendering of the board along with 2D image slices and can details such

a soldered paths and connections.



Printed circuit assembly

After the printed circuit board (PCB) is completed, electronic components

must be attached to form a functional printed circuit assembly, or PCA (sometimes

called a “printed circuit board assembly” PCBA). In through hole construction,

component leads are inserted in holes. In surface mount construction, the components

are placed on pads or lands on the outer surfaces of the PCB. In both kinds of

construction, component leads are electrically and mechanically fixed to the board

with a molten metal solder.

There are a variety of soldering techniques used to attach components to a

PCB. High volume production is usually done with SMT placement machine and bulk

wave soldering or reflow ovens, but skilled technicians are able to solder very tiny

parts (for instance 0201 packages which are 0.02 in. by 0.01 in.) by hand under a

microscope, using tweezers and a fine tip soldering iron for small volume prototypes.

Some parts may be extremely difficult to solder by hand, such as BGA packages.

Often, through holes and surface mount construction must be combined in a

single assembly because some required components are available only in surface-

mount packages, while others are available only in through hole packages. Another

reason to use both methods is that through hole mounting can provide needed strength

for components likely to endure physical stress, while components that are expected

to go untouched will take up less space using surface mount techniques.

After the board has been populated it may be tested in a variety of ways:

While the power is off, visual inspection, automated optical inspection.

JEDEC guidelines for PCB component placement, soldering, and inspection

are commonly used to maintain quality control in this stage of PCB

manufacturing.

While the power is off, analog signature analysis, power-off testing.

While the power is on, in circuit test, where physical measurements (i.e.

voltage, frequency) can be done.

While the power is on, functional test, just checking if the PCB does what it

had been designed to do.



To facilitate these tests, PCBs may be designed with extra pads to make

temporary connections. Sometimes these pads must be isolated with resistors. The in-

circuit test may also exercise boundary scan test features of some components. In-

circuit test systems may also be used to program nonvolatile memory components on

the board.

In boundary scan testing, test circuits integrated into various ICs on the board

form temporary connections between the PCB traces to test that the ICs are mounted

correctly. Boundary scan testing requires that all the ICs to be tested use a standard

test configuration procedure, the most common one being the Joint Test Action Group

(JTAG) standard. The JTAG test architecture provides a means to test interconnects

between integrated circuits on a board without using physical test probes. JTAG tool

vendors provide various types of stimulus and sophisticated algorithms, not only to

detect the failing nets, but also to isolate the faults to specific nets, devices, and pins.

When boards fail the test, technicians may desolder and replace failed

components, a task known as rework.

Protection and packaging

PCBs intended for extreme environments often have a conformal coating,

which is applied by dipping or spraying after the components have been soldered. The

coat prevents corrosion and leakage currents or shorting due to condensation. The

earliest conformal coats were wax; modern conformal coats are usually dips of dilute

solutions of silicon rubber, polyurethane, acrylic, or epoxy. Another technique for

applying a conformal coating is for plastic to be sputtered onto the PCB in a vacuum

chamber. The chief disadvantage of conformal coatings is that servicing of the board

is rendered extremely difficult.

Many assembled PCBs are static sensitive, and therefore must be placed in

antistatic bags during transport. When handling these boards, the user must be

grounded (earthed). Improper handling techniques might transmit an accumulated

static charge through the board, damaging or destroying components. Even bare

boards are sometimes static sensitive. Traces have become so fie that it‟s quite

possible to blow an etch off the board (or change its characteristics) with a static

charge. This is especially true on nontraditional PCBs such as MCMs and microwave

PCBs.



6.1.2 PCB Layout Of The Project

Fig.6.1. PCB Layout

6.1.3 Soldering of the Components

Soldering is the process of joining two or more similar or dissimilar metals by

melting another metal having low melting point.

Soldering Flux

In order to make the surface accept the solder readily the component terminal

should be free from oxides and other obstructing films. Soldering flux cleans the

oxides from the surface of the metal. The leads should be cleaned chemically or by

scrapping using a blade or a knife. Small amount of lead should be coated on the

portion of the leads and the bit of the soldering iron. This process is called Tinning

Zinc Chloride, Ammonium Chloride and Rosin are the most commonly used fluxes.

