automatic prediction of sep events and the first hours of their proton fluxes with e > 10 mev and...
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![Page 1: Automatic prediction of SEP events and the first hours of their proton fluxes with E > 10 MeV and E > 100 MeV Marlon Núñez Universidad de Málaga, Spain](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/551621b055034694308b59e4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Automatic prediction of SEP events and the first hours of their proton fluxes with E > 10
MeV and E > 100 MeV
Marlon NúñezUniversidad de Málaga, Spain
![Page 2: Automatic prediction of SEP events and the first hours of their proton fluxes with E > 10 MeV and E > 100 MeV Marlon Núñez Universidad de Málaga, Spain](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/551621b055034694308b59e4/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Contents
Main characteristics of UMASEP UMASEP architecture
Well-connected SEPs Poorly-connected SEPs
Predicting SEP events with E > 10 MeV Predicting SEP events with E > 100 MeV Verification results A possible use of automatic SEP
forecasters Conclusions
![Page 3: Automatic prediction of SEP events and the first hours of their proton fluxes with E > 10 MeV and E > 100 MeV Marlon Núñez Universidad de Málaga, Spain](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/551621b055034694308b59e4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Type of SEP events predicted by UMASEP
The goal of UMASEP is to predict Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) events that meets or surpass the following SWPC’s thresholds: E > 10 MeV and integral proton flux >10 pfu E > 100 MeV and integral proton flux > 1 pfu
Regardless of the type of SEP event: Prompt SEP (detected at 1AU a few minutes/hours after the
flare/CME event)
![Page 4: Automatic prediction of SEP events and the first hours of their proton fluxes with E > 10 MeV and E > 100 MeV Marlon Núñez Universidad de Málaga, Spain](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/551621b055034694308b59e4/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Type of SEP events predicted by UMASEP
The goal of UMASEP is to predict Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) events that meets or surpass the following SWPC’s thresholds: E > 10 MeV and integral proton flux >10 pfu E > 100 MeV and integral proton flux > 1 pfu
Regardless of the type of SEP event: Prompt SEP (detected at 1AU a few minutes/hours after the
flare/CME event) Delayed SEP (detected at 1AU several hours/days after the
flare/CME event)
![Page 5: Automatic prediction of SEP events and the first hours of their proton fluxes with E > 10 MeV and E > 100 MeV Marlon Núñez Universidad de Málaga, Spain](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/551621b055034694308b59e4/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Main characteristics of UMASEP
It is a real-time predictor of: The time interval within which the integral proton flux is
expected to surpass the SWPC’s thresholds for events with E >10 MeV and >100 MeV
The intensity of the first hours of SEP events
10 pfu .
![Page 6: Automatic prediction of SEP events and the first hours of their proton fluxes with E > 10 MeV and E > 100 MeV Marlon Núñez Universidad de Málaga, Spain](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/551621b055034694308b59e4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Main characteristics of UMASEP
It is a real-time predictor of: The time interval within which the integral proton flux is
expected to surpass the SWPC’s thresholds for events with E >10 MeV and >100 MeV
The intensity of the first hours of SEP events “All-clear” situations (useful during high solar activity)
![Page 7: Automatic prediction of SEP events and the first hours of their proton fluxes with E > 10 MeV and E > 100 MeV Marlon Núñez Universidad de Málaga, Spain](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/551621b055034694308b59e4/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Main characteristics of UMASEP
It is a real-time predictor of: The time interval within which the integral proton flux is
expected to surpass the SWPC’s thresholds for events with E >10 MeV and >100 MeV
The intensity of the first hours of SEP events “All-clear” situations (useful during high solar activity)
It is an automatic system. It collects information that is available in a 5-min basis
and issues the forecasts seconds later. Forecasts are available by http/ftp/WebService
![Page 8: Automatic prediction of SEP events and the first hours of their proton fluxes with E > 10 MeV and E > 100 MeV Marlon Núñez Universidad de Málaga, Spain](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/551621b055034694308b59e4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Main characteristics of UMASEP
It is a real-time predictor of: The time interval within which the integral proton flux is
expected to surpass the SWPC’s thresholds for events with E >10 MeV and >100 MeV
The intensity of the first hours of SEP events “All-clear” situations (useful during high solar activity)
It is an automatic system. It collects information that is available in a 5-min basis
and issues the forecasts seconds later. Forecasts are available by http/ftp/WebService
UMASEP
5-min data from Goes- X-ray flux- Integral proton fluxes- Differential proton fluxes
![Page 9: Automatic prediction of SEP events and the first hours of their proton fluxes with E > 10 MeV and E > 100 MeV Marlon Núñez Universidad de Málaga, Spain](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/551621b055034694308b59e4/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Main characteristics of UMASEP
It is a real-time predictor of: The time interval within which the integral proton flux is
expected to surpass the SWPC’s thresholds for events with E >10 MeV and >100 MeV
The intensity of the first hours of SEP events “All-clear” situations (useful during high solar activity)
It is an automatic system. It collects information that is available in a 5-min basis
and issues the forecasts seconds later. Forecasts are available by http/ftp/WebService
UMASEP
5-min data from Goes- X-ray flux- Integral proton fluxes- Differential proton fluxes P3 = Protons from 9 - 15 MeV . . .
