automotive technology update — hydrogen fuel...
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© 2016 American Automobile Association, Inc 1AAA Confidential
Automotive Technology Update — Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles
AutomotiveTechnology UpdateCar Talk for Club Communicators
June 2016
Car Cleaning and Detailing
Need to Know• Carsgetdirty.Exteriorscollectdirt,pollen,tar,sap,birddroppings,and
chemicalsfromacidrainandhardwater.Interiorsacquiredirt,stains,odors,scuffmarksandotherwearduringnormaluse.
• Keepingacarcleannotonlymakesitlookbetterandaddstoprideofownership,itextendsvehiclelifeandhelpsmaximizeresaleortrade-invalue.
• Dependingonclimateandusage,carsshouldbewashedeveryonetothreeweeks,andwaxedtwotofourtimesayear.
• Cleaningtoolssuchaswashmitts,sponges,towelsandbrushesshouldbemadeofsoftmaterialsthatwillnotscratchthepaintorothersurfaces.
• Cleaningproductsshouldbespecificallydesignedforautomobiles;householdcleanersoftencontainingredientsthatcandamagethevehiclefinishandotherparts.
• Exteriorcleaninginvolveswashing,drying,andwaxing.Interiorcleaninginvolvesvacuuming,dustingandstainremoval.Bothinvolveapplyingprotectivetreatmentstovarioussurfaces.
• Exteriorandinteriordetailingtakescarcleaningtoahigherlevelandinvolvesnumerousadditionalsteps,dependingontheconditionofthevehicleandthedesiredendresult.
Table of Contents
Page / Link
2 Overview
2 Cleaning Products
3 Cleaning Tools
4 Underhood Cleaning
5 Underbody Cleaning
5 Wheel and Tire Cleaning
6 Exterior Cleaning
10 Paint Restoration and Protection
12 Body Trim Care
12 Body Repair and Protection
14 Interior Cleaning
17 Glass Cleaning
20 To Learn More
Regular care keeps a vehicle looking good, extends its lifespan and improves resale value. Image: iStockphoto.com/Cathy Yeulet
What is an ATU?
AAAAutomotiveTechnologyUpdates(ATUs)provideexpertinformationonavarietyoftopicsrelatedtomodernvehicles.Somefeaturein-depthanswerstocommonquestionsaboutautomobileuseandmaintenance.Othersexplorenewtechnologiesintoday’srapidlyevolvingautomobiles.Foradditionalinformation,visitwww.AAA.com/autorepair.
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OverviewCarexteriorsseemtobemagnetsfordirt,roadtar,treesap,birddroppingsandothercontaminants.Rainwon’twashthesesubstancesaway,andmaycontainacidsthatcanfurtherdamagethepaint.Extendedexposuretoheatandultravioletraysfromthesuncanalsobeaproblem,causingacar’sfinishtooxidizeandfade.
Sunexposureharmsvehicleinteriorsaswell,andday-to-dayusehasotherdamagingsideeffects.Thesecanrangefromdirtandmoistureinthecarpeting,tofoodspillsandotherdebristhatleavestainsandworktheirwayintoupholsteryseamswheretheycausewear.Stalefoodparticlescanalsocombinewithdust,pollen,smoke,vinylvaporsandothercontaminantstocreateunpleasantodors,anddepositsoninteriorsurfacesandglass.
Keepingavehiclecleanmakesitmoreattractiveandpleasanttodrive,buttherearepracticalreasonsforcosmeticcarcareaswell.Avehiclethatisregularlycleanedanddetailedwilllastlongerandretainmoreofitsoriginalvaluewhenitcomestimetosellortradeitin.1Also,promptlyaddressingissuessuchasdoordingsandminorpaintscratchesorchipscanhelppreventrustandcorrosion.
Basiccarcleaning,asdonebymostvehicleownersorlocalcarwashes,consistsofexteriorwashingandwaxing,interiorvacuuminganddusting,glasscleaning,andtheapplicationofselectedprotectiveproducts.AAArecommendswashingacareveryonetothreeweeksandwaxingittwotofourtimesayear.Intervalsvarywithhowoftenavehicleisdriven,roadconditions,weather,andotherfactors.
Detailingiscarcleaningtakentoahigherlevel.Itisoftenperformedbyprofessionalswithspecializedtools,cleanersandprotectorants,butdedicateddo-it-yourselferscanalsohandlemanyofthetasks.Indetailing,theexteriorfinishmayundergoseverallevelsoftreatmenttoremovedeposits,minimizeimperfections,andprovidelong-lastingprotectionagainsttheelements.Metaltrimispolished,andrubberandplasticpartsaretreatedtorestoreandpreservetheirappearance.Insidethecar,carpetsandupholsteryareshampooedorcleaned.Dust,dirtanddepositsareremovedfromothersurfaces,whicharethentreatedwithproductsthatrestoretheirfinishesandprotectagainstwearandtear.
Thesectionsthatfollowprovideinformationonautomotivecleaninganddetailing.Forhard-corecarenthusiasts,linkstonumerousprofessionaldetailingguidesareprovidedinthe“LearnMore”sectionattheendofthispaper.
Cleaning ProductsTherearemanysuppliersofautomotivecleaninganddetailingproducts,including3M,ArmorAll,Eagle1,Griot’sGarage,Meguiar’s,Mother’s,Simoniz,TurtleWaxandmore.Thesecompaniessellextensivefamiliesofproductsthatcanbepurchasedindividuallyorinsetsthatincludeaselectionofthemostcommonlyusedsolutions.Consumerproductsareavailableatautopartsandotherstores,andmanyofthemajorsuppliersofferasecondlineofcommercialproductsthataresoldprimarilytoprofessionaldetailers.
Therearealsonumeroussmallercompaniesthatsellspecialtycarcareproductsdirectedtowardhigh-endandclassic/collectorcarowners.Mostofthese“boutique”brandsaresoldonlinedirectlyfromthemanufacturerorthroughsitesthatcatertoprofessionaldetailersandautoenthusiasts.
A kit of exterior and interior car cleaning and detailing products. Image: Meguiar’s
A vehicle that is
regularly cleaned and
detailed will last longer
and retain more of its
original value when it
comes time to sell or
trade it in.
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Thepricesofcleaninganddetailingsuppliescanrangefromafewdollarsforindividualproductstohundredsofdollarsforcomprehensivehigh-endprofessionalpackages.Somecarownersmixandmatchproductsfromdifferentmanufacturers,butprofessionaldetailersoftenuseasinglelineofsuppliestoensurecompatibilityandconsistentresults.
Itisnotnecessarytospendalotofmoneyoncleaninganddetailingsupplies,butitisveryimportanttoreadlabelsandfullyunderstandtheintendeduseofeachproduct.Manysolutionsaredesignedforuseonlyonspecificmaterialsorfinishes,andcancausedamagetoothers.Owner’smanualsareagoodsourceofinformationontheautomaker’srecommendedcleanersforaspecificvehicle.
Beforeusinganycleanerorprotectorant,readthepackagingcarefullyandpayparticularattentiontotheinstructionsandanycautionsorwarnings.Theinitialapplicationofaproductshouldalwaysbeatestperformedinaconcealedareaofthesurfacebeingtreatedtomakessurenodiscolorationorotherdamageoccurs.
Cleaning ToolsCarcleaninganddetailinginvolvestheapplicationandremovalofvarioussolutionsthroughoutthevehicle.Commonapplicationandremovalsuppliesincludewashmitts,sponges,brushes,towels,squeegees,dusters,foamapplicators,buffingpadsandmore.Theappropriatetoolswillvarywiththepartandtheprocessinvolved.