These are available in petroleum jelly as paste flux. The residue which remains after

the soldering may be washed out with more water accompanied by brushing.



Solder

Solder is an alloy (mixture) of tin and lead, typically 60% tin and 40% lead. It

melts at a temperature of about 20o C. Coating a surface with solder is called tinning

because of the tin content of solder. Lead is poisonous and you should always wash

your hands after using solder.

Solder for electronics use contains tiny cores of flux, like the wires inside a

mains flex. The flux is corrosive, like an acid, and it cleans the metal surfaces as the

solder melts. This is why you melt the solder actually on the joint, not on the iron tip.

Without flux most joints would fail because metals quickly oxidize and the solder

itself will flow properly onto a dirty, oxidized, metal surface. The best size of solder

for electronics circuit boards is 22 SWG (SWG – Standard Wire Gauge). For plugs,

component holders and other larger joints you may prefer to use 18SWG solder.

Soldering Tools

Soldering Iron

It is the tool used to melt the solder and apply at the joints in the circuits. It

operates in 230V mains supply. The normal power ratings of the soldering iron are

10W, 25W, 35W, 65W and 125W. The iron bit at the top of its gets heated up within a

few minutes. 10W and 25W soldering irons are sufficient for light duty works.

Soldering Station

The soldering station consists of a held hot air blow gun and the base station

comprising of air flow and temperature controls to the hot air blow gun. Tip

temperature is maintained by a feedback control loops. Soldering guns usually have a

trigger switch which controls the AC power.

Preparing the Soldering Iron

Place the soldering iron in its stand and plug in. The iron will take a few

minutes to reach its operating temperature of about 4000C. Dampen the sponge in the

stand. The best way to do this is to lift it out the stand and hold it under a cold tap for

a moment, then squeeze to remove excess water. It should be damp, not dripping wet.

Wait a few minutes for the soldering iron to warm up. Check if it is ready by trying to

melt a little solder on the tip. Wipe the tip of the iron on the damp sponge. This will



clean the tip. Melt a little solder on the tip of the iron. This is called „tinning‟ and it

will help the heat to flow from the iron‟s tip to the joint. It only needs to be done

when you plug in the iron, and occasionally while soldering if you need to wipe the

dip clean on the sponge.

Making Soldered Joints

Hold the soldering iron like a pen, near the base of the handle. Remember to

never touch the hot element or tip. Touch the soldering iron onto the joint to be made.

Make sure it touches both the component lead and the track. It should flow smoothly

onto the lead and track to form a volcano shape. Make sure you apply the solder to the

joint, not the iron. Remove the solder, then the iron, while keeping the joint still.

Allow the joint a few seconds to cool before you move the circuit board. Inspect the

joint closely. It should look shiny and have a „volcano‟ shape. If not, you will need to

reheat it and feed in a little more solder. This time ensure that both the lead and track

are reheated fully before applying solder.

Desoldering Using Desoldering Pump

It is the removal of the solder from a previously soldered joint. There are two

ways to remove the solder. Desolder pump is a commonly used device for this

purpose. When the solder melts by the action of the soldering iron, a trigger on the

de-solder pump should be activated to create a vacuum. Repeat if necessary to remove

as much solder as possible. The pump will need emptying occasionally by unscrewing

the nozzle.

Desoldering Using Solder Remover Wick

Apply both the end of the wick and the tip of your soldering iron to the joint.

As the solder melts most of it will flow onto the wick, away from the joint. Remove

the wick first, then the soldering iron. Cut off and discard the end of the wick coated

with solder.

After removing most of the solder from the joint(s) you may be able to remove

the wire or component lead straight away (allow a few seconds for it to cool). If the

joint will not come apart easily apply your soldering iron to melt the remaining traces.