P11= Protons from >700 MeV
![Page 10: Automatic prediction of SEP events and the first hours of their proton fluxes with E > 10 MeV and E > 100 MeV Marlon Núñez Universidad de Málaga, Spain](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/551621b055034694308b59e4/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Main characteristics of UMASEP
It is a real-time predictor of: The time interval within which the integral proton flux is
expected to surpass the SWPC’s thresholds for events with E >10 MeV and >100 MeV
The intensity of the first hours of SEP events “All-clear” situations (useful during high solar activity)
It is an automatic system. It collects information that is available in a 5-min basis
and issues the forecasts seconds later. Forecasts are available by http/ftp/WebService
UMASEP
new forecasts every 5 min
It takes 45 seconds for UMASEP to receive data and process the models
5-min data from Goes- X-ray flux- Integral proton fluxes- Differential proton fluxes P3 = Protons from 9 - 15 MeV . . .
P11= Protons from >700 MeV
![Page 11: Automatic prediction of SEP events and the first hours of their proton fluxes with E > 10 MeV and E > 100 MeV Marlon Núñez Universidad de Málaga, Spain](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/551621b055034694308b59e4/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Main characteristics of UMASEP
It is a real-time predictor of: The time interval within which the integral proton flux is
expected to surpass the SWPC’s thresholds for events with E >10 MeV and >100 MeV
The intensity of the first hours of SEP events “All-clear” situations (useful during high solar activity)
It is an automatic system. It collects information that is available in a 5-min basis
and issues the forecasts seconds later. Forecasts are available by http/ftp/WebService
UMASEP’s forecasts are redistributed by other systems (addic. UMA) NASA’s ISWA system since January 2010 European Space Weather Portal since November 2009
![Page 12: Automatic prediction of SEP events and the first hours of their proton fluxes with E > 10 MeV and E > 100 MeV Marlon Núñez Universidad de Málaga, Spain](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/551621b055034694308b59e4/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Contents
Main characteristics and versions of UMASEP
UMASEP architecture Well-connected SEPs Poorly-connected SEPs
Predicting SEP events with E > 10 MeV Predicting SEP events with E > 100 MeV Verification results A possible use of automatic SEP
forecasters Conclusions
![Page 13: Automatic prediction of SEP events and the first hours of their proton fluxes with E > 10 MeV and E > 100 MeV Marlon Núñez Universidad de Málaga, Spain](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/551621b055034694308b59e4/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Architecture of UMASEP
The design of this dual-model was based on the discovery of correlations by using 12 time series with 27 years of data
Model tuning by using our verification tools to: - augment accuracy & anticipation - reduce false warnings & intensity errors
To face the old problem of predicting SEP events, we applied an engineering approach:
We designed an empirical model and tune its parameters with large amounts of data
![Page 14: Automatic prediction of SEP events and the first hours of their proton fluxes with E > 10 MeV and E > 100 MeV Marlon Núñez Universidad de Málaga, Spain](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/551621b055034694308b59e4/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Poorly-connected SEP Forecasting Model
Models
(*) For more information, see paper in the Space Weather journal, July 2011 [Núñez, 2011]
Soft X-ray fluxDifferential fluxProton flux
Preliminary forecast of a well-connected SEP
Preliminary forecast of a poorly-connected SEP
Well-connected SEPForecasting Model
![Page 15: Automatic prediction of SEP events and the first hours of their proton fluxes with E > 10 MeV and E > 100 MeV Marlon Núñez Universidad de Málaga, Spain](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/551621b055034694308b59e4/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Poorly-connected SEP Forecasting Model
Models
(*) For more information, see paper in the Space Weather journal, July 2011 [Núñez, 2011]
Soft X-ray fluxDifferential fluxProton flux
Preliminary forecast of a well-connected SEP
Well-connected SEPForecasting Model
![Page 16: Automatic prediction of SEP events and the first hours of their proton fluxes with E > 10 MeV and E > 100 MeV Marlon Núñez Universidad de Málaga, Spain](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/551621b055034694308b59e4/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Poorly-connected SEP Forecasting Model
Models
Test 1Symptoms
of a magnetic
connection?