Therearethreekeyruleswhenitcomestocarcleaningtools.First,onlyusetoolsmadeofmaterialsthatwillnotscratchthesurfacebeingcleaned.Second,rinseorswapoutdirtytoolsforcleanonesfrequentlyduringthecleaningprocess.Andfinally,cleanthetoolsthoroughlywhendone;brushesshouldbethoroughlyrinsed,andtoolsmadeoffabriccanberunthroughawashingmachine.
Carcleaninghastraditionallybeendoneusingmittsandtowelsmadeof100percentcotton,orwoolinthecaseofsomewashmitts.Thesetoolsremaincommon,butnewerversionsmadeofmicrofiberfabricareincreasinglypopularduetotheirsuperiorabsorbencyandcontaminantremovalproperties.Whenpowerbuffers(seebelow)areusedonvehicleexteriors,foampadsarecommonlyemployedtoapplycompounds,polishesandwaxes,whicharethenremovedwithsoftwoolorcottonbonnets.
Cottonandmicrofiberwashmittsandtowelsshouldalwaysbelaunderedseparatelybecausecottonfiberseasilybecometrappedinmicrofiberandaretroublesometoremove.Inaddition,fabricsoftenerliquidsanddryersheetsshouldbeavoidedwithbothmaterialsbecausetheyreduceabsorbencyandleavecontaminantsinthefabricthatcanbedepositedonthevehiclefinish.
Pressure Washers and Garden Hoses
Professionaldetailersgenerallydiscouragetheuseofpressurewasherstocleananypartofacar.Thehigh-pressurewaterstreamcandamagedoorseals,forcewaterandcontaminantsintoplacestheyshouldnotbe,anddrivedirtintoandacrossthepaintcausingscratchesandotherdamage.Theunrestrictedfloodofwaterfromanopengardenhose,orasoftsprayfromahosenozzle,issufficienttoremoveloosecontaminantsandwashawaydetergentswithoutcausingdamage.Anozzlewithaquickshut-offvalvewillhelpconservewaterwhenthehoseisnotinuse.
A selection of car cleaning tools. Image: Wolfgang Car Care
The prices of cleaning
and detailing supplies
can range from
a few dollars for
individual products to
hundreds of dollars
for comprehensive
high-end professional
packages.
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Power Buffers
Manyvehicleownersapplyandremovevehiclepolishesandwaxesbyhand,butapowerbuffercanmakethesetaskseasier.Professionaldetailersuserotarybufferswithpowerfulmotorsthatspinanapplicatororbuffingpadinacircularmotion.Thesetoolsareveryeffective,butifusedimproperlycanleaveswirlmarks,burnthevehiclefinishorcutthroughthepaint—particularlyonbodypaneledgesandotherareaswheretherearesharpbendsorcreasesinthesurface.
Abetteroptionfortheaveragepersonisarandomorbitalpolisher,whichrotatesthepadinmultiplesmallcircleswithinalargercirclethatalsorotates.Whilethisbufferdesignisnotwellsuitedformajorfinishrestoration,itisveryeffectivefornormalcleaningandpolishing,andisfarlesslikelytodamagethevehiclepaintthanarotarybuffer.2
Forbestresultswithanypowerbuffer,alwayscarefullyreadtheinstructionmanualbeforeusingthetoolonavehicle’sfinish.Onlineinstructionalvideosfrombuffersuppliersanddetailingexpertsarealsogoodsourcesofinformationonthepropertechniquesandprecautionswhenusingthesetools.
Underhood CleaningAcleanenginemakesiteasiertoidentifyanyleaks,andismoreattractivetopotentialbuyerswhenthecarisbeingsold.Pressurewashingandsteamcleaningusedtobecommonunderhoodcleaningprocedures,butthosemethodsarediscouragedtodaybecausemodernenginecompartmentsarefilledwithfuseboxes,electricalconnectorsandelectroniccomponentsthatcanbecontaminatedorotherwisedamagedbyhigh-pressurewaterorsteam.
Ifanenginecompartmentismainlysoiledwithdirtanddust,abio-degradable,water-basedcleanercanbeusedforcleaning.Startbyremovingleavesandotherloosedebrisand,ifnecessary,useaplasticscrapertoremoveaccumulatedsoilandleaf“mulch”deposits.Next,makesureallelectricalconnectorsarefullyfastened,andthencoverfuseboxes,electroniccomponentsandothersensitivepartswithplasticbags.Applythecleanerandallowittosoakforatime.Brushesandplasticscraperscanbeusedifneededtohelpremovedeposits.Finishbyrinsingtheunderhoodareawithafloodorsoftsprayofwaterfromagardenhose.Alternately,dirtyareasandcomponentscanbesprayedwithcleanerandthenwipedcleanwithtowels.
Enginecompartmentswithextensiveoilandgreasedepositswillrequiremorepowerfulpetroleum-basedcleaners.Thesesolutionscontaintoxicchemicalsandgenerateoilyresiduethatisconsideredhazardouswaste.Itshouldneverbewashedontothegroundorintoadrainthatisnotequippedwithanoil-waterseparator.Unlessanyoilywastefromenginecompartmentcleaningcanbecapturedanddisposedofproperly,thejobshouldbelefttoaprofessionaldetailingfacility.
A rotary car polisher (left) and a random-orbital unit (right). Images: Makita and Griot’s Garage
Engine cleaning and protectorant kit for underhood care. Image: Griot’s Garage
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Oncetheenginecompartmentiscleanandallcomponentshavedried,anenginedressingsolutioncanbeappliedfollowingthesupplier’sinstructions.Theseproductsenhanceappearanceandprotectplasticandrubberparts.Somealsoprovideacoatingthathelpskeepcontaminantsfromadheringtounderhoodsurfaces,whichmakescleaningeasierthenexttimearound.
Underbody CleaningRemovingdirtandotherdepositsfrominsidewheelwellsandunderthecarhelpspreventrustandcorrosion.Thisisparticularlytrueonvehiclesdrivenoffroad,inmuddyconditions,orwheresaltandotherchemicalsareusedtomelticeandsnow.
Manyautomatedcarwashesofferanundercarriagewashoption,andspecialundercarspraytoolsthatattachtoagardenhosearealsoavailableforthispurpose.Theinsidesofwheelwellscanusuallybecleanedwithsprayfromagardenhosenozzle.Ifadetergentisused,expertshavefoundlow-pHsolutionsgenerallyworkbesttoloosen,dissolveandneutralizenewerroadsaltsandotherdeposits.Careshouldbetakennottouseexcessivewaterpressurewhencleaningtheundercarriageasthiscanforcedepositsintosmallcracksandcreviceswheretheymaycontributetorustandcorrosion.
Wheel and Tire CleaningWheels,tiresandthewheelwellsthatsurroundthemareoftenthedirtiestpartsofacar.Asaresult,mostprofessionaldetailersrecommendthattheybecleanedfirstwithdedicatedtoolswhenwashingacar.Thispreventsgrit,grimeandanywheelcleaningchemicalsfrombeingaccidentallysplashedontoafreshlywashedcarfinish.Italsominimizesthetimerinsewaterisleftonpaintwhereitcanbegintodryandleavespotsifthetiresandwheelsarecleanedlast.
Commonwheelandtirecontaminantsincludedirt,mud,iceandsnowmeltingchemicals,andbrakedust—whichcanbeparticularlydifficulttoremoveifleftinplacetoolong.Spongesandwashmittsworkwelltocleanwheelandtiresurfaces,whilesoftbristlebrushescanbeusedtoremovetougherdepositsandscrubharder-to-reachareassuchasbetweenwheelspokes.Oncefinished,useahoseandnozzletorinsecleanthewheelwellsandtire/wheelassembly.