6.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

6.2.1 EDWIN XP

EDWinXP or Electronic Design for Windows is a commercially

available PCB design integrated CAD/CAE package. An electronic design engineer

can use the computerized tools provided in EDWinXP to create an electronic circuit,

design the PCB and fabricate PCBs. EDWinXP may be seen as a system of

seamlessly integrated, task oriented, modules covering all stages of the design process

from capturing the idea of a circuit in the form of a Schematic Diagram to generate a

full set of documentation for manufacturing and assembling of PCBs. Additionally the

package includes various validation tools ensuring correctness and integrity of

designed circuits

Complete design information is stored in the integrated project simultaneously

accessible by Schematic Diagram Editor, PCB Layout Editor, Fabrication Output

Manager and Simulators. This simulator provides EDWinXP users with the facility to

analyze and validate the functionality and behaviour of circuits captured in the form

of schematic diagrams. The EDSpice simulator is based on SPICE3F5 and XSPICE

with a number of extensions and improvements. The University of

California developed SPICE3F5 and Georgia Tech Research Institute developed

XSPICE. SPICE is well known in the electronic industry as general-purpose circuit

simulation program for non linear DC, non-linear Transient and linear ac analysis.

XSPICE extends SPICE3‟s capabilities to allow simulation of mixed signal

(analog/digital) and mixed level circuits.

Front and back annotation of all design changes is fully automatic. EDWinXP

comes with an extensive part library, which may be updated, customized and

enhanced with the help of Library Editor.

6.3 WORKING OF PROJECT

The circuit for the automatic speed controller for fans and coolers is shown in

the figure. It has been designed to reduce the amount of electric power. In the circuit

diagram IC1 (555 timer IC) act as an astable multivibrator. It is used to generate clock



pulses. The pulses are fed to a decade divider counter, which is formed by IC2 and

IC3. These ICs act as divide by 10 counters and divide by 9 counter respectively. The

values of capacitors C1, resister R2 and R2 are so adjusted that the final output of IC3

goes high about 8hours.

The first two outputs of IC3 (Q0 and Q1) are connected (0 Red) via diode D1

and D2 to the base of the transistor T1. Initially output Q0 is high and there for relay

RL1 is energized. It remains energized when Q1 becomes high. The method of

connecting the gadget of the fan or cooler is given in the figure.

Initially the fan shall get A/C supply directly so it shall be run at high speed.

When the output Q2 becomes high and Q1 becomes low, relay RL1 is turned off and

relay RL2 is turned on. The fan gets A/C through a resistance and its speed drops to

medium. This continues until output Q4 is high. When Q4 goes low and Q5 goes

high, relay RL2 is activated thus the fan run at low speed.

Throughout the process, pin 11 of the IC is low, so T4 is cut off, thus keeping

T5 in saturation and relay RL4 is on. At the end of the cycle, when pin 11(Q9)

becomes high T4 get saturated and T5 is cut off. Relay RL4 is switched off, thus

switching of the fan or cooler.

Using the given circuit the fan shall run at high speed for a comparatively

lesser time when either of Q0 or Q1 output is high. At medium speed it will run for a

moderate time period when any of three outputs(Q2 to Q4) is high, while at low speed

it will run for a much longer time period when any of the four outputs(Q5 to Q8) is

high.

It is possible to make the fan run at the three speeds for an equal amount of

time by connecting three terminal decoded outputs of IC3 to each of the transistors T1

to T3. One can also get more than three speeds by using an additional relay transistor

and associated components and connecting one or more outputs of IC3 to it.



Fig.6.2 Developed System for Main Board

Fig.6.3 Developed System for An Intelligent Speed Governor for Fan



CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENCHANCEMENT

An Intelligent Speed Governor for fan is successfully implemented and

demonstrated. The automatic speed controller for fans or coolers is used to control the

speed automatically. We can also assign different time periods for each speed by

designing the circuit to the need. By using this circuit the electric power can be saved

to a greater extent and increase lifespan of fans and coolers. In future we can interface

with microcontroller and can be modified to temperature controlled.



REFERENCES

[1] B.Somanathan Nair: Digital Electronics and Logic Design, PHI. 2008

[2] Gopakumar: Design and Analysis of Electronic Circuits, Phasor Book

[3] Roy Chowdhary: Linear Integrated Circuits, 2/e, New age International

[4] Behzad Razavi: Design of Analog CMOS IC, TMH, 2003

[5] http://www.electronicschematics.com

[6] http://www.electronics for you.com

[7] http://www.diodes.com/datasheets/ds 1 n 4001.pdf

[8] http://www.fairchildsemi.com/bs/NE/NE555.pdf

http://www.electronicschematics.com/

http://www.electronics/

http://www.diodes.com/datasheets/ds%201%20n%204001.pdf

http://www.fairchildsemi.com/bs/NE/NE555.pdf



APPENDIX