automation concept
DESCRIPTION
Basic concepts of automationTRANSCRIPT
Industrial AutomationIndustrial Automation
AutomationAutomation is a system integration encompassing
Operations & Process controls
with
minimum user defined intervention.
Human body & its functioningHuman body & its functioning
Is the most advanced automated system
Consisting of • Sensors (Eyes, Ears, Skin etc…)• Actuators (Hands, Legs etc…) • Brain as PLC…
Industrial encompasses the
Input, Processing & Output of
Various types of • Material • Energy & • Control
Materials used in a process …• Raw Materials ~ Input materials, available in the
final product in a changed form• Components ~ Input materials, available in the final
product in the original form• Consumables ~ Input materials not available in the
final product but required for processing
Energies used in a process …• Primary energy forms ~ Coal, Oil, Gas…• Secondary energy forms ~ Thermal, Electrical…• Derived energy forms ~ Pneumatic, Hydraulic…• Unconventional energy sources ~ Solar, Wind…
Energies used in a process as …• Power Energy
Conversion of energy from one form to another form.• Control Energy
Energy used to exercise control over operation & process
Control exercised in a process as …• Digital Control
An event dependent control• Analog Control
Actual value dependent control
AutomationAutomation system can be realized by• Identification of Customers needs • Designing • Manufacturing & Testing• Installation & Commissioning of a System• Service support
Customer needs may be identified as…• Input Instructions & references (User & Sensors)• Operational logics• Output commands & references
& other allied requirements, with provisions for• Protection • Safety • Security
Automation can be categorized as • Machine Automation• Process Automation• System Automation
Machine Automation deals with • Individual Machine Operation & Control• Material, Energy & Control Input to M/c (MEC)(MEC)• Operation sequencing & interlocks• Material, Energy & Control Output from M/c• With protection, safety & Security features
Process Automation deals with • Processes• MEC Input to Process & Machines• Operation sequencing & interlocks• MEC Output from Process & Machines• With protection, safety & Security features
System Automation deals with • Integration of various
Machines, Processes & Energy resources• MEC Input to System• Operation sequencing & interlocks• MEC Output from System• With protection, safety & Security features
Industrial Sectors requiring Automation • Electrical generation sector• Chemical & Petrochemical sector• Heavy Engineering like foundries & processing units• Automobile manufacturing units• Textile & allied sector• Pharma & Food Industry• Rubber & Plastic units• AC sector
Automation Automation SystemSystem
Energy Input
Material Input
Energy Output
Material Output
Energy loss Material loss
Machine Machine & &
EquipmentsEquipmentsControl PanelControl Panel
OutputOutputActuatorActuatorSwitchgearSwitchgearControllerControllerCommunicationIn & Out
CommunicationIn & Out
LoadLoad
SensorsSensors
F/B(-)F/B(-)O/C(+)O/C(+)I/C(+)I/C(+)
SystemSystem
Control
Power
Variable Load
Material in
Material O/p
Communication from User to Control Panel• Push buttons• Selector switches / Rockers switches• Emergency switches• Potentiometers• Human Machine Interface (HMI)• SCADA (Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition)
Communication from Control Panel to User• Meters• Gauges• Indication Lamps• Buzzers• Annunciation windows• Human Machine Interface (HMI)• SCADA (Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition)
• Communication from System to Control Panel
• Inductive Sensors • Capacitive Sensors• Photo-electric Sensors (Optical)• Ultrasonic Sensors• Float & Limit switches• Pressure, Flow & Temperature Sensors• Encoders (Incremental & Absolute)
Sensor functions as • Initial condition communication• Operating condition communication• Feed-back communication for process parameter
controls (Closed loop feature)
Basic Controllers…• Relays & Contactors • Solid state relays • Proportional Phase Controllers• Timers & Counters
Process Controllers for• Temperature,• Pressure,• Flow,• Speed &• Displacement
(PID & other versions…)
Advanced Controllers…• Micro-processors• PLC • HMI• SCADA• AC Drives• DC Drives
Switchgears …• Miniature Circuit Breakers – MCB• Molded Case Circuit Breakers – MCCB• Motor Protection Circuit Breakers – MPCB • Earth Leakage Circuit Breakers – ELCB • High Rupturing Capacity Fuse – HRC • Overload Relay - OLR
Actuators…• Electrical Heaters, Motors, Lighting systems• Mechanical, Pneumatic, Hydraulic Systems• AC Systems• Combustion Systems
Output…• Temperature, Pressure, Flow, Speed, Displacement• Proximity, Level• Illumination & Sound levels
Load…• Length, area, volume• Physical mass• Thermal mass
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