Mostwheelsandtirescanbecleanedwithacarwashdetergentsolution,butwheelswithheavyorstubborndepositsmayrequireaspecialcleaner.Useextracarewhenselectingthesetypeproducts.Modernwheelsandlugnutscanbemadeofsteel,aluminumorotherlightalloys—andmayhavepainted,polished,chromed,machined,anodized,powder-coatedorclear-coatfinishes.Centercapsandhubcapsarefrequentlymadeofplastic.Acleaningsolutionthatworkswellforonetypeofwheelcanpermanentlydamageanother,andeventhecorrectproductmaycauseproblemsifleftonthewheeltoolong.Readthelabeltoensurecompatibility,andfollowthedirectionscarefullytoensureoptimumresults.Ifindoubt,consulttheowner’smanualfortheautomaker’swheelcleaningrecommendations.
An automatic car wash with undercarriage spray nozzles. Image: Wash Me Car Washes
Wheels, tires and
the wheel wells that
surround them are often
the dirtiest parts of a
car. As a result, most
professional detailers
recommend that they
be cleaned first with
dedicated tools when
washing a car.
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Oncethetiresaredry,treatthesidewallswithtiredressingtoenhanceappearanceandprotecttherubberagainstozoneandultravioletlight.Professionaldetailersrecommendwater-basedsolutionsthatcontainnaturaloilsandsyntheticpolymersthatleaveadry,satinfinish.Silicone-basedproductsthatproduceawet,shinyfinishmaycontainpetroleumdistillatesthatwillbreakdowntirerubberandcauseprematuredryingandcracking.
Polishingorwaxingthewheelswillrestoreandmaintaintheirappearance,andcanhelpkeepbrakedustfromadheringtothesurface.Aswithwheelcleaners,theappropriatepolishorwaxvarieswiththewheelfinish.Readproductlabelscarefullyandconsultthevehicleowner’smanualforautomakerrecommendations.
Wheel Refinishing and Repair
Steelwheelswithminordamagecanbeprofessionallystraightenedandrepainted,althoughitisoftencheapertosimplyreplacethem.Alloywheels,ontheotherhand,canbeveryexpensivetoreplacesothosethatarebadlyweatheredorhave“curbrash”andothercosmeticdefectscanbereconditionedtoalike-newappearancebycompaniesthatspecializeinsuchwork.
Bentorcrackedalloywheelsareanothermatteraltogether,andopinionsvarywidelyonwhethertheycanbesafelystraightenedandrepaired.Evencompaniesthatdothisworksaynoteverywheelisaviablecandidate.Whenconsideringalloywheelrepair,seekexpertadvicefromcompaniesthathaveathoroughunderstandingofalloywheelmetallurgy,andareabletoprovidetheappropriaterepairprocessesnecessarytoensureasaferesult.3
Dependingontheworkneeded,alloywheelrepairandrefinishingtypicallycostsbetween$75and$200.4However,thejobcancostsignificantlymoreifthewheelisrareorrequiresspecialwork—circumstancesthatoftenapplytocollectorcarswherereplacementwheelsmaybeunavailable.
Exterior CleaningWithpropercare,itispossibletokeepavehicle’sexteriorlookingatleastasgoodasthedayitrolledofftheassemblyline,andsometimesevenbetter.Basicexteriorcleaninginvolvesasimplewashandwax,butdependingontheconditionofthevehiclefinish,andthedesiredfinaloutcome,exteriorcarcleaningcanbeafarmoreinvolvedprocessasshownintheaccompanyingflowchart.
Use care when cleaning alloy wheels; this rim has both painted and machined surfaces protected by an overall clear coat. Image: iStockphoto.com/Kim Reinick
With proper care, it
is possible to keep
a vehicle’s exterior
looking at least as
good as the day it
rolled off the assembly
line, and sometimes
even better.
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Cleaning Concerns
Beforedivingintothedetailsofexteriorcarcare,somebackgroundinformationonvehiclefinishesandappropriatecleaningconditionsisinorder.Thisknowledgewillhelpexplainwhy,where,whenandhowcertainoperationsshouldbeperformed.
Oldercarexteriorshadatwo-stepfinishconsistingofabasicprimercoatcoveredwithasingleheavypaintcoatthatdriedtoaglossyfinish(enamel),ormultiplethinpaintcoatsthatwerethenpolishedtoachievethefinalshine(lacquer).Almostallnewervehicleshaveathree-stepfinishthatconsistsofanadvancedprimercoatthatalsoprotectsagainstrustandcorrosion,abasecolorcoatwithnoshine,andanouterclearcoat(sometimestinted)thatprovidestheglossyfinishandhasadditivestoprotectagainstultravioletraysandenvironmentalcontaminants.Modernfinishesprovideanattractiveanddurableappearance,butclearcoatsdotendtoshowsmallscratchesmorethanolderpaintfinishesbecauselightflowsthroughandaroundanysurfaceimperfections,“illuminating”themfromallsides.
Ifthereisanyquestionaboutthetypeoffinishonacar,rubaconcealedareaofthebodywithawhitecloth(orblackonawhitecar)andamildlyabrasivepaintcleaner.Ifthecar’scolorappearsonthecloth,ithasatwo-stepfinish;ifnopigmentistransferred,athree-stepclearcoatfinishisindicated.
Avehicleshouldneverbewashedorwaxedindirectsunlightorhightemperatures.Cleaningacarintheshadepreventswaterbeadsfrommagnifyingsunlightandpossiblyharmingthefinish.Also,whentheexteriorsurfacesofthecararehot,waterandcleanerscandryveryquickly,leadingtomineraldepositsorotherpaintdamage.Coldtemperaturesarelessofanissue,exceptinnorthernclimateswhereawinterdaytimecarwashcanleadtodoorsbeingfrozen-shutafterasub-freezingnightunlessthejambsandsealsarethoroughlydried.
Steps a professional detailer may take to restore and protect a vehicle’s paint finish. Image: Autogeek
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Pre-Washing
Washingavehicleremovessurfacecontaminantsthatdetractfromappearanceandovertimecandamagethepaint.Beforewashing,openthedoors,hood,sunroof,andtrunkorhatchbackandclearawayanyleaves,twigsorotherdebrisaroundtheopenings.Theunderhoodareaatthebaseofthewindshieldisacommoncollectionpoint.Followupbyusingamicrofibertowelwettedwithacarwashingdetergentsolutiontowipecleanthenormallyhiddenareasoftheseopenings,alongwithanyrubbersealsandweatherstripping.
Thisisalsoagoodtimetomakesurethedrainopeningsonthebottomsofdoorsandhatchesarenotblocked.Thesesmallholesallowanywaterthatgetsinsidetoescape,whichhelpspreventrustandcorrosion.Ifanydrainsareblocked,clearthemwithanon-scratchingtool,thenflushtheopeningswithlow-pressurewaterfromahoseuntilclearwaterrunsfreelyfromallofthedrains.
Iftheexteriorpainthasdepositssuchasroadtar,treesaporheavybugsplatterthatareunlikelytocomeoffwithnormalcarwashdetergent,nowisthetimetoremovethemusingamicrofiberclothandacleaningsolutiondesignedforthispurpose.Keroseneworks,andtherearenumerousaftermarketproductsforthistaskaswell.Mostarepetroleumbasedandremovewaxaswellasdeposits,soanyaffectedareaswillhavetoberewaxedafterwashingiscomplete.