Test 2Is the
associated flare > C4 ?
Soft X-ray fluxDifferential fluxProton flux
Yes YesPreliminary forecast of a well-connected SEP
Well-connected SEPForecasting Model
![Page 17: Automatic prediction of SEP events and the first hours of their proton fluxes with E > 10 MeV and E > 100 MeV Marlon Núñez Universidad de Málaga, Spain](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/551621b055034694308b59e4/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Poorly-connected SEP Forecasting Model
Models
Test 1Symptoms
of a magnetic
connection?
Test 2Is the
associated flare > C4 ?
Soft X-ray fluxDifferential fluxProton flux
Yes YesPreliminary forecast of a well-connected SEP
Well-connected SEPForecasting Model
Oct 26/2003 (18:00)
OK
![Page 18: Automatic prediction of SEP events and the first hours of their proton fluxes with E > 10 MeV and E > 100 MeV Marlon Núñez Universidad de Málaga, Spain](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/551621b055034694308b59e4/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Poorly-connected SEP Forecasting Model
Models
Test 1Symptoms
of a magnetic
connection?
Test 2Flare ≥ C4 (for E> 10
MeV)?
Soft X-ray fluxDifferential fluxProton flux
Yes YesPreliminary forecast of a well-connected SEP
Well-connected SEPForecasting Model
Oct 26/2003 (18:00)
≥ M3 for 100 MeV
OK
?
![Page 19: Automatic prediction of SEP events and the first hours of their proton fluxes with E > 10 MeV and E > 100 MeV Marlon Núñez Universidad de Málaga, Spain](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/551621b055034694308b59e4/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Models
Test 1Symptoms
of a magnetic
connection?
Soft X-ray fluxDifferential fluxProton flux
YesPreliminary forecast of a well-connected SEP
Well-connected SEPForecasting Model
Test 2Flare ≥ C4 (for E> 10
MeV)?
Yes
Oct 26/2003 (18:00)
OK
OK
![Page 20: Automatic prediction of SEP events and the first hours of their proton fluxes with E > 10 MeV and E > 100 MeV Marlon Núñez Universidad de Málaga, Spain](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/551621b055034694308b59e4/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Poorly-connected SEP Forecasting Model
Models
(*) For more information, see paper in the Space Weather journal, July 2011 [Núñez, 2011]
Soft X-ray fluxDifferential fluxProton flux
Preliminary forecast of a poorly-connected SEP
![Page 21: Automatic prediction of SEP events and the first hours of their proton fluxes with E > 10 MeV and E > 100 MeV Marlon Núñez Universidad de Málaga, Spain](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/551621b055034694308b59e4/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Poorly-connected SEP Forecasting Model
Models
Test 3:Symptoms
of a gradual event
pattern?
Test4:Extrapolate
d flux surpassing
10 pfu (for E > 10 MeV)?