Washing
Commoncarwashingtoolsincludebuckets,sponges,mittsandbrushes.Bettercarwashbucketshavearaisedgridor“gritguard”inthebottomthatallowsdirtandothercontaminantstosettleoutofthewater,keepingthemoffspongesandmitts.Whenselectingwashingtools,lookfor:large-pore,naturalorsyntheticsponges;softsyntheticoranimalhairbrushes;andwool,100-percentcottonormicrofiberwashmittswithadeepnapthatwillpickupdirtwhilebeinggentleonpaint.Finally,alwaysuseautomotive-specificwashingproducts,notdishwashingdetergentorotherhouseholdcleanersthatoftencontainchemicalsandabrasivesthatcanstripwaxanddamagepaintorotherparts.
Startbyusingagardenhosetorinsethevehiclewithwaterfromtoptobottom,removingasmuchloosedirtaspossible.Useafloodorsoftsprayofwater;afocusedjetorapressurewashercanforcecontaminantsintoandacrossthepaintcausingscratches.High-pressurewaterjetscanalsodrivedirtintocreviceswhereitcanbedifficultorimpossibletoremove.
Usingtherecommendedmixtureofcar-washdetergentandwater,soakthemitt/spongeandcleananareausingback-and-forthstrokesinastraightline.Startatthetopandworkdown,onesectionofthebodyatatime.Rinsethesurfaceofeachpanelasitiscompletedwithafloodorsoftsprayofwater,andcleanthemitt/spongeofdebrisaswell;professionalsoftenuseasecondbucketofplainwaterforthispurposebeforestartingonthenextsection.Ifacarisextremelydirty,itmaybenecessarytousemorethanonemittand/oremptythedetergentbucketpartwaythroughandrefillitwithfreshsolution.
Road tar thrown up by the tires can create a mess on a car’s finish. Image: Autogeek
Car wash buckets with grit guards, a wash mitt and cleaning brushes. Image: Detailed Image
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Whenwashingiscomplete,doonelastrinsewithwaterstreamednearlyparalleltothebodysurfaces.Thisleavestheleastmoisturepossibleontheexterior,whichhelpsreducewaterspotsandspeedsdrying.Forprofessionaldetailersandhardcorecarenthusiasts,rinsewatermineralfiltrationanddeionizationunitsareavailablethathelpeliminatewaterspotting,evenifthecarisallowedtoairdry.However,theseunitstypicallysellfor$200ormore.
DryingTopreventwaterspotsacarshouldbedriedimmediatelyafterwashing.Dryingtooloptionsincludeblowers,squeegees,chamoisandtowels.Acar-dryingblowerissimilartoavacuumcleanerbeingruninreverse;itusesapowerfulstreamoffilteredairtoclearwaterfromthesurface.Softsilicone-rubbersqueegeesdesignedfordryingcarscanquicklyclearstandingwaterfromlargesmoothareas,butarelesseffectiveinotherlocations.Whilegenerallyhelpful,boththesetoolsleaveresidualwaterthatwillrequirefinaldryingwithachamoisortowel.Someprofessionalsalsodislikethembecausetheycanforceordragdislodgedcontaminantsacrossthepaintsurface.
Chamoisisasoft,smoothleatheroriginallymadefromhidesoftheChamois,agoat-antelopespeciesnativetosomemountainsinEurope.Today,chamoisismadefromthehidesofdeer,goats,sheepandevenpigsalthough,intheUnitedStates,thetermchamoiswithoutqualificationlegallydescribesonlysheeporlambskintannedsolelywithoils.Chamoisisextremelywaterabsorbentandleavesnostreaks,makingitidealfordryingglass.However,professionaldetailersgenerallydon’tusechamoistodrypaintbecause,likeblowersandsqueegees,itcandragabrasiveparticlesacrossthesurface.
Cottontowelsarethetraditionaltoolfordryingcarsbecausetheywillpickupandtrapanyremainingloosecontaminantsasthecarisdried.Thoseusedshouldbe100percentcottonwithadeepnapandsoft,smallfibers.Large-fiber,polyester-blendtowelscanscratchpaintandshouldbeavoided.Ifatowellacksafabriccontenttag,testitbyholdingalightedmatchtoonecorner—ifanyportionofthefabricmeltsitcontainspolyester.
Anincreasinglypreferredcardryingoptionismicrofibertowels,whichareevenbetteratcapturingandcontainingloosedebris,andleavenolintordust.Microfibercomesinmanyforms;towelsusedforautomotivecleaningshouldhavedeepsplitfibersformaximumabsorbencyandcleaningcapability.
Drythecarfromthetopdown,usingablower,squeegeeorchamoisifdesiredtoquicklyremovethebulkofthewater.Followupwithcottonormicrofibertowelstoremoveallremainingtracesofwater,payingspecialattentiontotheglassandmirrorstopreventspotting.Next,wipedowntheinsidesofthedoorjambs,alongwiththehoodandtrunkorhatchbackopenings.Drythewheelsandtireslast.
Microfiber towels are excellent for lint-free drying of all vehicle surfaces. Image: iStockphoto.com/RonFullHD
To prevent water
spots a car should
be dried immediately
after washing. Drying
tool options include
blowers, squeegees,
chamois and towels.
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Paint Restoration and ProtectionOnceavehicleiswashedanddried,thenextstepistypicallywaxapplicationandremoval.However,dependingontheconditionofthecar’sfinishandthedesiredfinalappearance,anumberofotheroperationsmaybeperformedbothbeforeandafterwaxing.Thesestepsarenotmandatory,andareprimarilydonebyprofessionaldetailers.Allofthedifferentpaintrestorationandprotectionstepsareshownintheflowchartonpageseven,anddescribedbelowintheordertheyareusuallyperformed.
Clay Bar Deposit Removal
Manyvehiclesthatappearcleanafterwashingstillhavedepositsonorinthepaint.Todetermineifthisisthecase,insertahandintoathinplasticbagandrunitlightlyoverthepaint,orgentlyslidetheedgeofacreditcardacrossthesurface.Ifthepaintfeelssmoothorthecardslideseasilyandquietly,moveontothenextstep.However,ifthepaintfeelsgrittyorrough,orthecardcatchesandmakesnoiseasitmovesacrossthesurface,thereareembeddedcontaminantsthatcanberemovedusingaclaybar.
Aclaybarisnaturalorsyntheticputtythatisrubbedacrossthepaintusingalubricantrecommendedbytheclaysupplier.Asthisisdone,theclaywilltrapandremoveanyforeignmaterials.Whenthebarslidessmoothlywithoutresistance,thesurfaceisclean.Asthebargetsdirtyfromuse,itshouldbeflattenedandfoldedtoexposeacleansurface.Microfibertowelscanbeusedtoremoveresidualclayandlubricantfromthepaint,althoughsomeprofessionaldetailersrewashacarafterusingclayonit.Dependingonthelevelofcontamination,anaverage-sizeclaybarcanbeusedontwotofourcarsbeforeitmustbereplaced.
Compounding
Torestoreabadlyfadedoroxidizedvehiclefinish,apowerbufferandstrongabrasivecompoundscanbeusedtoremovetheouterlayerofdamagedpaint.Thisisanaggressiveprocedurethatworksbestwitharotarybuffer,caneasilycutthroughthepaintfinish,andisbestlefttoaprofessional.
Theeffectivenessofthisprocessvarieswiththetypeofpaintonthevehicle.Weatheredenamelpaintcanbemadetolookbetter,butwillneverregainitsfulloriginallusteroncetheoriginaltopsurfacehasdeteriorated.Lacquerandclear-coatpaintscansometimesbecompletelyrestored,providedtheouterfinishisthickenoughtoallowdamageremovalwithoutcuttingthroughtotheprimerorcolorcoat.
After washing, a clay bar can remove remaining contaminants from the finish. Image: Autogeek
Trapped contaminants cause the clay to darken with use. Image: Socal Mobile Auto Detail & Wash
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Polish, Glaze and Paint Sealant
Polishesaremildabrasivecleanersthatcomeinavarietyofstrengthsforvariousneeds.Acarwithabadlyweatheredfinishthathasbeenrestoredwithbuffingcompoundwilltypicallyhaveswirlmarksinthepaint.Aswirl-removingpolishwouldbeusedtoremovethesemarks,followedbyanevenmilderfinishingpolishthatwillleavethesurfacereadyfortheprotectivesteps.Theseproductscanalsobeusedasthestartingpointforrestoringfinishesthatareonlymoderatelydeteriorated.
Evenacarwitharelativelygoodfinishmayhaveminorscratchesandswirlsintheoutersurface.Onthesevehicles,apre-waxcleaningpolishwillremoveoldwax,minorsurfaceimperfections,lightoxidationandwaterspots,leavingthefinishreadyforthenextstep.
Fortheultimatevehiclefinish,twoadditionalprocessescanbeperformedbeforewaxingthepaint.First,applyaglaze,whichisafinalcleanerthattypicallycontainswaxorother“fillers”toconcealmicroscratchesinthepaintsurface.Then,applyapaintsealantthat“locksin”thetreatmentstothispointandmakesthesurfacefinishmoredurableandlonglasting.
Wax and Detailing SprayCarwaxesofferanouterlayerofprotectionagainsttheenvironment,buttheyalsoprovidethedeepandvividshinethatmakesacarstandout.Waxescomeinpaste,creamandliquidforms,andcanbemadeofsyntheticand/ornaturalingredients.Manynewersyntheticpolymerwaxesdoanoutstandingjobandareofteneasiertoapplyandremove.However,someprofessionalsmaintainthatnothingcanbeatthehardnessandshineofnaturalcarnaubawax,althoughitismorechallengingtoworkwith.
Neverwaxavehicleindirectsunlightorhightemperatures,andalwaysapplytheproducttoatowelorapplicatorpadandthentothevehiclefinish;pouringliquidwaxesdirectlyontothepaintcancausestreakingoranunevenfinish.Workononesectionorbodypanelatatime.Applymildpressure,andswitchtoanewcleansectionoftowelorpadfrequently.Alightcoatofwaxisjustaseffectiveasaheavyapplication,andmucheasiertoremove.Letthewaxdrytoahazethenrubitoffusingacleancottonormicrofibertowel.Small,soft-bristledetailingbrushescanbeusedtoremovewaxresiduefromdifficulttoreachareassuchasaroundlogos,emblemsandtrim.
Interim CleaningInbetweenperiodicwashingandwaxing,pollenanddustparticlesthatcollectonthefinishcanbewipedawayusingacottoncarduster.Foraddedprotection,andtohelpmaintainthefinish,thiscanbefollowedupwithliquidwaxor“quickdetailer”thatissprayedonandwipedoffwithacottonormicrofibertowel.Thechemicalsinthesecleanershelpliftcontaminantsoffthesurfacesotheycanbesafelyremoved.Similarproductsareavailablefor“waterless”carwashinginwinterclimatesorareasthathavewateruserestrictionsineffect.
Apply a thin coat of wax, allow it to dry, then wipe off the haze with a clean towel. Image: Mothers Polish
Car waxes offer
an outer layer of
protection against the
environment, but they
also provide the deep
and vivid shine that
makes a car stand out.
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Body Trim CareBodytrimisnotjustdecorative,itincludesfunctionalcomponentssuchasbumpers,handles,andsealsforwindowsanddoors.Ifnotproperlycaredfor,thetrimwillbecomedirty,wornordamaged,whichdetractsfromappearanceandmayeveninterferewithpropervehicleoperation.
Thetrimmaterialwilldictatehowitiscleaned.Adampragisoftensufficient,andamildcarwashdetergentsolutionandsoftbrushescanhelpremovemorestubborndeposits.Chemicalcleanersshouldbeusedwithcaution;aproductintendedforcleaningonetypeoftrimmaycausepermanentdamagetoothers.Alwayscarefullyreadandfollowthedirectionsontrimcleaningsolutions.
Plastic trim–Agoodportionofeveryvehicleismadefromsomeformofplastic,andexteriortrimmadeofthesematerialsisoftenthefirsttoweatheranddeteriorate.Oncethesurfaceiswashedanddried,applyasuitablecleaner/protectorantthatshieldsagainstUVlight.
Rubber trim–Rubbertrimpiecesserveasbumpersandmoldingsthatareusedtoprotectandsealwindows,doorsandothercomponents.Whennotmaintained,rubbertrimwilllookchalky,getstiffandbrittle,andeventuallycrackortear.Oncethesurfaceiscleananddry,useaclothtoapplyarubberrestorationorprotectivedressing.Neversprayaerosolprotectorantsdirectlyontorubbercomponentsassomepropellantscancausedamage.Withdoorseals,makesurethebodysurfacestheycontactaresmoothandcleanaswell.
Black trim–Blacktrim(otherthanrubberparts)isusuallyplastic,anodizedaluminumorpaintedmetal.Whenthesurfaceisdry,treatthepartwithanappropriateprotectorantdesignedforthepart’sfinish,generallyeithermatteorgloss.Specialcleanersanddyesareavailabletorestoreblacktrimthathasafadedorchalkyappearance.Somenewerpolymerwaxescanalsobeusedtotreatandprotectblacktrim,butmakesuretheproductlabelrecommendssuchuse.
Metal trim–Metaltrimcanbechrome,aluminum,orstainlesssteel.Useapolishspecificallymadeforthematerial,andapplywithasoftcloth.Ifchrometrimdevelopsminorrustspots,theycanoftenberemovedwithpolishingcompoundor,inthehandsofaprofessionaldetailer,extra-finesteelwool.
Headlight lenses–Usespecialcarewhencleaningpolycarbonateplasticheadlightlensesbecausetheyscratcheasily.Ifthelensesarecloudedorhazy,theycanberestoredusingado-it-yourselfkitfromanautopartsstore,orbytakingthecartoaheadlightrestorationspecialist.Eitherway,thefinalstepshouldbeapplicationofaprotectivecoatingtosealandprotecttherefinishedsurface.
Body Repair and ProtectionOvertime,carscansufferminordefectsintheirfinishesduetoroaddebrisorcarelessactionsbyownersandothermotorists.Fortunately,forthosewholiketokeeptheirvehicleslookinglikenew,therearewaystorepairorpreventcertainkindsofdamageatrelativelymoderatecosts.Somearedo-it-yourselfoptions,butinmanycasestheservicesofaprofessionalwillprovidebetterresults.
Body trim is not
just decorative, it
includes functional
components such as
bumpers, handles, and
seals for windows and
doors. If not properly
cared for, the trim
will become dirty,
worn or damaged,
which detracts from
appearance and
may even interfere
with proper vehicle
operation.
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Paint Scratches and Chips
Paintdamageisanautomotivefactoflife.Scratchescanhappeninanynumberofways,whilechipsareusuallycausedbystonesthrownupbyothertraffic.Ifthedamagepenetratestheprimer,itwillleadtorustandcorrosionunlessproperlytreated.Minorsurfacescratchescanoftenbebuffedorpolishedout,butmoresignificantdamagegenerallyrequirespanelrepairatabodyshop.