(*) For more information, see paper in the Space Weather journal, July 2011 [Núñez, 2011]
Soft X-ray fluxDifferential fluxProton flux
YesYesPreliminary forecast of a poorly-connected SEP
![Page 22: Automatic prediction of SEP events and the first hours of their proton fluxes with E > 10 MeV and E > 100 MeV Marlon Núñez Universidad de Málaga, Spain](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/551621b055034694308b59e4/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Contents
Main characteristics and versions of UMASEP
UMASEP architecture Well-connected SEPs Poorly-connected SEPs
Predicting SEP events with E > 10 MeV Predicting SEP events with E > 100 MeV Verification results A possible use of automatic SEP
forecasters Conclusions
![Page 23: Automatic prediction of SEP events and the first hours of their proton fluxes with E > 10 MeV and E > 100 MeV Marlon Núñez Universidad de Málaga, Spain](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/551621b055034694308b59e4/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Real-time prediciton of well-connected >10 MeV events
NASA’s ISWA: http://iswa.gsfc.nasa.gov
March 8, 2011 (3:00 UTC)
UMASEP identified the intensity and peak time of the associated flare
UMASEP anticipated the event start (red dot)in 1 h 30 m
![Page 24: Automatic prediction of SEP events and the first hours of their proton fluxes with E > 10 MeV and E > 100 MeV Marlon Núñez Universidad de Málaga, Spain](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/551621b055034694308b59e4/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Real-time prediciton of poorly-connected >10 MeV events
(*) These forecast images were copied from NASA’s ISWA historical data base5 m10 50
07/23/2012: UMASEP anticipated the SEP event in 3 h 15 min
July 23, 2012
>10 MeV flux surpassing threshold:
![Page 25: Automatic prediction of SEP events and the first hours of their proton fluxes with E > 10 MeV and E > 100 MeV Marlon Núñez Universidad de Málaga, Spain](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/551621b055034694308b59e4/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
03/16/2013: UMASEP anticipated the SEP event in 13 h 40 min
Real-time prediciton of poorly-connected >10 MeV events
(*) These forecast images were copied from NASA’s ISWA historical data base
March 16, 2013
5 m10 50
07/23/2012: UMASEP anticipated the SEP event in 3 h 15 min
July 23, 2012
>10 MeV flux surpassing threshold:
>10 MeV flux surpassing threshold:
![Page 26: Automatic prediction of SEP events and the first hours of their proton fluxes with E > 10 MeV and E > 100 MeV Marlon Núñez Universidad de Málaga, Spain](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/551621b055034694308b59e4/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Contents
Main characteristics and versions of UMASEP
UMASEP architecture Well-connected SEPs Poorly-connected SEPs
Predicting SEP events with E > 10 MeV Predicting SEP events with E > 100 MeV Verification results A possible use of automatic SEP
forecasters Conclusions
![Page 27: Automatic prediction of SEP events and the first hours of their proton fluxes with E > 10 MeV and E > 100 MeV Marlon Núñez Universidad de Málaga, Spain](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/551621b055034694308b59e4/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
UMASEP anticipated the >100 MeV event in 1 h 5 min
April 11, 2013
Real-time prediction SEP events with E >100 MeV
.
![Page 28: Automatic prediction of SEP events and the first hours of their proton fluxes with E > 10 MeV and E > 100 MeV Marlon Núñez Universidad de Málaga, Spain](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/551621b055034694308b59e4/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Contents
Main characteristics and versions of UMASEP
UMASEP architecture Well-connected SEPs Poorly-connected SEPs
Predicting SEP events with E > 10 MeV Predicting SEP events with E > 100 MeV Verification results A possible use of automatic SEP
forecasters Conclusions
![Page 29: Automatic prediction of SEP events and the first hours of their proton fluxes with E > 10 MeV and E > 100 MeV Marlon Núñez Universidad de Málaga, Spain](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/551621b055034694308b59e4/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
UMASEP 1.1’s verification results
on historical data using cycle 22, 23 and 24
E> 10 MeV E > 100 MeV
Probability of Detection
83.7% 82.7%
False Alarm Ratio 31.3% 36.3%
Average Warning Time
WC events: 1 h 1 m PC events: 8 h 4 m
1 h 12 m
Verification for E > 10 MeV and E > 100 MeV
(since 1986)
![Page 30: Automatic prediction of SEP events and the first hours of their proton fluxes with E > 10 MeV and E > 100 MeV Marlon Núñez Universidad de Málaga, Spain](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/551621b055034694308b59e4/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
UMASEP 1.1’s verification results
on historical data since 1994
E>10 MeV E>100 MeV
Probability of Detection
87.3% 83.0%
False Alarm Ratio 21.80% 34.4%
Average Warning Time
WC events: 1 h 7 min PC events: 8 h 10 min
52 min (median 20 min)
Situations older than 1994 are normally not included in the verification of SEP forecasters; to give a more fair view, we are also providing the verification results with data from 1994.