Smallchipscanbefilledinusingtouch-uppaintavailableatcardealersandalsoatautopartsandotherstores.Newercarsmayrequireatwo-stepcolorandclearcoatprocess.Cleanthedamagedareaperthepaintsupplier’sinstructions,thenapplypaintinseveralthinlayerstofillthechip.Somekitsincludeultra-fineabrasivepapertoremoveexcesspaint,afterwhichtherepairiscompletedbywaxingorapplyingaclearcoat,dependingonthevehiclefinish.
Ifthefrontofacarisbadlychipped,talkwithacardealerorprofessionaldetaileraboutalternativerepairoptionsthatcanprovideamoresatisfactoryfinishedappearance.Therearecompaniesthatroutinelyrepairthistypeofdamageforautodealersusingspecialproceduresandequipment.
Metal Dents and Dings
Doordingsandsmalldentscanoftenbefixedusingpaintlessdentrepair(PDR),aprocessinwhichaskilledtechniciangainsaccesstothebacksideofthedentandthenusesspecialtoolsto“massage”themetalbacktoitsoriginalposition.PDRisnotaviableoptionif:adentistoolargeorlocatedwherethebacksideisinaccessible;thepaintisdamaged;thepaneliscreased;orthemetalhasbeenstretchedbeyondits“memory”point.
Doneright,apanelrepairedwithPDRwilllookcompletelyoriginalwithnoindicationtherewaseveradent.However,PDRismoreartthanscience,whichmakesitapoordo-it-yourselfproject.Instead,shopcarefullyforaskilledproviderwhohasexcellentreviewsandrecommendations.
Body Protection
Numerousproductsareavailabletohelpprotectavehicle’sexteriorfromdamageandcontaminants.Acarcoverworksgreatforparkedvehiclesbecauseitkeepsmosteverythingoffthepaintwhilealsoshieldingthefinishandinteriorfromsunlight.Justbesuretogetacoverthat“breathes”somoisturedoesn’taccumulateunderneathwhereitcancausemold,mildew,rustandcorrosion.
Forcarsoftendrivenonthehighway,aplastic“bugshield”thatmountsatthefrontedgeofthehoodwillprotectthepaintandmayhelpdeflectair,insectsandsmallstonesupandoverthewindshield.Thesearemostcommonlyseenonpickuptrucksandsportutilityvehicles.
Avinylcar“bra”withapaddedbackingcanalsoprotectthefrontofthecarfrombugsandrockchips.However,properfitisessentialtoensurethebradoesnotflaporvibrateathighwaysspeeds,whichwilldamagethevehiclefinish.Dirtandmoisturethataccumulateunderthebracanalsocauseproblems,soregularremovalandcleaningisrecommended.
Using a fine brush to apply touch-up paint is the first step in repairing chips. Image: Autogeek
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Oneofthenewesttechnologiesinvehiclefinishprotectionistheapplicationofatransparenturethanevinylfilm,or“clearbra,”onthefrontofthevehicleandothercommonimpactareas.Customcutkitsareavailableforpopularmodels,butinstallationcanbetrickyandmayrequiretheapplicationofheattomakethematerialproperlyconformtothebodyshape.Professionalapplicationofclearbrasishighlyrecommended,andatrainedinstallercanalsocustomcutrawmaterialtofitspecialareasandlesscommonvehicles.
Finally,autopartsandotherstoressellavarietyofprotectiveproducts,includingdooredgefilms,moldingsandbumpersthatprotectagainstchipsandnicks.Bumpersarealsoavailabletoinstallongaragewallswhereacardoormightmakecontact.Toprotectagainstcarelessactionsbyothervehicleowners,rubberprotectorsforthesides,cornersandbumpersofthecarareavailableasbothoriginalequipmentandaftermarketparts.Thereareevenmodelsfortemporaryusethatattachwithmagnets,strapsandsecuritycablestopreventtheft.
Interior CleaningThesoftseats,sleekinstrumentpanels,luxuriouscarpetingandsparklingtrimthatmakeavehicleinterioraniceplacetospendtimewon’tstaythatwayiftheyarenotcleanedonaregularbasis.Commoninteriorcleaningtoolsandproductsinclude:avacuum;brushesandtowels;stainremovers,cleanersandconditionersspecifictovariousmaterials;andairfresheners.
Vacuuming and Dusting
Interiorcleaningbeginswithremovingalllooseitemsfromthecar.Emptytrashbagsandashtrays,cleanouttheglovecompartmentandotherstoragebins,andremovethefloormats.Then,useavacuumwithhoseextensionsandattachmentstothoroughlycleanthefloormatsandinteriorcarpet.Slidingseatstothefrontandbackoftheirtrackswillprovideeasieraccesstotheareasunderneath.And,inmini-vansandsportutilityvehicles,foldingtherearseatsorremovingquick-releasemodelscanimproveaccessaswell.
Astiffbristlebrushcanhelpremovedriedonmudandothercarpetdeposits.Payspecialattentiontothedriver’sfootwellandareasaroundfloormatswheredirttendstocollectandactslikesandpapertobreakdownthecarpetfibersandbacking.
A comprehensive protective paint film kit. Image: ClearMask
The soft seats, sleek
instrument panels,
luxurious carpeting and
sparkling trim that make
a vehicle interior a nice
place to spend time
won’t stay that way if
they are not cleaned on
a regular basis.
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Whileinthedriver’sfootwell,cleanthepedalpadswithaclothwettedinacarwashsolution.Replaceanypadsthatarewornsmooth,ortothepointwheretheunderlyingmetalpedalisexposed.Neverusesilicone-basedprotectorantsonfootpedalsastheresultingslickfinishcouldcauseashoetoslipoffapedal,possiblyresultinginacrash.
Next,vacuumtheupholstery,focusingonseamswheredebriscollectsthatwilldamagethestitchingovertime.Don’toverlooktheareasbetweenseatbottomsandbackcushionswhichtrapandconcealallsortsofthings.Reclinetheseatbacksandraisetheheadrestsforaccesstonormallyconcealedareas.Suckupanydebrisfromtheglovecompartmentandstoragebins,thenuseasoftdetailingbrushtohelpcleandustfromventilationductsandgrilles
Detailingbrushescanalsobeusedtohelpcleanandvacuumawaydebrisfromsmallgroovesandcrevicesontheinstrumentpanelandelsewherethroughoutthecar.Usingthevacuumin“blow”modeisanothertechniqueforgettingdirtandcrumbsoutofhardtoreachareas.Finally,ifotherinteriorsurfacesareparticularlydirty,useavacuumwithabrushattachmenttoremoveasmanyoftheloosedepositsaspossible.
Carpet and Upholstery Cleaning
Carpetsthatareingenerallygoodcondition,buthavelocalizedstains,canbecleanedbysprayingasuitabledetergentsolutiononthespots,usingabrushtoworkitin,thenrubbingwithatoweltoremovethestainandcleaner.Cleaningdirtierareas,particularlyfloormatsandcargoareacarpeting,mayrequiretheuseofacarpet“steam”cleanerequippedwithahand-heldattachment.
Clothupholsteryiscleanedinmuchthesamemannerascarpets.However,careshouldbetakentonotusetoomuchcleaningsolution,whichcansoakintoseatpaddingandfoamcushions,increasingdryingtimes.Upholsteryfabricscanbesensitivetodifferentcleaners,sobesuretotesttheproductinasmallhiddenlocationbeforeusingitonmajorsurfaces.
Toavoidmoldandmildew,allowdampcarpetandupholsterytodrycompletelybeforereinstallingthefloormatsorothercoverings.Tohelpspeeddrying,leavethedoorsorwindowsopen,parkthecarinthesunand/oruseanelectricfantocirculateairinsidethecar.
Vinylupholsterycanusuallybecleanedwithadamprag,oronewettedwithamilddetergentsolution.Dedicatedvinylcareproductsarealsoavailablethatcombinecleaners,conditioners,preservativesandUVprotection.
A detailing brush helps remove dust from ventilation ducts and other hard-to-reach areas. Image: Autoglym
A “steam” (water extraction) carpet cleaner can be used to remove heavy stains. Image: Auto Detail Doctor
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Stainedandwornleatherupholsteryisusuallytreatedintwosteps.First,saddlesoaporanothertypeofleathercleanerisusedtoremovedirtandotherdeposits,thenaconditioner/preservativeisappliedtorestorenaturaloilsthatkeeptheleatherpliableandprotectitagainstheat,lightandstains.Thisproductmayneedtobeleftontheleatherforsometimesoitcanbeabsorbed,thenanyexcessisbuffedoff.One-stepleathercleanersandconditionersarealsoavailableformoreroutineseatcare.
Upholstery Repair
Thereareanumberofrepairoptionsfordamagedupholstery.Scuffsandscratchesinleathercanbeconcealedbytouchingthemupwithamatchingcolorofleathercreamorshoepolish.Besuretothoroughlybuffcleanthetreatedareatopreventclothingfrombeingstained.Smalltearsinclothupholsterycanbestitchedclosedtokeepthemfromgettinglarger,andsmallcutsinvinylorleatherseatscanbegluedclosedusingspecialkitsandmaterialsavailableatautopartsandotherstores.
Moresignificantupholsterydamageorweatheringmayrequireprofessionalreplacementofseatfabricorredyingofleather.Autopartsstoresoftensellaerosolupholstery“dyes,”butthesearetypicallyjustthick,flexiblepaintsthatprovidemixedresultsandlimiteddurability.Whenconsideringanythingmorethanasimpleseatrepair,discusstheoptionswithaprofessionaldetailerorautoupholsteryshop.
Other Surface Cleaning
Mostvehicleinteriorsurfacesotherthancarpetsandupholsterycanbecleanedwithadamptowelor,formoresignificantstains,onewettedwithamilddetergentsolution.However,itisbesttochecktheowner’smanualforautomakerrecommendationsinstructionsbeforecleaningout-of-the-ordinarysurfacessuchassuede,Alcantara®(syntheticsuede),“mousefur”headliners,etc.Oncedry,interiorsurfacescanbetreatedwithaprotectorantdesignedforthespecificmaterial.Productsforvinylandleatherupholsterycanalsobeusedonothersuchsurfacesinsidethecar.
Whenselectinginteriorprotectorants,professionaldetailersuseproductsthatpreservetheoriginalfactoryfinish,whichusuallyhasanaturalmatteorsatinappearance.Theygenerallyavoidsilicone-basedprotectorantsthatleaveashiny,“greasy”finishthattendstoattractdustand,whenappliedtothetopofthedash,createswindshieldreflectionsthatcaninterferewithdrivervision.Householdfurniturepolishisgoodforcleaningandprotectingglossywoodtrim,butnewermatte-finish,open-porewoodtrimshouldonlybetreatedwithaproductrecommendedbythevehiclemanufacturer.
Topreventstreakingandunevenresults,protectorantsshouldbesprayedorpouredontoatowelorotherapplicator,whichshouldthenbeusedtoapplythesolutiontotheinteriorcomponents.Besuretousecleantowelsandapplicatorsforeachnewprotectoranttopreventcrosscontamination.
Applying cleaning solution to a leather car seat. Image: Auto Detail Doctor
When selecting
interior protectorants,
professional detailers
use products that
preserve the original
factory finish, which
usually has a natural
matte or satin
appearance.
© 2016 American Automobile Association, Inc 17
Automotive Technology Update — Car Cleaning and Detailing
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Odor Elimination
Manycarwashesofferaselectionofinteriorscentsaspartoftheirservices.Theseareusuallyjust“perfume”spraysthatareappliedtothecarpeting.Similarproductsareavailableatautopartsstores,alongwithavarietyofotherairfreshenerssuchasinfusedpaperpads,electricdiffusersthatplugintoapoweroutlet,andstripsormodulesthatclipontoventilationductgrilles.
Fortoughersmells,therearespray-onliquidtreatmentssuchasFebrezethatchemicallybondwithodor-causingparticlestoneutralizethem.Asimilar,butmorepowerful,optionisaone-time-use“odorbomb”thatisdischargedinaclosedcaranddispersesanodor-killingfogthatpermeatestheinteriorandworksoveraperiodofhours.
Finally,therearepersistentodorsthathavebecometrappedinthecarpet,upholsteryandheadliner—thingssuchassmoke,mold,mildew,sourmilkandpet“accidents.”Eliminatingtheseodorsisajobforaprofessionaldetailerwhowillplaceanozonegeneratorinthevehicleinteriorandletitrunforanextendedperiod.Ozone(O3)isahighly-reactive,oxygen-richmoleculethatquicklybondswithodor-causingbacteria,sporesandmicroorganisms.Asitdoesso,theadditionaloxygenchemicallyaltersthestructureofthosemolecules,eliminatingthesmells.5
Glass CleaningAutoglassbecomescoatedwithallmannerofcontaminants:dirt,pollen,bugs,treesap,roadtarandevendetergentsandwaxessprayedonbyautomaticcarwashes.Alloftheseaffectdrivervisiontosomedegree,andwaxbuilduponthewindshieldcaninterferewithproperoperationofthewindshieldwipers,causingthemtoskip,chatterorleavebehindmicro-beadsofwaterthatcaninterferewithdrivervision.
Manydepositscanberemovedwithamilddetergentsolutionandafoam-backednylonmeshpad—suchasthosefoundongasstationwindow-cleaningsqueegees.Bugs,treesapandroadtarcanberemovedwithappropriatecleanersandtowels.Finalcleaningshouldbedonewithanautomotiveglasscleanerthatdoesnotcontainammonia,whichcandamagerubber,vinyl,leather,plasticandaftermarketwindowtints.Microfiberorsoftcottontextured“wafflecloth”towelsworkbestforcleaninganddryingglasswithoutstreaking.
Onmoreweatheredwindshields,specialpre-cleanerscanhelpremovestubborndepositsandwaxbuildup.Debriscanalsoberemovedbyusingaclaybarontheglass,orbyscrubbingthewindshieldwithanon-abrasivecleaningpowdersuchasBonAmiorBarKeepersFriend.Whenawindshieldistotallyclean,watersheetsonthesurfaceratherthanbeadingup.Thisprovidesoptimumwindshieldwiperoperation,providedtherubberbladesarecleanandingoodcondition.
A chlorine dioxide odor mitigation “bomb.” Image: Biocide Systems
The scrubbing pad on the backside of a squeegee can help remove many windshield deposits. Image: iStockphoto.com/AndreyPopov
© 2016 American Automobile Association, Inc 18
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Cleaningtheexteriorofothervehiclewindowsisusuallystraightforwardandrequiresnothingmorethantheuseofacleanerthatdoesnotcontainammonia.Somedetailerswaxtheexteriorofthesideandrearwindowstohelpprotectthemfromhardwaterstains.
Themaincontaminantencounteredwhencleaningtheinsidesofcarwindowsisahazeorfilmcausedbysmokeand/orthereleaseof“plasticizers”thatkeepupholsteryandothervinylpartsflexible.Anon-ammoniaglasscleaningsolutionwillremovethesedeposits,butcareshouldbetakentokeepitoffotherinteriorsurfaceswhereitmaycausespotsordamage.Specialcleaningwandsthatmakeiteasytoreachthelowerportionsofthewindshieldandrearwindowarewellworththeirnominalcost.