Verification for E > 10 MeV and E > 100 MeV
(since 1994)
Regarding E>10 MeV, SWPC’s scientists yield better SEP forecasting performance results than the automatic UMASEP forecaster, however our system is not very far…
![Page 31: Automatic prediction of SEP events and the first hours of their proton fluxes with E > 10 MeV and E > 100 MeV Marlon Núñez Universidad de Málaga, Spain](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/551621b055034694308b59e4/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Contents
Main characteristics and versions of UMASEP
UMASEP architecture Well-connected SEPs Poorly-connected SEPs
Predicting SEP events with E > 10 MeV Predicting SEP events with E > 100 MeV Verification results A possible use of automatic SEP
forecasters Conclusions
![Page 32: Automatic prediction of SEP events and the first hours of their proton fluxes with E > 10 MeV and E > 100 MeV Marlon Núñez Universidad de Málaga, Spain](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/551621b055034694308b59e4/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Earth
An automatic SEP predictor could be aboard a spacecraft sending streams of
estimation data without delay
Approach: GOES’s Xr & Pr
instruments/UMASEP
![Page 33: Automatic prediction of SEP events and the first hours of their proton fluxes with E > 10 MeV and E > 100 MeV Marlon Núñez Universidad de Málaga, Spain](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/551621b055034694308b59e4/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Earth
s/c with GOES’s Xr & Pr
instruments/UMASEP
The same UMASEP’s verification results (POD/FAR/etc.) are expected at any point
within the Earth’s orbitWell-connectedPoorly-connected events
Current model’s settings could yield similar verification results within certain range of orbits
![Page 34: Automatic prediction of SEP events and the first hours of their proton fluxes with E > 10 MeV and E > 100 MeV Marlon Núñez Universidad de Málaga, Spain](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/551621b055034694308b59e4/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Contents
Main characteristics and versions of UMASEP
UMASEP architecture Well-connected SEPs Poorly-connected SEPs
Predicting SEP events with E > 10 MeV Predicting SEP events with E > 100 MeV Verification results A possible use of automatic SEP
forecasters Conclusions
![Page 35: Automatic prediction of SEP events and the first hours of their proton fluxes with E > 10 MeV and E > 100 MeV Marlon Núñez Universidad de Málaga, Spain](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/551621b055034694308b59e4/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Conclusions
UMASEP 1.1’s verification results cycle 22, 23 and 24
E> 10 MeV E > 100 MeV
Probability of Detection 83.7% 82.7%
False Alarm Ratio 31.3% 36.3%
![Page 36: Automatic prediction of SEP events and the first hours of their proton fluxes with E > 10 MeV and E > 100 MeV Marlon Núñez Universidad de Málaga, Spain](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/551621b055034694308b59e4/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Conclusions
UMASEP 1.1’s verification results cycle 22, 23 and 24 / since 1994
E> 10 MeV E > 100 MeV
Probability of Detection
83.7% / 87.3%
82.7% / 83.0%
False Alarm Ratio 31.3% / 21.80%
36.3% / 34.4%
![Page 37: Automatic prediction of SEP events and the first hours of their proton fluxes with E > 10 MeV and E > 100 MeV Marlon Núñez Universidad de Málaga, Spain](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/551621b055034694308b59e4/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Conclusions
It is possible to automatically predict the events that meets one of the following SWPS’s thresholds: E>10 MeV and >10 pfu, E>100 MeV and > 1 pfu.
The strategy of exhaustive model training with data of several solar cycles is a promising field of research and provides competitive real-time forecasting services
This strategy inspires applications that could help to prevent radiation hazards within the Earth’s orbit and nearby interplanetary orbits
UMASEP 1.1’s verification results cycle 22, 23 and 24 / since 1994
E> 10 MeV E > 100 MeV
Probability of Detection
83.7% / 87.3%
82.7% / 83.0%
False Alarm Ratio 31.3% / 21.80%
36.3% / 34.4%
![Page 38: Automatic prediction of SEP events and the first hours of their proton fluxes with E > 10 MeV and E > 100 MeV Marlon Núñez Universidad de Málaga, Spain](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/551621b055034694308b59e4/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Thank you !
Visit our site: http:// spaceweather.uma.es / forecastpanel.htm