Aftermarkettintingontheinsideofwindowscanbecleanedwithanon-ammoniaglasscleaner.Lookforwordssuchas“safefortintedwindows”onthepackage.Foroptimumclarity,specialproductsareavailableatautopartsandotherstorestocleanandsealaftermarketwindowtintfilms.
Glass Coatings
SomedriversliketotreattheoutsideoftheirwindshieldswithwaterrepellantssuchasRainX,RainClear,Aquapelandothers.Thesesolutionschemicallybondwiththewindshieldsurface,causingwatertobeadupandrolloffmoreeasily.Waterrepellentsreducetheneedtousewindshieldwipers,particularlyathighwayspeeds,andcanlastformonths.However,someusersclaimtheycancausewiperbladestochatter,orleavemicro-beadsofwaterontheglasswhenthewipersareused,whichcaninterferewithdrivervison.Insidethecar,anti-fogcoatingscanbeappliedtothewindshieldandrearviewmirrortoreduceorpreventfogging.
Forbestresults,thesurfaceofthewindshieldshouldbecompletelycleanbeforeapplyingwaterrepellantandanti-fogsolutions.Followthemanufacturer’sinstructionscarefully.Insomecases,multipleapplicationsarerecommendedforbestperformance.
A wand with a microfiber pad makes interior windshield and back window cleaning much easier. Image: Bavarian Autosport
Chip repair can be a cost-effective alternative to windshield replacement.Image: GlasWeld
© 2016 American Automobile Association, Inc 19
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Glass Repair
Windshield“bullseye”rockchipscanusuallyberepairedbyinjectingpolymerresinintothedamagedarea,andthensmoothingthesurfacetomaketheimperfectionpracticallyinvisible.6Suchrepairsnotonlyimproveclarity,theycanpreventachipfromturningintoacrack,whichmayrequirewindshieldreplacement.Forthisreason,someautoinsurancecompaniescoverglassrepairwithnodeductible.However,glassrepairisnotusuallyrecommendedwhenthedamageisinthedriver’slineofsightasevensmallfixescancreateminordistortionsthataffectvisibilityandsafety.
Do-it-yourselfglassrepairkitscanbepurchasedatautopartsandotherstores,butprofessionalglassrepairtechnicianshavespecialtrainingandequipmentthatusuallyprovideabetteroutcome.Theyusevacuumpumpstoevacuateairanddebrisfromthedamagedarea,andmayevendrillanopeningtoaidinthisprocess.Theyalsohavespecialtoolsfortherepairofsmallcracks,anduseadvancedresinsthatsometimesrequirecuringwithultravioletlight.
Glass Polishing
Overtime,mostwindshieldsdevelopsmallwhitespotscalledmicro-pitsfromsandanddebrishittingtheglassathighspeed.Windshieldscanalsobescratchedbythemetalframesofbadlywornwiperblades.Thesetypesofdamagecanberemovedorminimizedusingapowerbufferandspecialglasspolishingpadsandcompoundsavailableatautopartsandotherstores.However,thisisatime-andlabor-intensiveprocessthatrequiresspecialprecautionstopreventdamagetotheglassandadjacentvehiclesurfaces.Mostglassprofessionalsrecommendwindshieldreplacementratherthanpolishingunlesstheglassisunavailableorprohibitivelyexpensive.
Windshield micro-pits are caused by airborne debris striking the glass at high speeds. Image: Autogeek
Endnotes 1 Howtodetailyourcarandgiveitamakeover,Consumer Reports,http://bit.ly/1ZL86tx
2 http://bit.ly/1tsgUe3
3 www.wheelcollision.com/wccmtd.html
4 www.rimrenew.com/faq.html
5 OzoneSolutions,How does ozone remove odors,www.ozonesolutions.com/journal/2009/how-does-ozone-remove-odor
6 ShouldYouRepairItorReplaceIt?MSN Autos,http://editorial.autos.msn.com/article.aspx?cp-documentid=435992
Automotive Technology Update — Car Cleaning and Detailing
© 2016 American Automobile Association, Inc 20AAA Confidential
To Learn More
DETAILING GUIDES3M – Detailing Manual Systemhttp://bit.ly/1rlKCze
Autoglym Car Care Guidehttp://bit.ly/1o2w6I1
Best Auto Detailing Tipswww.best-auto-detailing-tips.com
Detailed Image – Auto Detailing Guidewww.detailedimage.com/guide/AutoDetailingGuide.pdf
Detail Supply Outlet – Professional Detailing Manualwww.detailsupplyoutlet.com/pdf_files/educational_lit.pdf
Furious Shine – Ultimate Detailing Guidewww.furiousshine.com/FuriousShineUltimateDetailingGuide.pdf
Griot’s Garage – Detailer’s Handbookhttp://bit.ly/1rlK0K6
James – Guide to Detailing & Customizing www.guidetodetailing.com/detailing-101/detailing-treating-trim
Meguiar’s – Detailing Guidehttp://bit.ly/1ULHEOX
Mothers – Detail Guidewww.valleyvettes.ca/technical/Mothers_DetailGuide_0_All.pdf
MEDIA SITESAngie’s List – Car Washes and Auto Detailingwww.angieslist.com/research/car-washes-and-auto-detailing
Car Talk – Car Cleaning Tips from a Pro www.cartalk.com/content/car-cleaning-tips-pro-4
Popular Mechanics – 10 tips to clean and detail your car like a prohttp://bit.ly/1yUyq69
Consumer Reports – Car Wax Buying Guidewww.consumerreports.org/cro/car-wax/buying-guide.htmhttp://bit.ly/1ZL86tx
Edmunds – How to clear foggy headlights www.edmunds.com/how-to/how-to-clear-foggy-headlights.html
For Dummies – How to Touch Up Your Car’s Paint Job http://bit.ly/1gtZo0B
Car Cleaning Guru – Underbody Cleaningwww.carcleaningguru.com/underbody-cleaning
PROFESSIONAL SITESCar Britewww.carbrite.com
Detail Kingwww.detailking.comwww.detailking.com/landing-pages/ozone-generators
Dent Wizardwww.dentwizard.comhttp://bit.ly/1OlpVi7
International Detailing Associationwww.the-ida.com
Ziebartwww.ziebart.com
DETAILING SUPPLY SITES3M – Car Care Productswww.3mauto.com
3M – Paint Protection Filmhttp://bit.ly/1YlXouH
Aquapelwww.aquapel.com
Autogeekwww.autogeek.net
Autoglymwww.autoglym.com
Autopia Car Carewww.autopia-carcare.com
Biocide Systemswww.biocidesystems.com
Black Magicwww.blackmagicshine.com
Chemical Guyswww.chemicalguys.com
ClearMaskwww.clearmask.com
Detailed Imagewww.detailedimage.com
Eagle Onewww.eagleone.com/products
Glass Sciencewww.glassscience.com
GlasWeldwww.glasweld.com
Griot’s Garagewww.griotsgarage.com
HandStands/Lexolwww.handstands.com
Liquid Glasswww.liquidglasspolish.com
Meguiar’swww.meguiars.com
Motherswww.mothers.com
Nu Finishwww.nufinish.com
RainX – Glass Water Repellentwww.rainx.com
Simoniz USAwww.simoniz.com
Swissvax www.swissvax.us
Swissvax – Detailing Videohttp://bit.ly/25XHdpX
Turtle Waxwww.turtlewax.com
Wolfgang Car Carewww.wolfgangcarcare.com
Zymolwww.zymol.com